1
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Buzan E, Potušek S, Duniš L, Pokorny B. Neutral and Selective Processes Shape MHC Diversity in Roe Deer in Slovenia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060723. [PMID: 35327121 PMCID: PMC8944837 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Disease prevention and appropriate wildlife management are among the major challenges in wildlife conservation. In the present study, we made a first assessment of the variability of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in roe deer in Slovenia and evaluated local population adaptation by comparing MHC variability with neutral microsatellites. We discovered three new MHC DRB exon 2 alleles in addition to seven previously described in the literature. Moreover, we found evidence of historical positive selection, as selection analysis indicated that approx. 10% of the encoded amino acids were subjected to episodic positive selection. This study provides the basis for further research on immunogenetic variation in roe deer and highlights opportunities to incorporate genetic data into science-based population management. Abstract Disease control and containment in free-ranging populations is one of the greatest challenges in wildlife management. Despite the importance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes for immune response, an assessment of the diversity and occurrence of these genes is still rare in European roe deer, the most abundant and widespread large mammal in Europe. Therefore, we examined immunogenetic variation in roe deer in Slovenia to identify species adaptation by comparing the genetic diversity of the MHC genes with the data on neutral microsatellites. We found ten MHC DRB alleles, three of which are novel. Evidence for historical positive selection on the MHC was found using the maximum likelihood codon method. Patterns of MHC allelic distribution were not congruent with neutral population genetic findings. The lack of population genetic differentiation in MHC genes compared to existing structure in neutral markers suggests that MHC polymorphism was influenced primarily by balancing selection and, to a lesser extent, by neutral processes such as genetic drift, with no clear evidence of local adaptation. Selection analyses indicated that approx. 10% of amino acids encoded under episodic positive selection. This study represents one of the first steps towards establishing an immunogenetic map of roe deer populations across Europe, aiming to better support science-based management of this important game species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Buzan
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (S.P.); (L.D.)
- Environmental Protection College, Trg Mladosti 7, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-65-6117570; Fax: +38-65-61175
| | - Sandra Potušek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (S.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Luka Duniš
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; (S.P.); (L.D.)
| | - Boštjan Pokorny
- Environmental Protection College, Trg Mladosti 7, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia;
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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2
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Rovelli G, Luigi-Sierra MG, Guan D, Sbarra F, Quaglia A, Sarti FM, Amills M, Lasagna E. Evolution of inbreeding: a gaze into five Italian beef cattle breeds history. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12049. [PMID: 34692245 PMCID: PMC8483007 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, intensive selection programs have led to sustained increases of inbreeding in dairy cattle, a feature that might have adverse consequences on the viability and phenotypic performance of their offspring. This study aimed to determine the evolution of inbreeding of five Italian beef cattle breeds (Marchigiana, Chianina, Romagnola, Maremmana, and Podolica) during a period of almost 20 years (2002–2019). The estimates of Ho, He, Fhat2, and Fped averaged across years (2002–2019) in the studied breeds fluctuated between 0.340–0.401, 0.348–0.392, –0.121–0.072, and 0.000–0.068, respectively. Moreover, annual rates of increase of the estimated inbreeding coefficients have been very low (Fhat2 = 0.01–0.02%; Fped = 0.003–0.004%). The use of a high number of bulls combined with strategies implemented by the Association of Italian Beef Cattle Breeders ANABIC to minimize inbreeding might explain these results. Despite the fact that diversity and inbreeding have remained quite stable during the last two decades, we have detected a sustained decrease of the population effective size of these five breeds. Such results should be interpreted with caution due to the inherent difficulty of estimating Ne from SNPs data in a reliable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rovelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gracia Luigi-Sierra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dailu Guan
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Fiorella Sbarra
- National Association of Italian Beef-Cattle Breeders (ANABIC), San Martino in Colle, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Quaglia
- National Association of Italian Beef-Cattle Breeders (ANABIC), San Martino in Colle, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Sarti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcel Amills
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emiliano Lasagna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Hall SJG, Brenig B, Ashdown RA, Curry MR. Conservation of rare wild‐living cattle
Bos taurus
(L.): coat colour gene illuminates breed history, and associated reproductive anomalies have not reduced herd fertility. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | | | - M. R. Curry
- School of Life Sciences University of Lincoln Lincoln UK
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4
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Pike VL, Cornwallis CK, Griffin AS. Why don't all animals avoid inbreeding? Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211045. [PMID: 34344184 PMCID: PMC8334842 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals are expected to avoid mating with relatives as inbreeding can reduce offspring fitness, a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. This has led to the widespread assumption that selection will favour individuals that avoid mating with relatives. However, the strength of inbreeding avoidance is variable across species and there are numerous cases where related mates are not avoided. Here we test if the frequency that related males and females encounter each other explains variation in inbreeding avoidance using phylogenetic meta-analysis of 41 different species from six classes across the animal kingdom. In species reported to mate randomly with respect to relatedness, individuals were either unlikely to encounter relatives, or inbreeding had negligible effects on offspring fitness. Mechanisms for avoiding inbreeding, including active mate choice, post-copulatory processes and sex-biased dispersal, were only found in species with inbreeding depression. These results help explain why some species seem to care more about inbreeding than others: inbreeding avoidance through mate choice only evolves when there is both a risk of inbreeding depression and related sexual partners frequently encounter each other.
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5
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Balcarcel AM, Veitschegger K, Clauss M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Intensive human contact correlates with smaller brains: differential brain size reduction in cattle types. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210813. [PMID: 34102890 PMCID: PMC8188006 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are one of the most intensively bred domestic animals, providing humans with a multitude of products and uses. Using data from the fossil record, we test if their domestication, as for other taxa, has resulted in a reduction of their brain size. We not only conclude that Bos taurus (domestic cattle) have smaller brains than their wild ancestor, Bos primigenius (aurochs), but that brain size varies significantly by breed, with some having much smaller brains than others. Differences in husbandry practices between several breed categories align with a range of human engagement, which also aligns with the degree of selection for docility. Sampling 317 domestics from 71 breeds, we investigate if differences in brain size correlate with the intensity of human contact. A clear pattern emerges whereby a brain reduction gradient parallels a gradient in behavioural selection. Bullfighting cattle, which are bred for fighting and aggressive temperament, have much larger brains than dairy breeds, which are intensively selected for docility. Our results add to a fundamental aspect of animal domestication theory: the interplay between basic features of the domestic environment-selection for docility, absence of predators and human provision of resources-seems to explain differences in brain size.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Balcarcel
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K. Veitschegger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. R. Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Thomas R, Bellis L, Gordon R, Holmes M, Johannsen NN, Mahoney M, Smith D. Refining the methods for identifying draught cattle in the archaeological record: Lessons from the semi-feral herd at Chillingham Park. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 33:84-93. [PMID: 33773291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study provides a baseline of pathological and sub-pathological changes in the lower-limb bones of a semi-feral herd of domestic cattle. The purpose is to refine an existing method for identifying the use of cattle for traction using zooarchaeological evidence. METHODS A published recording system for identifying draught cattle was applied to a sample of 15 individuals from Chillingham Park, Northumberland. Correlations were explored between individual pathological index values, the scores obtained for individual pathological/sub-pathological changes, and three biological variables: age, sex and body size. RESULTS Pathological index values in the Chillingham cattle were low. Positive correlations between individual pathological index values and age, sex and body size were identified. Broadening of the distal metacarpal, proximal and distal exostoses in the metatarsal, distal exostoses of the proximal phalanx, and proximal lipping and exostoses of the distal phalanx, were strongly correlated with age. CONCLUSIONS Pathological index scores demonstrate that adaptive remodeling of the autopodia is low in a free-ranging population of cattle, supporting the view that more pronounced changes provide useful identifiers of traction use. Application of modified pathological index formulae to nine archaeological sites from England indicated that cattle were only intensively used for traction in the Roman and later medieval periods. SIGNIFICANCE This study refines the methods used to identify traction in the archaeological record through the consideration of cows and a wider range of ages than has been considered previously. LIMITATIONS Only 15 individuals from the Chillingham herd were available for analysis. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The refined formulae should be applied to additional archaeological datasets from different regions and time periods to explore the changing exploitation of cattle for traction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thomas
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Lauren Bellis
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | | | - Matilda Holmes
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Niels N Johannsen
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Moesgård Allé 20, DK-8270, Højbjerg, Denmark.
| | - Meghann Mahoney
- Maryland Science Center, 601 Light St., Baltimore, MD, 21230, USA.
| | - David Smith
- Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Mrowiec P, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Młodawska W. The perspective of the incompatible of nucleus and mitochondria in interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer for endangered species. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 56:199-207. [PMID: 33190359 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Taking into account the latest Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature in which 25% of all mammals are threatened with extinction, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) could be a beneficial tool and holds a lot of potential for aiding the conservation of endangered, exotic or even extinct animal species if somatic cells of such animals are available. In the case of shortage and sparse amount of wild animal oocytes, interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT), where the recipient ooplasm and donor nucleus are derived from different species, is the alternative SCNT technique. The successful application of iSCNT, resulting in the production of live offspring, was confirmed in several combination of closely related species. When nucleus donor cells and recipient oocytes have been used in many other combinations, very often with a very distant taxonomical relation iSCNT resulted only in the very early stages of cloned embryo development. Problems encountered during iSCNT related to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)/genomic DNA incompatibility, mtDNA heteroplasmy, embryonic genome activation of the donor nucleus by the recipient oocyte and availability of suitable foster mothers for iSCNT embryos. Implementing assisted reproductive technologies, including iSCNT, to conservation programmes also raises concerns that the production of genetically identical populations might cause problems with inbreeding. The article aims at presenting achievements, limitations and perspectives of iSCNT in maintaining animal biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Mrowiec
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiesława Młodawska
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Anatomy and Genomics, Faculty of Animal Science, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
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8
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Hall SJG, Bunce RGH. The use of cattle Bos taurus for restoring and maintaining holarctic landscapes: Conclusions from a long-term study (1946-2017) in northern England. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5859-5869. [PMID: 31161004 PMCID: PMC6540840 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle Bos taurus can perform valuable ecological functions in the maintenance of high nature value (HNV) pastoral systems. They have also attracted attention as potentially filling the ecological niches of megaherbivores, notably the extinct aurochs Bos primigenius, in rewilding initiatives. Native cattle breeds are recognized under the 1992 Rio Convention as components of biodiversity. They are used in HNV settings, but their conservation as breeds has rarely been an important consideration for their management in these contexts.The Chillingham herd has been kept under minimal management in Chillingham Park (northern England) for several centuries. Chillingham Park is not a rewilding scenario, but the long-term study of the cattle can be informative for the design of rewilding schemes that involve cattle as megaherbivores. The pastures of the park are species-rich seminatural grasslands.To 2004, pasture management was influenced by the need to provide herbage for a flock of sheep that was under separate ownership, as well as for the cattle. Surveys of the vegetation conducted in 1979 and 2006-2008 showed a decline of plant species richness (species per 100 m2 quadrat) from 33.8 in 1979 to 22.6 in 2006-2008. This was acceptable as the conservation priority has always been the cattle herd. With removal of the sheep from 2004, it became possible to include recovery of plant diversity as a management goal.In 2017, the cattle numbered 111 (64 in 1979). Plant species richness in 2017 had increased to 26.3 species per quadrat. It has therefore been possible at Chillingham both to conserve the cattle herd and to improve plant diversity. While providing basic information of relevance to the management of cattle in free-ranging situations, this study also suggests a general principle, that the management of pastoral landscapes by native breeds of cattle, can deliver multiple conservation benefits.
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9
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Thomas R, Sykes N, Doherty S, Smith D. Ring depressions in cattle horncores as indicators of traction use - a cautionary note. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 22:140-142. [PMID: 30096631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this short communication we call attention to the discovery of a ring depression (a circumferential constriction) in the horncore of a feral bull. This discovery casts doubt on the attribution of similar lesions in archaeological deposits as conclusive evidence of 'cord impressions' resulting from yoking or reining cattle for traction. Drawing upon evidence of horncore depressions in other species, we suggest that they reflect metabolic problems following horn development; additional research is required to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Thomas
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Naomi Sykes
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Doherty
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO17EP, United Kingdom
| | - David Smith
- Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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10
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Wagner S, Cullum A, Wells DN, Laible G. Taillessness in a Cloned Cow is Not Genetically Transmitted. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:331-336. [PMID: 29019700 PMCID: PMC5725634 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), commonly referred to as cloning, results in the generation of offspring that, except for mitochondrial DNA, are genetically identical to the nuclear donor. We previously used a genetically modified bovine cell line as the donor for SCNT and obtained a calf, named Daisy, that was born without a tail. To determine whether the missing tail was a result of the genetic modification, we performed recloning experiments by using either cells from a sacrificed pregnancy of a second clone (Daisy's “twin” clone) or cells from tailless Daisy as donors for SCNT. Cloned fetuses from aborted pregnancies and a cloned live calf that died shortly after birth were examined and confirmed to all possess tails. Hence, the observed phenotype of Daisy's lacking tail is not due to the introduced transgene or a mutation present in the cell that was used for her production. Rather, the missing tail has most likely arisen from an epigenetic reprogramming error during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wagner
- 1 AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre , Hamilton, New Zealand .,2 Current address: Rowett Institute , Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Cullum
- 1 AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre , Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - David N Wells
- 1 AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre , Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Götz Laible
- 1 AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre , Hamilton, New Zealand
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11
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Wani NA, Vettical BS, Hong SB. First cloned Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) calf produced by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer: A step towards preserving the critically endangered wild Bactrian camels. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177800. [PMID: 28545049 PMCID: PMC5435326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were conducted to explore the possibility of employing dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) oocytes as recipient cytoplasts for the development of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) embryos using skin fibroblast cells of an adult Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and Llama (Llama glama) as donor nuclei. Also, the embryos reconstructed with Bactrian cells were transferred into the uterus of synchronized dromedary camel recipients to explore the possibility of using them as surrogate mothers. Serum-starved skin fibroblast cells were injected into the perivitelline space of enucleated mature oocytes, collected from super-stimulated dromedary camels, and fused using an Eppendorf electroporator. After activation with 5μM ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine, they were cultured at 38.5°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 in air. In experiment 1, Day 7 blastocysts were stained with Hoechst to count their cell numbers, while in experiment 2, they were transferred to synchronized dromedary recipients. A lower number (P < 0.05) of blastocysts were obtained from reconstructs utilizing fibroblast cells from Llama when compared with those reconstructed with dromedary and Bactrian fibroblast cells. However, no difference was observed in their cell numbers. In experiment 2, a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of blastocysts were obtained from the cleaved embryos reconstructed with Bactrian fibroblast cells when compared to those reconstructed with dromedary cells. Twenty-six Day 7 blastocysts reconstructed with Bactrian cells were transferred to 23 synchronized dromedary recipients with 5 pregnancies established on Day 30, however, only one of the pregnancies developed to term and a healthy calf weighing 33 kgs was born after completing 392 days of gestation. Unfortunately, the calf died on day 7 due to acute septicemia. In conclusion, the present study reports, for the first time, birth of a cloned Bactrian calf by iSCNT using dromedary camel as a source for oocytes as well as a surrogate for carrying the pregnancy to term.
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12
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Schwartz JC, Gibson MS, Heimeier D, Koren S, Phillippy AM, Bickhart DM, Smith TPL, Medrano JF, Hammond JA. The evolution of the natural killer complex; a comparison between mammals using new high-quality genome assemblies and targeted annotation. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:255-269. [PMID: 28180967 PMCID: PMC5350243 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a diverse population of lymphocytes with a range of biological roles including essential immune functions. NK cell diversity is in part created by the differential expression of cell surface receptors which modulate activation and function, including multiple subfamilies of C-type lectin receptors encoded within the NK complex (NKC). Little is known about the gene content of the NKC beyond rodent and primate lineages, other than it appears to be extremely variable between mammalian groups. We compared the NKC structure between mammalian species using new high-quality draft genome assemblies for cattle and goat; re-annotated sheep, pig, and horse genome assemblies; and the published human, rat, and mouse lemur NKC. The major NKC genes are largely in the equivalent positions in all eight species, with significant independent expansions and deletions between species, allowing us to propose a model for NKC evolution during mammalian radiation. The ruminant species, cattle and goats, have independently evolved a second KLRC locus flanked by KLRA and KLRJ, and a novel KLRH-like gene has acquired an activating tail. This novel gene has duplicated several times within cattle, while other activating receptor genes have been selectively disrupted. Targeted genome enrichment in cattle identified varying levels of allelic polymorphism between the NKC genes concentrated in the predicted extracellular ligand-binding domains. This novel recombination and allelic polymorphism is consistent with NKC evolution under balancing selection, suggesting that this diversity influences individual immune responses and may impact on differential outcomes of pathogen infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Schwartz
- Livestock Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mark S Gibson
- Livestock Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dorothea Heimeier
- Livestock Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Sergey Koren
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adam M Phillippy
- Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Derek M Bickhart
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | | | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John A Hammond
- Livestock Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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13
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Heinrich SK, Hofer H, Courtiol A, Melzheimer J, Dehnhard M, Czirják GÁ, Wachter B. Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44837. [PMID: 28333126 PMCID: PMC5363065 DOI: 10.1038/srep44837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As a textbook case for the importance of genetics in conservation, absence of genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is thought to endanger species viability, since it is considered crucial for pathogen resistance. An alternative view of the immune system inspired by life history theory posits that a strong response should evolve in other components of the immune system if there is little variation in the MHC. In contrast to the leopard (Panthera pardus), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has a relatively low genetic variability at the MHC, yet free-ranging cheetahs are healthy. By comparing the functional competence of the humoral immune system of both species in sympatric populations in Namibia, we demonstrate that cheetahs have a higher constitutive innate but lower induced innate and adaptive immunity than leopards. We conclude (1) immunocompetence of cheetahs is higher than previously thought; (2) studying both innate and adaptive components of immune systems will enrich conservation science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja K. Heinrich
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heribert Hofer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Dehnhard
- Department of Reproduction Biology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Á. Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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Schregel J, Eiken HG, Grøndahl FA, Hailer F, Aspi J, Kojola I, Tirronen K, Danilov P, Rykov A, Poroshin E, Janke A, Swenson JE, Hagen SB. Y chromosome haplotype distribution of brown bears (Ursus arctos
) in Northern Europe provides insight into population history and recovery. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:6041-60. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schregel
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research; NIBIO - Svanhovd; 9925 Svanvik Norway
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1432 Ås Norway
| | - Hans Geir Eiken
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research; NIBIO - Svanhovd; 9925 Svanvik Norway
| | | | - Frank Hailer
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AX Wales UK
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jouni Aspi
- Department of Genetics and Physiology; University of Oulu; P.O. Box 3000 90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Ilpo Kojola
- Natural Resources Institute; P.O. Box 16 96301 Rovaniemi Finland
| | - Konstantin Tirronen
- Institute of Biology; Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; 185910 Petrozavodsk Russian Federation
| | - Piotr Danilov
- Institute of Biology; Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; 185910 Petrozavodsk Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Rykov
- Pinezhsky Strict Nature Reserve; Pervomayskaja 123a 164610 Pinega Russian Federation
| | - Eugene Poroshin
- Institute of Biology; Komi Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; 016761 Syktvkar Russian Federation
| | - Axel Janke
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F); Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Goethe University Frankfurt; Institute for Ecology; Evolution & Diversity; 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1432 Ås Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; 7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - Snorre B. Hagen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research; NIBIO - Svanhovd; 9925 Svanvik Norway
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15
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Williams JL, Hall SJ, Del Corvo M, Ballingall KT, Colli L, Ajmone Marsan P, Biscarini F. Inbreeding and purging at the genomic Level: the Chillingham cattle reveal extensive, non-random SNP heterozygosity. Anim Genet 2015; 47:19-27. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Williams
- PTP Science Park; Via Einstein - Loc. Cascina Codazza 26900 Lodi Italy
| | - S. J.G. Hall
- School of Life Sciences; University of Lincoln; Brayford Pool Lincoln LN6 7TS UK
| | - M. Del Corvo
- PTP Science Park; Via Einstein - Loc. Cascina Codazza 26900 Lodi Italy
| | - K. T. Ballingall
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park; Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ UK
| | - L. Colli
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; via Emilia Parmense 84 29122 Piacenza Italy
| | - P. Ajmone Marsan
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; via Emilia Parmense 84 29122 Piacenza Italy
| | - F. Biscarini
- PTP Science Park; Via Einstein - Loc. Cascina Codazza 26900 Lodi Italy
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16
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Baumung R, Farkas J, Boichard D, Mészáros G, Sölkner J, Curik I. GRAIN: a computer program to calculate ancestral and partial inbreeding coefficients using a gene dropping approach. J Anim Breed Genet 2015; 132:100-8. [PMID: 25823836 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
GRain is freely available software intended to enable and promote testing of hypotheses with respect to purging and heterogeneity of inbreeding depression. The program is based on a stochastic approach, the gene dropping method, and calculates various coefficients from large and complex pedigrees. GRain calculates, together with the 'classical' inbreeding coefficient, ancestral inbreeding coefficients proposed by Ballou, (1997) J. Hered., 88, 169 and Kalinowski et al., (2000) Conserv. Biol., 14, 1375 as well as an ancestral history coefficient (AHC ), defined here for the first time. AHC is defined as the number that tells how many times during pedigree segregation (gene dropping) a randomly taken allele has been in IBD status. Furthermore, GRain enables testing of heterogeneity and/or purging of inbreeding depression with respect to different founders/ancestors by calculating partial coefficients for all previously obtained coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baumung
- Division of Livestock Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Orozco-terWengel P, Barbato M, Nicolazzi E, Biscarini F, Milanesi M, Davies W, Williams D, Stella A, Ajmone-Marsan P, Bruford MW. Revisiting demographic processes in cattle with genome-wide population genetic analysis. Front Genet 2015; 6:191. [PMID: 26082794 PMCID: PMC4451420 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestication of the aurochs took place approximately 10,000 years ago giving rise to the two main types of domestic cattle known today, taurine (Bos taurus) domesticated somewhere on or near the Fertile Crescent, and indicine (Bos indicus) domesticated in the Indus Valley. However, although cattle have historically played a prominent role in human society the exact origin of many extant breeds is not well known. Here we used a combination of medium and high-density Illumina Bovine SNP arrays (i.e., ~54,000 and ~770,000 SNPs, respectively), genotyped for over 1300 animals representing 56 cattle breeds, to describe the relationships among major European cattle breeds and detect patterns of admixture among them. Our results suggest modern cross-breeding and ancient hybridisation events have both played an important role, including with animals of indicine origin. We use these data to identify signatures of selection reflecting both domestication (hypothesized to produce a common signature across breeds) and local adaptation (predicted to exhibit a signature of selection unique to a single breed or group of related breeds with a common history) to uncover additional demographic complexity of modern European cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Barbato
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Marco Milanesi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Ajmone-Marsan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza, Italy
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18
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Leroy G. Inbreeding depression in livestock species: review and meta-analysis. Anim Genet 2014; 45:618-28. [PMID: 24975026 DOI: 10.1111/age.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding, by virtue of its consequence on traits of interest, is a topic of major interest for geneticists and animal breeders. Based on meta-analysis conducted on 57 studies and seven livestock species considering a wide variety of selected traits, it was estimated that inbreeding depression corresponds to on average a decrease of 0.137 percent of the mean of a trait per 1 percent of inbreeding. The decrease was larger for production traits (reduction of 0.351%) than for other trait categories. For populations raised as purebreds, inbreeding depression may impact the economic income of breeders. There is a need for studies assessing the existence of an inbreeding purge phenomenon as well as the impact of inbreeding on adaptation capacities of livestock species. Promises brought by the development of dense genotyping as well as functional genomics will increase the capacities to improve our understanding and management of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leroy
- AgroParisTech, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-75231, Paris, France; INRA, UMR 1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, F-78352, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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19
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Dani SU, März W, Neves PMS, Walter GF. Pairomics, the omics way to mate choice. J Hum Genet 2013; 58:643-56. [PMID: 23945982 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The core aspects of the biology and evolution of sexual reproduction are reviewed with a focus on the diploid, sexually reproducing, outbreeding, polymorphic, unspecialized, altricial and cultural human species. Human mate choice and pair bonding are viewed as central to individuals' lives and to the evolution of the species, and genetic assistance in reproduction is viewed as a universal human right. Pairomics is defined as an emerging branch of the omics science devoted to the study of mate choice at the genomic level and its consequences for present and future generations. In pairomics, comprehensive genetic information of individual genomes is stored in a database. Computational tools are employed to analyze the mating schemes and rules that govern mating among the members of the database. Mating models and algorithms simulate the outcomes of mating any given genome with each of a number of genomes represented in the database. The analyses and simulations may help to understand mating schemes and their outcomes, and also contribute a new cue to the multicued schemes of mate choice. The scientific, medical, evolutionary, ethical, legal and social implications of pairomics are far reaching. The use of genetic information as a search tool in mate choice may influence our health, lifestyle, behavior and culture. As knowledge on genomics, population genetics and gene-environment interactions, as well as the size of genomic databases expand, so does the ability of pairomics to investigate and predict the consequences of mate choice for the present and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ulhoa Dani
- Medawar Institute for Medical and Environmental Research, Acangau Foundation, Paracatu, Brazil
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21
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Richardson K. The evolution of intelligent developmental systems. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 44:127-59. [PMID: 23834004 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397947-6.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to understand the relations between the evolution and development of complex cognitive functions by emphasizing the context of complex, changeable environments. What evolves and develops in such contexts cannot be achieved by linear deterministic processes based on stable "codes". Rather, what is needed, even in the molecular ensembles of single-cell organisms, are "intelligent" systems with nonlinear dynamic processing, sensitive to informational structures, not just elements, in environments. This is the view emerging in recent molecular biology. The research is also constructing a new "biologic" of both evolution and development, providing a clearer rationale for transitions into more complex forms, including epigenetic, physiological, nervous, cognitive, and human sociocognitive forms. This chapter explains how these transitions form a nested hierarchical system in which the dynamics within and between levels creates emergent abilities so often underestimated or even demeaned in previous accounts, especially regarding human cognition. The implications of the view for human development in modern societies are also briefly considered.
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22
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Pekkala N, Emily Knott K, Kotiaho JS, Puurtinen M. Inbreeding rate modifies the dynamics of genetic load in small populations. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1791-804. [PMID: 22957182 PMCID: PMC3433984 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative fitness consequences of close inbreeding are widely recognized, but predicting the long-term effects of inbreeding and genetic drift due to limited population size is not straightforward. As the frequency and homozygosity of recessive deleterious alleles increase, selection can remove (purge) them from a population, reducing the genetic load. At the same time, small population size relaxes selection against mildly harmful mutations, which may lead to accumulation of genetic load. The efficiency of purging and the accumulation of mutations both depend on the rate of inbreeding (i.e., population size) and on the nature of mutations. We studied how increasing levels of inbreeding affect offspring production and extinction in experimental Drosophila littoralis populations replicated in two sizes, N = 10 and N = 40. Offspring production and extinction were measured over 25 generations concurrently with a large control population. In the N = 10 populations, offspring production decreased strongly at low levels of inbreeding, then recovered only to show a consistent subsequent decline, suggesting early expression and purging of recessive highly deleterious alleles and subsequent accumulation of mildly harmful mutations. In the N = 40 populations, offspring production declined only after inbreeding reached higher levels, suggesting that inbreeding and genetic drift pose a smaller threat to population fitness when inbreeding is slow. Our results suggest that highly deleterious alleles can be purged in small populations already at low levels of inbreeding, but that purging does not protect the small populations from eventual genetic deterioration and extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pekkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläFinland
| | - K Emily Knott
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläFinland
| | - Janne S Kotiaho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläFinland
- Natural History Museum, University of JyväskyläFinland
| | - Mikael Puurtinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of JyväskyläFinland
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, University of JyväskyläFinland
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23
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Hudson G, Wilson I, Payne BI, Elson J, Samuels DC, Santibanez-Korev M, Hall SJ, Chinnery PF. Unique mitochondrial DNA in highly inbred feral cattle. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:438-40. [PMID: 22609322 PMCID: PMC3485552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Chillingham herd of wild Northumbrian cattle remains viable despite over 300 years of in-breeding and a near-homozygous nuclear genome. Here we report the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence using ultra-deep next generation sequencing. Random population sampling of ~10% of the extant herd identified a single mtDNA haplotype harbouring a unique bovine variant present in all other higher mammals (m.11789C/Y421H) which may contribute to their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Hudson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian Wilson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Brendan I.A. Payne
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joanna Elson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David C. Samuels
- Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | | | - Patrick F. Chinnery
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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24
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25
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Baldursdottir BK, Kristjansson T, Hallsson JH. Diversity of the Icelandic goat breed assessed using population data. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2012.723737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Deakin JE. Marsupial genome sequences: providing insight into evolution and disease. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:543176. [PMID: 24278712 PMCID: PMC3820666 DOI: 10.6064/2012/543176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Marsupials (metatherians), with their position in vertebrate phylogeny and their unique biological features, have been studied for many years by a dedicated group of researchers, but it has only been since the sequencing of the first marsupial genome that their value has been more widely recognised. We now have genome sequences for three distantly related marsupial species (the grey short-tailed opossum, the tammar wallaby, and Tasmanian devil), with the promise of many more genomes to be sequenced in the near future, making this a particularly exciting time in marsupial genomics. The emergence of a transmissible cancer, which is obliterating the Tasmanian devil population, has increased the importance of obtaining and analysing marsupial genome sequence for understanding such diseases as well as for conservation efforts. In addition, these genome sequences have facilitated studies aimed at answering questions regarding gene and genome evolution and provided insight into the evolution of epigenetic mechanisms. Here I highlight the major advances in our understanding of evolution and disease, facilitated by marsupial genome projects, and speculate on the future contributions to be made by such sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine E. Deakin
- Division of Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- *Janine E. Deakin:
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27
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Wiener P, Wilkinson S. Deciphering the genetic basis of animal domestication. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:3161-70. [PMID: 21885467 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic technologies for livestock and companion animal species have revolutionized the study of animal domestication, allowing an increasingly detailed description of the genetic changes accompanying domestication and breed development. This review describes important recent results derived from the application of population and quantitative genetic approaches to the study of genetic changes in the major domesticated species. These include findings of regions of the genome that show between-breed differentiation, evidence of selective sweeps within individual genomes and signatures of demographic events. Particular attention is focused on the study of the genetics of behavioural traits and the implications for domestication. Despite the operation of severe bottlenecks, high levels of inbreeding and intensive selection during the history of domestication, most domestic animal species are genetically diverse. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. The major insights from the surveyed studies are highlighted and directions for future study are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Wiener
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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28
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Burthe S, Butler A, Searle KR, Hall SJG, Thackeray SJ, Wanless S. Demographic consequences of increased winter births in a large aseasonally breeding mammal (Bos taurus) in response to climate change. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:1134-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Groeneveld LF, Lenstra JA, Eding H, Toro MA, Scherf B, Pilling D, Negrini R, Finlay EK, Jianlin H, Groeneveld E, Weigend S. Genetic diversity in farm animals--a review. Anim Genet 2010; 41 Suppl 1:6-31. [PMID: 20500753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Domestication of livestock species and a long history of migrations, selection and adaptation have created an enormous variety of breeds. Conservation of these genetic resources relies on demographic characterization, recording of production environments and effective data management. In addition, molecular genetic studies allow a comparison of genetic diversity within and across breeds and a reconstruction of the history of breeds and ancestral populations. This has been summarized for cattle, yak, water buffalo, sheep, goats, camelids, pigs, horses, and chickens. Further progress is expected to benefit from advances in molecular technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Groeneveld
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystr. 10, 31535 Neustadt, Germany
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30
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Reed DH. Albatrosses, eagles and newts, Oh My!: exceptions to the prevailing paradigm concerning genetic diversity and population viability? Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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32
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ALCAIDE MIGUEL, LEMUS JESÚSA, BLANCO GUILLERMO, TELLA JOSÉL, SERRANO DAVID, NEGRO JUANJ, RODRÍGUEZ AIRAM, GARCÍA-MONTIJANO MARINO. Retracted:MHC diversity and differential exposure to pathogens in kestrels (Aves:Falconidae). Mol Ecol 2010; 19:691-705. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Mc Parland S, Kearney F, Berry DP. Purging of inbreeding depression within the Irish Holstein-Friesian population. Genet Sel Evol 2009; 41:16. [PMID: 19284688 PMCID: PMC3225871 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9686-41-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether inbreeding depression in milk production or fertility performance has been partially purged due to selection within the Irish Holstein-Friesian population. Classical, ancestral (i.e., the inbreeding of an individual's ancestors according to two different formulae) and new inbreeding coefficients (i.e., part of the classical inbreeding coefficient that is not accounted for by ancestral inbreeding) were computed for all animals. The effect of each coefficient on 305-day milk, fat and protein yield as well as calving interval, age at first calving and survival to second lactation was investigated. Ancestral inbreeding accounting for all common ancestors in the pedigree had a positive effect on 305-day milk and protein yield, increasing yields by 4.85 kg and 0.12 kg, respectively. However, ancestral inbreeding accounting only for those common ancestors, which contribute to the classical inbreeding coefficient had a negative effect on all milk production traits decreasing 305-day milk, fat and protein yields by -8.85 kg, -0.53 kg and -0.33 kg, respectively. Classical, ancestral and new inbreeding generally had a detrimental effect on fertility and survival traits. From this study, it appears that Irish Holstein-Friesians have purged some of their genetic load for milk production through many years of selection based on production alone, while fertility, which has been less intensely selected for in the population demonstrates no evidence of purging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Mc Parland
- Teagasc, Moorepark Dairy Production Research Centre, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.
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34
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Leberg PL, Firmin BD. Role of inbreeding depression and purging in captive breeding and restoration programmes. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:334-43. [PMID: 18173505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is a major force affecting the evolution and viability of small populations in captive breeding and restoration programmes. Populations that experience small sizes may be less susceptible to future inbreeding depression because they have been purged of deleterious recessive alleles. We review issues related to purging, as they apply to the management of small populations, and discuss an experiment we conducted examining purging in populations of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Purging is an important process in many small populations, but the literature contains a diversity of responses to purging both within and among studies. With the exception that slow inbreeding results in more purging and less threat to population viability, there seem to be few consistent trends that aid in prediction of how a purging event will affect a population. In our examination of purging on population viability in mosquitofish, single or multiple bottlenecks do not appear to have resulted in any purging of the influence of genetic load on population growth. Rather, serial bottlenecks resulted in a marked decline in population growth and an increase in extinction. Our results, taken together with those of reviewed studies, suggest that in small populations there is great uncertainty regarding the success of any single purging event in eliminating inbreeding depression, together with the high likelihood that purging will depress population viability through the fixation of deleterious alleles. In management of captive breeding and restoration programmes, the common practice of avoiding inbreeding and small population sizes should be followed whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Leberg
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503-2451, USA.
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Nagamine Y, Nirasawa K, Takahashi H, Sasaki O, Ishii K, Minezawa M, Oda S, Visscher PM, Furukawa T. Estimation of the Time of Divergence between Japanese Mishima Island Cattle and Other Cattle Populations Using Microsatellite DNA Markers. J Hered 2008; 99:202-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esm129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Inbreeding is typically detrimental to fitness. However, some animal populations are reported to inbreed without incurring inbreeding depression, ostensibly due to past “purging” of deleterious alleles. Challenging this is the position that purging can, at best, only adapt a population to a particular environment; novel selective regimes will always uncover additional inbreeding load. We consider this in a prominent test case: the eusocial naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber), one of the most inbred of all free‐living mammals. We investigated factors affecting mortality in a population of naked mole‐rats struck by a spontaneous, lethal coronavirus outbreak. In a multivariate model, inbreeding coefficient strongly predicted mortality, with closely inbred mole‐rats (F≥ 0.25) over 300% more likely to die than their outbred counterparts. We demonstrate that, contrary to common assertions, strong inbreeding depression is evident in this species. Our results suggest that loss of genetic diversity through inbreeding may render populations vulnerable to local extinction from emerging infectious diseases even when other inbreeding depression symptoms are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adin Ross-Gillespie
- Department of Zoology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
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37
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Taylor SS, Jamieson IG, Wallis GP. Historic and contemporary levels of genetic variation in two New Zealand passerines with different histories of decline. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:2035-47. [PMID: 17714320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared historic and contemporary genetic variation in two threatened New Zealand birds (saddlebacks and robins) with disparate bottleneck histories. Saddlebacks showed massive loss of genetic variation when extirpated from the mainland, but no significant loss of variation following a severe bottleneck in the 1960s when the last population was reduced from approximately 1000 to 36 birds. Low genetic variation was probably characteristic of this isolated island population: considerably more genetic variation would exist in saddlebacks today if a mainland population had survived. In contrast to saddlebacks, contemporary robin populations showed only a small decrease in genetic variation compared with historical populations. Genetic variation in robins was probably maintained because of their superior ability to disperse and coexist with introduced predators. These results demonstrate that contemporary genetic variation may depend more greatly on the nature of the source population and its genetic past than it does on recent bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Taylor
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Bradshaw CJA, Isagi Y, Kaneko S, Brook BW, Bowman DMJS, Frankham R. Low genetic diversity in the bottlenecked population of endangered non-native banteng in northern Australia. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:2998-3008. [PMID: 17614913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Undomesticated (wild) banteng are endangered in their native habitats in Southeast Asia. A potential conservation resource for the species is a large, wild population in Garig Gunak Barlu National Park in northern Australia, descended from 20 individuals that were released from a failed British outpost in 1849. Because of the founding bottleneck, we determined the level of genetic diversity in four subpopulations in the national park using 12 microsatellite loci, and compared this to the genetic diversity of domesticated Asian Bali cattle, wild banteng and other cattle species. We also compared the loss of genetic diversity using plausible genetic data coupled to a stochastic Leslie matrix model constructed from existing demographic data. The 53 Australian banteng sampled had average microsatellite heterozygosity (HE) of 28% compared to 67% for outbred Bos taurus and domesticated Bos javanicus populations. The Australian banteng inbreeding coefficient (F) of 0.58 is high compared to other endangered artiodactyl populations. The 95% confidence bounds for measured heterozygosity overlapped with those predicted from our stochastic Leslie matrix population model. Collectively, these results show that Australian banteng have suffered a loss of genetic diversity and are highly inbred because of the initial population bottleneck and subsequent small population sizes. We conclude that the Australian population is an important hedge against the complete loss of wild banteng, and it can augment threatened populations of banteng in their native range. This study indicates the genetic value of small populations of endangered artiodactyls established ex situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J A Bradshaw
- School for Environmental Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia.
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Milot E, Weimerskirch H, Duchesne P, Bernatchez L. Surviving with low genetic diversity: the case of albatrosses. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:779-87. [PMID: 17251114 PMCID: PMC2093973 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low genetic diversity is predicted to negatively impact species viability and has been a central concern for conservation. In contrast, the possibility that some species may thrive in spite of a relatively poor diversity has received little attention. The wandering and Amsterdam albatrosses (Diomedea exulans and Diomedea amsterdamensis) are long-lived seabirds standing at an extreme along the gradient of life strategies, having traits that may favour inbreeding and low genetic diversity. Divergence time of the two species is estimated at 0.84 Myr ago from cytochrome b data. We tested the hypothesis that both albatrosses inherited poor genetic diversity from their common ancestor. Within the wandering albatross, per cent polymorphic loci and expected heterozygosity at amplified fragment length polymorphisms were approximately one-third of the minimal values reported in other vertebrates. Genetic diversity in the Amsterdam albatross, which is recovering from a severe bottleneck, was about twice as low as in the wandering albatross. Simulations supported the hypothesis that genetic diversity in albatrosses was already depleted prior to their divergence. Given the generally high breeding success of these species, it is likely that they are not suffering much from their impoverished diversity. Whether albatrosses are unique in this regard is unknown, but they appear to challenge the classical view about the negative consequences of genetic depletion on species survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Milot
- Département de biologie, Québec Océan, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4.
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40
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Hansson B, Westerberg L. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations within inbreeding classes: local or genome-wide effects? CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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41
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Kristensen TN, Sørensen AC. Inbreeding – lessons from animal breeding, evolutionary biology and conservation genetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc41960121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Increased rates of inbreeding are one side effect of breeding programmes designed to give genetic progress for traits of economic importance in livestock. Inbreeding leads to inbreeding depression for traits showing dominance, and will ultimately lead to a decrease in genetic variance within populations. Here we review theoretical and experimental literature from animal breeding, evolutionary biology and conservation genetics on the consequences of inbreeding in terms of trait means and genetic and environmental variance components. The genetic background for these effects is presented and the experimental literature interpreted in relation to them. Furthermore, purging of deleterious alleles and the variable nature of effects of inbreeding on populations are discussed. Based on the literature, we conclude that inbreeding in animal breeding must be controlled very efficiently to maintain long-term sustainable livestock production in the future. The tools to do this efficiently exist, and much can be learnt on inbreeding from the literature in fields only distantly related to animal breeding.
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42
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Oback B, Wells DN. Cloning cattle: the methods in the madness. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 591:30-57. [PMID: 17176553 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-37754-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is much more widely and efficiently practiced in cattle than in any other species, making this arguably the most important mammal cloned to date. While the initial objective behind cattle cloning was commercially driven--in particular to multiply genetically superior animals with desired phenotypic traits and to produce genetically modified animals-researchers have now started to use bovine SCNT as a tool to address diverse questions in developmental and cell biology. In this paper, we review current cattle cloning methodologies and their potential technical or biological pitfalls at any step of the procedure. In doing so, we focus on one methodological parameter, namely donor cell selection. We emphasize the impact of epigenetic and genetic differences between embryonic, germ, and somatic donor cell types on cloning efficiency. Lastly, we discuss adult phenotypes and fitness of cloned cattle and their offspring and illustrate some of the more imminent commercial cattle cloning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Oback
- Björn Oback-Reproductive Technologies, AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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43
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Mainguy J, Worley K, Côté SD, Coltman DW. Low MHC DRB class II diversity in the mountain goat: past bottlenecks and possible role of pathogens and parasites. CONSERV GENET 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Na-Nakorn U, Sukmanomon S, Nakajima M, Taniguchi N, Kamonrat W, Poompuang S, Nguyen TTT. MtDNA diversity of the critically endangered Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas Chevey, 1913) and closely related species: implications for conservation. Anim Conserv 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Swindell WR, Bouzat JL. Reduced inbreeding depression due to historical inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for purging. J Evol Biol 2006; 19:1257-64. [PMID: 16780526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important issue in conservation biology and the study of evolution is the extent to which inbreeding depression can be reduced or reversed by natural selection. If the deleterious recessive alleles causing inbreeding depression can be 'purged' by natural selection, outbred populations that have a history of inbreeding are expected to be less susceptible to inbreeding depression. This expectation, however, has not been realized in previous laboratory experiments. In the present study, we used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to test for an association between inbreeding history and inbreeding depression. We created six 'purged' populations from experimental lineages that had been maintained at a population size of 10 male-female pairs for 19 generations. We then measured the inbreeding depression that resulted from one generation of full-sib mating in the purged populations and in the original base population. The magnitude of inbreeding depression in the purged populations was approximately one-third of that observed in the original base population. In contrast to previous laboratory experiments, therefore, we found that inbreeding depression was reduced in populations that have a history of inbreeding. The large purging effects observed in this study may be attributable to the rate of historical inbreeding examined, which was slower than that considered in previous experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Swindell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403-0212, USA
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Tapio M, Tapio I, Grislis Z, Holm LE, Jeppsson S, Kantanen J, Miceikiene I, Olsaker I, Viinalass H, Eythorsdottir E. Native breeds demonstrate high contributions to the molecular variation in northern European sheep. Mol Ecol 2006; 14:3951-63. [PMID: 16262851 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Population contribution to genetic diversity can be estimated using neutral variation. However, population expansion or hybridization of diverged ancestries may weaken correlation between neutral and non-neutral variation. Microsatellite variation was studied at 25 loci in 20 native and 12 modern or imported northern European sheep breeds. Breed contributions to total gene diversity, allelic richness and mean allele-sharing distance between individuals were measured. Indications of changes in population size and admixtures of divergent ancestries were investigated and the extent of inbreeding was estimated. The northern European sheep demonstrated signs of reduction in effective population size. Many old, small populations made a substantial positive contribution to total molecular variation, but populations with several divergent major ancestries did not contribute substantially to molecular variation, with the exception of the Norwegian Rygja sheep. However, several diverged major ancestries may cause it to contribute less to non-neutral variation than expected from the microsatellite data. Breed uniqueness and within-breed variability generally had opposite effects on breed contributions to molecular diversity. The degree of inbreeding did not reflect the breed contribution to total gene diversity or allelic richness, but inbred populations increased the mean allele-sharing distance between individuals. Our study indicates breed conservation to be especially important in maintaining allelic variation in northern European sheep and supports the evolutionary importance of peripheral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tapio
- Animal Production Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland.
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47
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Côté SD, Stien A, Irvine RJ, Dallas JF, Marshall F, Halvorsen O, Langvatn R, Albon SD. Resistance to abomasal nematodes and individual genetic variability in reindeer. Mol Ecol 2006; 14:4159-68. [PMID: 16262866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to parasites is believed to have a widespread influence on demographic and adaptive processes. In systems where parasites impose a fitness cost on their host, heterozygotes may be selected because they are more resistant to parasites than homozygotes. Our objective was to assess the relationships between genomewide individual heterozygosity and abomasal nematode burdens in female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) after the effects of host age, locality, season, and year had been accounted for. Samples were obtained from 306 female reindeer that were culled and genotyped at nine microsatellite loci. Reindeer in our study populations are mainly parasitized by the gastrointestinal nematodes Ostertagia gruehneri and Marshallagia marshalli. The infection intensity of each parasite differed between subpopulations, and among host age classes, seasons and years. We found no significant relationships between abomasal worm burdens, or lumen and mucosa larvae, of either O. gruehneri or M. marshalli and individual heterozygosity (or mean d(2)) alone or in interactions with host age, locality, and year. Although we analysed one of the largest data set available to date on gastrointestinal nematodes of a wild ruminant, we used a typical data set of nine genetic neutral markers that may have had low power to detect heterozygosity-fitness correlations. We conclude that the proportion of the variance in parasite resistance explained by individual heterozygosity for neutral genetic markers is low in Svalbard reindeer and in vertebrates in general, and we suggest that the candidate-gene approach might be more fruitful for further research on gene-fitness correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve D Côté
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Hill of Brathens, Banchory, Aberdeenshire AB31 4BW, UK.
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48
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Swindell WR, Bouzat JL. SELECTION AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION: EFFECTS OF INBREEDING RATE AND INBREEDING ENVIRONMENT. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Swindell WR, Bouzat JL. ANCESTRAL INBREEDING REDUCES THE MAGNITUDE OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Swindell WR, Bouzat JL. SELECTION AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION: EFFECTS OF INBREEDING RATE AND INBREEDING ENVIRONMENT. Evolution 2006. [DOI: 10.1554/05-493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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