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Katiyar P, Kumar S, Arora NK. Interactions of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Cereal Crops: An Important Dimension. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA: SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF NON-LEGUMES 2022:169-194. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-4906-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
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2
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Kiryushkin AS, Ilina EL, Guseva ED, Pawlowski K, Demchenko KN. Hairy CRISPR: Genome Editing in Plants Using Hairy Root Transformation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:51. [PMID: 35009056 PMCID: PMC8747350 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing is a powerful tool of plant functional genomics. Hairy root transformation is a rapid and convenient approach for obtaining transgenic roots. When combined, these techniques represent a fast and effective means of studying gene function. In this review, we outline the current state of the art reached by the combination of these approaches over seven years. Additionally, we discuss the origins of different Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains that are widely used for hairy root transformation; the components of CRISPR/Cas vectors, such as the promoters that drive Cas or gRNA expression, the types of Cas nuclease, and selectable and screenable markers; and the application of CRISPR/Cas genome editing in hairy roots. The modification of the already known vector pKSE401 with the addition of the rice translational enhancer OsMac3 and the gene encoding the fluorescent protein DsRed1 is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kiryushkin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.L.I.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Elena L. Ilina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.L.I.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Elizaveta D. Guseva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.L.I.); (E.D.G.)
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirill N. Demchenko
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Development, Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.L.I.); (E.D.G.)
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3
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Abstract
Lectins are widely distributed proteins having ability of binding selectively and reversibly with carbohydrates moieties and glycoconjugates. Although lectins have been reported from different biological sources, the legume lectins are the best-characterized family of plant lectins. Legume lectins are a large family of homologous proteins with considerable similarity in amino acid sequence and their tertiary structures. Despite having strong sequence conservation, these lectins show remarkable variability in carbohydrate specificity and quaternary structures. The ability of legume lectins in recognizing glycans and glycoconjugates on cells and other intracellular structures make them a valuable research tool in glycomic research. Due to variability in binding with glycans, glycoconjugates and multiple biological functions, legume lectins are the subject of intense research for their diverse application in different fields such as glycobiology, biomedical research and crop improvement. The present review specially focuses on structural and functional characteristics of legume lectins along with their potential areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Katoch
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176 062 India
| | - Ankur Tripathi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, CSKHPKV, Palampur, 176 062 India
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4
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Naithani S, Komath SS, Nonomura A, Govindjee G. Plant lectins and their many roles: Carbohydrate-binding and beyond. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 266:153531. [PMID: 34601337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are ubiquitous proteins that reversibly bind to specific carbohydrates and, thus, serve as readers of the sugar code. In photosynthetic organisms, lectin family proteins play important roles in capturing and releasing photosynthates via an endogenous lectin cycle. Often, lectin proteins consist of one or more lectin domains in combination with other types of domains. This structural diversity of lectins is the basis for their current classification, which is consistent with their diverse functions in cell signaling associated with growth and development, as well as in the plant's response to biotic, symbiotic, and abiotic stimuli. Furthermore, the lectin family shows evolutionary expansion that has distinct clade-specific signatures. Although the function(s) of many plant lectin family genes are unknown, studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insights into their diverse roles. Here, we have used a biocuration approach rooted in the critical review of scientific literature and information available in the public genomic databases to summarize the expression, localization, and known functions of lectins in Arabidopsis. A better understanding of the structure and function of lectins is expected to aid in improving agricultural productivity through the manipulation of candidate genes for breeding climate-resilient crops, or by regulating metabolic pathways by applications of plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Naithani
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA.
| | - Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Arthur Nonomura
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Arizona University, South San Francisco Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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5
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Robinson GHJ, Domoney C. Perspectives on the genetic improvement of health- and nutrition-related traits in pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:353-362. [PMID: 33250319 PMCID: PMC7801860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a widely grown pulse crop that is a source of protein, starch and micronutrients in both human diets and livestock feeds. There is currently a strong global focus on making agriculture and food production systems more sustainable, and pea has one of the smallest carbon footprints of all crops. Multiple genetic loci have been identified that influence pea seed protein content, but protein composition is also important nutritionally. Studies have previously identified gene families encoding individual seed protein classes, now documented in a reference pea genome assembly. Much is also known about loci affecting starch metabolism in pea, with research especially focusing on improving concentrations of resistant starch, which has a positive effect on maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Diversity in natural germplasm for micronutrient concentrations and mineral hyperaccumulation mutants have been discovered, with quantitative trait loci on multiple linkage groups identified for seed micronutrient concentrations. Antinutrients, which affect nutrient bioavailability, must also be considered; mutants in which the concentrations of important antinutrients including phytate and trypsin inhibitors are reduced have already been discovered. Current knowledge on the genetics of nutritional traits in pea will greatly assist with crop improvement for specific end uses, and further identification of genes involved will help advance our knowledge of the control of the synthesis of seed compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H J Robinson
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Domoney
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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6
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Sogawa A, Takahashi I, Kyo M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Tajima S, Nomura M. Requirements of Qa-SNARE LjSYP132s for Nodulation and Seed Development in Lotus japonicus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1750-1759. [PMID: 32706881 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
SNAREs (soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) mediate membrane fusion of vesicle transport in eukaryotic cells. LjSYP132s are the members of Qa-SNAREs in Lotus japonicus. Two isoforms, LjSYP132a and LjSYP132b, are generated by alternative splicing. Immunoblot analysis detected strong expression of LjSYP132s in infected root nodules and seeds by posttranscriptional modification. In either LjSYP132a or LjSYP132b silenced roots (RNAi-LjSYP132a, RNAi-LjSYP132b), the infection thread (IT) was not elongated, suggesting that both LjSYP132a and LjSYP132b have a role in IT progression. The results were consistent with the data of qRT-PCR showing that both genes were expressed at the early stage of infection. However, during the nodulation, only LjSYP132a was induced. LjSYP132s protein was observed in the Mesorhizobium loti-inoculated roots of mutants, nfr1, castor and pollux, suggesting that LjSYP132s can be induced without Nod factor signaling. Accumulation of LjSYP132s in the peribacteroid membrane suggests the function of not only IT formation but also nutrient transport. In contrast, qRT-PCR showed that LjSYP132b was expressed in the seeds. A stable transgenic plant of LjSYP132b, R132b, was produced by RNAi silencing. In the R132b plants, small pods with a few seeds and abnormal tip growth of the pollen tubes were observed, suggesting that LjSYP132b has a role in pollen tube growth and nutrient transport in the plasma membrane of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Sogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
| | - Issei Takahashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
| | - Masaharu Kyo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3 Kannon-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8604 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
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7
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Garagounis C, Beritza K, Georgopoulou ME, Sonawane P, Haralampidis K, Goossens A, Aharoni A, Papadopoulou KK. A hairy-root transformation protocol for Trigonella foenum-graecum L. as a tool for metabolic engineering and specialised metabolite pathway elucidation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:451-462. [PMID: 32659648 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetic transformation methods is critical for enabling the thorough characterization of an organism and is a key step in exploiting any species as a platform for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering approaches. In this work we describe the development of an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation protocol for the crop and medicinal legume fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Fenugreek has a rich and diverse content in bioactive specialised metabolites, notably diosgenin, which is a common precursor for synthetic human hormone production. This makes fenugreek a prime target for identification and engineering of specific biosynthetic pathways for the production of triterpene and steroidal saponins, phenolics, and galactomanans. Through this transformation protocol, we identified a suitable promoter for robust transgene expression in fenugreek. Finally, we establish the proof of principle for the utility of the fenugreek system for metabolic engineering programs, by heterologous expression of known triterpene saponin biosynthesis regulators from the related legume Medicago truncatula in fenugreek hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Garagounis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantina Beritza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Georgopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kosmas Haralampidis
- Faculty of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15701, Athens, Greece
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece
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Chikoti YF, Duangkhet M, Chungopast S, Tajima S, Ma JF, Nomura M. Effect of ferritin on nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules under various iron concentrations. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 252:153247. [PMID: 32768683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the nitrogen fixation process, iron plays a vital role by being part of many symbiotic proteins, such as nitrogenase and leghemoglobin, in an active symbiosis. Excess or insufficient iron in active nitrogen fixation negatively affects the entire process. In Lotus japonicus nodules, ferritin is expressed at the initial stages of nodule development and increases at the nodule senescence stage to mobilize iron release during that stage. In this study, we investigated the effects of overexpressing and suppressing ferritin on nitrogen fixation. Acetylene reduction activity revealed that nitrogen fixation is affected by the overexpression of ferritin at high iron concentrations, but at low iron concentrations, higher nitrogen fixation was observed in ferritin-suppressed plants. qRT-PCR data indicated that suppression of ferritin in nodules induces antioxidant genes, such as superoxide dismutase, dehydroascorbate reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, to detoxify reactive oxygen species. Our data suggest that suppressing ferritin in the nodules is effective for higher nitrogen fixation under iron deficient conditions. Overaccumulated ferritin in nodule is effective under the higher iron conditions, such as senescence state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallika Duangkhet
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Sirinapa Chungopast
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture Kamphaeng-saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng-saen Campus, Nakorn Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Shigeyuki Tajima
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mika Nomura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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9
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Optimization of Hairy Root Transformation for the Functional Genomics in Chickpea: A Platform for Nodule Developmental Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2107:335-348. [PMID: 31893457 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0235-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chickpea is a major protein source in low socio-economic classes and cultivated in marginal soil without fertilizer or irrigation. As a result of its root nodule formation capacity chickpea can directly use atmospheric nitrogen. Chickpea is recalcitrant to stable transformation, particularly root regeneration efficiency of chickpea is low. The composite plant-based system with a non-transformed shoot and transformed root is particularly important for root biologist and this approach has already been used successfully for root nodule symbiosis, arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, and other root-related studies. Use of fluorescent marker-based approach can accurately identify the transformed root from its non-transgenic counterpart. RNAi-based gene knockout, overexpression of genes, promoter GUS analysis to understand tissue specific expression and localization of protein can be achieved using the hairy root-based system. We have already published a hairy root-based transformation and composite plant regeneration protocol of chickpea. Here we are describing the recent modification that we have made to increase the transformation frequency and nodule morphology. Further, we have developed a pouch based artificial system, large number of plants can be scored for its nodule developmental phenotype, by using this system.
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10
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Mishra A, Behura A, Mawatwal S, Kumar A, Naik L, Mohanty SS, Manna D, Dokania P, Mishra A, Patra SK, Dhiman R. Structure-function and application of plant lectins in disease biology and immunity. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110827. [PMID: 31542433 PMCID: PMC7115788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins with a high degree of stereospecificity to recognize various sugar structures and form reversible linkages upon interaction with glyco-conjugate complexes. These are abundantly found in plants, animals and many other species and are known to agglutinate various blood groups of erythrocytes. Further, due to the unique carbohydrate recognition property, lectins have been extensively used in many biological functions that make use of protein-carbohydrate recognition like detection, isolation and characterization of glycoconjugates, histochemistry of cells and tissues, tumor cell recognition and many more. In this review, we have summarized the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins and their effects against diseases, including antimicrobial action. We found that many plant lectins mediate its microbicidal activity by triggering host immune responses that result in the release of several cytokines followed by activation of effector mechanism. Moreover, certain lectins also enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages during microbial infections. Lectins along with heat killed microbes can act as vaccine to provide long term protection from deadly microbes. Hence, lectin based therapy can be used as a better substitute to fight microbial diseases efficiently in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Subhashree Subhasmita Mohanty
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debraj Manna
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Puja Dokania
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
| | - Samir K Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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11
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Leppyanen IV, Kirienko AN, Dolgikh EA. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Pisum sativum L. roots as a tool for studying the mycorrhizal and root nodule symbioses. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6552. [PMID: 30863680 PMCID: PMC6408910 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated the successful transformation of two pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars using Agrobacterium rhizogenes, whereby transgenic roots in the resulting composite plants showed expression of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein. Subsequent to infection with A. rhizogenes, approximately 70%–80% of pea seedlings developed transgenic hairy roots. We found out that the transgenic roots can be efficiently nodulated by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and infected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The morphology of nodules in the transgenic roots was found to be identical to that of nodules observed in wild-type roots, and we also observed the effective induction of markers typical of the symbiotic association with AM fungi. The convenient protocol for highly efficient A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation developed in this study would be a rapid and effective tool for investigating those genes involved in the development of the two types of symbioses found in pea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Leppyanen
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna N Kirienko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena A Dolgikh
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Lace B, Ott T. Commonalities and Differences in Controlling Multipartite Intracellular Infections of Legume Roots by Symbiotic Microbes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:661-672. [PMID: 29474692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have the almost unique ability to establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Forward and reverse genetics have identified a large number of genes that are required for either or both interactions. However, and in sharp contrast to natural soils, these interactions have been almost exclusively investigated under laboratory conditions by using separate inoculation systems, whereas both symbionts are simultaneously present in the field. Considering our recent understanding of the individual symbioses, the community is now promisingly positioned to co-inoculate plants with two or more microbes in order to understand mechanistically how legumes efficiently balance, regulate and potentially separate these symbioses and other endophytic microbes within the same root. Here, we discuss a number of key control layers that should be considered when assessing tri- or multipartite beneficial interactions and that may contribute to colonization patterns in legume roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lace
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Xue R, Wu X, Wang Y, Zhuang Y, Chen J, Wu J, Ge W, Wang L, Wang S, Blair MW. Hairy root transgene expression analysis of a secretory peroxidase (PvPOX1) from common bean infected by Fusarium wilt. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 260:1-7. [PMID: 28554466 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxidases (POXs) are one of the most important redox enzymes in the defense responses. However, the large number of different plant POX genes makes it necessary to carefully confirm the function of each paralogous POX gene in specific tissues and disease interactions. Fusarium wilt is a devastating disease of common bean caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. In this study, we evaluated a peroxidase gene, PvPOX1, from a resistant common bean genotype, CAAS260205 and provided direct evidence for PvPOX1's role in resistance by transforming the resistant allele into a susceptible common bean genotype, BRB130, via hairy root transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Analysis of PvPOX1 gene over-expressing hairy roots showed it increased resistance to Fusarium wilt both in the roots and the rest of transgenic plants. Meanwhile, the PvPOX1 expressive level, the peroxidase activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation were also enhanced in the interaction. The result showed that the PvPOX1 gene played an essential role in Fusarium wilt resistance through the occurrence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced hypersensitive response. Therefore, PvPOX1 expression was proven to be a valuable gene for further analysis which can strengthen host defense response against Fusarium wilt through a ROS activated resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Xue
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Xingbo Wu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Jing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weide Ge
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110161, China
| | - Lanfen Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Matthew W Blair
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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14
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Permanent Draft Genome Sequence of the French Bean Symbiont Rhizobium sp. Strain RSm-3 Isolated from the Eastern Himalayan Region of India. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/15/e00175-17. [PMID: 28408686 PMCID: PMC5391424 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00175-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rhizobium contains many species able to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on plants of the legume family. Here, we report the 6.9-Mbp draft genome sequence of Rhizobium sp. strain RSm-3, with a G+C content of 61.4% and 6,511 candidate protein-coding genes.
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Jeanbille M, Buée M, Bach C, Cébron A, Frey-Klett P, Turpault MP, Uroz S. Soil Parameters Drive the Structure, Diversity and Metabolic Potentials of the Bacterial Communities Across Temperate Beech Forest Soil Sequences. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:482-93. [PMID: 26370112 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soil and climatic conditions as well as land cover and land management have been shown to strongly impact the structure and diversity of the soil bacterial communities. Here, we addressed under a same land cover the potential effect of the edaphic parameters on the soil bacterial communities, excluding potential confounding factors as climate. To do this, we characterized two natural soil sequences occurring in the Montiers experimental site. Spatially distant soil samples were collected below Fagus sylvatica tree stands to assess the effect of soil sequences on the edaphic parameters, as well as the structure and diversity of the bacterial communities. Soil analyses revealed that the two soil sequences were characterized by higher pH and calcium and magnesium contents in the lower plots. Metabolic assays based on Biolog Ecoplates highlighted higher intensity and richness in usable carbon substrates in the lower plots than in the middle and upper plots, although no significant differences occurred in the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities along the soil sequences as assessed using quantitative PCR. Pyrosequencing analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons revealed that Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundantly represented phyla. Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Chlamydiae were significantly enriched in the most acidic and nutrient-poor soils compared to the Bacteroidetes, which were significantly enriched in the soils presenting the higher pH and nutrient contents. Interestingly, aluminium, nitrogen, calcium, nutrient availability and pH appeared to be the best predictors of the bacterial community structures along the soil sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeanbille
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - M Buée
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - C Bach
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | - A Cébron
- INRA UR 1138 "Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers", Centre INRA de Nancy, Champenoux, France
- CNRS, LIEC UMR7360 Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - P Frey-Klett
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - M P Turpault
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France
| | - S Uroz
- INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France.
- Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54500, France.
- Université de Lorraine, LIEC UMR7360 Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France.
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres Micro-organismes, Champenoux, 54280, France.
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Nigmatullina LR, Lavina AM, Vershinina ZR, Baymiev AK. Role of bacterial adhesin RAPA1 in formation of efficient symbiosis of Rhizobium leguminosarum with bean plants. Microbiology (Reading) 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261715060089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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17
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Hossain MS, Joshi T, Stacey G. System approaches to study root hairs as a single cell plant model: current status and future perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:363. [PMID: 26042143 PMCID: PMC4436566 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Our current understanding of plant functional genomics derives primarily from measurements of gene, protein and/or metabolite levels averaged over the whole plant or multicellular tissues. These approaches risk diluting the response of specific cells that might respond strongly to the treatment but whose signal is diluted by the larger proportion of non-responding cells. For example, if a gene is expressed at a low level, does this mean that it is indeed lowly expressed or is it highly expressed, but only in a few cells? In order to avoid these issues, we adopted the soybean root hair cell, derived from a single, differentiated root epidermal cell, as a single-cell model for functional genomics. Root hair cells are intrinsically interesting since they are major conduits for root water and nutrient uptake and are also the preferred site of infection by nitrogen-fixing rhizobium bacteria. Although a variety of other approaches have been used to study single plant cells or single cell types, the root hair system is perhaps unique in allowing application of the full repertoire of functional genomic and biochemical approaches. In this mini review, we summarize our published work and place this within the broader context of root biology, with a significant focus on understanding the initial events in the soybean-rhizobium interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhawat Hossain
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Computer Science, Informatics Institute and Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Sinharoy S, Pislariu CI, Udvardi MK. A high-throughput RNA interference (RNAi)-based approach using hairy roots for the study of plant-rhizobia interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1287:159-78. [PMID: 25740364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2453-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are major contributors to sustainable agriculture; their key feature is their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes are often recalcitrant to regeneration and transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens; however, A. rhizogenes-mediated root transformation and composite plant generation are rapid and convenient alternatives to study root biology, including root nodule symbiosis. RNA interference (RNAi), coupled with A. rhizogenes-mediated root transformation, has been very successfully used for analyses of gene function by reverse genetics. Besides being applied to model legumes (Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus), this method has been adopted for several other legumes due to the ease and relative speed with which transgenic roots can be generated. Several protocols for hairy root transformation have been published. Here we describe an improved hairy root transformation protocol and the methods to study nodulation in Medicago. We also highlight the major differences between our protocol and others, and key steps that need to be adjusted in order to translate this method to other legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjuti Sinharoy
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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19
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Rich MK, Schorderet M, Reinhardt D. The role of the cell wall compartment in mutualistic symbioses of plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:238. [PMID: 24917869 PMCID: PMC4041022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants engage in mutualistic interactions with microbes that improve their mineral nutrient supply. The most wide-spread symbiotic association is arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), in which fungi of the order Glomeromycota invade roots and colonize the cellular lumen of cortical cells. The establishment of this interaction requires a dedicated molecular-genetic program and a cellular machinery of the plant host. This program is partially shared with the root nodule symbiosis (RNS), which involves prokaryotic partners collectively referred to as rhizobia. Both, AM and RNS are endosymbioses that involve intracellular accommodation of the microbial partner in the cells of the plant host. Since plant cells are surrounded by sturdy cell walls, root penetration and cell invasion requires mechanisms to overcome this barrier while maintaining the cytoplasm of the two partners separate during development of the symbiotic association. Here, we discuss the diverse functions of the cell wall compartment in establishment and functioning of plant symbioses with the emphasis on AM and RNS, and we describe the stages of the AM association between the model organisms Petunia hybrida and Rhizophagus irregularis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Sawaki Y, Kobayashi Y, Kihara-Doi T, Nishikubo N, Kawazu T, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi Y, Iuchi S, Koyama H, Sato S. Identification of a STOP1-like protein in Eucalyptus that regulates transcription of Al tolerance genes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 223:8-15. [PMID: 24767110 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance to soil acidity is an important trait for eucalyptus clones that are introduced to commercial forestry plantations in pacific Asian countries, where acidic soil is dominant in many locations. A conserved transcription factor regulating aluminum (Al) and proton (H⁺) tolerance in land-plant species, STOP1 (SENSITIVE TOPROTON RHIZOTOXICITY 1)-like protein, was isolated by polymerase chain reaction-based cloning, and then suppressed by RNA interference in hairy roots produced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation. Eucalyptus STOP1-like protein complemented proton tolerance in an Arabidopsis thaliana stop1-mutant, and localized to the nucleus in a transient assay of a green fluorescent protein fusion protein expressed in tobacco leaves by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Genes encoding a citrate transporting MULTIDRUGS AND TOXIC COMPOUND EXTRUSION protein and an orthologue of ALUMINUM SENSITIVE 3 were suppressed in transgenic hairy roots in which the STOP1 orthologue was knocked down. In summary, we identified a series of genes for Al-tolerance in eucalyptus, including a gene for STOP1-like protein and the Al-tolerance genes it regulates. These genes may be useful for molecular breeding and genomic selection of elite clones to introduce into acid soil regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Sawaki
- Forestry Research Institute, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., 24-9 Nobono-Cho, Kameyama, Mie 519-0212, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kobayashi
- Forestry Research Institute, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., 24-9 Nobono-Cho, Kameyama, Mie 519-0212, Japan; Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kihara-Doi
- Forest Technology Laboratories, Research & Development Division, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., 1-10-6 Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishikubo
- Forest Technology Laboratories, Research & Development Division, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., 1-10-6 Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsu Kawazu
- Forest Technology Laboratories, Research & Development Division, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., 1-10-6 Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan
| | - Masatomo Kobayashi
- BioResources Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iuchi
- BioResources Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Forest Technology Laboratories, Research & Development Division, Oji Paper Co., Ltd., 1-10-6 Shinonome, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8558, Japan.
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Vaid N, Macovei A, Tuteja N. Knights in action: lectin receptor-like kinases in plant development and stress responses. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1405-18. [PMID: 23430046 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) is a vast protein family with over 600 genes in Arabidopsis and 1100 in rice. The Lectin RLK (LecRLK) family is believed to play crucial roles in saccharide signaling as well as stress perception. All the LecRLKs possess three domains: an N-terminal lectin domain, an intermediate transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal kinase domain. On the basis of lectin domain variability, LecRLKs have been subgrouped into three subclasses: L-, G-, and C-type LecRLKs. While the previous studies on LecRLKs were dedicated to classification, comparative structural analysis and expression analysis by promoter-based studies, most of the recent studies on LecRLKs have laid special emphasis on the potential of this gene family in regulating biotic/abiotic stress and developmental pathways in plants, thus making the prospects of studying the LecRLK-mediated regulatory mechanism exceptionally promising. In this review, we have described in detail the LecRLK gene family with respect to a historical, evolutionary, and structural point of view. Furthermore, we have laid emphasis on the LecRLKs roles in development, stress conditions, and hormonal response. We have also discussed the exciting research prospects offered by the current knowledge on the LecRLK gene family. The multitude of the LecRLK gene family members and their functional diversity mark these genes as both interesting and worthy candidates for further analysis, especially in the field of crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Vaid
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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22
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Pérez-Giménez J, Lodeiro AR. Two effects of combined nitrogen on the adhesion of Rhizobium etli to bean roots. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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24
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Pérez-Giménez J, Covelli JM, López MF, Althabegoiti MJ, Ferrer-Navarro M, Mongiardini EJ, Lodeiro AR. Soybean seed lectin prevents the accumulation of S-adenosyl methionine synthetase and the S1 30S ribosomal protein in Bradyrhizobium japonicum under C and N starvation. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:465-74. [PMID: 22782468 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Soybean lectin (SBL) participates in the recognition between Bradyrhizobium japonicum and soybean although its role remains unknown. To search for changes in the proteome in response to SBL, B. japonicum USDA 110 was incubated for 12 h in a C- and N-free medium with or without SBL (10 μg ml(-1)), and the soluble protein profiles were compared. Two polypeptides, S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase (MetK) and the 30S ribosomal protein S1 (RpsA), were found only in the fractions from rhizobia incubated without SBL. Transcript levels of metK and rpsA were not correlated with polypeptide levels, indicating that there was regulation at translation. In support of this proposal, the 5' translation initiation-region of rpsA mRNA contained folding elements as those involved in regulation of its translation in other species. Disappearance of MetK and RpsA from the soluble protein fractions of SBL-treated rhizobia suggests that SBL might have attenuated the nutritional stress response of B. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Pérez-Giménez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y CCT La Plata-CONICET, Calles 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
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Vershinina ZR, Baymiev AK, Blagova DK, Chubukova OV, Baymiev AK, Chemeris AV. Artificial colonization of non-symbiotic plants roots with the use of lectins. Symbiosis 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-012-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Hakoyama T, Niimi K, Yamamoto T, Isobe S, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Kumagai H, Umehara Y, Brossuleit K, Petersen TR, Sandal N, Stougaard J, Udvardi MK, Tamaoki M, Kawaguchi M, Kouchi H, Suganuma N. The integral membrane protein SEN1 is required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:225-36. [PMID: 22123791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants establish a symbiotic association with bacteria called rhizobia, resulting in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. A Lotus japonicus symbiotic mutant, sen1, forms nodules that are infected by rhizobia but that do not fix nitrogen. Here, we report molecular identification of the causal gene, SEN1, by map-based cloning. The SEN1 gene encodes an integral membrane protein homologous to Glycine max nodulin-21, and also to CCC1, a vacuolar iron/manganese transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and VIT1, a vacuolar iron transporter of Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression of the SEN1 gene was detected exclusively in nodule-infected cells and increased during nodule development. Nif gene expression as well as the presence of nitrogenase proteins was detected in rhizobia from sen1 nodules, although the levels of expression were low compared with those from wild-type nodules. Microscopic observations revealed that symbiosome and/or bacteroid differentiation are impaired in the sen1 nodules even at a very early stage of nodule development. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SEN1 belongs to a protein clade specific to legumes. These results indicate that SEN1 is essential for nitrogen fixation activity and symbiosome/bacteroid differentiation in legume nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Hakoyama
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Clemow SR, Clairmont L, Madsen LH, Guinel FC. Reproducible hairy root transformation and spot-inoculation methods to study root symbioses of pea. PLANT METHODS 2011; 7:46. [PMID: 22172023 PMCID: PMC3264533 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-7-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pea has lagged behind other model legumes in the molecular study of nodulation and mycorrhizae-formation because of the difficulty to transform its roots and its poor growth on agar plates. Here we describe for pea 1) a transformation technique which permits the complementation of two known non-nodulating pea mutants, 2) a rhizobial inoculation method which allows the study of early cellular events giving rise to nodule primordia, and 3) a targeted fungal inoculation method which allows us to study short segments of mycorrhizal roots assured to be infected. These tools are certain to advance our knowledge of pea root symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Clemow
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W., Waterloo, N2L 3C5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsey Clairmont
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W., Waterloo, N2L 3C5, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lene H Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Aarhus University, Gustav Wields Vej 10, Aarhus C -8000 Denmark
| | - Frédérique C Guinel
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W., Waterloo, N2L 3C5, Ontario, Canada
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Imanishi L, Vayssières A, Franche C, Bogusz D, Wall L, Svistoonoff S. Transformed hairy roots of Discaria trinervis: a valuable tool for studying actinorhizal symbiosis in the context of intercellular infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:1317-24. [PMID: 21585269 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-11-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Among infection mechanisms leading to root nodule symbiosis, the intercellular infection pathway is probably the most ancestral but also one of the least characterized. Intercellular infection has been described in Discaria trinervis, an actinorhizal plant belonging to the Rosales order. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying intercellular infection with Frankia bacteria, we set up an efficient genetic transformation protocol for D. trinervis based on Agrobacterium rhizogenes. We showed that composite plants with transgenic roots expressing green fluorescent protein can be specifically and efficiently nodulated by Frankia strain BCU110501. Nitrogen fixation rates and feedback inhibition of nodule formation by nitrogen were similar in control and composite plants. In order to challenge the transformation system, the MtEnod11 promoter, a gene from Medicago truncatula widely used as a marker for early infection-related symbiotic events in model legumes, was introduced in D. trinervis. MtEnod11::GUS expression was related to infection zones in root cortex and in the parenchyma of the developing nodule. The ability to study intercellular infection with molecular tools opens new avenues for understanding the evolution of the infection process in nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Imanishi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
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Ishida JK, Yoshida S, Ito M, Namba S, Shirasu K. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25802. [PMID: 21991355 PMCID: PMC3185032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants within the Orobanchaceae are an agriculturally important group of parasites that attack economically important crops to obtain water and nutrients from their hosts. Despite their agricultural importance, molecular mechanisms of the parasitism are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We developed transient and stable transformation systems for Phtheirospermum japonicum, a facultative parasitic plant in the Orobanchaceae. The transformation protocol was established by a combination of sonication and acetosyringone treatments using the hairy-root-inducing bacterium, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and young seedlings. Transgenic hairy roots of P. japonicum were obtained from cotyledons 2 to 3 weeks after A. rhizogenes inoculation. The presence and the expression of transgenes in P. japonicum were verified by genomic PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR methods. Transgenic roots derived from A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation were able to develop haustoria on rice and maize roots. Transgenic roots also formed apparently competent haustoria in response to 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), a haustorium-inducing chemical. Using this system, we introduced a reporter gene with a Cyclin B1 promoter into P. japonicum, and visualized cell division during haustorium formation. CONCLUSIONS We provide an easy and efficient method for hairy-root transformation of P. japonicum. Transgenic marker analysis revealed that cell divisions during haustorium development occur 24 h after DMBQ treatment. The protocols described here will allow functional analysis of genes involved in plant parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane K. Ishida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
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Purification of Lectin from Micropropagated Roots Derived from Aseptic Seedling of Canavalia ensiformis L. Int J Pept Res Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Vershinina ZR, Baimiev AK, Blagova DK, Knyazev AV, Baimiev AK, Chemeris AV. Bioengineering of symbiotic systems: Creation of new associative symbiosis with the use of lectins on the example of tobacco and oil seed rape. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683811030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Agrawal P, Kumar S, Jaiswal YK, Das HR, Das RH. A Mesorhizobium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specific lectin (CRL) from the roots of nodulating host plant, Cicer arietinum. Biochimie 2011; 93:440-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bonaldi K, Gherbi H, Franche C, Bastien G, Fardoux J, Barker D, Giraud E, Cartieaux F. The Nod factor-independent symbiotic signaling pathway: development of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation for the legume Aeschynomene indica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1537-44. [PMID: 21039272 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-10-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between Aeschynomene indica and photosynthetic bradyrhizobia is the only legume-rhizobium association described to date that does not require lipochito-oligosaccharide Nod factors (NF). To assist in deciphering the molecular basis of this NF-independent interaction, we have developed a protocol for Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of A. indica. The cotransformation frequency (79%), the nodulation efficiency of transgenic roots (90%), and the expression pattern of the 35S Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter in transgenic nodules were all comparable to those obtained for model legumes. We have made use of this tool to monitor the heterologous spatio-temporal expression of the pMtENOD11-β-glucuronidase fusion, a widely used molecular reporter for rhizobial infection and nodulation in both legumes and actinorhizal plants. While MtENOD11 promoter activation was not observed in A. indica roots prior to nodulation, strong reporter-gene expression was observed in the invaded cells of young nodules and in the cell layers bordering the central zone of older nodules. We conclude that pMtENOD11 expression can be used as an infection-related marker in A. indica and that Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated root transformation of Aeschynomene spp. will be an invaluable tool for determining the molecular basis of the NF-independent symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Bonaldi
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR IRD/SupAgro/INRA/UM2/CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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Jiang SY, Ma Z, Ramachandran S. Evolutionary history and stress regulation of the lectin superfamily in higher plants. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:79. [PMID: 20236552 PMCID: PMC2846932 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lectins are a class of carbohydrate-binding proteins. They play roles in various biological processes. However, little is known about their evolutionary history and their functions in plant stress regulation. The availability of full genome sequences from various plant species makes it possible to perform a whole-genome exploration for further understanding their biological functions. RESULTS Higher plant genomes encode large numbers of lectin proteins. Based on their domain structures and phylogenetic analyses, a new classification system has been proposed. In this system, 12 different families have been classified and four of them consist of recently identified plant lectin members. Further analyses show that some of lectin families exhibit species-specific expansion and rapid birth-and-death evolution. Tandem and segmental duplications have been regarded as the major mechanisms to drive lectin expansion although retrogenes also significantly contributed to the birth of new lectin genes in soybean and rice. Evidence shows that lectin genes have been involved in biotic/abiotic stress regulations and tandem/segmental duplications may be regarded as drivers for plants to adapt various environmental stresses through duplication followed by expression divergence. Each member of this gene superfamily may play specialized roles in a specific stress condition and function as a regulator of various environmental factors such as cold, drought and high salinity as well as biotic stresses. CONCLUSIONS Our studies provide a new outline of the plant lectin gene superfamily and advance the understanding of plant lectin genes in lineage-specific expansion and their functions in biotic/abiotic stress-related developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ye Jiang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, the National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, the National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, the National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604
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Rhizosphere Signals for Plant–Microbe Interactions: Implications for Field-Grown Plants. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 72 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13145-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Petersen JM, Ramette A, Lott C, Cambon-Bonavita MA, Zbinden M, Dubilier N. Dual symbiosis of the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata with filamentous gamma- and epsilonproteobacteria at four Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vent fields. Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:2204-18. [PMID: 21966914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The shrimp Rimicaris exoculata from hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) harbours bacterial epibionts on specialized appendages and the inner surfaces of its gill chamber. Using comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), we examined the R. exoculata epibiosis from four vents sites along the known distribution range of the shrimp on the MAR. Our results show that R. exoculata lives in symbiosis with two types of filamentous epibionts. One belongs to the Epsilonproteobacteria, and was previously identified as the dominant symbiont of R. exoculata. The second is a novel gammaproteobacterial symbiont that belongs to a clade consisting exclusively of sequences from epibiotic bacteria of hydrothermal vent animals, with the filamentous sulfur oxidizer Leucothrix mucor as the closest free-living relative. Both the epsilon- and the gammaproteobacterial symbionts dominated the R. exoculata epibiosis at all four MAR vent sites despite striking differences between vent fluid chemistry and distances between sites of up to 8500 km, indicating that the symbiosis is highly stable and specific. Phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial host genes showed little to no differences between hosts from the four vent sites. In contrast, there was significant spatial structuring of both the gamma- and the epsilonproteobacterial symbiont populations based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences that was correlated with geographic distance along the MAR. We hypothesize that biogeography and host-symbiont selectivity play a role in structuring the epibiosis of R. exoculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Petersen
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Downie JA. The roles of extracellular proteins, polysaccharides and signals in the interactions of rhizobia with legume roots. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009; 34:150-70. [PMID: 20070373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia adopt many different lifestyles including survival in soil, growth in the rhizosphere, attachment to root hairs and infection and growth within legume roots, both in infection threads and in nodules where they fix nitrogen. They are actively involved in extracellular signalling to their host legumes to initiate infection and nodule morphogenesis. Rhizobia also use quorum-sensing gene regulation via N-acyl-homoserine lactone signals and this can enhance their interaction with legumes as well as their survival under stress and their ability to induce conjugation of plasmids and symbiotic islands, thereby spreading their symbiotic capacity. They produce several surface polysaccharides that are critical for attachment and biofilm formation; some of these polysaccharides are specific for their growth on root hairs and can considerably enhance their ability to infect their host legumes. Different rhizobia use several different types of protein secretion mechanisms (Types I, III, IV, V and VI), and many of the secreted proteins play an important role in their interaction with plants. This review summarizes many of the aspects of the extracellular biology of rhizobia, in particular in relation to their symbiotic interaction with legumes.
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Biswas S, Saroha A, Das HR. A lectin from Sesbania aculeata (Dhaincha) roots and its possible function. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:329-35. [PMID: 19364328 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A lectin was isolated from the roots of Sesbania aculeata. This is a glucose specific lectin having 39 kDa subunit molecular weight. The expression of this lectin was found to be developmentally regulated and observed to be the highest in the second week. The lectin was purified by affinity chromatography using Sephadex G-50 and found to have 28% homology with Arabidopsis thaliana lectin-like protein (accession No. CAA62665). The lectin binds with lipopolysaccharide isolated from different rhizobial strains indicating the plants interaction with multiple rhizobial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
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Schenkluhn L, Hohnjec N, Niehaus K, Schmitz U, Colditz F. Differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to quantitatively monitor early symbiosis- and pathogenesis-induced changes of the Medicago truncatula root proteome. J Proteomics 2009; 73:753-68. [PMID: 19895911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis- and pathogenesis-related early protein induction patterns in the model legume Medicago truncatula were analysed with two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. Two symbiotic soil microorganisms (Glomus intraradices, Sinorhizobium meliloti) were used in single infections and in combination with a secondary pathogenic infection by the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches. Proteomic analyses performed 6 and 24h after inoculations led to identification of 87 differentially induced proteins which likely represent the M. truncatula root 'interactome'. A set of proteins involved in a primary antioxidant defense reaction was detected during all associations investigated. Symbiosis-related protein induction includes a typical factor of early symbiosis-specific signalling (CaM-2), two Ran-binding proteins of nucleocytoplasmic signalling, and a set of energy-related enzymes together with proteins involved in symbiosis-initiated C- and N-fixation. Pathogen-associated protein induction consists of mainly PR proteins, Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors, a lectin, and proteins related to primary carbohydrate metabolism and phytoalexin synthesis. Absence of PR proteins and decreased pathogen-induced protein patterns during mixed symbiotic and pathogenic infections indicate bioprotective effects due to symbiotic co-infection. Several 14-3-3 proteins were found as predominant proteins during mixed infections. With respect to hormone-regulation, A. euteiches infection led to induction of ABA-related pathways, while auxin-related pathways are induced during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Schenkluhn
- University of Bielefeld, Dept. 7, Proteome and Metabolome Research, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Qureshi IA, Dash PK, Srivastava PS, Koundal KR. Isolation and characterization of a lectin gene from seeds of chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 18:196-202. [PMID: 17454004 DOI: 10.1080/10425170601060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA library was constructed in lambda TriplEx2 vector using poly (A(+)) RNA from immature seeds of Cicer arietinum. The lectin gene was isolated from seeds of chickpea through library screening and RACE-PCR. The full-length cDNA of Chichpea seed lectin(CpGL)is 972 bp and contains a 807 bp open reading frame encoding a 268 amino acid protein. Analysis shows that CpSL gene has strong homology with other legume lectin genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of two main clusters and clearly indicated that CpSL belonged to mannose-specific family of lectins. RT-PCR revealed that CAA gene expressed constitutively in various plant tissues including flower, leaf, root and stem. When chickpea lectin mRNA level was checked in developing seeds, it was higher in 10 DAF seeds and decreased throughout seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf A Qureshi
- NRC on Plant Biotechnology, I.A.R.I.. New Delhi 110012, India
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De Hoff PL, Brill LM, Hirsch AM. Plant lectins: the ties that bind in root symbiosis and plant defense. Mol Genet Genomics 2009; 282:1-15. [PMID: 19488786 PMCID: PMC2695554 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-009-0460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that are found within and associated with organisms from all kingdoms of life. Several different classes of plant lectins serve a diverse array of functions. The most prominent of these include participation in plant defense against predators and pathogens and involvement in symbiotic interactions between host plants and symbiotic microbes, including mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia. Extensive biological, biochemical, and molecular studies have shed light on the functions of plant lectins, and a plethora of uncharacterized lectin genes are being revealed at the genomic scale, suggesting unexplored and novel diversity in plant lectin structure and function. Integration of the results from these different types of research is beginning to yield a more detailed understanding of the function of lectins in symbiosis, defense, and plant biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L De Hoff
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Krugova ED, Kots SY, Mandrovskaya NM. Effect of the synthetic polysaccharide MOD-19 on the formation and function of symbiosis between Pisum sativum L. and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683809030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sinharoy S, Saha S, Chaudhury SR, Dasgupta M. Transformed hairy roots of Arachis hypogea: a tool for studying root nodule symbiosis in a non-infection thread legume of the Aeschynomeneae tribe. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:132-142. [PMID: 19132866 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-2-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arachis hypogea is a non-"infection thread" (IT) legume where rhizobial entry or dissemination in the nodules never involves IT. Rhizobia invade through epidermal "cracks" and directly access the cortical cells to develop the characteristic aeschynomenoid nodules. For investigating these nonclassical nodulation features in Arachis spp., we developed an efficient procedure for Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1000-mediated transformation of this plant. In this study, we optimized the induction of hairy roots and nodulation of composite Arachis hypogea plants in the presence of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Arachis) strain NC92. 35S promoter-driven green fluorescent protein and beta-glucuronidase expression indicated transformation frequency to be above 80%. The transformed roots had the characteristic rosette-type root hairs and had normal level of expression of symbiosis-related genes SymRK and CCaMK. The transgenic nodules resembled the wild-type nodules with an exception of 2 to 3%, where they structurally deviated from the wild-type nodules to form nodular roots. A 16S rRNA profile of an infected-zone metagenome indicated that identical populations of bradyrhizobia invaded both composite wild-type plants grown in natural soil. Our results demonstrate that Arachis hairy root is an attractive system for undertaking investigations of the nonclassical features associated with its nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senjuti Sinharoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta University, Calcutta, India
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Baimiev AK, Gubaidullin II, Baimiev AK, Chemeris AV. The effects of natural and hybrid lectins on the legume-rhizobium interactions. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368380901013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Somers E, Vanderleyden J, Srinivasan M. Rhizosphere Bacterial Signalling: A Love Parade Beneath Our Feet. Crit Rev Microbiol 2008; 30:205-40. [PMID: 15646398 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490468786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots support the growth and activities of a wide variety of microorganisms that may have a profound effect on the growth and/or health of plants. Among these microorganisms, a high diversity of bacteria have been identified and categorized as deleterious, beneficial, or neutral with respect to the plant. The beneficial bacteria, termed plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are widely studied by microbiologists and agronomists because of their potential in plant production. Azospirillum, a genus of versatile PGPR, is able to enhance the plant growth and yield of a wide range of economically important crops in different soils and climatic regions. Plant beneficial effects of Azospirillum have mainly been attributed to the production of phytohormones, nitrate reduction, and nitrogen fixation, which have been subject of extensive research throughout the years. These elaborate studies made Azospirillum one of the best-characterized genera of PGPR. However, the genetic and molecular determinants involved in the initial interaction between Azospirillum and plant roots are not yet fully understood. This review will mainly highlight the current knowledge on Azospirillum plant root interactions, in the context of preceding and ongoing research on the association between plants and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Somers
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, K U Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
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Asamizu E, Shimoda Y, Kouchi H, Tabata S, Sato S. A positive regulatory role for LjERF1 in the nodulation process is revealed by systematic analysis of nodule-associated transcription factors of Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:2030-40. [PMID: 18567832 PMCID: PMC2492631 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.118141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have used reverse genetics to identify genes involved in legume-rhizobium symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. We obtained the sequences of 20 putative transcription factors from previously reported large-scale transcriptome data. The transcription factors were classified according to their DNA binding domains and patterns of expression during the nodulation process. We identified two homologues of Medicago truncatula MtHAP2-1, which encodes a CCAAT-binding protein and has been shown to play a role in nodulation. The functions of the remaining genes in the nodulation process have not been reported. Seven genes were found to encode proteins with AP2-EREBP domains, six of which were similar to proteins that have been implicated in ethylene and/or jasmonic acid signal transduction and defense gene regulation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We identified a gene, LjERF1, that is most similar to Arabidopsis ERF1, which is up-regulated by ethylene and jasmonic acid and activates downstream defense genes. LjERF1 showed the same pattern of up-regulation in roots as Arabidopsis ERF1. The nodulation phenotype of roots that overexpressed LjERF1 or inhibited LjERF1 expression using an RNA interference construct indicated that this gene functions as a positive regulator of nodulation. We propose that LjERF1 functions as a key regulator of successful infection of L. japonicus by Mesorhizobium loti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Asamizu
- Department of Plant Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan.
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Williams A, Wilkinson A, Krehenbrink M, Russo DM, Zorreguieta A, Downie JA. Glucomannan-mediated attachment of Rhizobium leguminosarum to pea root hairs is required for competitive nodule infection. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:4706-15. [PMID: 18441060 PMCID: PMC2446804 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01694-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae genome contains several genes predicted to determine surface polysaccharides. Mutants predicted to affect the initial steps of polysaccharide synthesis were identified and characterized. In addition to the known cellulose (cel) and acidic exopolysaccharide (EPS) (pss) genes, we mutated three other loci; one of these loci (gmsA) determines glucomannan synthesis and one (gelA) determines a gel-forming polysaccharide, but the role of the other locus (an exoY-like gene) was not identified. Mutants were tested for attachment and biofilm formation in vitro and on root hairs; the mutant lacking the EPS was defective for both of these characteristics, but mutation of gelA or the exoY-like gene had no effect on either type of attachment. The cellulose (celA) mutant attached and formed normal biofilms in vitro, but it did not form a biofilm on root hairs, although attachment did occur. The cellulose-dependent biofilm on root hairs appears not to be critical for nodulation, because the celA mutant competed with the wild-type for nodule infection. The glucomannan (gmsA) mutant attached and formed normal biofilms in vitro, but it was defective for attachment and biofilm formation on root hairs. Although this mutant formed nodules on peas, it was very strongly outcompeted by the wild type in mixed inoculations, showing that glucomannan is critical for competitive nodulation. The polysaccharide synthesis genes around gmsA are highly conserved among other rhizobia and agrobacteria but are absent from closely related bacteria (such as Brucella spp.) that are not normally plant associated, suggesting that these genes may play a wide role in bacterium-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Williams
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Oldroyd GED, Downie JA. Coordinating nodule morphogenesis with rhizobial infection in legumes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:519-46. [PMID: 18444906 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes requires an integration of infection by rhizobia at the root epidermis and the initiation of cell division in the cortex, several cell layers away from the sites of infection. Several recent developments have added to our understanding of the signaling events in the epidermis associated with the perception of rhizobial nodulation factors and the role of plant hormones in the activation of cell division leading to nodule morphogenesis. This review focuses on the tissue-specific nature of the developmental processes associated with nodulation and the mechanisms by which these processes are coordinated during the formation of a nodule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Disease and Stress Biology, John Innes Center, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Usov AI. Oligosaccharins — a new class of signalling molecules in plants. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1993v062n11abeh000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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