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Yang Y, Chen Q, Fan S, Lu Y, Huang Q, Liu X, Peng X. Glutamine sustains energy metabolism and alleviates liver injury in burn sepsis by promoting the assembly of mitochondrial HSP60-HSP10 complex via SIRT4 dependent protein deacetylation. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2312320. [PMID: 38329114 PMCID: PMC10854458 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2024.2312320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Burns and burn sepsis, characterized by persistent and profound hypercatabolism, cause energy metabolism dysfunction that worsens organ injury and systemic disorders. Glutamine (Gln) is a key nutrient that remarkably replenishes energy metabolism in burn and sepsis patients, but its exact roles beyond substrate supply is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Gln alleviated liver injury by sustaining energy supply and restoring redox balance. Meanwhile, Gln also rescued the dysfunctional mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, improved ATP production, reduced oxidative stress, and protected hepatocytes from burn sepsis injury. Mechanistically, we revealed that Gln could activate SIRT4 by upregulating its protein synthesis and increasing the level of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a co-enzyme that sustains the activity of SIRT4. This, in turn, reduced the acetylation of shock protein (HSP) 60 to facilitate the assembly of the HSP60-HSP10 complex, which maintains the activity of ETC complex II and III and thus sustain ATP generation and reduce reactive oxygen species release. Overall, our study uncovers a previously unknown pharmacological mechanism involving the regulation of HSP60-HSP10 assembly by which Gln recovers mitochondrial complex activity, sustains cellular energy metabolism and exerts a hepato-protective role in burn sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Yang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijun Fan
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyin Huang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Peng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), ChongqingPeople’s Republic of China
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2
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Zuo WF, Pang Q, Zhu X, Yang QQ, Zhao Q, He G, Han B, Huang W. Heat shock proteins as hallmarks of cancer: insights from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2024; 17:81. [PMID: 39232809 PMCID: PMC11375894 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-024-01601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are essential molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in stabilizing protein structures, facilitating the repair or degradation of damaged proteins, and maintaining proteostasis and cellular functions. Extensive research has demonstrated that heat shock proteins are highly expressed in cancers and closely associated with tumorigenesis and progression. The "Hallmarks of Cancer" are the core features of cancer biology that collectively define a series of functional characteristics acquired by cells as they transition from a normal state to a state of tumor growth, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabled replicative immortality, the induction of angiogenesis, and the activation of invasion and metastasis. The pivotal roles of heat shock proteins in modulating the hallmarks of cancer through the activation or inhibition of various signaling pathways has been well documented. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the roles of heat shock proteins in vital biological processes from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer and summarizes the small-molecule inhibitors that target heat shock proteins to regulate various cancer hallmarks. Moreover, we further discuss combination therapy strategies involving heat shock proteins and promising dual-target inhibitors to highlight the potential of targeting heat shock proteins for cancer treatment. In summary, this review highlights how targeting heat shock proteins could regulate the hallmarks of cancer, which will provide valuable information to better elucidate and understand the roles of heat shock proteins in oncology and the mechanisms of cancer occurrence and development and aid in the development of more efficacious and less toxic novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiwen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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3
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Dea A, Pincus D. The Heat Shock Response as a Condensate Cascade. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168642. [PMID: 38848866 PMCID: PMC11214683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is a gene regulatory program controlling expression of molecular chaperones implicated in aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. Long presumed to be activated by toxic protein aggregates, recent work suggests a new functional paradigm for the HSR in yeast. Rather than toxic aggregates, adaptive biomolecular condensates comprised of orphan ribosomal proteins (oRP) and stress granule components have been shown to be physiological chaperone clients. By titrating away the chaperones Sis1 and Hsp70 from the transcription factor Hsf1, these condensates activate the HSR. Upon release from Hsp70, Hsf1 forms spatially distinct transcriptional condensates that drive high expression of HSR genes. In this manner, the negative feedback loop controlling HSR activity - in which Hsf1 induces Hsp70 expression and Hsp70 represses Hsf1 activity - is embedded in the biophysics of the system. By analogy to phosphorylation cascades that transmit information via the dynamic activity of kinases, we propose that the HSR is organized as a condensate cascade that transmits information via the localized activity of molecular chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annisa Dea
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Pincus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Center for Physics of Evolving Systems, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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4
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Roterman I, Stapor K, Dułak D, Konieczny L. External Force Field for Protein Folding in Chaperonins-Potential Application in In Silico Protein Folding. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18412-18428. [PMID: 38680295 PMCID: PMC11044213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The present study discusses the influence of the TRiC chaperonin involved in the folding of the component of reovirus mu1/σ3. The TRiC chaperone is treated as a provider of a specific external force field in the fuzzy oil drop model during the structural formation of a target folded protein. The model also determines the status of the final product, which represents the structure directed by an external force field in the form of a chaperonin. This can be used for in silico folding as the process is environment-dependent. The application of the model enables the quantitative assessment of the folding dependence of an external force field, which appears to have universal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roterman
- Department
of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian
University—Medical College, Medyczna 7, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stapor
- Faculty
of Automatic, Electronics and Computer Science, Department of Applied
Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
| | - Dawid Dułak
- ABB
Business Services Sp. z o.o, ul Żegańska 1, Warszawa 04-713, Poland
| | - Leszek Konieczny
- Chair
of Medical Biochemistry—Jagiellonian University—Medical
College, Kopernika 7, Kraków 31-034, Poland
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5
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Lai MC, Cheng HY, Lew SH, Chen YA, Yu CH, Lin HY, Lin SM. Crystal structures of dimeric and heptameric mtHsp60 reveal the mechanism of chaperonin inactivation. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201753. [PMID: 36973006 PMCID: PMC10053435 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Hsp60 (mtHsp60) plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper folding of proteins in the mitochondria. mtHsp60 self-assembles into a ring-shaped heptamer, which can further form a double-ring tetradecamer in the presence of ATP and mtHsp10. However, mtHsp60 tends to dissociate in vitro, unlike its prokaryotic homologue, GroEL. The molecular structure of dissociated mtHsp60 and the mechanism behind its dissociation remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Epinephelus coioides mtHsp60 (EcHsp60) can form a dimeric structure with inactive ATPase activity. The crystal structure of this dimer reveals symmetrical subunit interactions and a rearranged equatorial domain. The α4 helix of each subunit extends and interacts with its adjacent subunit, leading to the disruption of the ATP-binding pocket. Furthermore, an RLK motif in the apical domain contributes to stabilizing the dimeric complex. These structural and biochemical findings provide new insights into the conformational transitions and functional regulation of this ancient chaperonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Cheng Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Hong Lew
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-You Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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6
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Groh C, Haberkant P, Stein F, Filbeck S, Pfeffer S, Savitski MM, Boos F, Herrmann JM. Mitochondrial dysfunction rapidly modulates the abundance and thermal stability of cellular proteins. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201805. [PMID: 36941057 PMCID: PMC10027898 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular functionality relies on a well-balanced, but highly dynamic proteome. Dysfunction of mitochondrial protein import leads to the cytosolic accumulation of mitochondrial precursor proteins which compromise cellular proteostasis and trigger a mitoprotein-induced stress response. To dissect the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on the cellular proteome as a whole, we developed pre-post thermal proteome profiling. This multiplexed time-resolved proteome-wide thermal stability profiling approach with isobaric peptide tags in combination with a pulsed SILAC labelling elucidated dynamic proteostasis changes in several dimensions: In addition to adaptations in protein abundance, we observed rapid modulations of the thermal stability of individual cellular proteins. Different functional groups of proteins showed characteristic response patterns and reacted with group-specific kinetics, allowing the identification of functional modules that are relevant for mitoprotein-induced stress. Thus, our new pre-post thermal proteome profiling approach uncovered a complex response network that orchestrates proteome homeostasis in eukaryotic cells by time-controlled adaptations of the abundance and the conformation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Groh
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Per Haberkant
- Proteomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Felix Boos
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany;
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7
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Provenzano A, Passantino R, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, San Biagio PL, Bulone D. Oligomeric State and Holding Activity of Hsp60. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097847. [PMID: 37175554 PMCID: PMC10177986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to its bacterial homolog GroEL, Hsp60 in oligomeric conformation is known to work as a folding machine, with the assistance of co-chaperonin Hsp10 and ATP. However, recent results have evidenced that Hsp60 can stabilize aggregation-prone molecules in the absence of Hsp10 and ATP by a different, "holding-like" mechanism. Here, we investigated the relationship between the oligomeric conformation of Hsp60 and its ability to inhibit fibrillization of the Ab40 peptide. The monomeric or tetradecameric form of the protein was isolated, and its effect on beta-amyloid aggregation was separately tested. The structural stability of the two forms of Hsp60 was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), light scattering, and circular dichroism. The results showed that the protein in monomeric form is less stable, but more effective against amyloid fibrillization. This greater functionality is attributed to the disordered nature of the domains involved in subunit contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Provenzano
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Passantino
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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8
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The Journey of Mitochondrial Protein Import and the Roadmap to Follow. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032479. [PMID: 36768800 PMCID: PMC9916854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles that play critical functions in cells including metabolism, energy production, regulation of intrinsic apoptosis, and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Mitochondria are fascinatingly equipped with their own genome and machinery for transcribing and translating 13 essential proteins of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). The rest of the proteins (99%) that function in mitochondria in the various pathways described above are nuclear-transcribed and synthesized as precursors in the cytosol. These proteins are imported into the mitochondria by the unique mitochondrial protein import system that consists of seven machineries. Proper functioning of the mitochondrial protein import system is crucial for optimal mitochondrial deliverables, as well as mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. Impaired mitochondrial protein import leads to proteotoxic stress in both mitochondria and cytosol, inducing mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Altered UPRmt is associated with the development of various disease conditions including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. This review sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the import of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, the consequences of defective mitochondrial protein import, and the pathological conditions that arise due to altered UPRmt.
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9
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Parma B, Wurdak H, Ceppi P. Harnessing mitochondrial metabolism and drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer and beyond by blocking heat-shock proteins. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 65:100888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Hu C, Yang J, Qi Z, Wu H, Wang B, Zou F, Mei H, Liu J, Wang W, Liu Q. Heat shock proteins: Biological functions, pathological roles, and therapeutic opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e161. [PMID: 35928554 PMCID: PMC9345296 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous and conserved protein families in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and they maintain cellular proteostasis and protect cells from stresses. HSP protein families are classified based on their molecular weights, mainly including large HSPs, HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP40, and small HSPs. They function as molecular chaperons in cells and work as an integrated network, participating in the folding of newly synthesized polypeptides, refolding metastable proteins, protein complex assembly, dissociating protein aggregate dissociation, and the degradation of misfolded proteins. In addition to their chaperone functions, they also play important roles in cell signaling transduction, cell cycle, and apoptosis regulation. Therefore, malfunction of HSPs is related with many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and other diseases. In this review, we describe the current understandings about the molecular mechanisms of the major HSP families including HSP90/HSP70/HSP60/HSP110 and small HSPs, how the HSPs keep the protein proteostasis and response to stresses, and we also discuss their roles in diseases and the recent exploration of HSP related therapy and diagnosis to modulate diseases. These research advances offer new prospects of HSPs as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Ziping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Fengming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and TechnologyInstitute of Health and Medical TechnologyHefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
- Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceHefeiAnhuiP. R. China
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11
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Lubawy J, Chowański S, Adamski Z, Słocińska M. Mitochondria as a target and central hub of energy division during cold stress in insects. Front Zool 2022; 19:1. [PMID: 34991650 PMCID: PMC8740437 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-021-00448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature stress is one of the crucial factors determining geographical distribution of insect species. Most of them are active in moderate temperatures, however some are capable of surviving in extremely high as well as low temperatures, including freezing. The tolerance of cold stress is a result of various adaptation strategies, among others the mitochondria are an important player. They supply cells with the most prominent energy carrier—ATP, needed for their life processes, but also take part in many other processes like growth, aging, protection against stress injuries or cell death. Under cold stress, the mitochondria activity changes in various manner, partially to minimize the damages caused by the cold stress, partially because of the decline in mitochondrial homeostasis by chill injuries. In the response to low temperature, modifications in mitochondrial gene expression, mtDNA amount or phosphorylation efficiency can be observed. So far study also showed an increase or decrease in mitochondria number, their shape and mitochondrial membrane permeability. Some of the changes are a trigger for apoptosis induced via mitochondrial pathway, that protects the whole organism against chill injuries occurring on the cellular level. In many cases, the observed modifications are not unequivocal and depend strongly on many factors including cold acclimation, duration and severity of cold stress or environmental conditions. In the presented article, we summarize the current knowledge about insect response to cold stress focusing on the role of mitochondria in that process considering differences in results obtained in different experimental conditions, as well as depending on insect species. These differentiated observations clearly indicate that it is still much to explore. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.,Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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12
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Zhao F, Zou MH. Role of the Mitochondrial Protein Import Machinery and Protein Processing in Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:749756. [PMID: 34651031 PMCID: PMC8505727 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.749756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular energy production, metabolic homeostasis, calcium homeostasis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. About 99% of mammalian mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome, synthesized as precursors in the cytosol, and imported into mitochondria by mitochondrial protein import machinery. Mitochondrial protein import systems function not only as independent units for protein translocation, but also are deeply integrated into a functional network of mitochondrial bioenergetics, protein quality control, mitochondrial dynamics and morphology, and interaction with other organelles. Mitochondrial protein import deficiency is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe an emerging class of protein or genetic variations of components of the mitochondrial import machinery involved in heart disease. The major protein import pathways, including the presequence pathway (TIM23 pathway), the carrier pathway (TIM22 pathway), and the mitochondrial intermembrane space import and assembly machinery, related translocases, proteinases, and chaperones, are discussed here. This review highlights the importance of mitochondrial import machinery in heart disease, which deserves considerable attention, and further studies are urgently needed. Ultimately, this knowledge may be critical for the development of therapeutic strategies in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Zhao
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Iyer K, Chand K, Mitra A, Trivedi J, Mitra D. Diversity in heat shock protein families: functional implications in virus infection with a comprehensive insight of their role in the HIV-1 life cycle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:743-768. [PMID: 34318439 PMCID: PMC8315497 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of cellular proteins that are induced during stress conditions such as heat stress, cold shock, UV irradiation and even pathogenic insult. They are classified into families based on molecular size like HSP27, 40, 70 and 90 etc, and many of them act as cellular chaperones that regulate protein folding and determine the fate of mis-folded or unfolded proteins. Studies have also shown multiple other functions of these proteins such as in cell signalling, transcription and immune response. Deregulation of these proteins leads to devastating consequences, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other life threatening diseases suggesting their potential importance in life processes. HSPs exist in multiple isoforms, and their biochemical and functional characterization still remains a subject of active investigation. In case of viral infections, several HSP isoforms have been documented to play important roles with few showing pro-viral activity whereas others seem to have an anti-viral role. Earlier studies have demonstrated that HSP40 plays a pro-viral role whereas HSP70 inhibits HIV-1 replication; however, clear isoform-specific functional roles remain to be established. A detailed functional characterization of all the HSP isoforms will uncover their role in cellular homeostasis and also may highlight some of them as potential targets for therapeutic strategies against various viral infections. In this review, we have tried to comprehend the details about cellular HSPs and their isoforms, their role in cellular physiology and their isoform-specific functions in case of virus infection with a specific focus on HIV-1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Iyer
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kailash Chand
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Alapani Mitra
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jay Trivedi
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Debashis Mitra
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
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Zummo L, Vitale AM, Caruso Bavisotto C, De Curtis M, Garbelli R, Giallonardo AT, Di Bonaventura C, Fanella M, Conway de Macario E, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Molecular Chaperones and miRNAs in Epilepsy: Pathogenic Implications and Therapeutic Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168601. [PMID: 34445306 PMCID: PMC8395327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a pathologic condition with high prevalence and devastating consequences for the patient and its entourage. Means for accurate diagnosis of type, patient monitoring for predicting seizures and follow up, and efficacious treatment are desperately needed. To improve this adverse outcome, miRNAs and the chaperone system (CS) are promising targets to understand pathogenic mechanisms and for developing theranostics applications. miRNAs implicated in conditions known or suspected to favor seizures such as neuroinflammation, to promote epileptic tolerance and neuronal survival, to regulate seizures, and others showing variations in expression levels related to seizures are promising candidates as useful biomarkers for diagnosis and patient monitoring, and as targets for developing novel therapies. Components of the CS are also promising as biomarkers and as therapeutic targets, since they participate in epileptogenic pathways and in cytoprotective mechanisms in various epileptogenic brain areas, even if what they do and how is not yet clear. The data in this review should help in the identification of molecular targets among the discussed miRNAs and CS components for research aiming at understanding epileptogenic mechanisms and, subsequently, develop means for predicting/preventing seizures and treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Zummo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedale Civico—Di Cristina Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco De Curtis
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Epilepsy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (R.G.)
| | - Anna Teresa Giallonardo
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Di Bonaventura
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Fanella
- Department of Human Neurosciences “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.T.G.); (C.D.B.); (M.F.)
- Policlinico Umberto I, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (L.Z.); (A.M.V.); (C.C.B.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Friedlander JE, Shen N, Zeng A, Korm S, Feng H. Failure to Guard: Mitochondrial Protein Quality Control in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158306. [PMID: 34361072 PMCID: PMC8348654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are energetic and dynamic organelles with a crucial role in bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling. Mitochondrial proteins, encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, must be properly regulated to ensure proteostasis. Mitochondrial protein quality control (MPQC) serves as a critical surveillance system, employing different pathways and regulators as cellular guardians to ensure mitochondrial protein quality and quantity. In this review, we describe key pathways and players in MPQC, such as mitochondrial protein translocation-associated degradation, mitochondrial stress responses, chaperones, and proteases, and how they work together to safeguard mitochondrial health and integrity. Deregulated MPQC leads to proteotoxicity and dysfunctional mitochondria, which contributes to numerous human diseases, including cancer. We discuss how alterations in MPQC components are linked to tumorigenesis, whether they act as drivers, suppressors, or both. Finally, we summarize recent advances that seek to target these alterations for the development of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Friedlander
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.E.F.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.E.F.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (S.K.)
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Aozhuo Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.E.F.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Sovannarith Korm
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.E.F.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.E.F.); (N.S.); (A.Z.); (S.K.)
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-4688; Fax: +1-617-358-1599
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16
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Mitochondrial HSP70 Chaperone System-The Influence of Post-Translational Modifications and Involvement in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158077. [PMID: 34360841 PMCID: PMC8347752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been identified in all domains of life, which demonstrates their importance and conserved functional role in maintaining protein homeostasis. Mitochondria possess several members of the major HSP sub-families that perform essential tasks for keeping the organelle in a fully functional and healthy state. In humans, the mitochondrial HSP70 chaperone system comprises a central molecular chaperone, mtHSP70 or mortalin (HSPA9), which is actively involved in stabilizing and importing nuclear gene products and in refolding mitochondrial precursor proteins, and three co-chaperones (HSP70-escort protein 1-HEP1, tumorous imaginal disc protein 1-TID-1, and Gro-P like protein E-GRPE), which regulate and accelerate its protein folding functions. In this review, we summarize the roles of mitochondrial molecular chaperones with particular focus on the human mtHsp70 and its co-chaperones, whose deregulated expression, mutations, and post-translational modifications are often considered to be the main cause of neurological disorders, genetic diseases, and malignant growth.
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17
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Shao H, Oltion K, Wu T, Gestwicki JE. Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) screen to identify inhibitors of Hsp60 protein-protein interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:4157-4163. [PMID: 32458889 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00928h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There are relatively few methods available for discovering inhibitors of the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that hold together homo-oligomers. We envisioned that Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) might be a versatile way to discover this type of inhibitor because oligomers are often more thermally stable than monomers. Using the homo-heptameric chaperonin, Hsp60, as a model, we screened ∼5000 diverse compounds in 384-well plates by DSF, revealing molecules that partially inhibited oligomerization. Because DSF does not require protein labeling or structural information, we propose that it could be a versatile way to uncover PPI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Keely Oltion
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Taia Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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18
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Structural basis for the structural dynamics of human mitochondrial chaperonin mHsp60. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14809. [PMID: 34285302 PMCID: PMC8292379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial chaperonin mHsp60 is essential for mitochondrial function by assisting folding of mitochondrial proteins. Unlike the double-ring bacterial GroEL, mHsp60 exists as a heptameric ring that is unstable and dissociates to subunits. The structural dynamics has been implicated for a unique mechanism of mHsp60. We purified active heptameric mHsp60, and determined a cryo-EM structure of mHsp60 heptamer at 3.4 Å. Of the three domains, the equatorial domains contribute most to the inter-subunit interactions, which include a four-stranded β sheet. Our structural comparison with GroEL shows that mHsp60 contains several unique sequences that directly decrease the sidechain interactions around the β sheet and indirectly shorten β strands by disengaging the backbones of the flanking residues from hydrogen bonding in the β strand conformation. The decreased inter-subunit interactions result in a small inter-subunit interface in mHsp60 compared to GroEL, providing a structural basis for the dynamics of mHsp60 subunit association. Importantly, the unique sequences are conserved among higher eukaryotic mitochondrial chaperonins, suggesting the importance of structural dynamics for eukaryotic chaperonins. Our structural comparison with the single-ring mHsp60-mHsp10 shows that upon mHsp10 binding the shortened inter-subunit β sheet is restored and the overall inter-subunit interface of mHsp60 increases drastically. Our structural basis for the mHsp10 induced stabilization of mHsp60 subunit interaction is consistent with the literature that mHsp10 stabilizes mHsp60 quaternary structure. Together, our studies provide structural bases for structural dynamics of the mHsp60 heptamer and for the stabilizing effect of mHsp10 on mHsp60 subunit association.
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19
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Sensing, signaling and surviving mitochondrial stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5925-5951. [PMID: 34228161 PMCID: PMC8316193 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fidelity is a key determinant of longevity and was found to be perturbed in a multitude of disease contexts ranging from neurodegeneration to heart failure. Tight homeostatic control of the mitochondrial proteome is a crucial aspect of mitochondrial function, which is severely complicated by the evolutionary origin and resulting peculiarities of the organelle. This is, on one hand, reflected by a range of basal quality control factors such as mitochondria-resident chaperones and proteases, that assist in import and folding of precursors as well as removal of aggregated proteins. On the other hand, stress causes the activation of several additional mechanisms that counteract any damage that may threaten mitochondrial function. Countermeasures depend on the location and intensity of the stress and on a range of factors that are equipped to sense and signal the nature of the encountered perturbation. Defective mitochondrial import activates mechanisms that combat the accumulation of precursors in the cytosol and the import pore. To resolve proteotoxic stress in the organelle interior, mitochondria depend on nuclear transcriptional programs, such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and the integrated stress response. If organelle damage is too severe, mitochondria signal for their own destruction in a process termed mitophagy, thereby preventing further harm to the mitochondrial network and allowing the cell to salvage their biological building blocks. Here, we provide an overview of how different types and intensities of stress activate distinct pathways aimed at preserving mitochondrial fidelity.
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20
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Molecular Insights into Mitochondrial Protein Translocation and Human Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071031. [PMID: 34356047 PMCID: PMC8305315 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In human mitochondria, mtDNA encodes for only 13 proteins, all components of the OXPHOS system. The rest of the mitochondrial components, which make up approximately 99% of its proteome, are encoded in the nuclear genome, synthesized in cytosolic ribosomes and imported into mitochondria. Different import machineries translocate mitochondrial precursors, depending on their nature and the final destination inside the organelle. The proper and coordinated function of these molecular pathways is critical for mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we will review molecular details about these pathways, which components have been linked to human disease and future perspectives on the field to expand the genetic landscape of mitochondrial diseases.
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21
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Chen Z, Huang L, Tso A, Wang S, Fang X, Ouyang K, Han Z. Mitochondrial Chaperones and Proteases in Cardiomyocytes and Heart Failure. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:630332. [PMID: 33937324 PMCID: PMC8082175 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.630332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In cardiomyocytes, mitochondria are not only essential organelles providing more than 90% of the ATP necessary for contraction, but they also play critical roles in regulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling, lipid metabolism, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis. Because mitochondrial DNA only encodes 13 proteins, most mitochondrial proteins are nuclear DNA-encoded, synthesized, and transported from the cytoplasm, refolded in the matrix to function alone or as a part of a complex, and degraded if damaged or incorrectly folded. Mitochondria possess a set of endogenous chaperones and proteases to maintain mitochondrial protein homeostasis. Perturbation of mitochondrial protein homeostasis usually precedes disruption of the whole mitochondrial quality control system and is recognized as one of the hallmarks of cardiomyocyte dysfunction and death. In this review, we focus on mitochondrial chaperones and proteases and summarize recent advances in understanding how these proteins are involved in the initiation and progression of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zee Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alexandria Tso
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Lu L, Zhang J, Gan P, Wu L, Zhang X, Peng C, Zhou J, Chen X, Su J. Novel Functions of CD147 in the Mitochondria Exacerbates Melanoma Metastasis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:285-297. [PMID: 33390850 PMCID: PMC7757041 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.52043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by rapid invasion and metastasis. CD147 is known to be functioning in cell invasion. In this study, we showed that CD147 was translocated from the cell membrane to the mitochondria in advanced melanoma. Melanoma patients with CD147 localized to the mitochondria confer a worse prognosis. The mitochondrial CD147 levels are correlated with the invasion potential of various melanoma cell lines as well as mitochondrial energy metabolism. Depletion of CD147 decreased the activity of mitochondrial complex V. STRING analysis for protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) in CD147-depleted melanoma cells showed that mitochondrial proteins HSP60 and ATP5B, a subunit of mitochondrial complex V, were node proteins. HSP60 upregulation was correlated with a worse prognosis of melanoma patients. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay indicates that CD147 interacts with HSP60. These data suggested that mitochondrial CD147 may prompt HSP60 to activate ATP5B, thereby promoting the mitochondrial aerobic oxidation and the invasive abilities of melanoma cells. Correlation analysis of the data acquired from patients was helpful to draw a 5-year survival curve for patients who screened positive and negative for mitochondrial CD147. This study unravels the function of CD147 in tumor invasion and highlights it as a potential tumor therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pingping Gan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Lisha Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic surgery, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China
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23
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Moro L. The Mitochondrial Proteome of Tumor Cells: A SnapShot on Methodological Approaches and New Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120479. [PMID: 33353059 PMCID: PMC7766083 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mitochondria are central hubs of cellular signaling, energy metabolism, and redox balance. The plasticity of these cellular organelles is an essential requisite for the cells to cope with different stimuli and stress conditions. Cancer cells are characterized by changes in energy metabolism, mitochondrial signaling, and dynamics. These changes are driven by alterations in the mitochondrial proteome. For this reason, in the last years a focus of basic and cancer research has been the implementation and optimization of technologies to investigate changes in the mitochondrial proteome during cancer initiation and progression. This review presents an overview of the most used technologies to investigate the mitochondrial proteome and recent evidence on changes in the expression levels and delocalization of certain proteins in and out the mitochondria for shaping the functional properties of tumor cells. Abstract Mitochondria are highly dynamic and regulated organelles implicated in a variety of important functions in the cell, including energy production, fatty acid metabolism, iron homeostasis, programmed cell death, and cell signaling. Changes in mitochondrial metabolism, signaling and dynamics are hallmarks of cancer. Understanding whether these modifications are associated with alterations of the mitochondrial proteome is particularly relevant from a translational point of view because it may contribute to better understanding the molecular bases of cancer development and progression and may provide new potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers as well as novel molecular targets for anti-cancer treatment. Making an inventory of the mitochondrial proteins has been particularly challenging given that there is no unique consensus targeting sequence that directs protein import into mitochondria, some proteins are present at very low levels, while other proteins are expressed only in some cell types, in a particular developmental stage or under specific stress conditions. This review aims at providing the state-of-the-art on methodologies used to characterize the mitochondrial proteome in tumors and highlighting the biological relevance of changes in expression and delocalization of proteins in and out the mitochondria in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetic and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy
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24
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Kang J, Zhou H, Sun F, Chen Y, Zhao J, Yang WJ, Xu S, Chen C. Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of Fam210 is required for oogenesis and reproduction. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:694-704. [PMID: 33547005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central hub for many metabolic processes, including the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation. Recent studies have identified a new mitochondrial protein family, Fam210, that regulates bone metabolism and red cell development in vertebrates. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans has a Fam210 gene, y56a3a.22, but it lacks both bones and red blood cells. In this study, we report that Y56A3A.22 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial protein homeostasis and reproduction. The nematode y56a3a.22 is expressed in various tissues, including the intestine, muscle, hypodermis, and germline, and its encoded protein is predominantly localized in mitochondria. y56a3a.22 deletion mutants are sterile owing to impaired oogenesis. Loss of Y56A3A.22 induced mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is mediated through the ATFS-1-dependent pathway, in tissues such as the intestine, germline, hypodermis, and vulval muscle. We further show that infertility and UPRmt induces by Y56A3A.22 deficiency are not attributed to systemic iron deficiency. Together, our study reveals an important role of Y56A3A.22 in regulating mitochondrial protein homeostasis and oogenesis and provides a new genetic tool for exploring the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial metabolism and reproduction as well as the fundamental role of the Fam210 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hengda Zhou
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengxiu Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongtian Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianzhi Zhao
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Caiyong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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25
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Chen XR, Yuan HH, Guo JH, Zhang WY, Li QQ, Huang GD, Zhang YJ, Jiang B, Liu F. A signal peptide derived from Hsp60 induces protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity against lymphoid malignancies independently of TAP and classical MHC-I. Cancer Lett 2020; 494:47-57. [PMID: 32829008 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hsp60sp, a signal peptide derived from the leader sequence of heat shock protein 60 kDa (Hsp60), is a Qa-1/HLA-E-binding peptide. We previously showed that Hsp60sp-specific CD8+ T cells are involved in the immunoregulation of autoimmune diseases by controlling the response of self-reactive lymphocytes. Here, we report that Hsp60sp-specific CD8+ T cells killed malignant lymphocytes in vitro independently of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and classical MHC-I expression. Induction of this cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in vivo, either by adoptive transfer of in vitro-amplified CTLs or peptide-loaded dendritic cell immunization, resulted in effective control of lymphoid tumors, including TAP- or classical MHC-I-deficient cells. Hsp60sp-specific immune activation combined with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blocking synergistically restrained mouse lymphoma development. Importantly, Hsp60sp-specific CD8+ T cells did not negatively affect normal tissues and cells. Our data suggest that Hsp60sp-based immunotherapy is an inviting strategy to control lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Rui Chen
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Hai-Hua Yuan
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Jia-Hui Guo
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Qian-Qian Li
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Guo-Ding Huang
- Oncology Department, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yan-Jie Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Oncology Department, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, China; Oncology Department, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Danzhou, 571700, Hainan Province, China.
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26
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Abstract
Mitochondria contain about 1,000-1,500 proteins that fulfil multiple functions. Mitochondrial proteins originate from two genomes: mitochondrial and nuclear. Hence, proper mitochondrial function requires synchronization of gene expression in the nucleus and in mitochondria and necessitates efficient import of mitochondrial proteins into the organelle from the cytosol. Furthermore, the mitochondrial proteome displays high plasticity to allow the adaptation of mitochondrial function to cellular requirements. Maintenance of this complex and adaptable mitochondrial proteome is challenging, but is of crucial importance to cell function. Defects in mitochondrial proteostasis lead to proteotoxic insults and eventually cell death. Different quality control systems monitor the mitochondrial proteome. The cytosolic ubiquitin-proteasome system controls protein transport across the mitochondrial outer membrane and removes damaged or mislocalized proteins. Concomitantly, a number of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases govern protein folding and degrade damaged proteins inside mitochondria. The quality control factors also regulate processing and turnover of native proteins to control protein import, mitochondrial metabolism, signalling cascades, mitochondrial dynamics and lipid biogenesis, further ensuring proper function of mitochondria. Thus, mitochondrial protein quality control mechanisms are of pivotal importance to integrate mitochondria into the cellular environment.
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27
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Rodriguez A, Von Salzen D, Holguin BA, Bernal RA. Complex Destabilization in the Mitochondrial Chaperonin Hsp60 Leads to Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:159. [PMID: 32766281 PMCID: PMC7381220 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neurological disorders have been linked to mutations in chaperonin genes and more specifically to the HSPD1 gene. In humans, HSPD1 encodes the mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein 60 (mtHsp60) chaperonin, which carries out essential protein folding reactions that help maintain mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. It functions as a macromolecular complex that provides client proteins an environment that favors proper folding in an ATP-dependent manner. It has been established that mtHsp60 plays a crucial role in the proper folding of mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP producing pathways. Recently, various single-point mutations in the mtHsp60 encoding gene have been directly linked to neuropathies and paraplegias. Individuals who harbor mtHsp60 mutations that negatively impact its folding ability display phenotypes with highly compromised muscle and neuron cells. Carriers of these mutations usually develop neuropathies and paraplegias at different stages of their lives mainly characterized by leg stiffness and weakness as well as degeneration of spinal cord nerves. These phenotypes are likely due to hindered energy producing pathways involved in cellular respiration resulting in ATP deprived cells. Although the complete protein folding mechanism of mtHsp60 is not well understood, recent work suggests that several of these mutations act by destabilizing the oligomeric stability of mtHsp60. Here, we discuss recent studies that highlight key aspects of the mtHsp60 mechanism with a focus on some of the known disease-causing point mutations, D29G and V98I, and their effect on the protein folding reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo A. Bernal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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28
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Yan X, Wang B, Hu Y, Wang S, Zhang X. Abnormal Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:138. [PMID: 32655368 PMCID: PMC7324542 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are characterized by a progressive loss of selective neuron subtypes in the central nervous system (CNS). Although various factors account for the initiation and development of these diseases, accumulating evidence shows that impaired mitochondrial function is a prominent and common mechanism. Mitochondria play a critical role in neurons and are involved in energy production, cellular metabolism regulation, intracellular calcium homeostasis, immune responses, and cell fate. Thus, cells in the CNS heavily rely on mitochondrial integrity. Many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are manifested in neurodegenerative diseases, including aberrant mitochondrial quality control (mitoQC), mitochondrial-driven inflammation, and bioenergetic defects. Herein, we briefly summarize the molecular basis of mitoQC, including mitochondrial proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics, and organelle degradation. We also focus on the research, to date, regarding aberrant mitoQC and mitochondrial-driven inflammation in several common neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we outline novel therapeutic strategies that target aberrant mitoQC in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Biyao Wang
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Hu
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijian Wang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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29
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Yan X, Wang B, Hu Y, Wang S, Zhang X. Abnormal Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:138. [PMID: 32655368 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00138/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are characterized by a progressive loss of selective neuron subtypes in the central nervous system (CNS). Although various factors account for the initiation and development of these diseases, accumulating evidence shows that impaired mitochondrial function is a prominent and common mechanism. Mitochondria play a critical role in neurons and are involved in energy production, cellular metabolism regulation, intracellular calcium homeostasis, immune responses, and cell fate. Thus, cells in the CNS heavily rely on mitochondrial integrity. Many aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction are manifested in neurodegenerative diseases, including aberrant mitochondrial quality control (mitoQC), mitochondrial-driven inflammation, and bioenergetic defects. Herein, we briefly summarize the molecular basis of mitoQC, including mitochondrial proteostasis, biogenesis, dynamics, and organelle degradation. We also focus on the research, to date, regarding aberrant mitoQC and mitochondrial-driven inflammation in several common neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we outline novel therapeutic strategies that target aberrant mitoQC in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Biyao Wang
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Hu
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijian Wang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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30
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Tsai YL, Coady TH, Lu L, Zheng D, Alland I, Tian B, Shneider NA, Manley JL. ALS/FTD-associated protein FUS induces mitochondrial dysfunction by preferentially sequestering respiratory chain complex mRNAs. Genes Dev 2020; 34:785-805. [PMID: 32381627 PMCID: PMC7263147 DOI: 10.1101/gad.335836.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the DNA/RNA-binding protein FUS causes certain subtypes of ALS/FTD by largely unknown mechanisms. Recent evidence has shown that FUS toxic gain of function due either to mutations or to increased expression can disrupt critical cellular processes, including mitochondrial functions. Here, we demonstrate that in human cells overexpressing wild-type FUS or expressing mutant derivatives, the protein associates with multiple mRNAs, and these are enriched in mRNAs encoding mitochondrial respiratory chain components. Notably, this sequestration leads to reduced levels of the encoded proteins, which is sufficient to bring about disorganized mitochondrial networks, reduced aerobic respiration and increased reactive oxygen species. We further show that mutant FUS associates with mitochondria and with mRNAs encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Importantly, similar results were also observed in fibroblasts derived from ALS patients with FUS mutations. Finally, we demonstrate that FUS loss of function does not underlie the observed mitochondrial dysfunction, and also provides a mechanism for the preferential sequestration of the respiratory chain complex mRNAs by FUS that does not involve sequence-specific binding. Together, our data reveal that respiratory chain complex mRNA sequestration underlies the mitochondrial defects characteristic of ALS/FTD and contributes to the FUS toxic gain of function linked to this disease spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lin Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Tristan H Coady
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Lei Lu
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Dinghai Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Isabel Alland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Neil A Shneider
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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31
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotes. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and translated in the cytosol. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins need to be imported, processed, folded, and assembled into their functional states. To maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis), mitochondria are equipped with a distinct set of quality control machineries. Deficiencies in such systems lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a hallmark of aging and many human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the unique challenges and solutions of proteostasis in mitochondria. The import machinery coordinates with mitochondrial proteases and chaperones to maintain the mitochondrial proteome. Moreover, mitochondrial proteostasis depends on cytosolic protein quality control mechanisms during crises. In turn, mitochondria facilitate cytosolic proteostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that enhancing mitochondrial proteostasis may hold therapeutic potential to protect against protein aggregation-associated cellular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Ruan
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Alexis Tomaszewski
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Joshua T McNamara
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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32
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Bie AS, Cömert C, Körner R, Corydon TJ, Palmfeldt J, Hipp MS, Hartl FU, Bross P. An inventory of interactors of the human HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin in the mitochondrial matrix space. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:407-416. [PMID: 32060690 PMCID: PMC7192978 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin assists folding of proteins in the mitochondrial matrix space by enclosing them in its central cavity. The chaperonin forms part of the mitochondrial protein quality control system. It is essential for cellular survival and mutations in its subunits are associated with rare neurological disorders. Here we present the first survey of interactors of the human mitochondrial HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin. Using a protocol involving metabolic labeling of HEK293 cells, cross-linking, and immunoprecipitation of HSP60, we identified 323 interacting proteins. As expected, the vast majority of these proteins are localized to the mitochondrial matrix space. We find that approximately half of the proteins annotated as mitochondrial matrix proteins interact with the HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin. They cover a broad spectrum of functions and metabolic pathways including the mitochondrial protein synthesis apparatus, the respiratory chain, and mitochondrial protein quality control. Many of the genes encoding HSP60 interactors are annotated as disease genes. There is a correlation between relative cellular abundance and relative abundance in the HSP60 immunoprecipitates. Nineteen abundant matrix proteins occupy more than 60% of the HSP60/HSP10 chaperonin capacity. The reported inventory of interactors can form the basis for interrogating which proteins are especially dependent on the chaperonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sigaard Bie
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Cagla Cömert
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Roman Körner
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bross
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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33
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Oh CM, Ryu D, Cho S, Jang Y. Mitochondrial Quality Control in the Heart: New Drug Targets for Cardiovascular Disease. Korean Circ J 2020; 50:395-405. [PMID: 32216174 PMCID: PMC7098821 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2019.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable efforts to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD), it has become the leading cause of death worldwide. Cardiac mitochondria are crucial cell organelles responsible for creating energy-rich ATP and mitochondrial dysfunction is the root cause for developing heart failure. Therefore, maintenance of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is an essential process for cardiovascular homeostasis and cardiac health. In this review, we describe the major mechanisms of MQC system, such as mitochondrial unfolded protein response and mitophagy. Moreover, we describe the results of MQC failure in cardiac mitochondria. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects of 2 drug candidates, urolithin A and spermidine, for restoring mitochondrial homeostasis to treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Myung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Cho
- Division of Cardiovascular medicine, Department of Internal medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yangsoo Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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34
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Duan Y, Tang H, Mitchell-Silbaugh K, Fang X, Han Z, Ouyang K. Heat Shock Protein 60 in Cardiovascular Physiology and Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:73. [PMID: 32426370 PMCID: PMC7203681 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a highly conserved protein abundantly expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In mammals, HSP60 has been primarily considered to reside in the mitochondria, where HSP60 and HSP10 form a complex and facilitate mitochondrial protein folding. However, HSP60 is also observed in the cytoplasm, the plasma membrane, and the extracellular space. HSP60 regulates a broad spectrum of cellular events including protein trafficking, peptide hormone signaling, cell survival, cell proliferation, inflammation, and immunization. In the cardiovascular system, growing evidence indicates that HSP60 could not only play an important role under physiological conditions, but also regulate the initiation and progression of heart failure and atherosclerosis. In this review, we focus on recent progress in understanding the function of HSP60 in cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), respectively, and discuss the related signaling pathways that have been found in these cells, so as to illustrate the role of HSP60 in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huayuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kali Mitchell-Silbaugh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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35
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Pfanner N, Warscheid B, Wiedemann N. Mitochondrial proteins: from biogenesis to functional networks. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 20:267-284. [PMID: 30626975 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for the viability of eukaryotic cells as they perform crucial functions in bioenergetics, metabolism and signalling and have been associated with numerous diseases. Recent functional and proteomic studies have revealed the remarkable complexity of mitochondrial protein organization. Protein machineries with diverse functions such as protein translocation, respiration, metabolite transport, protein quality control and the control of membrane architecture interact with each other in dynamic networks. In this Review, we discuss the emerging role of the mitochondrial protein import machinery as a key organizer of these mitochondrial protein networks. The preprotein translocases that reside on the mitochondrial membranes not only function during organelle biogenesis to deliver newly synthesized proteins to their final mitochondrial destination but also cooperate with numerous other mitochondrial protein complexes that perform a wide range of functions. Moreover, these protein networks form membrane contact sites, for example, with the endoplasmic reticulum, that are key for integration of mitochondria with cellular function, and defects in protein import can lead to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Pfanner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology II, Biochemistry - Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Wiedemann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
This chronologue seeks to document the discovery and development of an understanding of oligomeric ring protein assemblies known as chaperonins that assist protein folding in the cell. It provides detail regarding genetic, physiologic, biochemical, and biophysical studies of these ATP-utilizing machines from both in vivo and in vitro observations. The chronologue is organized into various topics of physiology and mechanism, for each of which a chronologic order is generally followed. The text is liberally illustrated to provide firsthand inspection of the key pieces of experimental data that propelled this field. Because of the length and depth of this piece, the use of the outline as a guide for selected reading is encouraged, but it should also be of help in pursuing the text in direct order.
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37
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Feng Y, Hu Y, Hou Z, Sun Q, Jia Y, Zhao R. Chronic corticosterone exposure induces liver inflammation and fibrosis in association with m 6A-linked post-transcriptional suppression of heat shock proteins in chicken. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:47-56. [PMID: 31745845 PMCID: PMC6985306 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study had shown that chronic corticosterone (CORT) exposure causes excessive fat deposition in chicken liver, yet it remains unknown whether it is associated with inflammation and fibrosis. In general, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are activated in response to acute stress to play a cytoprotective role, and this activation is associated with m6A-mediated post-transcriptional regulation. However, changes of HSPs and the m6A methylation on their mRNAs in response to chronic CORT treatment in chicken liver have not been reported. In this study, chronic CORT exposure induced inflammation and fibrosis in chicken liver, associated with significantly modulated expression of HSPs that was significantly upregulated at mRNA level yet downregulated at protein level. Concurrently, m6A methyltransferases METTL3 content was upregulated together with the level of m6A methylation on HSPs transcripts. The m6A-seq analysis revealed 2-6 significantly (P < 0.05) hypermethylated m6A peaks in the mRNA of 4 different species of HSPs in CORT-treated chicken liver. HSP90B1 transcript had 6 differentially methylated m6A peaks among which peaks on exon 16 and exon 17 showed 3.14- and 4.72-fold of increase, respectively. Mutation of the 8 predicted m6A sites on exon 16 and exon 17 resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in eGFP-fused content of HSP90B1 exon 16 and exon 17 fragment in 293 T cells, indicating a possible role of m6A in post-transcriptional regulation of HSPs. In conclusion, chronic CORT exposure induces inflammation and fibrosis in chicken liver along with an increase in the levels and m6A methylation of several HSPs mRNAs; HSPs levels were however reduced under the indicated conditions. Results presented suggest that the reduction in HSPs levels may be associated with m6A methylation in CORT-exposed chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinwei Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Quality and Safety Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology & Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Quality and Safety Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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MitCHAP-60 and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia SPG-13 Arise from an Inactive hsp60 Chaperonin that Fails to Fold the ATP Synthase β-Subunit. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12300. [PMID: 31444388 PMCID: PMC6707239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48762-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mitochondrial heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) is a tetradecameric chaperonin that folds proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. An hsp60 D3G mutation leads to MitCHAP-60, an early onset neurodegenerative disease while hsp60 V72I has been linked to SPG13, a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia. Previous studies have suggested that these mutations impair the protein folding activity of hsp60 complexes but the detailed mechanism by which these mutations lead the neuromuscular diseases remains unknown. It is known, is that the β-subunit of the human mitochondrial ATP synthase co-immunoprecipitates with hsp60 indicating that the β-subunit is likely a substrate for the chaperonin. Therefore, we hypothesized that hsp60 mutations cause misfolding of proteins that are critical for aerobic respiration. Negative-stain electron microscopy and DLS results suggest that the D3G and V72I complexes fall apart when treated with ATP or ADP and are therefore unable to fold denatured substrates such as α-lactalbumin, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and the β-subunit of ATP synthase in in-vitro protein-folding assays. These data suggests that hsp60 plays a crucial role in folding important players in aerobic respiration such as the β-subunit of the ATP synthase. The hsp60 mutations D3G and V72I impair its ability to fold mitochondrial substrates leading to abnormal ATP synthesis and the development of the MitCHAP-60 and SPG13 neuromuscular degenerative disorders.
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Pohl SÖG, Pervaiz S, Dharmarajan A, Agostino M. Gene expression analysis of heat-shock proteins and redox regulators reveals combinatorial prognostic markers in carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Redox Biol 2019; 25:101060. [PMID: 30578123 PMCID: PMC6859565 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large family of ubiquitously expressed proteins with diverse functions, including protein assembly and folding/unfolding. These proteins have been associated with the progression of various gastrointestinal tumours. Dysregulation of cellular redox has also been associated with gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, however, a link between HSPs and dysregulation of cellular redox in carcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we analysed mRNA co-expression and methylation patterns, as well as performed survival analysis and gene set enrichment analysis, on gastrointestinal cancer data sets (oesophageal, stomach and colorectal carcinomas) to determine whether HSP activity and cellular redox dysregulation are linked. A widespread relationship between HSPs and cellular redox was identified, with specific combinatorial co-expression patterns demonstrated to significantly alter patient survival outcomes. This comprehensive analysis provides the foundation for future studies aimed at deciphering the mechanisms of cooperativity between HSPs and redox regulatory enzymes, which may be a target for future therapeutic intervention for gastrointestinal tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Öther-Gee Pohl
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Physiology and Medical Science Cluster Cancer Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mark Agostino
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
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40
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Olzscha H. Posttranslational modifications and proteinopathies: how guardians of the proteome are defeated. Biol Chem 2019; 400:895-915. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Protein folding is one of the fundamental processes in life and therefore needs to be tightly regulated. Many cellular quality control systems are in place to ensure that proteostasis is optimally adjusted for a changing environment, facilitating protein folding, translocation and degradation. These systems include the molecular chaperones and the major protein degradation systems, namely the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy. However, the capacity of the quality control systems can be exhausted and protein misfolding and aggregation, including the formation of amyloids, can occur as a result of ageing, mutations or exogenous influences. There are many known diseases in which protein misfolding and aggregation can be the underlying cause of the pathological condition; these are referred to as proteinopathies. Over the last decade, it has become clear that posttranslational modifications can govern and modulate protein folding, and that aberrant posttranslational modifications can cause or contribute to proteinopathies. This review provides an overview of protein folding and misfolding and the role of the major protein quality control systems. It focusses on different posttranslational modifications and gives examples of how these posttranslational modifications can alter protein folding and cause or accompany proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Olzscha
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie , Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , Hollystr. 1 , D-06114 Halle/Saale , Germany
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41
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Evolutionary history and genetic diversity study of heat-shock protein 60 of Rhizophagus irregularis. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Dumas P, Morin MD, Boquel S, Moffat CE, Morin PJ. Expression status of heat shock proteins in response to cold, heat, or insecticide exposure in the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:539-547. [PMID: 30815817 PMCID: PMC6527667 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) is an agricultural pest that threatens the potato industry worldwide. This insect is widely regarded as one of the most difficult-to-control pests, as it can thrive in a wide range of temperature conditions and routinely develops resistance towards various insecticides. The molecular changes associated with response to these challenges have not been fully investigated in L. decemlineata. While differential expression and characterization of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to stress have been conducted in several insects, data regarding HSPs in L. decemlineata are limited. The overarching objective of this study consisted of evaluating the expression of various HSPs in L. decemlineata exposed to different temperatures or treated with the insecticides imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole. Expression levels of HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP Beta-1 were evaluated by qRT-PCR and insect mortality was assessed using dsRNAs aimed at select HSP targets. Elevated HSP70 and HSP90 transcript levels were observed in heat-exposed L. decemlineata while downregulation of HSP70 transcript levels was measured in insects submitted to cold conditions. Chlorantraniliprole exposure was associated with reduced HSP Beta-1 transcript levels while no change in expression was monitored in insects exposed to imidacloprid. RNAi-based knockdown of HSP60 levels correlated with significant insect mortality 14 days after dsRNA injection. These results highlight the modulation of HSPs that occur in L. decemlineata exposed to fluctuating temperatures and position HSPs as interesting candidates in the identification of novel molecular leads that could be targeted to control this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Dumas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Mathieu D Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Sébastien Boquel
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Chandra E Moffat
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Pier Jr Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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43
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Ishikawa K, Kobayashi K, Yamada A, Umehara M, Oka T, Nakada K. Concentration of mitochondrial DNA mutations by cytoplasmic transfer from platelets to cultured mouse cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213283. [PMID: 30830936 PMCID: PMC6398856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is thought to be responsible for mitochondrial, and other, diseases and biological phenomena, such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. Mouse models may elucidate the relationship between mutations in mtDNA and these abnormalities. However, because of the difficulty of mtDNA manipulation, generation of mouse models has not sufficiently progressed to enable such studies. To overcome this difficulty and to establish a source of diverse mtDNA mutations, we here generated cultured mouse cells containing mtDNA derived from an mtDNA mutator mouse that accumulates random mtDNA mutations with age. Mutation analysis of the obtained transmitochondrial cytoplasmic hybrid cells (cybrids) revealed that the cells harbored diverse mtDNA mutations occurring at a higher frequency than in mouse tissues, and exhibited severe respiration defects that would be lethal in tissues or organs. Abnormal respiratory complex formation and high stress on the mitochondrial protein quality control system appeared to be involved in these severe respiration defects. The mutation rates of the majority of highly accumulated mutations converged to either approximately 5%, 10%, or 40%, suggesting that these mutations are linked on the respective mtDNA molecules, and mtDNA in cybrid cells likely consisted of mtDNA molecules clonally expanded from the small population of introduced mtDNAs. Thus, the linked mutations in these cybrid cells cannot be evaluated individually. In addition, mtDNA mutations homologous to confirmed pathogenic mutations in human were rarely observed in our generated cybrids. However, the transmitochondrial cybrids constitute a useful tool for concentrating pathogenic mtDNA mutations and as a source of diverse mtDNA mutations to elucidate the relationship between mtDNA mutations and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (KN)
| | - Kohei Kobayashi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Moe Umehara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nakada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (KN)
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44
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Bandyopadhyay B, Mondal T, Unger R, Horovitz A. Contact Order Is a Determinant for the Dependence of GFP Folding on the Chaperonin GroEL. Biophys J 2018; 116:42-48. [PMID: 30577980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The GroE chaperonin system facilitates protein folding in an ATP-dependent manner. It has remained unclear why some proteins are obligate clients of the GroE system, whereas other closely related proteins are able to fold efficiently in its absence. Factors that cause folding to be slower affect kinetic partitioning between spontaneous folding and chaperone binding in favor of the latter. One such potential factor is contact order (CO), which is the average separation in sequence between residues that are in contact in the native structure. Here, we generated variants of enhanced green fluorescent protein with different COs using circular permutations. We found that GroE dependence in vitro and in vivo increases with increasing CO. Thus, our results show that CO is relevant not only for folding in vitro of relatively simple model systems but also for chaperonin dependence and folding in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tridib Mondal
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Unger
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Amnon Horovitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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45
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Piana S, Shaw DE. Atomic-Level Description of Protein Folding inside the GroEL Cavity. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11440-11449. [PMID: 30277396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins (ubiquitous facilitators of protein folding) sequester misfolded proteins within an internal cavity, thus preventing protein aggregation during the process of refolding. GroEL, a tetradecameric bacterial chaperonin, is one of the most studied chaperonins, but the role of the internal cavity in the refolding process is still unclear. It has been suggested that rather than simply isolating proteins while they refold, the GroEL cavity actively promotes protein folding. A detailed characterization of the folding dynamics and thermodynamics of protein substrates encapsulated within the cavity, however, has been difficult to obtain by experimental means, due to the system's complexity and the many steps in the folding cycle. Here, we examine the influence of the GroEL cavity on protein folding based on the results of unbiased, atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We first verified that the computational setup, which uses a recently developed state-of-the-art force field that more accurately reproduces the aggregation propensity of unfolded states, could recapitulate the essential structural dynamics of GroEL. In these simulations, the GroEL tetradecamer was highly dynamic, transitioning among states corresponding to most of the structures that have been observed experimentally. We then simulated a small, unfolded protein both in the GroEL cavity and in bulk solution and compared the protein's folding process within these two environments. Inside the GroEL cavity, the unfolded protein interacted strongly with the disordered residues in GroEL's C-terminal tails. These interactions stabilized the protein's unfolded states relative to its compact states and increased the roughness of its folding free-energy surface, resulting in slower folding compared to the rate in solution. For larger proteins, which are more typical GroEL substrates, we speculate that these interactions may allow substrates to more quickly escape kinetic traps associated with compact, misfolded states, thereby actively promoting folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piana
- D. E. Shaw Research , New York , New York 10036 , United States
| | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research , New York , New York 10036 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics , Columbia University , New York , New York 10032 , United States
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46
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Drakulic S, Rai J, Petersen SV, Golas MM, Sander B. Folding and assembly defects of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency-related variants in the E1α subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3009-3026. [PMID: 29445841 PMCID: PMC11105750 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) bridges glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. In human, PDC deficiency leads to severe neurodevelopmental delay and progressive neurodegeneration. The majority of cases are caused by variants in the gene encoding the PDC subunit E1α. The molecular effects of the variants, however, remain poorly understood. Using yeast as a eukaryotic model system, we have studied the substitutions A189V, M230V, and R322C in yeast E1α (corresponding to the pathogenic variants A169V, M210V, and R302C in human E1α) and evaluated how substitutions of single amino acid residues within different functional E1α regions affect PDC structure and activity. The E1α A189V substitution located in the heterodimer interface showed a more compact conformation with significant underrepresentation of E1 in PDC and impaired overall PDC activity. The E1α M230V substitution located in the tetramer and heterodimer interface showed a relatively more open conformation and was particularly affected by low thiamin pyrophosphate concentrations. The E1α R322C substitution located in the phosphorylation loop of E1α resulted in PDC lacking E3 subunits and abolished overall functional activity. Furthermore, we show for the E1α variant A189V that variant E1α accumulates in the Hsp60 chaperonin, but can be released upon ATP supplementation. Our studies suggest that pathogenic E1α variants may be associated with structural changes of PDC and impaired folding of E1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdja Drakulic
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jay Rai
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Monika M Golas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bjoern Sander
- Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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47
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Natesh R, Clare DK, Farr GW, Horwich AL, Saibil HR. A two-domain folding intermediate of RuBisCO in complex with the GroEL chaperonin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:671-675. [PMID: 29959019 PMCID: PMC6096091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chaperonins (GroEL and GroES in Escherichia coli) are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that assist a subset of essential substrate proteins to undergo productive folding to the native state. Using single particle cryo EM and image processing we have examined complexes of E. coli GroEL with the stringently GroE-dependent substrate enzyme RuBisCO from Rhodospirillum rubrum. Here we present snapshots of non-native RuBisCO - GroEL complexes. We observe two distinct substrate densities in the binary complex reminiscent of the two-domain structure of the RuBisCO subunit, so that this may represent a captured form of an early folding intermediate. The occupancy of the complex is consistent with the negative cooperativity of GroEL with respect to substrate binding, in accordance with earlier mass spectroscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Natesh
- Crystallography and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Daniel K Clare
- Crystallography and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - George W Farr
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Arthur L Horwich
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Crystallography and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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48
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Meng Q, Li BX, Xiao X. Toward Developing Chemical Modulators of Hsp60 as Potential Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:35. [PMID: 29732373 PMCID: PMC5920047 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 60 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60) is classically known as a mitochondrial chaperonin protein working together with co-chaperonin 10 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp10). This chaperonin complex is essential for folding proteins newly imported into mitochondria. However, Hsp60, and/or Hsp10 have also been shown to reside in other subcellular compartments including extracellular space, cytosol, and nucleus. The proteins in these extra-mitochondrial compartments may possess a wide range of functions dependent or independent of its chaperoning activity. But the mechanistic details remain unknown. Mutations in Hsp60 gene have been shown to be associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Abnormality in expression level and/or subcellular localization have also been detected from different diseased tissues including inflammatory diseases and various cancers. Therefore, there is a strong interest in developing small molecule modulators of Hsp60. Most of the reported inhibitors were discovered through various chemoproteomics strategies. In this review, we will describe the recent progress in this area with reported inhibitors from both natural products and synthetic compounds. The former includes mizoribine, epolactaene, myrtucommulone, stephacidin B, and avrainvillamide while the latter includes o-carboranylphenoxyacetanilides and gold (III) porphyrins. The potencies of the known inhibitors range from low micromolar to millimolar concentrations. The potential applications of these inhibitors include anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory diseases, and anti-autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Meng
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bingbing X Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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49
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Moehle EA, Shen K, Dillin A. Mitochondrial proteostasis in the context of cellular and organismal health and aging. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:5396-5407. [PMID: 29622680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a central hub of cellular metabolism and signaling, the mitochondrion is a crucial organelle whose dysfunction can cause disease and whose activity is intimately connected to aging. We review how the mitochondrial network maintains proteomic integrity, how mitochondrial proteotoxic stress is communicated and resolved in the context of the entire cell, and how mitochondrial systems function in the context of organismal health and aging. A deeper understanding of how mitochondrial protein quality control mechanisms are coordinated across these distinct biological levels should help explain why these mechanisms fail with age and, ultimately, how routes to intervention might be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Moehle
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Koning Shen
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Andrew Dillin
- From the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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50
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Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), a ∼530 kDa complex of 8 large (RbcL) and 8 small subunits (RbcS), mediates the fixation of atmospheric CO2 into usable sugars during photosynthesis. Despite its fundamental role, Rubisco is a remarkably inefficient enzyme and thus is produced by plants in huge amounts. It has long been a key target for bioengineering with the goal to increase crop yields. However, such efforts have been hampered by the complex requirement of Rubisco biogenesis for molecular chaperones. Recent studies have identified an array of auxiliary factors needed for the folding and assembly of the Rubisco subunits. The folding of plant RbcL subunits is mediated by the cylindrical chloroplast chaperonin, Cpn60, and its cofactor Cpn20. Folded RbcL requires a number of additional Rubisco specific assembly chaperones, including RbcX, Rubisco accumulation factors 1 (Raf1) and 2 (Raf2), and the Bundle sheath defective-2 (BSD2), to mediate the assembly of the RbcL8 intermediate complex. Incorporation of the RbcS and displacement of the assembly factors generates the active holoenzyme. An Escherichia coli strain expressing the chloroplast chaperonin and auxiliary factors now allows the expression of functional plant Rubisco, paving the way for Rubisco engineering by large scale mutagenesis. Here, we review our current understanding on how these chaperones cooperate to produce one of the most important enzymes in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Wilson
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Manajit Hayer-Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
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