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Henedak NT, El-Abhar HS, Soubh AA, Abdallah DM. NLRP3 Inflammasome: A central player in renal pathologies and nephropathy. Life Sci 2024; 351:122813. [PMID: 38857655 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic oligomer NLR Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been implicated in most inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Here, we highlight the significance of NLRP3 in diverse renal disorders, demonstrating its activation in macrophages and non-immune tubular epithelial and mesangial cells in response to various stimuli. This activation leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic renal injury, or fibrosis. In AKI, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptotic renal tubular cell death is driven by contrast and chemotherapeutic agents, sepsis, and rhabdomyolysis. Nevertheless, inflammasome is provoked in disorders such as crystal and diabetic nephropathy, obesity-related renal fibrosis, lupus nephritis, and hypertension-induced renal damage that induce chronic kidney injury and/or fibrosis. The mechanisms by which the inflammatory NLRP3/ Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a Caspase recruitment domain (ASC)/caspase-1/interleukin (IL)-1β & IL-18 pathway can turn on renal fibrosis is also comprehended. This review further outlines the involvement of dopamine and its associated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2-D4) subtypes, in regulating this inflammation-linked renal dysfunction pathway. Hence, we identify D-related receptors as promising targets for renal disease management by inhibiting the functionality of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada T Henedak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6(th) of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan S El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Soubh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6(th) of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
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2
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Thompson MD, Reiner-Link D, Berghella A, Rana BK, Rovati GE, Capra V, Gorvin CM, Hauser AS. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacogenomics. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024:1-44. [PMID: 39119983 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2358304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenetics, the investigation of the influence of one or more sequence variants on drug response phenotypes, is a special case of pharmacogenomics, a discipline that takes a genome-wide approach. Massively parallel, next generation sequencing (NGS), has allowed pharmacogenetics to be subsumed by pharmacogenomics with respect to the identification of variants associated with responders and non-responders, optimal drug response, and adverse drug reactions. A plethora of rare and common naturally-occurring GPCR variants must be considered in the context of signals from across the genome. Many fundamentals of pharmacogenetics were established for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes because they are primary targets for a large number of therapeutic drugs. Functional studies, demonstrating likely-pathogenic and pathogenic GPCR variants, have been integral to establishing models used for in silico analysis. Variants in GPCR genes include both coding and non-coding single nucleotide variants and insertion or deletions (indels) that affect cell surface expression (trafficking, dimerization, and desensitization/downregulation), ligand binding and G protein coupling, and variants that result in alternate splicing encoding isoforms/variable expression. As the breadth of data on the GPCR genome increases, we may expect an increase in the use of drug labels that note variants that significantly impact the clinical use of GPCR-targeting agents. We discuss the implications of GPCR pharmacogenomic data derived from the genomes available from individuals who have been well-phenotyped for receptor structure and function and receptor-ligand interactions, and the potential benefits to patients of optimized drug selection. Examples discussed include the renin-angiotensin system in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, the probable role of chemokine receptors in the cytokine storm, and potential protease activating receptor (PAR) interventions. Resources dedicated to GPCRs, including publicly available computational tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Reiner-Link
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Berghella
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - G Enrico Rovati
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerie Capra
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Gao M, Ooms JF, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Histamine H 3 Receptor Isoforms: Insights from Alternative Splicing to Functional Complexity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:761. [PMID: 39062475 PMCID: PMC11274711 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing significantly enhances the diversity of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, including the histamine H3 receptor (H3R). This post-transcriptional modification generates multiple H3R isoforms with potentially distinct pharmacological and physiological profiles. H3R is primarily involved in the presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system. Despite the approval of pitolisant for narcolepsy (Wakix®) and daytime sleepiness in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (Ozawade®) and ongoing clinical trials for other H3R antagonists/inverse agonists, the functional significance of the numerous H3R isoforms remains largely enigmatic. Recent publicly available RNA sequencing data have confirmed the expression of multiple H3R isoforms in the brain, with some isoforms exhibiting unique tissue-specific distribution patterns hinting at isoform-specific functions and interactions within neural circuits. In this review, we discuss the complexity of H3R isoforms with a focus on their potential roles in central nervous system (CNS) function. Comparative analysis across species highlights evolutionary conservation and divergence in H3R splicing, suggesting species-specific regulatory mechanisms. Understanding the functionality of H3R isoforms is crucial for the development of targeted therapeutics. This knowledge will inform the design of more precise pharmacological interventions, potentially enhancing therapeutic efficacy and reducing adverse effects in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henry F. Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.); (J.F.O.); (R.L.)
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4
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Girmaw F. Review on allosteric modulators of dopamine receptors so far. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1984. [PMID: 38505681 PMCID: PMC10948587 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary research is predominantly directed towards allosteric modulators, a class of compounds designed to interact with specific sites distinct from the orthosteric site on G protein-coupled receptors. These allosteric modulators play a pivotal role in influencing diverse pharmacological effects, such as agonism/inverse agonism, efficacy modulation, and affinity modulation. One particularly intriguing aspect is the demonstrated capacity of allosteric modulation to enhance drug selectivity for therapeutic purposes, potentially leading to a reduction in serious side effects associated with traditional approaches. Allosteric ligands, a majority of which fall into the categories of negative allosteric modulators or positive allosteric modulators, exhibit the unique ability to either diminish or enhance the effects of endogenous ligands. Negative allosteric modulators weaken the response, while positive allosteric modulators intensify it. Additionally, silent allosteric modulators represent a distinct class that neither activates nor blocks the effects of endogenous ligands, adding complexity to the spectrum of allosteric modulation. In the broader context of central nervous system disorders, allosteric modulation takes center stage, particularly in the realm of dopamine receptors specifically, D1, D2, and D3 receptors. These receptors hold immense therapeutic potential for a range of conditions spanning neurodegenerative disorders to neurobehavioral and psychiatric disorders. The intricate modulation of dopamine receptors through allosteric mechanisms offers a nuanced and versatile approach to drug development. As research endeavors continue to unfold, the exploration of allosteric modulation stands as a promising frontier, holding the potential to reshape the landscape of drug discovery and therapeutic interventions in the field of neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fentaw Girmaw
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health ScienceWoldia UniversityWoldiaEthiopia
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5
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Ike KGO, Lamers SJC, Kaim S, de Boer SF, Buwalda B, Billeter JC, Kas MJH. The human neuropsychiatric risk gene Drd2 is necessary for social functioning across evolutionary distant species. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:518-528. [PMID: 38114631 PMCID: PMC11116113 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The Drd2 gene, encoding the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), was recently indicated as a potential target in the etiology of lowered sociability (i.e., social withdrawal), a symptom of several neuropsychiatric disorders such as Schizophrenia and Major Depression. Many animal species show social withdrawal in response to stimuli, including the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster and mice, which also share most human disease-related genes. Here we will test for causality between Drd2 and sociability and for its evolutionary conserved function in these two distant species, as well as assess its mechanism as a potential therapeutic target. During behavioral observations in groups of freely interacting D. melanogaster, Drd2 homologue mutant showed decreased social interactions and locomotor activity. After confirming Drd2's social effects in flies, conditional transgenic mice lacking Drd2 in dopaminergic cells (autoreceptor KO) or in serotonergic cells (heteroreceptor KO) were studied in semi-natural environments, where they could freely interact. Autoreceptor KOs showed increased sociability, but reduced activity, while no overall effect of Drd2 deletion was observed in heteroreceptor KOs. To determine acute effects of D2R signaling on sociability, we also showed that a direct intervention with the D2R agonist Sumanirole decreased sociability in wild type mice, while the antagonist showed no effects. Using a computational ethological approach, this study demonstrates that Drd2 regulates sociability across evolutionary distant species, and that activation of the mammalian D2R autoreceptor, in particular, is necessary for social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G O Ike
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne J C Lamers
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Kaim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sietse F de Boer
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Buwalda
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Guidolin D, Tortorella C, Marcoli M, Cervetto C, De Caro R, Maura G, Agnati LF. Modulation of Neuron and Astrocyte Dopamine Receptors via Receptor-Receptor Interactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1427. [PMID: 37895898 PMCID: PMC10610355 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurotransmission plays critical roles in regulating complex cognitive and behavioral processes including reward, motivation, reinforcement learning, and movement. Dopamine receptors are classified into five subtypes, widely distributed across the brain, including regions responsible for motor functions and specific areas related to cognitive and emotional functions. Dopamine also acts on astrocytes, which express dopamine receptors as well. The discovery of direct receptor-receptor interactions, leading to the formation of multimeric receptor complexes at the cell membrane and providing the cell decoding apparatus with flexible dynamics in terms of recognition and signal transduction, has expanded the knowledge of the G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling processes. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of currently identified receptor complexes containing dopamine receptors and of their modulatory action on dopamine-mediated signaling between neurons and between neurons and astrocytes. Pharmacological possibilities offered by targeting receptor complexes in terms of addressing neuropsychiatric disorders associated with altered dopamine signaling will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Cinzia Tortorella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.T.); (R.D.C.)
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16126 Genova, Italy; (M.M.); (C.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
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7
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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8
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Pivonello R, Pivonello C, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, Colao A. The dopaminergic control of Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2022; 45:1297-1315. [PMID: 35460460 PMCID: PMC9184412 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's Syndrome (CS), or chronic endogenous hypercortisolism, is a rare and serious disease due to corticotroph pituitary (Cushing's disease, CD) and extra-pituitary (ectopic CS) tumours overproducing ACTH, or cortisol-secreting adrenal tumours or lesions (adrenal CS). The first-line treatment for CS is represented by the surgical removal of the responsible tumour, but surgery might be unfeasible or ineffective and medical treatment can be required in a relevant percentage of patients with CS, especially CD and ectopic CS. Corticotroph pituitary and extra-pituitary tumours, as well as adrenal tumours and lesions responsible for CS express dopamine receptors (DRs), which have been found to mediate inhibition of hormone secretion and/or cell proliferation in experimental setting, suggesting that dopaminergic system, particularly DRs, might represent a target for the treatment of CS. Dopamine agonists (DAs), particularly cabergoline (CAB), are currently used as off-label treatment for CD, the most common form of CS, demonstrating efficacy in controlling hormone secretion and tumour growth in a relevant number of cases, with the improvement of clinical picture, and displaying good safety profile. Therefore, CAB may be considered a reasonable alternative treatment for persistent or recurrent CD after pituitary surgery failure, but occasionally also before pituitary surgery, as adjuvant treatment, or even instead of pituitary surgery as first-line treatment in case of surgery contraindications or refusal. A certain beneficial effect of CAB has been also reported in ectopic CS. However, the role of DAs in the clinical management of the different types of CS requires further evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pivonello
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II Di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - C Pivonello
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II Di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - C Simeoli
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II Di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - M C De Martino
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II Di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - A Colao
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Sezione Di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II Di Napoli, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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9
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Investigating the ligand agonism and antagonism at the D 2long receptor by dynamic mass redistribution. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9637. [PMID: 35688965 PMCID: PMC9187652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The signalling of the D2 receptor (D2R), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is a complex process consisting of various components. For the screening of D2R ligands, methods quantifying distinct second messengers such as cAMP or the interaction of the receptor with β-arrestin, are commonly employed. In contrast, a label-free biosensor technology like dynamic mass redistribution (DMR), where it is mostly unknown how the individual signalling pathways contribute to the DMR signal, provides a holistic readout of the complex cellular response. In this study, we report the successful application of the DMR technology to CHO-K1 cells stably expressing the human dopamine D2long receptor. In real-time kinetic experiments, studies of D2R reference compounds yielded results for agonists and antagonists that were consistent with those obtained by conventional methods and also allowed a discrimination between partial and full agonists. Furthermore, investigations on the signalling pathway in CHO-K1 hD2longR cells identified the Gαi/o protein as the main proximal trigger of the observed DMR response. The present study has shown that the DMR technology is a valuable method for the characterisation of putative new ligands and, due to its label-free nature, suggests its use for deorphanisation studies of GPCRs.
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10
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Escobar AP, Meza R, Gonzalez M, Henny P, Andrés ME. Immunolocalization of kappa opioid receptors in the axon initial segment of a group of embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:411-418. [PMID: 35746971 PMCID: PMC9210487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine mesolimbic system is a major circuit involved in controlling goal-directed behaviors. Dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) and kappa opioid receptors (KOR) are abundant Gi protein-coupled receptors in the mesolimbic system. D2R and KOR share several functions in dopamine mesencephalic neurons, such as regulation of dopamine release and uptake, and firing of dopamine neurons. In addition, KOR and D2R modulate each other functioning. This evidence indicates that both receptors functionally interact, however, their colocalization in the mesostriatal system has not been addressed. Immunofluorescent assays were performed in cultured dopamine neurons and adult mice’s brain tissue to answer this question. We observed that KOR and D2R are present in similar density in dendrites and soma of cultured dopamine neurons, but in a segregated manner. Interestingly, KOR immunolabelling was observed in the first part of the axon, colocalizing with Ankyrin in 20% of cultured dopamine neurons, indicative that KOR is present in the axon initial segment (AIS) of a group of dopaminergic neurons. In the adult brain, KOR and D2R are also segregated in striatal tissue. While the KOR label is in fiber tracts such as the striatal streaks, corpus callosum, and anterior commissure, D2R is located mainly within the striatum and nucleus accumbens, surrounding fiber tracts. D2R is also localized in some fibers that are mostly different from those positives for KOR. In conclusion, KOR and D2R are present in the soma and dendrites of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, but KOR is also found in the AIS of a subpopulation of these neurons. KOR and D2R localize in cell bodies of primary cultured TH neurons. In primary cultured TH neurons KOR localizes in axon initial segment. KOR and D2R co-localize in cell bodies of the CPu and NAc.
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11
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Myslivecek J. Dopamine and Dopamine-Related Ligands Can Bind Not Only to Dopamine Receptors. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050606. [PMID: 35629274 PMCID: PMC9147915 DOI: 10.3390/life12050606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system (CNS). It acts mainly by activation of the D1-like receptor family at the target cell. Additionally, fine-tuning of the signal is achieved via pre-synaptic modulation by the D2-like receptor family. Some dopamine drugs (both agonists and antagonists) bind in addition to DRs also to α2-ARs and 5-HT receptors. Unfortunately, these compounds are often considered subtype(s) specific. Thus, it is important to consider the presence of these receptor subtypes in specific CNS areas as the function virtually elicited by one receptor type could be an effect of other—or the co-effect of multiple receptors. However, there are enough molecules with adequate specificity. In this review, we want to give an overview of the most common off-targets for established dopamine receptor ligands. To give an overall picture, we included a discussion on subtype selectivity. Molecules used as antipsychotic drugs are reviewed too. Therefore, we will summarize reported affinities and give an outline of molecules sufficiently specific for one or more subtypes (i.e., for subfamily), the presence of DR, α2-ARs, and 5-HT receptors in CNS areas, which could help avoid ambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Associations between Omega-3 Index, Dopaminergic Genetic Variants and Aggressive and Metacognitive Traits: A Study in Adult Male Prisoners. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071379. [PMID: 35405990 PMCID: PMC9002862 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) are critical for cell membrane structure and function. Human beings have a limited ability to synthesise docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the main n-3 LCPUFA required for neurological development. Inadequate levels of n-3 LCPUFA can affect the dopaminergic system in the brain and, when combined with genetic and other factors, increase the risk of developing aggression, inattention and impulse-control disorders. In this study, male prisoners were administered questionnaires assessing aggressive behaviour and executive functions. Participants also produced blood sampling for the measurement of the Omega-3 Index and the genotyping of dopaminergic genetic variants. Significant associations were found between functional genetic polymorphism in DBH rs1611115 and verbal aggression and between DRD2 rs4274224 and executive functions. However, the Omega-3 Index was not significantly associated with the tested dopaminergic polymorphisms. Although previous interactions between specific genotypes and n-3 LCPUFA were previously reported, they remain limited and poorly understood. We did not find any association between n-3 LCPUFA and dopaminergic polymorphisms in adult male prisoners; however, we confirmed the importance of genetic predisposition for dopaminergic genes (DBH and DRD2) in aggressive behaviour, memory dysfunction and attention-deficit disorder.
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13
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Allosteric modulation of dopamine D 2L receptor in complex with G i1 and G i2 proteins: the effect of subtle structural and stereochemical ligand modifications. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:406-424. [PMID: 35064921 PMCID: PMC8964653 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is nowadays one of the hot topics in drug discovery. In particular, allosteric modulators of D2 receptor have been proposed as potential modern therapeutics to treat schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. Methods To address some subtle structural and stereochemical aspects of allosteric modulation of D2 receptor, we performed extensive in silico studies of both enantiomers of two compounds (compound 1 and compound 2), and one of them (compound 2) was synthesized as a racemate in-house and studied in vitro. Results Our molecular dynamics simulations confirmed literature reports that the R enantiomer of compound 1 is a positive allosteric modulator of the D2L receptor, while its S enantiomer is a negative allosteric modulator. Moreover, based on the principal component analysis (PCA), we hypothesized that both enantiomers of compound 2 behave as silent allosteric modulators, in line with our in vitro studies. PCA calculations suggest that the most pronounced modulator-induced receptor rearrangements occur at the transmembrane helix 7 (TM7). In particular, TM7 bending at the conserved P7.50 and G7.42 was observed. The latter resides next to the Y7.43, which is a significant part of the orthosteric binding site. Moreover, the W7.40 conformation seems to be affected by the presence of the positive allosteric modulator. Conclusions Our work reveals that allosteric modulation of the D2L receptor can be affected by subtle ligand modifications. A change in configuration of a chiral carbon and/or minor structural modulator modifications are solely responsible for the functional outcome of the allosteric modulator. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-021-00352-x.
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Wan X, Yan Z, Tan Z, Cai Z, Qi Y, Lu L, Xu Y, Chen J, Lei T. MicroRNAs in Dopamine Agonist-Resistant Prolactinoma. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:417-426. [PMID: 34034260 DOI: 10.1159/000517356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine agonists (DAs) are preferred for the treatment of prolactinomas and are usually very effective. Nonetheless, 20-30% of bromocriptine- and approximately 10% of cabergoline-treated individuals exhibit resistance to DAs. In addition, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains elusive. In this study, we summarize the major findings regarding the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of DA-resistant prolactinoma (DARP). Currently available evidence suggests that miRNAs are usually dysregulated in DARP and that, although controversial, the dysregulated miRNAs target the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, dopamine 2 receptor (D2R), or estradiol (E2)/estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathways to mediate the therapeutic effect of DAs. These findings provide new incentives for research on innovative strategies for predicting patients' responsiveness to dopamine therapies and for developing treatment approaches. Unfortunately, recent studies tended to focus exclusively on the differential miRNA expression profiles between DARP and dopamine-sensitive prolactinoma, and no definitive consensus has been reached regarding the role of these miRNAs in the modulation mechanism. Therefore, current and future efforts should be directed toward the exploration of the mechanism underlying the dysregulation of miRNAs as well as of the target proteins that are affected by the dysregulated miRNAs. Furthermore, the modulation of the expression of dysregulated miRNAs, which target the D2R, TGF-β, or E2/ER signaling pathways, might be a promising alternative to treat patients with DARP and improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zisheng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhoubin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sokoloff P, Le Foll B. A Historical Perspective on the Dopamine D3 Receptor. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 60:1-28. [PMID: 35467293 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Before 1990, the multiplicity of dopamine receptors beyond D1 and D2 had remained a controversial concept, despite its substantial clinical implications, at a time when it was widely accepted that dopamine interacted with only two receptor subtypes, termed D1 and D2, differing one from the other by their pharmacological specificity and opposite effects on adenylyl cyclase. It was also generally admitted that the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotics resulted from blockade of D2 receptors. Thanks to molecular biology techniques, the D3 receptor could be characterized as a distinct molecular entity having a restricted anatomical gene expression and different signaling, which could imply peculiar functions in controlling cognitive and emotional behaviors. Due to the structural similarities of D2 and D3 receptors, the search for D3-selective compounds proved to be difficult, but nevertheless led to the identification of fairly potent and in vitro and in vivo selective compounds. The latter permitted to confirm a role of D3 receptors in motor functions, addiction, cognition, and schizophrenia, which paved the way for the development of new drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Departments of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, 5, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada.
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Lira SS, Ahammad I. A comprehensive in silico investigation into the nsSNPs of Drd2 gene predicts significant functional consequences in dopamine signaling and pharmacotherapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23212. [PMID: 34853389 PMCID: PMC8636637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DRD2 is a neuronal cell surface protein involved in brain development and function. Variations in the Drd2 gene have clinical significance since DRD2 is a pharmacotherapeutic target for treating psychiatric disorders like ADHD and schizophrenia. Despite numerous studies on the disease association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the intronic regions, investigation into the coding regions is surprisingly limited. In this study, we aimed at identifying potential functionally and pharmaco-therapeutically deleterious non-synonymous SNPs of Drd2. A wide array of bioinformatics tools was used to evaluate the impact of nsSNPs on protein structure and functionality. Out of 260 nsSNPs retrieved from the dbSNP database, initially 9 were predicted as deleterious by 15 tools. Upon further assessment of their domain association, conservation profile, homology models and inter-atomic interaction, the mutant F389V was considered as the most impactful. In-depth analysis of F389V through Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation revealed a decline in affinity for its native agonist dopamine and an increase in affinity for the antipsychotic drug risperidone. Remarkable alterations in binding interactions and stability of the protein-ligand complex in simulated physiological conditions were also noted. These findings will improve our understanding of the consequence of nsSNPs in disease-susceptibility and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Sultana Lira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last ten years, the treatment of psychosis has seen a near explosion of creative development in both novel agents and new delivery modalities. The current review summarizes these developments over the past decade (2011-2020). We performed a systematic review utilizing PubMed and PsychInfo with the aim of identifying all the RCT and related analyses in adults with psychosis (schizophrenia and mania). RECENT FINDINGS We identified 11 significant developments: the introduction of new antipsychotics cariprazine, brexpiprazole, lumateperone, and pimavanserin; introduction of new delivery methods: subcutaneous long-acting risperidone, aripiprazole lauroxil, transdermal asenapine, and inhaled loxapine; and the introduction of new approaches such as olanzapine/samidorphan for olanzapine-associated weight gain, examination of the TAAR1 agonist SEP 363,856 as a test of concept, and the combination of Xanomeline/Trospium, an M1 and M4 muscarinic receptor agonist in conjunction with a peripheral anticholinergic. Last decade has seen a tremendous development in second-generation antipsychotics which provides unprecedented treatment options for clinicians in treating psychosis.
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18
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Knockout or Knock-in? A Truncated D2 Receptor Protein Is Expressed in the Brain of Functional D2 Receptor Knockout Mice. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Null mice for the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) have been instrumental in understanding the function of this protein. For our research, we obtained the functional D2R knockout mouse strain described initially in 1997. Surprisingly, our biochemical characterization showed that this mouse strain is not a true knockout. We determined by sequence analysis of the rapid 3′ amplification of cDNA ends that functional D2R knockout mice express transcripts that lack only the eighth exon. Furthermore, immunofluorescence assays showed a D2R-like protein in the brain of functional D2R knockout mice. We verified by immunofluorescence that the recombinant truncated D2R is expressed in HEK293T cells, showing intracellular localization, colocalizing in the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, but with less presence in the Golgi apparatus compared to the native D2R. As previously reported, functional D2R knockout mice are hypoactive and insensitive to the D2R agonist quinpirole. Concordantly, microdialysis studies confirmed that functional D2R knockout mice have lower extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum than the native mice. In conclusion, functional D2R knockout mice express transcripts that lead to a truncated D2R protein lacking from the sixth transmembrane domain to the C-terminus. We share these findings to avoid future confusion and the community considers this mouse strain in D2R traffic and protein–protein interaction studies.
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Zhuang Y, Xu P, Mao C, Wang L, Krumm B, Zhou XE, Huang S, Liu H, Cheng X, Huang XP, Shen DD, Xu T, Liu YF, Wang Y, Guo J, Jiang Y, Jiang H, Melcher K, Roth BL, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xu HE. Structural insights into the human D1 and D2 dopamine receptor signaling complexes. Cell 2021; 184:931-942.e18. [PMID: 33571431 PMCID: PMC8215686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The D1- and D2-dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R), which signal through Gs and Gi, respectively, represent the principal stimulatory and inhibitory dopamine receptors in the central nervous system. D1R and D2R also represent the main therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and many other neuropsychiatric disorders, and insight into their signaling is essential for understanding both therapeutic and side effects of dopaminergic drugs. Here, we report four cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of D1R-Gs and D2R-Gi signaling complexes with selective and non-selective dopamine agonists, including two currently used anti-Parkinson's disease drugs, apomorphine and bromocriptine. These structures, together with mutagenesis studies, reveal the conserved binding mode of dopamine agonists, the unique pocket topology underlying ligand selectivity, the conformational changes in receptor activation, and potential structural determinants for G protein-coupling selectivity. These results provide both a molecular understanding of dopamine signaling and multiple structural templates for drug design targeting the dopaminergic system.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Conserved Sequence
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Mutant Proteins/chemistry
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/chemistry
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/ultrastructure
- Signal Transduction
- Structural Homology, Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunyou Mao
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian Krumm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sijie Huang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tinghai Xu
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Yong-Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Program for Structural Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precison Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China; MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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20
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Blagotinšek Cokan K, Mavri M, Rutland CS, Glišić S, Senćanski M, Vrecl M, Kubale V. Critical Impact of Different Conserved Endoplasmic Retention Motifs and Dopamine Receptor Interacting Proteins (DRIPs) on Intracellular Localization and Trafficking of the D 2 Dopamine Receptor (D 2-R) Isoforms. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101355. [PMID: 32977535 PMCID: PMC7598153 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 dopamine receptor D2 (D2-R), member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, exists in two isoforms, short (D2S-R) and long (D2L-R). They differ by an additional 29 amino acids (AA) in the third cytoplasmic loop (ICL3) of the D2L-R. These isoforms differ in their intracellular localization and trafficking functionality, as D2L-R possesses a larger intracellular pool, mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This review focuses on the evolutionarily conserved motifs in the ICL3 of the D2-R and proteins interacting with the ICL3 of both isoforms, specifically with the 29 AA insert. These motifs might be involved in D2-R exit from the ER and have an impact on cell-surface and intracellular localization and, therefore, also play a role in the function of dopamine receptor signaling, ligand binding and possible homo/heterodimerization. Our recent bioinformatic data on potential new interaction partners for the ICL3 of D2-Rs are also presented. Both are highly relevant, and have clinical impacts on the pathophysiology of several diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Tourette’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, manic depression, and others, as they are connected to a variety of essential motifs and differences in communication with interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Maša Mavri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Medical Faculty, University of Nottingham, Sutton, Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Sanja Glišić
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia; (S.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Milan Senćanski
- Center for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia; (S.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Department of Anatomy, Histology with Embryology and Cytology, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Belkacemi L, Darmani NA. Dopamine receptors in emesis: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic function. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105124. [PMID: 32814171 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine is a member of the catecholamine family and is associated with multiple physiological functions. Together with its five receptor subtypes, dopamine is closely linked to neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity, and restless leg syndrome. Unfortunately, several dopamine receptor-based agonists used to treat some of these diseases cause nausea and vomiting as impending side-effects. The high degree of cross interactions of dopamine receptor ligands with many other targets including G-protein coupled receptors, transporters, enzymes, and ion-channels, add to the complexity of discovering new targets for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Using activation status of signaling cascades as mechanism-based biomarkers to foresee drug sensitivity combined with the development of dopamine receptor-based biased agonists may hold great promise and seems as the next step in drug development for the treatment of such multifactorial diseases. In this review, we update the present knowledge on dopamine and dopamine receptors and their potential roles in nausea and vomiting. The pre- and clinical evidence provided in this review supports the implication of both dopamine and dopamine receptor agonists in the incidence of emesis. Besides the conventional dopaminergic antiemetic drugs, potential novel antiemetic targeting emetic protein signaling cascades may offer superior selectivity profile and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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22
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Central D2receptor blockade and antipsychotic effects of neuroleptics. Preliminary study with positron emission tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0767399x00003072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe striatal D2receptor density/affinity index was assessed using positron emission tomography and76Br-Bromolisuride in 15 schizophrenics, first untreated, and afterwards receiving neuroleptics, and in 14 control subjects. The patients received low or conventional doses of neuroleptics. The schizophrenics receiving low doses (n= 6) had preponderant negative symptoms. Mean D2receptor occupancy was 24 ± 20%. Despite this weak central D2receptor blockade, a significant decrease in negative symptoms was observed, a result consistent with the hypothesis of a disinhibitory action of some neuroleptics administered in low doses. The patients treated with conventional doses (n= 9) had mixed positive and negative symptoms, and the mean D2receptor occupancy was 54 ± 13%. Significant decreases in positive symptoms, but also in negative symptoms, were obtained with this treatment. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the striatal D2receptor density/affinity index between: 1) patients and controls, 2) negative and mixed schizophrenics, and 3) the subsequent responder and non-responder patients. In addition, the D2dopamine receptor occupancy by neuroleptics did not significantly differ in responder or nonresponder patients, suggesting that the central D2dopamine receptor blockade is a necessary, but insufficient condition to account for the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptics.
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Lebowitz JJ, Khoshbouei H. Heterogeneity of dopamine release sites in health and degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104633. [PMID: 31698055 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite comprising only ~ 0.001% of all neurons in the human brain, ventral midbrain dopamine neurons exert a profound influence on human behavior and cognition. As a neuromodulator, dopamine selectively inhibits or enhances synaptic signaling to coordinate neural output for action, attention, and affect. Humans invariably lose brain dopamine during aging, and this can be exacerbated in disease states such as Parkinson's Disease. Further, it is well established in multiple disease states that cell loss is selective for a subset of highly sensitive neurons within the nigrostriatal dopamine tract. Regional differences in dopamine tone are regulated pre-synaptically, with subcircuits of projecting dopamine neurons exhibiting distinct molecular and physiological signatures. Specifically, proteins at dopamine release sites that synthesize and package cytosolic dopamine, modulate its release and reuptake, and alter neuronal excitability show regional differences that provide linkages to the observed sensitivity to neurodegeneration. The aim of this review is to outline the major components of dopamine homeostasis at neurotransmitter release sites and describe the regional differences most relevant to understanding why some, but not all, dopamine neurons exhibit heightened vulnerability to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lebowitz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Pal S, Chattopadhyay A. Extramembranous Regions in G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Cinderella in Receptor Biology? J Membr Biol 2019; 252:483-497. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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The neurobiological basis for novel experimental therapeutics in dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104526. [PMID: 31279827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions, twisting movements, and abnormal postures that may affect one or multiple body regions. Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder after Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Despite its relative frequency, small molecule therapeutics for dystonia are limited. Development of new therapeutics is further hampered by the heterogeneity of both clinical symptoms and etiologies in dystonia. Recent advances in both animal and cell-based models have helped clarify divergent etiologies in dystonia and have facilitated the identification of new therapeutic targets. Advances in medicinal chemistry have also made available novel compounds for testing in biochemical, physiological, and behavioral models of dystonia. Here, we briefly review motor circuit anatomy and the anatomical and functional abnormalities in dystonia. We then discuss recently identified therapeutic targets in dystonia based on recent preclinical animal studies and clinical trials investigating novel therapeutics.
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Weissenrieder JS, Neighbors JD, Mailman RB, Hohl RJ. Cancer and the Dopamine D 2 Receptor: A Pharmacological Perspective. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:111-126. [PMID: 31000578 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.256818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) family is upregulated in many cancers and tied to stemness. Reduced cancer risk has been correlated with disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, in which dopaminergic drugs are used. D2R antagonists are reported to have anticancer efficacy in cell culture and animal models where they have reduced tumor growth, induced autophagy, affected lipid metabolism, and caused apoptosis, among other effects. This has led to several hypotheses, the most prevalent being that D2R ligands may be a novel approach to cancer chemotherapy. This hypothesis is appealing because of the large number of approved and experimental drugs of this class that could be repurposed. We review the current state of the literature and the evidence for and against this hypothesis. When the existing literature is evaluated from a pharmacological context, one of the striking findings is that the concentrations needed for cytotoxic effects of D2R antagonists are orders of magnitude higher than their affinity for this receptor. Although additional definitive studies will provide further clarity, our hypothesis is that targeting D2-like dopamine receptors may only yield useful ligands for cancer chemotherapy in rare cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian S Weissenrieder
- Biomedical Sciences Program (J.S.W.) and Departments of Medicine (J.D.N., R.J.H.) and Pharmacology (J.D.N., R.B.M., R.J.H.), Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Biomedical Sciences Program (J.S.W.) and Departments of Medicine (J.D.N., R.J.H.) and Pharmacology (J.D.N., R.B.M., R.J.H.), Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard B Mailman
- Biomedical Sciences Program (J.S.W.) and Departments of Medicine (J.D.N., R.J.H.) and Pharmacology (J.D.N., R.B.M., R.J.H.), Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Biomedical Sciences Program (J.S.W.) and Departments of Medicine (J.D.N., R.J.H.) and Pharmacology (J.D.N., R.B.M., R.J.H.), Penn State College of Medicine and Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Critical role of the finger loop in arrestin binding to the receptors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213792. [PMID: 30875392 PMCID: PMC6420155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the interactions with four different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of arrestin-3 mutants with substitutions in the four loops, three of which contact the receptor in the structure of the arrestin-1-rhodopsin complex. Point mutations in the loop at the distal tip of the N-domain (Glu157Ala), in the C-loop (Phe255Ala), back loop (Lys313Ala), and one of the mutations in the finger loop (Gly65Pro) had mild variable effects on receptor binding. In contrast, the deletion of Gly65 at the beginning of the finger loop reduced the binding to all GPCRs tested, with the binding to dopamine D2 receptor being affected most dramatically. Thus, the presence of a glycine at the beginning of the finger loop appears to be critical for the arrestin-receptor interaction.
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Gallo EF. Disentangling the diverse roles of dopamine D2 receptors in striatal function and behavior. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:35-46. [PMID: 30716356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) mediate many of the actions of dopamine in the striatum, ranging from movement to the effortful pursuit of reward. Yet despite significant advances in linking D2Rs to striatal functions with pharmacological and genetic strategies in animals, how dopamine orchestrates its myriad actions on different cell populations -each expressing D2Rs- remains unclear. Furthermore, brain imaging and genetic studies in humans have consistently associated striatal D2R alterations with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, but how and which D2Rs are involved in each case is poorly understood. Therefore, a critical first step is to engage in a refined and systematic investigation of the impact of D2R function on specific striatal cells, circuits, and behaviors. Here, I will review recent efforts, primarily in animal models, aimed at unlocking the complex and heterogeneous roles of D2Rs in striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Gallo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Genetic labeling reveals temporal and spatial expression pattern of D2 dopamine receptor in rat forebrain. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1035-1049. [PMID: 30604007 PMCID: PMC6499762 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-01824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The D2 dopamine receptor (Drd2) is implicated in several brain disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and drug addiction. Drd2 is also the primary target of both antipsychotics and Parkinson’s disease medications. Although the expression pattern of Drd2 is relatively well known in mouse brain, the temporal and spatial distribution of Drd2 is lesser clear in rat brain due to the lack of Drd2 reporter rat lines. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to generate two knockin rat lines: Drd2::Cre and Rosa26::loxp-stop-loxp-tdTomato. By crossing these two lines, we produced Drd2 reporter rats expressing the fluorescence protein tdTomato under the control of the endogenous Drd2 promoter. Using fluorescence imaging and unbiased stereology, we revealed the cellular expression pattern of Drd2 in adult and postnatal rat forebrain. Strikingly, the Drd2 expression pattern differs between Drd2 reporter rats and Drd2 reporter mice generated by BAC transgene in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These results provide fundamental information needed for the study of Drd2 function in rat forebrain. The Drd2::Cre rats generated here may represent a useful tool to study the function of neuronal populations expressing Drd2.
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Amato D, Kruyer A, Samaha AN, Heinz A. Hypofunctional Dopamine Uptake and Antipsychotic Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:314. [PMID: 31214054 PMCID: PMC6557273 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic treatment resistance in schizophrenia remains a major issue in psychiatry. Nearly 30% of patients with schizophrenia do not respond to antipsychotic treatment, yet the underlying neurobiological causes are unknown. All effective antipsychotic medications are thought to achieve their efficacy by targeting the dopaminergic system. Here we review early literature describing the fundamental mechanisms of antipsychotic drug efficacy, highlighting mechanistic concepts that have persisted over time. We then reconsider the original framework for understanding antipsychotic efficacy in light of recent advances in our scientific understanding of the dopaminergic effects of antipsychotics. Based on these new insights, we describe a role for the dopamine transporter in the genesis of both antipsychotic therapeutic response and primary resistance. We believe that this discussion will help delineate the dopaminergic nature of antipsychotic treatment-resistant schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Amato
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Anna Kruyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Anne-Noël Samaha
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:31-59. [PMID: 30446950 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, synthesized in both central nervous system and the periphery, that exerts its actions upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine receptors are widely expressed in the body and function in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Dopaminergic signaling pathways are crucial to the maintenance of physiological processes and an unbalanced activity may lead to dysfunctions that are related to neurodegenerative diseases. Unveiling the neurobiology and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these illnesses may contribute to the development of new therapies that could promote a better quality of life for patients worldwide. In this review, we summarize the aspects of dopamine as a catecholaminergic neurotransmitter and discuss dopamine signaling pathways elicited through dopamine receptor activation in normal brain function. Furthermore, we describe the potential involvement of these signaling pathways in evoking the onset and progression of some diseases in the nervous system, such as Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, Huntington's, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder, and Addiction. A brief description of new dopaminergic drugs recently approved and under development treatments for these ailments is also provided.
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Stolf AR, Cupertino RB, Müller D, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Roman T, Vitola ES, Grevet EH, von Diemen L, Kessler FHP, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bau CHD, Rovaris DL, Pechansky F, Schuch JB. Effects of DRD2 splicing-regulatory polymorphism and DRD4 48 bp VNTR on crack cocaine addiction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 126:193-199. [PMID: 30367264 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that dopamine receptors D2 (DRD2) and D4 (DRD4) polymorphisms may influence substance use disorders (SUD) susceptibility both individually and through their influence in the formation of DRD2-DRD4 heteromers. The dopaminergic role on the vulnerability to addiction appears to be influenced by sex. A cross-sectional study with 307 crack cocaine addicts and 770 controls was conducted. The influence of DRD2 rs2283265 and DRD4 48 bp VNTR in exon 3 variants, as well as their interaction on crack cocaine addiction susceptibility and severity were evaluated in women and men separately. An association between the DRD2 T allele and crack cocaine addiction was found in women. In this same group, interaction analysis demonstrated that the presence of DRD2-T allele and concomitant absence of DRD4-7R allele were associated with risk for crack cocaine addiction. No influence of DRD2 and DRD4 variants was observed in men regarding addiction severity. This study reinforces the role of dopaminergic genes in externalizing behaviors, especially the influence of DRD2-DRD4 interaction on SUD. This is the fourth sample that independently associated the DRD2-DRD4 interaction with SUD itself or related disorders. In addition, our findings point out to a potential difference of dopaminergic neurotransmission across sex influencing addiction susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R Stolf
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renata B Cupertino
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diana Müller
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Roman
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix H P Kessler
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline B Schuch
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 81, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 90619-900, Brazil.
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Effects of social defeat stress on dopamine D2 receptor isoforms and proteins involved in intracellular trafficking. Behav Brain Funct 2018; 14:16. [PMID: 30296947 PMCID: PMC6176509 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic social defeat stress induces depression and anxiety-like behaviors in rodents and also responsible for differentiating defeated animals into stress susceptible and resilient groups. The present study investigated the effects of social defeat stress on a variety of behavioral parameters like social behavior, spatial learning and memory and anxiety like behaviors. Additionally, the levels of various dopaminergic markers, including the long and short form of the D2 receptor, and total and phosphorylated dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate regulated phosphoprotein-32, and proteins involved in intracellular trafficking were assessed in several key brain regions in young adult mice. Methods Mouse model of chronic social defeat was established by resident-intruder paradigm, and to evaluate the effect of chronic social defeat, mice were subjected to behavioral tests like spontaneous locomotor activity, elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction and Morris water maze tests. Results Mice were divided into susceptible and unsusceptible groups after 10 days of social defeat stress. The susceptible group exhibited greater decreases in time spent in the open and closed arms compared to the control group on the EPM. In the social interaction test, the susceptible group showed greater increases in submissive and neutral behaviors and greater decreases in social behaviors relative to baseline compared to the control group. Furthermore, increased expression of D2L, D2S, Rab4, and G protein-coupled receptor associated sorting protein-1 was observed in the amygdala of the susceptible group compared to the control group. Conclusion These findings suggest that social defeat stress induce anxiety-like and altered social interacting behaviors, and changes in dopaminergic markers and intracellular trafficking-related proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12993-018-0148-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Schwarz AP, Rotov AY, Chuprina OI, Krytskaya DU, Trofimov AN, Kosheverova VV, Ischenko AM, Zubareva OE. Developmental prefrontal mRNA expression of D2 dopamine receptor splice variants and working memory impairments in rats after early life Interleukin-1β elevation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:231-238. [PMID: 30092312 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Long (D2L) and Short (D2S) isoforms of D2 dopamine receptor differ in their biochemical and physiological properties, which could affect functioning of prefrontal cortex. Contribution of distinct D2 dopamine receptor isoforms to cognitive dysfunctions and its developmental regulation are currently not fully elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated developmental mRNA expression of D2S/D2L dopamine receptor isoforms within the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the model of neurodevelopmental cognitive dysfunction. Working memory performance (Y-maze spontaneous alternations) and D2S/D2L mRNA expression in the mPFC (by qRT-PCR) were evaluated in juvenile (P27), adolescent (P42-47) and adult (P75-90) rats after chronic early life treatment with proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β (1 µg/kg i.p. daily P15-21). It was shown that IL-1β elevation during the 3rd week of life leads to working memory deficit originating in juvenile animals and persisting into adulthood. D2S mRNA expression was strongly downregulated during adolescence, and such downregulation was exaggerated in animals injected with IL-1β during P15-21. Early life IL-1β administrations influenced developmental changes in the D2S/D2L mRNA ratio. This measure was found to be decreased in adolescent and adult control (intact and vehicle-treated) rats compared to juvenile control, while in the case of IL-1β-treated animals, the decrease in D2S/D2L ratio was observed only in adulthood but not in adolescence compared to juvenile rats. During the adolescence, D2S mRNA expression was downregulated and D2S/D2L ratio was upregulated in the mPFC of rats treated with IL-1β during the 3rd week of life compared to controls. Based on these data we conclude that changes in the developmental expression of D2 dopamine receptor splice variants within mPFC may underlie long-lasting cognitive deficit associated with neonatal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Schwarz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova street 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander Yu Rotov
- Laboratory of Evolution of the Sensory Organs, I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez avenue 44, 199223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga I Chuprina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova street 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya U Krytskaya
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova street 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander N Trofimov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova street 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera V Kosheverova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membranes Dynamics, Department of the Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky avenue 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M Ischenko
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya street 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova street 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez avenue 44, 199223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Is it time to consider the expression of specific-pituitary hormone genes when typifying pituitary tumours? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198877. [PMID: 29979686 PMCID: PMC6034784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to check whether we can replicate, in an independent series, previous results showing that the molecular study of pituitary-specific gene expression complements the inmunohistochemical identification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. We selected 112 patients (51 (46.4%) women; mean age 51.4±16 years; 102 macroadenomas (91.9%), 9 microadenomas (8.1%)) with complete clinical, radiological, immunohistochemical and molecular data from our data set of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Patients were different from those previously studied. We measured the expression of the pituitary-specific hormone genes and type 1 corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin 1b receptors, by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan probes. Afterwards, we identified the different pituitary neuroendocrine tumour subtypes following the 2017 World Health Organization classification of pituitary tumours, calculating the concordance between their molecular and immuhistochemical identification. The concordance between molecular and immunohistochemical identification of functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumours with the clinical diagnosis was globally similar to the previous series, where the SYBR Green technique was used instead of TaqMan probes. Our results also corroborated the poor correlation between molecular and immunohistochemical detection of the silent pituitary neuroendocrine tumour variants. This discrepancy was more remarkable in lactotroph, null-cell and plurihormonal pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. In conclusion, this study validates the results previously published by our group, highlighting a complementary role for the molecular study of the pituitary-specific hormone genes in the typification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours subtypes.
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Sun N, Zhang X, Guo S, Le HT, Zhang X, Kim KM. Molecular mechanisms involved in epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated inhibition of dopamine D 3 receptor signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1187-1200. [PMID: 29885323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon wherein the signaling by a given receptor is regulated by a different class of receptors is termed transactivation or crosstalk. Crosstalk between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is highly diverse and has unique functional implications because of the distinct structural features of the receptors and the signaling pathways involved. The present study used the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and dopamine D3 receptor (D3R), which are both associated with schizophrenia, as the model system to study crosstalk between RTKs and GPCRs. Loss-of-function approaches were used to identify the cellular components involved in the tyrosine phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2), which is responsible for EGFR-induced regulation of the functions of D3R. SRC proto-oncogene (Src, non-receptor tyrosine kinase), heterotrimeric G protein Gβγ subunit, and endocytosis of EGFR were involved in the tyrosine phosphorylation of GRK2. In response to EGF treatment, Src interacted with EGFR in a Gβγ-dependent manner, resulting in the endocytosis of EGFR. Internalized EGFR in the cytosol mediated Src/Gβγ-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of GRK2. The binding of tyrosine-phosphorylated GRK2 to the T142 residue of D3R resulted in uncoupling from G proteins, endocytosis, and lysosomal downregulation. This study identified the molecular mechanisms involved in the EGFR-mediated regulation of the functions of D3R, which can be extended to the crosstalk between other RTKs and GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuohan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Thi Le
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Amato D, Vernon AC, Papaleo F. Dopamine, the antipsychotic molecule: A perspective on mechanisms underlying antipsychotic response variability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 85:146-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Lv C, Mo C, Liu H, Wu C, Li Z, Li J, Wang Y. Dopamine D2-like receptors (DRD2 and DRD4) in chickens: Tissue distribution, functional analysis, and their involvement in dopamine inhibition of pituitary prolactin expression. Gene 2018; 651:33-43. [PMID: 29382572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) D2-like (and D1-like) receptors are suggested to mediate the dopamine actions in the anterior pituitary and/or CNS of birds. However, the information regarding the structure, functionality, and expression of avian D2-like receptors have not been fully characterized. In this study, we cloned two D2-like receptors (cDRD2, cDRD4) from chicken brain using RACE PCR. The cloned cDRD4 is a 378-amino acid receptor, which shows 57% amino acid (a.a.) identity with mouse DRD4. As in mammals, two cDRD2 isoforms, cDRD2L (long isoform, 437 a.a.) and cDRD2S (short isoform, 408 a.a.), which differ in their third intracellular loop, were identified in chickens. Using cell-based luciferase reporter assays or Western blot, we demonstrated that cDRD4, cDRD2L and cDRD2S could be activated by dopamine and quinpirole (a D2-like receptor agonist) dose-dependently, and their activation inhibits cAMP signaling pathway and stimulates MAPK/ERK signaling cascade, indicating that they are functional receptors capable of mediating dopamine actions. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that cDRD2 and cDRD4 are widely expressed in chicken tissues with abundant expression noted in anterior pituitary, and their expressions are likely controlled by their promoters near exon 1, as demonstrated by dual-luciferase reporter assays in DF-1 cells. In accordance with cDRD2/cDRD4 expression in the pituitary, DA or quinpirole could partially inhibit vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced prolactin expression in cultured chick pituitary cells. Together, our data proves the functionality of DRD2 and DRD4 in birds and aids to uncover the conserved roles of DA/D2-like receptor system in vertebrates, such as its action on the pituitary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Chunheng Mo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Haikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Chao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Zhengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
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Tuplin EW, Holahan MR. Aripiprazole, A Drug that Displays Partial Agonism and Functional Selectivity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:1192-1207. [PMID: 28412910 PMCID: PMC5725548 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170413115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of schizophrenia is challenging due to the wide range of symptoms (positive, negative, cognitive) associated with the disease. Typical antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors are effective in treating positive symptoms, but extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) are a common occurrence. Atypical antipsychotics targeting 5-HT2A and D2 receptors are more effective at treating cognitive and negative symptoms compared to typical antipsychotics, but these drugs also result in side-effects such as metabolic syndromes. OBJECTIVE To identify evidence in the literature that elucidates the pharmacological profile of aripiprazole.s. METHODS We searched PubMed for peer reviewed articles on aripiprazole and its clinical efficacy, side-effects, pharmacology, and effects in animal models of schizophrenia symptoms. RESULTS Aripiprazole is a newer atypical antipsychotic that displays a unique pharmacological profile, including partial D2 agonism and functionally selective properties. Aripiprazole is effective at treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and has the potential to treat negative and cognitive symptoms at least as well as other atypical antipsychotics. The drug has a favorable side-effect profile and has a low propensity to result in EPS or metabolic syndromes. Animal models of schizophrenia have been used to determine the efficacy of aripiprazole in symptom management. In these instances, aripiprazole resulted in the reversal of deficits in extinction, pre-pulse inhibition, and social withdrawal. Because aripiprazole requires a greater than 90% occupancy rate at D2 receptors to be clinically active and does not produce EPS, this suggests a functionally selective effect on intracellular signaling pathways. CONCLUSION A combination of factors such as dopamine system stabilization via partial agonism, functional selectivity at D2 receptors, and serotonin-dopamine system interaction may contribute to the ability of aripiprazole to successfully manage schizophrenia symptoms. This review examines these mechanisms of action to further clarify the pharmacological actions of aripiprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W. Tuplin
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, 3414 Herzberg, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON Canada
| | - Matthew R. Holahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, 3414 Herzberg, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON Canada
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Schwarz AP, Trofimov AN, Zubareva OE, Lioudyno VI, Kosheverova VV, Ischenko AM, Klimenko VM. Prefrontal mRNA expression of long and short isoforms of D2 dopamine receptor: Possible role in delayed learning deficit caused by early life interleukin-1β treatment. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:118-122. [PMID: 28673768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Long (D2L) and short (D2S) isoform of the D2 dopamine receptor are believed to play different roles in behavioral regulation. However, little is known about differential regulation of these isoforms mRNA expression during the process of learning in physiological and pathological states. In this study, we have investigated the combined effect of training in active avoidance (AA) paradigm and chronic early life treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β (1μg/kg i.p., P15-21) on D2S and D2L dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adult rats. We have shown differential regulation of D2 short and long mRNA isoform expression in the mPFC. There was no effect of AA-training on D2S mRNA expression, while D2L mRNA was downregulated in AA-trained control (intact and saline-treated) animals, and this effect was not observed in rats treated with IL-1β. D2S mRNA expression level negatively correlated with learning ability within control (saline-treated and intact) groups but not in IL-1β-treated animals. Thus, prefrontal expression of distinct D2 dopamine receptor splice variants is supposed to be implicated in cognitive decline caused by early life immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Schwarz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Trofimov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez Avenue 44, 199223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria I Lioudyno
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera V Kosheverova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membranes Dynamics, Department of the Intracellular Signalling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M Ischenko
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor M Klimenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Robledo-González LE, Martínez-Martínez A, Vargas-Muñoz VM, Acosta-González RI, Plancarte-Sánchez R, Anaya-Reyes M, Fernández Del Valle-Laisequilla C, Reyes-García JG, Jiménez-Andrade JM. Repeated administration of mazindol reduces spontaneous pain-related behaviors without modifying bone density and microarchitecture in a mouse model of complete Freund's adjuvant-induced knee arthritis. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1777-1786. [PMID: 28794657 PMCID: PMC5538698 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s136581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of dopaminergic system in the development of rheumatoid arthritis-related pain, a major symptom in this disease, has not been explored. Therefore, the anti-nociceptive effect of mazindol, a dopamine uptake inhibitor, was evaluated in a model of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Furthermore, as studies have shown that the dopaminergic system regulates bone metabolism, the effect of mazindol on bone mass and microarchitecture was determined. Methods Adult ICR male mice received intra-articular injections of either CFA or saline into the right knee joint every week. Spontaneous pain-like behaviors (flinching and guarding) and locomotor activity were assessed at day 26 post-first CFA, following which, a single intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered dose of mazindol was given (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg). Then, the antinociceptive effect of a repeated administration of 3 mg/kg mazindol (daily, i.p.; day 15–day 26) was evaluated. Additionally, at day 26, the participation of D1-like, D2-like or opioid receptors in the antinociceptive effect of mazindol was evaluated. The effect of mazindol on bone density and microarchitecture was evaluated by micro-computed tomography. Results Acute administration of mazindol decreased the spontaneous pain-like behaviors in a dose-dependent manner without reducing the knee edema. However, mazindol at 10 mg/kg significantly increased the locomotor activity; therefore, 3 mg/kg mazindol was used for further studies. Repeated administration of 3 mg/kg mazindol significantly decreased the pain-like behaviors without modifying locomotor activity. The antinociceptive effect of mazindol was blocked by administration of a D2-like receptor antagonist (haloperidol), but not by administration of D1-like receptor antagonist (SCH 23390) or an opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone). Repeated administration of mazindol did not significantly modify the density and microarchitecture of periarticular bone of the arthritic and nonarthritic knee joints. Conclusion Results suggest that mazindol via D2-like receptors has an antinociceptive role in mice with CFA-induced knee arthritis without modifying the bone health negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R I Acosta-González
- Departamento de Análisis Clínicos, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán, UAT, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - R Plancarte-Sánchez
- Departamento de Anestesiología, Terapia Intensiva y Clínica del Dolor, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - J G Reyes-García
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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Song J, Kim BC, Nguyen DTT, Samidurai M, Choi SM. Levodopa (L-DOPA) attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress response and cell death signaling through DRD2 in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells under α-synuclein-induced toxicity. Neuroscience 2017; 358:336-348. [PMID: 28687316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) in dopaminergic neurons. α-Synuclein (α-syn), a major protein component of LBs, is known to regulate synaptic plasticity, with a crucial role in memory and motor function in the central nervous system. Levodopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; also known as L-DOPA) is considered the most effective medication for controlling the symptoms of PD. However, it is unclear whether L-DOPA improves the neuropathology of PD. In the present study, we investigated the effect of L-DOPA on SH-SY5Y neuronal cells under α-syn-induced toxicity. We assessed the protein and mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death markers using western blot analysis and reverse transcription-PCR. Our data showed that L-DOPA could attenuate ER stress markers, including the levels of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBPhomologous protein expression (CHOP), immunoglobulin-heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP), sliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1), and reduce nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling through dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells under α-syn-induced toxicity. In conclusion, we suggest that L-DOPA may attenuate the neuropathology of PD by regulating signaling related to DRD2 in neuronal cells under α-syn-induced toxicity. Our study, therefore, indicates an additional role for L-DOPA in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.
| | - Dai-Trang T Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.
| | - Manikandan Samidurai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.
| | - Seong-Min Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea.
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Rassu M, Del Giudice MG, Sanna S, Taymans JM, Morari M, Brugnoli A, Frassineti M, Masala A, Esposito S, Galioto M, Valle C, Carri MT, Biosa A, Greggio E, Crosio C, Iaccarino C. Role of LRRK2 in the regulation of dopamine receptor trafficking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179082. [PMID: 28582422 PMCID: PMC5459500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 play a critical role in both familial and sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Up to date, the role of LRRK2 in PD onset and progression remains largely unknown. However, experimental evidence highlights a critical role of LRRK2 in the control of vesicle trafficking that in turn may regulate different aspects of neuronal physiology. We have analyzed the role of LRRK2 in regulating dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) and D2 (DRD2) trafficking. DRD1 and DRD2 are the most abundant dopamine receptors in the brain. They differ in structural, pharmacological and biochemical properties, as well as in localization and internalization mechanisms. Our results indicate that disease-associated mutant G2019S LRRK2 impairs DRD1 internalization, leading to an alteration in signal transduction. Moreover, the mutant forms of LRRK2 affect receptor turnover by decreasing the rate of DRD2 trafficking from the Golgi complex to the cell membrane. Collectively, our findings are consistent with the conclusion that LRRK2 influences the motility of neuronal vesicles and the neuronal receptor trafficking. These findings have important implications for the complex role that LRRK2 plays in neuronal physiology and the possible pathological mechanisms that may lead to neuronal death in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rassu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Simona Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Jean Marc Taymans
- UMR-S1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center (Inserm – Université de Lille – CHRU de Lille), Lille, France
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy and National Institute for Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Brugnoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy and National Institute for Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Frassineti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy and National Institute for Neuroscience, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sonia Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Manuela Galioto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cristiana Valle
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, IBCN, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Carri
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Biosa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Greggio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Crosio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciro Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Vekshina NL, Anokhin PK, Veretinskaya AG, Shamakina IY. Dopamine D1–D2 receptor heterodimers: A literature review. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s199075081702010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Stojanovic T, Orlova M, Sialana FJ, Höger H, Stuchlik S, Milenkovic I, Aradska J, Lubec G. Validation of dopamine receptor DRD1 and DRD2 antibodies using receptor deficient mice. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1101-1109. [PMID: 28316027 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine receptors 1 and 2 (DRD1, DRD2) are essential for signaling in the brain for a multitude of brain functions. Previous work using several antibodies against these receptors is abundant but only the minority of antibodies used have been validated and, therefore, the results of these studies remain uncertain. Herein, antibodies against DRD1 (Merck Millipore AB1765P, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-14001, Sigma Aldrich D2944, Alomone Labs ADR-001) and DRD2 (Abcam ab21218, Merck Millipore AB5084P, Santa Cruz Biotechnology sc-5303) have been tested using western blotting and immunohistochemistry on mouse striatum (wild type and corresponding knock-out mice) and when specific, they were further evaluated on rat and human striatum. Moreover, a DRD1 antibody and a DRD2 antibody that were found specific in our tests were used for immunoprecipitation with subsequent mass spectrometrical identification of the immunoprecipitate. Two out of nine antibodies (anti DRD1 Sigma Aldrich D2944 and anti DRD2 Merck Millipore AB5084P) against the abovementioned dopamine receptors were specific for DRD1 and DRD2 as evaluated by western blotting and immunohistochemistry and the immunoprecipitate indeed contained DRD1 and DRD2 as revealed by mass spectrometry. The observed findings may question the use of so far non-validated antibodies against the abovementioned dopamine receptors. Own observations may be valuable for the interpretation of previous results and the design of future studies using dopamine receptors DRD1 or DRD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Stojanovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Orlova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, 2325, Himberg, Austria
| | - Stanislav Stuchlik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Milenkovic
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Aradska
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Ledonne A, Mercuri NB. Current Concepts on the Physiopathological Relevance of Dopaminergic Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:27. [PMID: 28228718 PMCID: PMC5296367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter modulating essential functions of the central nervous system (CNS), like voluntary movement, reward, several cognitive functions and goal-oriented behaviors. The factual relevance of DAergic transmission can be well appreciated by considering that its dysfunction is recognized as a core alteration in several devastating neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and associated movement disorders, as well as, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addiction. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of DAergic receptors in the regulation of key physiological brain activities, and the consequences of their dysfunctions in brain disorders such as PD, schizophrenia and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"Rome, Italy
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Vekshina N, Anokhin P, Veretinskaya A, Shamakina I. Heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptors: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes modern data on the structure and functions ofheteromersformed by D1 and D2 dopamine receptors focusing on their role in the mechanisms of drug dependence. This article discusses potential functional significance of heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptorsdue to their localization in the brain as well as unique pharmacological propertiesversus constituent monomers. It is shown that heteromerization results in dramatic changes in activated signaling pathways compare to the corresponding monomers. These studies update our current knowledge of ligand-receptor interactions and provide better understanding of dopamine receptors pharmacology. Furthermore elucidation of significance of heterodimeric D1-D2 dopamine receptors as drug targets is important for the development of new effective drug addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.L. Vekshina
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - P.K. Anokhin
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.G. Veretinskaya
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I.Yu. Shamakina
- V.P. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center on Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
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Tapia-Bustos A, Perez-Lobos R, Vío V, Lespay-Rebolledo C, Palacios E, Chiti-Morales A, Bustamante D, Herrera-Marschitz M, Morales P. Modulation of Postnatal Neurogenesis by Perinatal Asphyxia: Effect of D 1 and D 2 Dopamine Receptor Agonists. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:109-121. [PMID: 27638511 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is associated to delayed cell death, affecting neurocircuitries of basal ganglia and hippocampus, and long-term neuropsychiatric disabilities. Several compensatory mechanisms have been suggested to take place, including cell proliferation and neurogenesis. There is evidence that PA can increase postnatal neurogenesis in hippocampus and subventricular zone (SVZ), modulated by dopamine, by still unclear mechanisms. We have studied here the effect of selective dopamine receptor agonists on cell death, cell proliferation and neurogenesis in organotypic cultures from control and asphyxia-exposed rats. Hippocampus and SVZ sampled at 1-3 postnatal days were cultured for 20-21 days. At day in vitro (DIV) 19, cultures were treated either with SKF38393 (10 and 100 µM, a D1 agonist), quinpirole (10 µM, a D2 agonist) or sulpiride (10 μM, a D2 antagonist) + quinpirole (10 μM) and BrdU (10 μM, a mitosis marker) for 24 h. At DIV 20-21, cultures were processed for immunocytochemistry for microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2, a neuronal marker), and BrdU, evaluated by confocal microscopy. Some cultures were analysed for cell viability at DIV 20-21 (LIVE/DEAD kit). PA increased cell death, cell proliferation and neurogenesis in hippocampus and SVZ cultures. The increase in cell death, but not in cell proliferation, was inhibited by both SKF38393 and quinpirole treatment. Neurogenesis was increased by quinpirole, but only in hippocampus, in cultures from both asphyxia-exposed and control-animals, effect that was antagonised by sulpiride, leading to the conclusion that dopamine modulates neurogenesis in hippocampus, mainly via D2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tapia-Bustos
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Perez-Lobos
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Vío
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Lespay-Rebolledo
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - E Palacios
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Chiti-Morales
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Bustamante
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Herrera-Marschitz
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Morales
- Programme of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, PO Box 8389100, Santiago, Chile. .,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, BNI, ICBM, Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Jolly C, Rousseau K, Prézeau L, Vol C, Tomkiewicz J, Dufour S, Pasqualini C. Functional Characterisation of Eel Dopamine D2 Receptors and Involvement in the Direct Inhibition of Pituitary Gonadotrophins. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27453551 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In various vertebrate species, dopamine (DA) exerts an inhibitory action on reproduction. In the European eel, DA plays a pivotal role in the inhibitory control of gonadotroph function and the blockade of puberty. In vivo studies have suggested that this effect is mediated by receptors pharmacologically related to the D2 family. In the European eel, two distinct D2 receptor (D2-R) paralogous genes have been identified (D2A-R and D2B-R) and both were shown to be expressed in the pituitary. We investigated the potential role of each paralogue in the control of gonadotroph function in this species. Eel recombinant D2A-R or D2B-R were expressed in HEK 293 cells, with a universal Gα subunit, and receptor activation was followed by inositol phosphate production. Recombinant D2-Rs exhibited a comparable affinity for DA, although they had differential affinities for mammalian D2-R agonists and antagonists, supporting subtle structure/activity differences. Furthermore, using eel pituitary cell primary cultures, the expression by gonadotroph cells of both native eel D2-R paralogues was examined by in situ hybridisation of D2A-R or D2B-R transcripts, coupled with immunofluorescence of luteinising hormone (LH)β or follicle-stimulating (FSH)β. LH and to a lesser extent, FSH cells expressed both D2-R transcripts but with a clear predominance of D2B-R. Notably, D2B-R transcripts were detected for the majority of LH cells. Accordingly, using these cultures, we showed that DA potently inhibited basal and testosterone-stimulated LHβ expression and less potently basal and activin-stimulated FSHβ expression. We also tested some D2-R antagonists, aiming to select the most adequate one to be used in innovative protocols for induction of eel sexual maturation. We identified eticlopride as the most potent inhibitor of DA action on basal and stimulated LH expression in vitro. Our data suggest a differential functionalisation of the duplicated receptor genes and demonstrate that mainly D2B-R is involved in the dopaminergic inhibitory control of eel gonadotroph function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jolly
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - K Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France
| | - L Prézeau
- CNRS UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - C Vol
- CNRS UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
- INSERM U661, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - J Tomkiewicz
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund, Denmark
| | - S Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Research Unit BOREA, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, CNRS 7208, IRD207, UPMC, UCN, UA, Paris, France.
| | - C Pasqualini
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Développement et Evolution de la Neurotransmission, Département Dev-Evo, Université Paris Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France.
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The Conserved Arginine Cluster in the Insert of the Third Cytoplasmic Loop of the Long Form of the D₂ Dopamine Receptor (D2L-R) Acts as an Intracellular Retention Signal. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071152. [PMID: 27447620 PMCID: PMC4964525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether the conserved arginine cluster present within the 29-amino acid insert of the long form of the D2 dopamine receptor (D2L-R) confers its predominant intracellular localization. We hypothesized that the conserved arginine cluster (RRR) located within the insert could act as an RXR-type endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal. Arginine residues (R) within the cluster at positions 267, 268, and 269 were charge-reserved to glutamic acids (E), either individually or in clusters, thus generating single, double, and triple D2L-R mutants. Through analyses of cellular localization by confocal microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioligand binding assay, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET2) β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) recruitment assay, and cAMP signaling, it was revealed that charge reversal of the R residues at all three positions within the motif impaired their colocalization with ER marker calnexin and led to significantly improved cell surface expression. Additionally, these data demonstrate that an R to glutamic acid (E) substitution at position 2 within the RXR motif is not functionally permissible. Furthermore, all generated D2L-R mutants preserved their functional integrity regarding ligand binding, agonist-induced βarr2 recruitment and Gαi-mediated signaling. In summary, our results show that the conserved arginine cluster within the 29-amino acid insert of third cytoplasmic loop (IC3) of the D2L-R appears to be the ER retention signal.
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