1
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Shen Y, Li T, Sun C, Cheng X, Chen Z, Wang G, Yang X. Atg7 autophagy-independent role on governing neural stem cell fate could be potentially applied for regenerative medicine. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01330-5. [PMID: 38898232 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A literature review showed that Atg7 biological role was associated with the development and pathogenesis of nervous system, but very few reports focused on Atg7 role on neurogenesis at the region of spinal cord, so that we are committed to explore the subject. Atg7 expression in neural tube is incrementally increased during neurogenesis. Atg7 neural-specific knockout mice demonstrated the impaired motor function and imbalance of neuronal and glial cell differentiation during neurogenesis, which was similarly confirmed in primary neurosphere culture and reversely verified by Atg7 overexpression in unilateral neural tubes of gastrula chicken embryos. Furthermore, activating autophagy in neural stem cells (NSCs) of neurospheres did not rescue Atg7 deficiency-suppressed neuronal differentiation, but Atg7 overexpression on the basis of autophagy inhibition could reverse Atg7 deficiency-suppressed neuronal differentiation, which provides evidence for the existence of Atg7 role of autophagy-independent function. The underlying mechanism is that Atg7 deficiency directly caused the alteration of cell cycle length of NSCs, which is controlled by Atg7 through specifically binding Mdm2, thereby affecting neuronal differentiation during neurogenesis. Eventually, the effect of overexpressing Atg7-promoting neuronal differentiation was proved in spinal cord injury model as well. Taken together, this study revealed that Atg7 was involved in regulating neurogenesis by a non-autophagic signaling process, and this finding also shed light on the potential application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tingting Li
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chengyang Sun
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Clifford Hospital, Guangzhou, 511496, China.
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2
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Han PC, Baker TG. Glial and glioneuronal tumors: Navigating the complexity of evolving concepts and new classification. J Neurol Sci 2024; 461:123058. [PMID: 38781807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) published the 5th edition classification of tumors of central nervous system in 2021, commonly abbreviated as WHO CNS5, which became the new standard for brain tumor diagnosis and therapy. This edition dramatically impacted tumor diagnostics. In short it introduced new tumors, changed the names of previously recognized tumors, and modified the working definition of previously known tumors. The new system appears complex due to the integration of morphological and multiple molecular criteria. The most radical changes occurred in the field of glial and glioneuronal tumors, which constitutes the lengthy first chapter of this new edition. Herein we present an illustrative outline of the evolving concepts of glial and glioneuronal tumors. We also attempt to explain the rationales behind this substantial change in tumor classification and the challenges to update and integrate it into clinical practice. We aim to present a concise and precise roadmap to aid navigation through the intricate conceptual framework of glial and glioneuronal tumors in the context of WHO CNS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng Han
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States of America.
| | - Tiffany G Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States of America
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3
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Kakogiannis D, Kourla M, Dimitrakopoulos D, Kazanis I. Reversal of Postnatal Brain Astrocytes and Ependymal Cells towards a Progenitor Phenotype in Culture. Cells 2024; 13:668. [PMID: 38667283 PMCID: PMC11049274 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and ependymal cells have been reported to be able to switch from a mature cell identity towards that of a neural stem/progenitor cell. Astrocytes are widely scattered in the brain where they exert multiple functions and are routinely targeted for in vitro and in vivo reprogramming. Ependymal cells serve more specialized functions, lining the ventricles and the central canal, and are multiciliated, epithelial-like cells that, in the spinal cord, act as bi-potent progenitors in response to injury. Here, we isolate or generate ependymal cells and post-mitotic astrocytes, respectively, from the lateral ventricles of the mouse brain and we investigate their capacity to reverse towards a progenitor-like identity in culture. Inhibition of the GSK3 and TGFβ pathways facilitates the switch of mature astrocytes to Sox2-expressing, mitotic cells that generate oligodendrocytes. Although this medium allows for the expansion of quiescent NSCs, isolated from live rats by "milking of the brain", it does not fully reverse astrocytes towards the bona fide NSC identity; this is a failure correlated with a concomitant lack of neurogenic activity. Ependymal cells could be induced to enter mitosis either via exposure to neuraminidase-dependent stress or by culturing them in the presence of FGF2 and EGF. Overall, our data confirm that astrocytes and ependymal cells retain a high capacity to reverse to a progenitor identity and set up a simple and highly controlled platform for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate this reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kakogiannis
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (M.K.); (D.D.)
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michaela Kourla
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (M.K.); (D.D.)
- Biology-Biochemistry Lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Dimitrakopoulos
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (M.K.); (D.D.)
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilias Kazanis
- Lab of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.K.); (M.K.); (D.D.)
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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4
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Yang L, Liu SC, Liu YY, Zhu FQ, Xiong MJ, Hu DX, Zhang WJ. Therapeutic role of neural stem cells in neurological diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1329712. [PMID: 38515621 PMCID: PMC10955145 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1329712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The failure of endogenous repair is the main feature of neurological diseases that cannot recover the damaged tissue and the resulting dysfunction. Currently, the range of treatment options for neurological diseases is limited, and the approved drugs are used to treat neurological diseases, but the therapeutic effect is still not ideal. In recent years, different studies have revealed that neural stem cells (NSCs) have made exciting achievements in the treatment of neurological diseases. NSCs have the potential of self-renewal and differentiation, which shows great foreground as the replacement therapy of endogenous cells in neurological diseases, which broadens a new way of cell therapy. The biological functions of NSCs in the repair of nerve injury include neuroprotection, promoting axonal regeneration and remyelination, secretion of neurotrophic factors, immune regulation, and improve the inflammatory microenvironment of nerve injury. All these reveal that NSCs play an important role in improving the progression of neurological diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to better understand the functional role of NSCs in the treatment of neurological diseases. In view of this, we comprehensively discussed the application and value of NSCs in neurological diseases as well as the existing problems and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Physical Examination, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Si-Cheng Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi-Yi Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fu-Qi Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mei-Juan Xiong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dong-Xia Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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5
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Garone C, De Giorgio F, Carli S. Mitochondrial metabolism in neural stem cells and implications for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. J Transl Med 2024; 22:238. [PMID: 38438847 PMCID: PMC10910780 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles having a fundamental role in the regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) fate during neural development and maintenance.During embryonic and adult neurogenesis, NSCs undergo a metabolic switch from glycolytic to oxidative phosphorylation with a rise in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, changes in mitochondria shape and size, and a physiological augmentation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species which together drive NSCs to proliferate and differentiate. Genetic and epigenetic modifications of proteins involved in cellular differentiation (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin), proliferation (Wingless-type), and hypoxia (Mitogen-activated protein kinase)-and all connected by the common key regulatory factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1A-are deemed to be responsible for the metabolic shift and, consequently, NSC fate in physiological and pathological conditions.Both primary mitochondrial dysfunction due to mutations in nuclear DNA or mtDNA or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and organelle interplay pathways can contribute to the development of neurodevelopmental or progressive neurodegenerative disorders.This review analyses the physiology and pathology of neural development starting from the available in vitro and in vivo models and highlights the current knowledge concerning key mitochondrial pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Garone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UO Neuropsichiatria Dell'età Pediatrica, Bologna, Italy.
| | - F De Giorgio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Carli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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6
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Davila-Valencia I, Saad M, Olthoff G, Faulkner M, Charara M, Farnum A, Dysko RC, Zhang Z. Sex specific effects of buprenorphine on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and behavioral outcomes during the acute phase after pediatric traumatic brain injury in mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 245:109829. [PMID: 38159797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children often causes cognitive and mental dysfunctions, as well as acute and chronic pain. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis plays a key role in cognition, depression, and pain. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be modulated by genetic and environmental factors, such as TBI and opioids. Buprenorphine (BPN), a semisynthetic opioid, is commonly used for pain management in children, however, the effects of BPN on adult hippocampal neurogenesis after pediatric TBI are still unclear. This study investigated the sex-specific effects of BPN on adult hippocampal neurogenesis during acute phase after pediatric TBI. Male and female littermates were randomized on postnatal day 20-21(P20-21) into Sham, TBI+saline and TBI+BPN groups. BPN was administered intraperitoneally to the TBI+BPN mice at 30 min after injury, and then every 6-12 h (h) for 2 days (d). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered intraperitoneally to all groups at 2, 4, 6, and 8-h post-injury. All outcomes were evaluated at 3-d post-BrdU administration. We found that TBI induced significant cognitive impairment, depression, and reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis in both male and female mice, with more prominent effects in females. BPN significantly improved adult hippocampal neurogenesis and depression in males, but not in females. We further demonstrated that differential expressions of opioid receptors, transcription factors and neuroinflammatory markers at the neurogenic niche might be responsible for the differential effects of BPN in males and females. In conclusion, this study elucidates the effects of BPN on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and behavioral outcomes at the acute phase after pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Davila-Valencia
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Mark Saad
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Grace Olthoff
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Megan Faulkner
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Maysoun Charara
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Abigail Farnum
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
| | - Robert C Dysko
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences, and Letters, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Rd, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA.
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7
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Sha B, Du Z. Neural repair and regeneration interfaces: a comprehensive review. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:022002. [PMID: 38232383 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad1f78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neural interfaces play a pivotal role in neuromodulation, as they enable precise intervention into aberrant neural activity and facilitate recovery from neural injuries and resultant functional impairments by modulating local immune responses and neural circuits. This review outlines the development and applications of these interfaces and highlights the advantages of employing neural interfaces for neural stimulation and repair, including accurate targeting of specific neural populations, real-time monitoring and control of neural activity, reduced invasiveness, and personalized treatment strategies. Ongoing research aims to enhance the biocompatibility, stability, and functionality of these interfaces, ultimately augmenting their therapeutic potential for various neurological disorders. The review focuses on electrophysiological and optophysiology neural interfaces, discussing functionalization and power supply approaches. By summarizing the techniques, materials, and methods employed in this field, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential applications and future directions for neural repair and regeneration devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoning Sha
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zhanhong Du
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Shenzhen institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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8
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Jazaeri SZ, Taghizadeh G, Babaei JF, Goudarzi S, Saadatmand P, Joghataei MT, Khanahmadi Z. Aquaporin 4 beyond a water channel; participation in motor, sensory, cognitive and psychological performances, a comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114353. [PMID: 37714320 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various other organs, whose different sites of action indicate its importance in various functions. AQP4 has a variety of essential roles beyond water homeostasis. In this article, we have for the first time summarized different roles of AQP4 in motor and sensory functions, besides cognitive and psychological performances, and most importantly, possible physiological mechanisms by which AQP4 can exert its effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4 participates in pathology of different neurological disorders, various effects depending on the disease type. Since neurological diseases involve a spectrum of dysfunctions and due to the difficulty of obtaining a treatment that can simultaneously affect these deficits, it is therefore suggested that future studies consider the role of this protein in different functional impairments related to neurological disorders simultaneously or separately by targeting AQP4 expression and/or polarity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zohreh Jazaeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zohreh Khanahmadi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Services, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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9
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Shireman JM, Cheng L, Goel A, Garcia DM, Partha S, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Kendziorski C, Dey M. Spatial transcriptomics in glioblastoma: is knowing the right zip code the key to the next therapeutic breakthrough? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1266397. [PMID: 37916170 PMCID: PMC10618006 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1266397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial transcriptomics, the technology of visualizing cellular gene expression landscape in a cells native tissue location, has emerged as a powerful tool that allows us to address scientific questions that were elusive just a few years ago. This technological advance is a decisive jump in the technological evolution that is revolutionizing studies of tissue structure and function in health and disease through the introduction of an entirely new dimension of data, spatial context. Perhaps the organ within the body that relies most on spatial organization is the brain. The central nervous system's complex microenvironmental and spatial architecture is tightly regulated during development, is maintained in health, and is detrimental when disturbed by pathologies. This inherent spatial complexity of the central nervous system makes it an exciting organ to study using spatial transcriptomics for pathologies primarily affecting the brain, of which Glioblastoma is one of the worst. Glioblastoma is a hyper-aggressive, incurable, neoplasm and has been hypothesized to not only integrate into the spatial architecture of the surrounding brain, but also possess an architecture of its own that might be actively remodeling the surrounding brain. In this review we will examine the current landscape of spatial transcriptomics in glioblastoma, outline novel findings emerging from the rising use of spatial transcriptomics, and discuss future directions and ultimate clinical/translational avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack M. Shireman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lingxin Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amiti Goel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Diogo Moniz Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Sanil Partha
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Christina Kendziorski
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mahua Dey
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW) Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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Kim H, Lee K, Shim YM, Kim EE, Kim SK, Phi JH, Park CK, Choi SH, Park SH. Epigenetic Alteration of H3K27me3 as a Possible Oncogenic Mechanism of Central Neurocytoma. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100159. [PMID: 37088465 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2023.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Central neurocytoma (CN) is a low-grade neuronal tumor that mainly arises from the lateral ventricle (LV). This tumor remains poorly understood in the sense that no driver gene aberrations have been identified thus far. We investigated immunomarkers in fetal and adult brains and 45 supratentorial periventricular tumors to characterize the biomarkers, cell of origin, and tumorigenesis of CN. All CNs occurred in the LV. A minority involved the third ventricle, but none involved the fourth ventricle. As expected, next-generation sequencing performed using a brain-tumor-targeted gene panel in 7 CNs and whole exome sequencing in 5 CNs showed no driver mutations. Immunohistochemically, CNs were robustly positive for FGFR3 (100%), SSTR2 (92%), TTF-1 (Nkx2.1) (88%), GLUT-1 (84%), and L1CAM (76%), in addition to the well-known markers of CN, synaptophysin (100%) and NeuN (96%). TTF-1 was also positive in subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (100%, 5/5) and the pituicyte tumor family, including pituicytoma and spindle cell oncocytoma (100%, 5/5). Interestingly, 1 case of LV subependymoma (20%, 1/5) was positive for TTF-1, but all LV ependymomas were negative (0/5 positive). Because TTF-1-positive cells were detected in the medial ganglionic eminence around the foramen of Monro of the fetal brain and in the subventricular zone of the LV of the adult brain, CN may arise from subventricular TTF-1-positive cells undergoing neuronal differentiation. H3K27me3 loss was observed in all CNs and one case (20%) of LV subependymoma, suggesting that chromatin remodeling complexes or epigenetic alterations may be involved in the tumorigenesis of all CNs and some ST-subependymomas. Further studies are required to determine the exact tumorigenic mechanism of CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghoon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Shim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Eunshik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Salazar K, Jara N, Ramírez E, de Lima I, Smith-Ghigliotto J, Muñoz V, Ferrada L, Nualart F. Role of vitamin C and SVCT2 in neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1155758. [PMID: 37424994 PMCID: PMC10324519 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1155758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Different studies have established the fundamental role of vitamin C in proliferation, differentiation, and neurogenesis in embryonic and adult brains, as well as in in vitro cell models. To fulfill these functions, the cells of the nervous system regulate the expression and sorting of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2), as well as the recycling of vitamin C between ascorbic acid (AA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) via a bystander effect. SVCT2 is a transporter preferentially expressed in neurons and in neural precursor cells. In developmental stages, it is concentrated in the apical region of the radial glia, and in adult life, it is expressed preferentially in motor neurons of the cerebral cortex, starting on postnatal day 1. In neurogenic niches, SVCT2 is preferentially expressed in precursors with intermediate proliferation, where a scorbutic condition reduces neuronal differentiation. Vitamin C is a potent epigenetic regulator in stem cells; thus, it can induce the demethylation of DNA and histone H3K27m3 in the promoter region of genes involved in neurogenesis and differentiation, an effect mediated by Tet1 and Jmjd3 demethylases, respectively. In parallel, it has been shown that vitamin C induces the expression of stem cell-specific microRNA, including the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting region and miR-143, which promotes stem cell self-renewal and suppresses de novo expression of the methyltransferase gene Dnmt3a. The epigenetic action of vitamin C has also been evaluated during gene reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent cells, where it has been shown that vitamin C substantially improves the efficiency and quality of reprogrammed cells. Thus, for a proper effect of vitamin C on neurogenesis and differentiation, its function as an enzymatic cofactor, modulator of gene expression and antioxidant is essential, as is proper recycling from DHA to AA by various supporting cells in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katterine Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Nery Jara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Eder Ramírez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Isabelle de Lima
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Javiera Smith-Ghigliotto
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Valentina Muñoz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Luciano Ferrada
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
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12
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Ijezie EC, O'Dowd JM, Kuan MI, Faeth AR, Fortunato EA. HCMV Infection Reduces Nidogen-1 Expression, Contributing to Impaired Neural Rosette Development in Brain Organoids. J Virol 2023; 97:e0171822. [PMID: 37125912 PMCID: PMC10231252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01718-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of birth defects in humans. These birth defects include microcephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, vision loss, and cognitive impairment. The process by which the developing fetus incurs these neurological defects is poorly understood. To elucidate some of these mechanisms, we have utilized HCMV-infected induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate in vitro brain organoids, modeling the first trimester of fetal brain development. Early during culturing, brain organoids generate neural rosettes. These structures are believed to model neural tube formation. Rosette formation was analyzed in HCMV-infected and mock-infected brain organoids at 17, 24, and 31 days postinfection. Histological analysis revealed fewer neural rosettes in HCMV-infected compared to mock-infected organoids. HCMV-infected organoid rosettes incurred multiple structural deficits, including increased lumen area, decreased ventricular zone depth, and decreased cell count. Immunofluorescent (IF) analysis found that nidogen-1 (NID1) protein expression in the basement membrane surrounding neural rosettes was greatly reduced by virus infection. IF analysis also identified a similar downregulation of laminin in basement membranes of HCMV-infected organoid rosettes. Knockdown of NID1 alone in brain organoids impaired their development, leading to the production of rosettes with increased lumen area, decreased structural integrity, and reduced laminin localization in the basement membrane, paralleling observations in HCMV-infected organoids. Our data strongly suggest that HCMV-induced downregulation of NID1 impairs neural rosette formation and integrity, likely contributing to many of HCMV's most severe birth defects. IMPORTANCE HCMV infection in pregnant women continues to be the leading cause of virus-induced neurologic birth defects. The mechanism through which congenital HCMV (cCMV) infection induces pathological changes to the developing fetal central nervous system (CNS) remains unclear. Our lab previously reproduced identified clinical defects in HCMV-infected infants using a three dimensional (3D) brain organoid model. In this new study, we have striven to discover very early HCMV-induced changes in developing brain organoids. We investigated the development of neural tube-like structures, neural rosettes. HCMV-infected rosettes displayed multiple structural abnormalities and cell loss. HCMV-infected rosettes displayed reduced expression of the key basement membrane protein, NID1. We previously found NID1 to be specifically targeted in HCMV-infected fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Brain organoids generated from NID1 knockdown iPSCs recapitulated the structural defects observed in HCMV-infected rosettes. Findings in this study revealed HCMV infection induced early and dramatic structural changes in 3D brain organoids. We believe our results suggest a major role for infection-induced NID1 downregulation in HCMV-induced CNS birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C. Ijezie
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - John M. O'Dowd
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Man I Kuan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Faeth
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Fortunato
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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13
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Jiang M, Jang SE, Zeng L. The Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on Neurogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091285. [PMID: 37174685 PMCID: PMC10177620 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, neurogenesis is maintained throughout adulthood primarily in two typical niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in other nonclassic neurogenic areas (e.g., the amygdala and striatum). During prenatal and early postnatal development, neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into neurons and migrate to appropriate areas such as the olfactory bulb where they integrate into existing neural networks; these phenomena constitute the multistep process of neurogenesis. Alterations in any of these processes impair neurogenesis and may even lead to brain dysfunction, including cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Here, we first summarize the main properties of mammalian neurogenic niches to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that neurogenesis plays an integral role in neuronal plasticity in the brain and cognition in the postnatal period. Given that neurogenesis can be highly modulated by a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, we discuss the impact of extrinsic (e.g., alcohol) and intrinsic (e.g., hormones) modulators on neurogenesis. Additionally, we provide an overview of the contribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to persistent neurological sequelae such as neurodegeneration, neurogenic defects and accelerated neuronal cell death. Together, our review provides a link between extrinsic/intrinsic factors and neurogenesis and explains the possible mechanisms of abnormal neurogenesis underlying neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Se Eun Jang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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14
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Butruille L, Sébillot A, Ávila K, Vancamp P, Demeneix BA, Pifferi F, Remaud S. Increased oligodendrogenesis and myelination in the subventricular zone of aged mice and gray mouse lemurs. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:534-554. [PMID: 36669492 PMCID: PMC9969077 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult rodent subventricular zone (SVZ) generates neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout life that migrate to the olfactory bulbs (OBs) and differentiate into olfactory interneurons. Few SVZ NSCs generate oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We investigated how neurogliogenesis is regulated during aging in mice and in a non-human primate (NHP) model, the gray mouse lemur. In both species, neuronal commitment decreased with age, while OPC generation and myelin content unexpectedly increased. In the OBs, more tyrosine hydroxylase interneurons in old mice, but fewer in lemurs, marked a surprising interspecies difference that could relate to our observation of a continuous ventricle in lemurs. In the corpus callosum, aging promoted maturation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes in mice but blocked it in lemurs. The present study highlights similarities and dissimilarities between rodents and NHPs, revealing that NHPs are a more relevant model than mice to study the evolution of biomarkers of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Butruille
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Anthony Sébillot
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Katia Ávila
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Pifferi
- UMR 7179 Mecadev, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- Laboratory Molecular Physiology and Adaptation, CNRS UMR 7221, Department Adaptations of Life, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 7 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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15
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Rohrbach A, Lanzillo M, Gervais M, Croizier S, Langlet F. Ontogeny of ependymoglial cells lining the third ventricle in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1073759. [PMID: 36686420 PMCID: PMC9849764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During hypothalamic development, the germinative neuroepithelium gives birth to diverse neural cells that regulate numerous physiological functions in adulthood. Methods Here, we studied the ontogeny of ependymal cells in the mouse mediobasal hypothalamus using the BrdU approach and publicly available single-cell RNAseq datasets. Results We observed that while typical ependymal cells are mainly produced at E13, tanycyte birth depends on time and subtypes and lasts up to P8. Typical ependymocytes and β tanycytes are the first to arise at the top and bottom of the dorsoventral axis around E13, whereas α tanycytes emerge later in development, generating an outside-in dorsoventral gradient along the third ventricle. Additionally, α tanycyte generation displayed a rostral-to-caudal pattern. Finally, tanycytes mature progressively until they reach transcriptional maturity between P4 and P14. Discussion Altogether, this data shows that ependyma generation differs in time and distribution, highlighting the heterogeneity of the third ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lanzillo
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Gervais
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Melatonin: A Neurotrophic Factor? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227742. [PMID: 36431847 PMCID: PMC9698771 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, is a hormone that synchronizes the internal environment with the photoperiod. It is synthesized in the pineal gland and greatly depends on the endogenous circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the retina's exposure to different light intensities. Among its most studied functions are the regulation of the waking-sleep rhythm and body temperature. Furthermore, melatonin has pleiotropic actions, which affect, for instance, the modulation of the immune and the cardiovascular systems, as well as the neuroprotection achieved by scavenging free radicals. Recent research has supported that melatonin contributes to neuronal survival, proliferation, and differentiation, such as dendritogenesis and axogenesis, and its processes are similar to those caused by Nerve Growth Factor, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurotrophin-3, and Neurotrophin-4/5. Furthermore, this indolamine has apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions in specific brain regions akin to those exerted by neurotrophic factors. This review presents evidence suggesting melatonin's role as a neurotrophic factor, describes the signaling pathways involved in these processes, and, lastly, highlights the therapeutic implications involved.
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17
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Radial Glia and Neuronal-like Ependymal Cells Are Present within the Spinal Cord of the Trunk (Body) in the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020021. [PMID: 35735912 PMCID: PMC9224675 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case for many lizards, leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) can self-detach a portion of their tail to escape predation, and then regenerate a replacement complete with a spinal cord. Previous research has shown that endogenous populations of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) reside within the spinal cord of the original tail. In response to tail loss, these NSPCs are activated and contribute to regeneration. Here, we investigate whether similar populations of NSPCs are found within the spinal cord of the trunk (body). Using a long-duration 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine pulse-chase experiment, we determined that a population of cells within the ependymal layer are label-retaining following a 20-week chase. Tail loss does not significantly alter rates of ependymal cell proliferation within the trunk spinal cord. Ependymal cells of the trunk spinal cord express SOX2 and represent at least two distinct cell populations: radial glial-like (glial fibrillary acidic protein- and Vimentin-expressing) cells; and neuronal-like (HuCD-expressing) cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NSPCs of the trunk spinal cord closely resemble those of the tail and support the use of the tail spinal cord as a less invasive proxy for body spinal cord injury investigations.
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18
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Rana T, Behl T, Shamsuzzaman M, Singh S, Sharma N, Sehgal A, Alshahrani AM, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Dailah HG, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Exploring the role of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in depression. Cell Signal 2022; 96:110359. [PMID: 35597427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the water regulating channel found in the terminal processes of astrocytes in the brain and is implicated in regulating the astrocyte functions, whereas in neuropathologies, AQP4 performs an important role in astrocytosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, several findings have revealed the modulation of the AQP4 water channel in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases. In the current article, we have summarized the recent studies and highlighted the implication of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorder. Most of the studies have measured the AQP4 gene or protein expression in the brain regions, particularly the locus coeruleus, choroid plexus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and found that in these brain regions, AQP4 gene expression decreased on exposure to chronic mild stress. Few studies also measured the peripheral AQP4 mRNA expression in the blood and AQP4 autoantibodies in the blood serum and revealed no change in the depressed patients in comparison with normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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19
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Romero-Morales AI, Gama V. Revealing the Impact of Mitochondrial Fitness During Early Neural Development Using Human Brain Organoids. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:840265. [PMID: 35571368 PMCID: PMC9102998 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.840265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis -including function, morphology, and inter-organelle communication- provides guidance to the intrinsic developmental programs of corticogenesis, while also being responsive to environmental and intercellular signals. Two- and three-dimensional platforms have become useful tools to interrogate the capacity of cells to generate neuronal and glia progeny in a background of metabolic dysregulation, but the mechanistic underpinnings underlying the role of mitochondria during human neurogenesis remain unexplored. Here we provide a concise overview of cortical development and the use of pluripotent stem cell models that have contributed to our understanding of mitochondrial and metabolic regulation of early human brain development. We finally discuss the effects of mitochondrial fitness dysregulation seen under stress conditions such as metabolic dysregulation, absence of developmental apoptosis, and hypoxia; and the avenues of research that can be explored with the use of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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20
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De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Papa M, Certo F, Barbagallo GMV, Altieri R. Regional Development of Glioblastoma: The Anatomical Conundrum of Cancer Biology and Its Surgical Implication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081349. [PMID: 35456027 PMCID: PMC9025763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are among the most common malignant central nervous system (CNS) cancers, they are relatively rare. This evidence suggests that the CNS microenvironment is naturally equipped to control proliferative cells, although, rarely, failure of this system can lead to cancer development. Moreover, the adult CNS is innately non-permissive to glioma cell invasion. Thus, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. In this review, we analyze the anatomical and biological basis of gliomagenesis considering neural stem cells, the spatiotemporal diversity of astrocytes, microglia, neurons and glutamate transporters, extracellular matrix and the peritumoral environment. The precise understanding of subpopulations constituting GBM, particularly astrocytes, is not limited to glioma stem cells (GSC) and could help in the understanding of tumor pathophysiology. The anatomical fingerprint is essential for non-invasive assessment of patients’ prognosis and correct surgical/radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Network Morphology and Systems Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.D.L.); (A.V.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Francesco Certo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Vincenzo Barbagallo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Altieri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Policlinico “G. Rodolico-S. Marco” University Hospital, 95121 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (G.M.V.B.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Treatment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (R.A.)
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21
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Baeshen HA, Alsulaimani FF, Awadh W, Ageeli MA, Abullais SS, Alqahtani NA, Alshahrani MY, Hosmani J, Patil S. Comparative assessment of the cell-surface antigens and gene expression profiles of the gingival tissue biomarkers in subjects with fixed functional and removable functional orthodontic appliances. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1789-1795. [PMID: 35280575 PMCID: PMC8913387 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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22
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Berggren M, Głowacki ED, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K. In Vivo Organic Bioelectronics for Neuromodulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4826-4846. [PMID: 35050623 PMCID: PMC8874920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The nervous system
poses a grand challenge for integration with
modern electronics and the subsequent advances in neurobiology, neuroprosthetics,
and therapy which would become possible upon such integration. Due
to its extreme complexity, multifaceted signaling pathways, and ∼1
kHz operating frequency, modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) based electronics appear to be the only technology platform
at hand for such integration. However, conventional CMOS-based electronics
rely exclusively on electronic signaling and therefore require an
additional technology platform to translate electronic signals into
the language of neurobiology. Organic electronics are just such a
technology platform, capable of converting electronic addressing into
a variety of signals matching the endogenous signaling of the nervous
system while simultaneously possessing favorable material similarities
with nervous tissue. In this review, we introduce a variety of organic
material platforms and signaling modalities specifically designed
for this role as “translator”, focusing especially on
recent implementation in in vivo neuromodulation.
We hope that this review serves both as an informational resource
and as an encouragement and challenge to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric D Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.,Bioelectronics Materials and Devices, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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23
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Murtinheira F, Migueis M, Letra-Vilela R, Diallo M, Quezada A, Valente CA, Oliva A, Rodriguez C, Martin V, Herrera F. Sacsin Deletion Induces Aggregation of Glial Intermediate Filaments. Cells 2022; 11:299. [PMID: 35053415 PMCID: PMC8773934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a neurodegenerative disorder commonly diagnosed in infants and characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, motor sensory neuropathy and axonal demyelination. ARSACS is caused by mutations in the SACS gene that lead to truncated or defective forms of the 520 kDa multidomain protein, sacsin. Sacsin function is exclusively studied on neuronal cells, where it regulates mitochondrial network organization and facilitates the normal polymerization of neuronal intermediate filaments (i.e., neurofilaments and vimentin). Here, we show that sacsin is also highly expressed in astrocytes, C6 rat glioma cells and N9 mouse microglia. Sacsin knockout in C6 cells (C6Sacs-/-) induced the accumulation of the glial intermediate filaments glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin and vimentin in the juxtanuclear area, and a concomitant depletion of mitochondria. C6Sacs-/- cells showed impaired responses to oxidative challenges (Rotenone) and inflammatory stimuli (Interleukin-6). GFAP aggregation is also associated with other neurodegenerative conditions diagnosed in infants, such as Alexander disease or Giant Axonal Neuropathy. Our results, and the similarities between these disorders, reinforce the possible connection between ARSACS and intermediate filament-associated diseases and point to a potential role of glia in ARSACS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Murtinheira
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.); (R.L.-V.); (M.D.); (A.Q.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Migueis
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.); (R.L.-V.); (M.D.); (A.Q.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Letra-Vilela
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.); (R.L.-V.); (M.D.); (A.Q.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mickael Diallo
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.); (R.L.-V.); (M.D.); (A.Q.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Andrea Quezada
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.); (R.L.-V.); (M.D.); (A.Q.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A. Valente
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Abel Oliva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.R.); (V.M.)
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vanesa Martin
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.R.); (V.M.)
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Federico Herrera
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (F.M.); (M.M.); (R.L.-V.); (M.D.); (A.Q.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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24
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Penning A, Tosoni G, Abiega O, Bielefeld P, Gasperini C, De Pietri Tonelli D, Fitzsimons CP, Salta E. Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation by Small Non-coding RNAs: Physiological Significance and Pathological Implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:781434. [PMID: 35058752 PMCID: PMC8764185 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.781434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult neurogenic niches are complex multicellular systems, receiving regulatory input from a multitude of intracellular, juxtacrine, and paracrine signals and biological pathways. Within the niches, adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) generate astrocytic and neuronal progeny, with the latter predominating in physiological conditions. The new neurons generated from this neurogenic process are functionally linked to memory, cognition, and mood regulation, while much less is known about the functional contribution of aNSC-derived newborn astrocytes and adult-born oligodendrocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that the deregulation of aNSCs and their progeny can impact, or can be impacted by, aging and several brain pathologies, including neurodevelopmental and mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and also by insults, such as epileptic seizures, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Hence, understanding the regulatory underpinnings of aNSC activation, differentiation, and fate commitment could help identify novel therapeutic avenues for a series of pathological conditions. Over the last two decades, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of NSC fate determination in the adult neurogenic niches. In this review, we synthesize prior knowledge on how sncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), may impact NSC fate determination in the adult brain and we critically assess the functional significance of these events. We discuss the concepts that emerge from these examples and how they could be used to provide a framework for considering aNSC (de)regulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Penning
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giorgia Tosoni
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oihane Abiega
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pascal Bielefeld
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNAs Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Carlos P. Fitzsimons
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
| | - Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Carlos Fitzsimons Evgenia Salta
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25
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Belmonte-Mateos C, Pujades C. From Cell States to Cell Fates: How Cell Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation Are Coordinated During Embryonic Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:781160. [PMID: 35046768 PMCID: PMC8761814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.781160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) exhibits an extraordinary diversity of neurons, with the right cell types and proportions at the appropriate sites. Thus, to produce brains with specific size and cell composition, the rates of proliferation and differentiation must be tightly coordinated and balanced during development. Early on, proliferation dominates; later on, the growth rate almost ceases as more cells differentiate and exit the cell cycle. Generation of cell diversity and morphogenesis takes place concomitantly. In the vertebrate brain, this results in dramatic changes in the position of progenitor cells and their neuronal derivatives, whereas in the spinal cord morphogenetic changes are not so important because the structure mainly grows by increasing its volume. Morphogenesis is under control of specific genetic programs that coordinately unfold over time; however, little is known about how they operate and impact in the pools of progenitor cells in the CNS. Thus, the spatiotemporal coordination of these processes is fundamental for generating functional neuronal networks. Some key aims in developmental neurobiology are to determine how cell diversity arises from pluripotent progenitor cells, and how the progenitor potential changes upon time. In this review, we will share our view on how the advance of new technologies provides novel data that challenge some of the current hypothesis. We will cover some of the latest studies on cell lineage tracing and clonal analyses addressing the role of distinct progenitor cell division modes in balancing the rate of proliferation and differentiation during brain morphogenesis. We will discuss different hypothesis proposed to explain how progenitor cell diversity is generated and how they challenged prevailing concepts and raised new questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Belmonte-Mateos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Neurospheres obtained from the ciliary margin of the chicken eye possess positional values and retinal ganglion cells differentiated from them respond to EphA/ephrin-A system. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Berrosteguieta I, Rosillo JC, Herrera ML, Olivera-Bravo S, Casanova G, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM, Fernández AS. Plasticity of cell proliferation in the retina of Austrolebias charrua fish under light and darkness conditions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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28
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Kelsh RN, Camargo Sosa K, Farjami S, Makeev V, Dawes JHP, Rocco A. Cyclical fate restriction: a new view of neural crest cell fate specification. Development 2021; 148:273451. [PMID: 35020872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are crucial in development, not least because of their remarkable multipotency. Early findings stimulated two hypotheses for how fate specification and commitment from fully multipotent neural crest cells might occur, progressive fate restriction (PFR) and direct fate restriction, differing in whether partially restricted intermediates were involved. Initially hotly debated, they remain unreconciled, although PFR has become favoured. However, testing of a PFR hypothesis of zebrafish pigment cell development refutes this view. We propose a novel 'cyclical fate restriction' hypothesis, based upon a more dynamic view of transcriptional states, reconciling the experimental evidence underpinning the traditional hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Kelsh
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Karen Camargo Sosa
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Saeed Farjami
- Department of Microbial Sciences, FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Vsevolod Makeev
- Department of Computational Systems Biology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Gubkina 3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Jonathan H P Dawes
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Andrea Rocco
- Department of Microbial Sciences, FHMS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Physics, FEPS, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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29
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Zeng P, Hua QH, Gong JY, Shi CJ, Pi XP, Xie X, Zhang R. Neonatal cortical astrocytes possess intrinsic potential in neuronal conversion in defined media. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1757-1768. [PMID: 33547374 PMCID: PMC8563807 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are multifunctional brain cells responsible for maintaining the health and function of the central nervous system. Accumulating evidence suggests that astrocytes might be complementary source across different brain regions to supply new neurons during adult neurogenesis. In this study, we found that neonatal mouse cortical astrocytes can be directly converted into neurons when exposed to neurogenic differentiation culture conditions, with insulin being the most critical component. Detailed comparison studies between mouse cortical astrocytes and neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) demonstrated the converted neuronal cells originate indeed from the astrocytes rather than NPCs. The neurons derived from mouse cortical astrocytes display typical neuronal morphologies, express neuronal markers and possess typical neuronal electrophysiological properties. More importantly, these neurons can survive and mature in the mouse brain in vivo. Finally, by comparing astrocytes from different brain regions, we found that only cortical astrocytes but not astrocytes from other brain regions such as hippocampus and cerebellum can be converted into neurons under the current condition. Altogether, our findings suggest that neonatal astrocytes from certain brain regions possess intrinsic potential to differentiate/transdifferentiate into neurons which may have clinical relevance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Qiu-hong Hua
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jun-yuan Gong
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Chang-jie Shi
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xiao-ping Pi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xin Xie
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ru Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
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30
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An J, Chen B, Tian D, Guo Y, Yan Y, Yang H. Regulation of Neurogenesis and Neuronal Differentiation by Natural Compounds. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:756-771. [PMID: 34493197 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210907141447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal damage or degeneration is the main feature of neurological diseases. Regulation of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation is important in developing therapies to promote neuronal regeneration or synaptic network reconstruction. Neurogenesis is a multistage process in which neurons are generated and integrated into existing neuronal circuits. Neuronal differentiation is extremely complex because it can occur in different cell types and can be caused by a variety of inducers. Recently, natural compounds that induce neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation have attracted extensive attention. In this paper, the potential neural induction effects of medicinal plant-derived natural compounds on neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs), the cultured neuronal cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are reviewed. The natural compounds that are efficacious in inducing neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation include phenolic acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, glucosides, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins, and others. They exert neural induction effects by regulating signal factors and cell-specific genes involved in the process of neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation, including specific proteins (β-tubulin III, MAP-2, tau, nestin, neurofilaments, GFAP, GAP-43, NSE), related genes and proteins (STAT3, Hes1, Mash1, NeuroD1, notch, cyclin D1, SIRT1, reggie-1), transcription factors (CREB, Nkx-2.5, Ngn1), neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF, NT-3) and signaling pathways (JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β/β-catenin, Ca2+/CaMKII/ATF1, Nrf2/HO-1, BMP). The natural compounds with neural induction effects are of great value for neuronal regenerative medicine and provide promising prevention and treatment strategies for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Ding Tian
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Yunshan Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Yuzhu Yan
- Clinical Lab, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an. China
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31
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Latini F, Fahlström M, Beháňová A, Sintorn IM, Hodik M, Staxäng K, Ryttlefors M. The link between gliomas infiltration and white matter architecture investigated with electron microscopy and diffusion tensor imaging. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102735. [PMID: 34247117 PMCID: PMC8274339 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Possible favorable factors for glioma infiltration were investigated with MRI, TEM and DTI analysis. The infiltration of white matter bundles (WMB) displayed regional differences in three gliomaś subgroups. Regional differences within the same WMB were detected by morphological (TEM) and DTI analysis. HIF regions, common to all gliomas subgroups, displayed a smaller fiber diameter, lower FA and higher RD. Morphological features and diffusion parameters of the VMB may be linked to preferential locations of gliomas.
Diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGG) display different preferential locations in eloquent and secondary associative brain areas. The reason for this tendency is still unknown. We hypothesized that the intrinsic architecture and water diffusion properties of the white matter bundles in these regions may facilitate gliomas infiltration. Magnetic resonance imaging of sixty-seven diffuse low-grade gliomas patients were normalized to/and segmented in MNI space to create three probabilistic infiltration weighted gradient maps according to the molecular status of each tumor group (IDH mutated, IDH wild-type and IDH mutated/1p19q co-deleted). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)- based parameters were derived for five major white matter bundles, displaying regional differences in the grade of infiltration, averaged over 20 healthy individuals acquired from the Human connectome project (HCP) database. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze fiber density, fiber diameter and g-ratio in 100 human white matter regions, sampled from cadaver specimens, reflecting areas with different gliomas infiltration in each white matter bundle. Histological results and DTI-based parameters were compared in anatomical regions of high- and low grade of infiltration (HIF and LIF) respectively. We detected differences in the white matter infiltration of five major white matter bundles in three groups. Astrocytomas IDHm infiltrated left fronto-temporal subcortical areas. Astrocytomas IDHwt were detected in the posterior-temporal and temporo-parietal regions bilaterally. Oligodendrogliomas IDHm/1p19q infiltrated anterior subcortical regions of the frontal lobes bilaterally. Regional differences within the same white matter bundles were detected by both TEM- and DTI analysis linked to different topographical variables. Our multimodal analysis showed that HIF regions, common to all the groups, displayed a smaller fiber diameter, lower FA and higher RD compared with LIF regions. Our results suggest that the both morphological features and diffusion parameters of the white matter may be different in regions linked to the preferential location of DLGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Latini
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Markus Fahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrea Beháňová
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ida-Maria Sintorn
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hodik
- Immunology, Genetics and Pathology - Biovis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Staxäng
- Immunology, Genetics and Pathology - Biovis Platform, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Ryttlefors
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Neckles VN, Feliciano DM. From seed to flower: blossoming of microglia in development and brain repair. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:377-389. [PMID: 34151391 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Physiological functions require coordination of processes between diverse organs, tissues, and cells. This integrative view of science has reemerged complementary to the reductionist philosophy of studying individual cell types. An integrative approach has proven particularly powerful within the field of neuroscience where, intermingled among the most numerous neural cell types of the brain, are immune cells called microglia. Microglia act as a line of defense in the CNS by phagocytizing harmful pathogens and cellular debris and by releasing a variety of factors that mediate immune responses. However, microglia are also appreciated as critical mediators of neurophysiology making them a desired target to rectify neuropathological states. The goal of this review is to discuss microglia ontogenesis, referred to as microgliogenesis, a term that encompasses the events that drive the production, differentiation, migration, and maturation of microglia and opportunities to target microglia for brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Neckles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0314, USA
| | - David M Feliciano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0314, USA.
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33
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Chiareli RA, Carvalho GA, Marques BL, Mota LS, Oliveira-Lima OC, Gomes RM, Birbrair A, Gomez RS, Simão F, Klempin F, Leist M, Pinto MCX. The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665795. [PMID: 34113618 PMCID: PMC8186445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly specialized glial cells responsible for trophic and metabolic support of neurons. They are associated to ionic homeostasis, the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, the modulation of synaptic activity by capturing and recycle of neurotransmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. During injuries and infections, astrocytes act in cerebral defense through heterogeneous and progressive changes in their gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity, and function, which is known as reactive astrocytes. Thus, reactive astrocytes release several signaling molecules that modulates and contributes to the defense against injuries and infection in the central nervous system. Therefore, deciphering the complex signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after brain damage can contribute to the neuroinflammation control and reveal new molecular targets to stimulate neurorepair process. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the role of astrocytes in brain damage and repair, highlighting the cellular and molecular bases involved in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. In addition, we present new approaches to modulate the astrocytic activity and potentiates the neurorepair process after brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lennia Soares Mota
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander Birbrair
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Simão
- Research Division, Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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34
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Shin HY, Han KS, Park HW, Hong YH, Kim Y, Moon HE, Park KW, Park HR, Lee CJ, Lee K, Kim SJ, Heo MS, Park SH, Kim DG, Paek SH. Tumor Spheroids of an Aggressive Form of Central Neurocytoma Have Transit-Amplifying Progenitor Characteristics with Enhanced EGFR and Tumor Stem Cell Signaling. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:120-143. [PMID: 33972466 PMCID: PMC8118755 DOI: 10.5607/en21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurocytoma (CN) has been known as a benign neuronal tumor. In rare cases, CN undergoes malignant transformation to glioblastomas (GBM). Here we examined its cellular origin by characterizing differentiation potential and gene expression of CN-spheroids. First, we demonstrate that both CN tissue and cultured primary cells recapitulate the hierarchal cellular composition of subventricular zone (SVZ), which is comprised of neural stem cells (NSCs), transit amplifying progenitors (TAPs), and neuroblasts. We then derived spheroids from CN which displayed EGFR+/MASH+ TAP and BLBP+ radial glial cell (RGC) characteristic, and mitotic neurogenesis and gliogenesis by single spheroids were observed with cycling multipotential cells. CN-spheroids expressed increased levels of pluripotency and tumor stem cell genes such as KLF4 and TPD5L1, when compared to their differentiated cells and human NSCs. Importantly, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that gene sets of GBM-Spheroids, EGFR Signaling, and Packaging of Telomere Ends are enriched in CN-spheroids in comparison with their differentiated cells. We speculate that CN tumor stem cells have TAP and RGC characteristics, and upregulation of EGFR signaling as well as downregulation of eph-ephrin signaling have critical roles in tumorigenesis of CN. And their ephemeral nature of TAPs destined to neuroblasts, might reflect benign nature of CN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Han
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Hyung Woo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Yun Hwa Hong
- Department of Neurophysiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Yona Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Hyo Eun Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Kwang Woo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Hye Ran Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurophysiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Man Seung Heo
- Smart Healthcare Medical Device Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03082, Korea.,Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Korea
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35
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Butruille L, Vancamp P, Demeneix BA, Remaud S. Thyroid hormone regulation of adult neural stem cell fate: A comparative analysis between rodents and primates. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:133-192. [PMID: 33752817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, a highly conserved pathway across vertebrates, is crucial for brain development and function throughout life. In the adult mammalian brain, including that of humans, multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate and generate neuronal and glial progenitors. The role of TH has been intensively investigated in the two main neurogenic niches of the adult mouse brain, the subventricular and the subgranular zone. A key finding is that T3, the biologically active form of THs, promotes NSC commitment toward a neuronal fate. In this review, we first discuss the roles of THs in the regulation of adult rodent neurogenesis, as well as how it relates to functional behavior, notably olfaction and cognition. Most research uncovering these roles of TH in adult neurogenesis was conducted in rodents, whose genetic background, brain structure and rate of neurogenesis are considerably different from that of humans. To bridge the phylogenetic gap, we also explore the similarities and divergences of TH-dependent adult neurogenesis in non-human primate models. Lastly, we examine how photoperiodic length changes TH homeostasis, and how that might affect adult neurogenesis in seasonal species to increase fitness. Several aspects by which TH acts on adult NSCs seem to be conserved among mammals, while we only start to uncover the molecular pathways, as well as how other in- and extrinsic factors are intertwined. A multispecies approach delivering more insights in the matter will pave the way for novel NSC-based therapies to combat neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Butruille
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Barbara A Demeneix
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Remaud
- UMR 7221 Phyma, CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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36
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Houben S, Homa M, Yilmaz Z, Leroy K, Brion JP, Ando K. Tau Pathology and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: What Tau Mouse Models Tell us? Front Neurol 2021; 12:610330. [PMID: 33643196 PMCID: PMC7902892 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.610330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) has been widely confirmed in mammalian brains. A growing body of evidence points to the fact that AHN sustains hippocampal-dependent functions such as learning and memory. Impaired AHN has been reported in post-mortem human brain hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered to contribute to defects in learning and memory. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques are the two key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. NFTs are composed of abnormal tau proteins accumulating in many brain areas during the progression of the disease, including in the hippocampus. The physiological role of tau and impact of tau pathology on AHN is still poorly understood. Modifications in AHN have also been reported in some tau transgenic and tau-deleted mouse models. We present here a brief review of advances in the relationship between development of tau pathology and AHN in AD and what insights have been gained from studies in tau mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Houben
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, UNI (ULB Neuroscience Institute), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mégane Homa
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, UNI (ULB Neuroscience Institute), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zehra Yilmaz
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, UNI (ULB Neuroscience Institute), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, UNI (ULB Neuroscience Institute), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, UNI (ULB Neuroscience Institute), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kunie Ando
- Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, UNI (ULB Neuroscience Institute), Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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38
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Tan Q, Xia D, Ying X. miR-29a in Exosomes from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Fibrosis during Endometrial Repair of Intrauterine Adhesion. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:414-423. [PMID: 33250449 PMCID: PMC7691861 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is an ideal source of stem cells in the treatment of intrauterine adhesion. Exosomes are a type of membrane vesicle and the diameter is 30∼100 nm. Exosomes can take their contents into the target cells, releasing and exerting their functions. In this study, we intend to study the role of human BMSC-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exo) in promoting endometrial damage repair in the treatment of IUA. Methods We used the magnetic bead affinity method to extract BMSC-Exo and analyzed its biological character. Then we co-cultured the BMSCs-Exo with endometrial cells to detect its effect. We injected BMSCs-Exo into the IUA mouse model. We over-expressed miR-29a in BMSCs-Exo by transient transfection, then used RT-PCR to analyze the expression of the related genes. Results BMSCs-Exo expressed exosome-specific proteins CD9, CD63, and CD81. BMSCs-Exo could bring the contents into the target cells. BMSCs-Exo can promote endometrial repair in vitro or in vivo. BMSCs-Exo overexpressing miR-29a can reduce αSMA, Collagen I, SMAD2, and SMAD3. Conclusions In this study, we successfully isolated BMSCs-Exo and proved its character and biological activity. BMSCs-Exo can promote cell proliferation and cell migration in vitro and can repair damaged endometrium in the IUA model. The presence of miR-29a in BMSCs-Exo may be an important factor in its resistance to fibrosis during endometrial repair of IUA. This study provides new ideas for the treatment of patients with IUA and has important clinical research significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Tan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, The Affiliated Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ying
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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39
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Galiakberova AA, Dashinimaev EB. Neural Stem Cells and Methods for Their Generation From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:815. [PMID: 33117792 PMCID: PMC7578226 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) provide promising approaches for investigating embryonic neurogenesis, modeling of the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system, and for designing drug-screening systems. Such cells also have an application in regenerative medicine. The most convenient and acceptable source of NSCs is pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells). However, there are many different protocols for the induction and differentiation of NSCs, and these result in a wide range of neural cell types. This review is intended to summarize the knowledge accumulated, to date, by workers in this field. It should be particularly useful for researchers who are beginning investigations in this area of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelya A Galiakberova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erdem B Dashinimaev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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40
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Life inter vivos: modeling regeneration in the relation between bodies and biomaterials. BIOSOCIETIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1057/s41292-020-00206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Demirci Y, Cucun G, Poyraz YK, Mohammed S, Heger G, Papatheodorou I, Ozhan G. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Regenerating Zebrafish Telencephalon Unravels a Resource With Key Pathways During Two Early Stages and Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling at the Early Wound Healing Stage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:584604. [PMID: 33163496 PMCID: PMC7581945 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.584604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to its pronounced regenerative capacity in many tissues and organs, the zebrafish brain represents an ideal platform to understand the endogenous regeneration mechanisms that restore tissue integrity and function upon injury or disease. Although radial glial and neuronal cell populations have been characterized with respect to specific marker genes, comprehensive transcriptomic profiling of the regenerating telencephalon has not been conducted so far. Here, by processing the lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres of the telencephalon separately, we reveal the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the early wound healing and early proliferative stages of regeneration, i.e., 20 h post-lesion (hpl) and 3 days post-lesion (dpl), respectively. At 20 hpl, we detect a far higher number of DEGs in the lesioned hemisphere than in the unlesioned half and only 7% of all DEGs in both halves. However, this difference disappears at 3 dpl, where the lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres share 40% of all DEGs. By performing an extensive comparison of the gene expression profiles in these stages, we unravel that the lesioned hemispheres at 20 hpl and 3 dpl exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles. We further unveil a prominent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at 20 hpl, returning to control level in the lesioned site at 3 dpl. Wnt/β-catenin signaling indeed appears to control a large number of genes associated primarily with the p53, apoptosis, forkhead box O (FoxO), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways specifically at 20 hpl. Based on these results, we propose that the lesioned and unlesioned hemispheres react to injury dynamically during telencephalon regeneration and that the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at the early wound healing stage plays a key role in the regulation of cellular and molecular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Demirci
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Cucun
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kaan Poyraz
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Suhaib Mohammed
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Irene Papatheodorou
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gunes Ozhan
- İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, İzmir, Turkey.,İzmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (IBG-İzmir), Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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Morales-Garcia JA, Calleja-Conde J, Lopez-Moreno JA, Alonso-Gil S, Sanz-SanCristobal M, Riba J, Perez-Castillo A. N,N-dimethyltryptamine compound found in the hallucinogenic tea ayahuasca, regulates adult neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:331. [PMID: 32989216 PMCID: PMC7522265 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a component of the ayahuasca brew traditionally used for ritual and therapeutic purposes across several South American countries. Here, we have examined, in vitro and vivo, the potential neurogenic effect of DMT. Our results demonstrate that DMT administration activates the main adult neurogenic niche, the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, promoting newly generated neurons in the granular zone. Moreover, these mice performed better, compared to control non-treated animals, in memory tests, which suggest a functional relevance for the DMT-induced new production of neurons in the hippocampus. Interestingly, the neurogenic effect of DMT appears to involve signaling via sigma-1 receptor (S1R) activation since S1R antagonist blocked the neurogenic effect. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DMT treatment activates the subgranular neurogenic niche regulating the proliferation of neural stem cells, the migration of neuroblasts, and promoting the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus, therefore enhancing adult neurogenesis and improving spatial learning and memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Morales-Garcia
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institute for Biomedical Research “A. Sols” (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Spanish Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), c/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain ,grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,grid.411347.40000 0000 9248 5770Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Calleja-Conde
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Psychobiology and Behavioural Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Carretera de Humera, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose A. Lopez-Moreno
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Department of Psychobiology and Behavioural Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Carretera de Humera, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institute for Biomedical Research “A. Sols” (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Spanish Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), c/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Sanz-SanCristobal
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Institute for Biomedical Research “A. Sols” (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Spanish Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), c/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Riba
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER The Netherlands
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Institute for Biomedical Research "A. Sols" (CSIC-UAM). Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Spanish Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), c/ Valderrebollo 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain. .,Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Neurobiology Department, UCS-UCM, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
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43
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Sonzogni M, Zhai P, Mientjes EJ, van Woerden GM, Elgersma Y. Assessing the requirements of prenatal UBE3A expression for rescue of behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model for Angelman syndrome. Mol Autism 2020; 11:70. [PMID: 32948244 PMCID: PMC7501605 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the loss of functional ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A). In neurons, UBE3A expression is tightly regulated by a mechanism of imprinting which suppresses the expression of the paternal UBE3A allele. Promising treatment strategies for AS are directed at activating paternal UBE3A gene expression. However, for such strategies to be successful, it is important to know when such a treatment should start, and how much UBE3A expression is needed for normal embryonic brain development. Methods Using a conditional mouse model of AS, we further delineated the critical period for UBE3A expression during early brain development. Ube3a gene expression was induced around the second week of gestation and mouse phenotypes were assessed using a behavioral test battery. To investigate the requirements of embryonic UBE3A expression, we made use of mice in which the paternal Ube3a allele was deleted. Results We observed a full behavioral rescue of the AS mouse model phenotypes when Ube3a gene reactivation was induced around the start of the last week of mouse embryonic development. We found that full silencing of the paternal Ube3a allele was not completed till the first week after birth but that deletion of the paternal Ube3a allele had no significant effect on the assessed phenotypes. Limitations Direct translation to human is limited, as we do not precisely know how human and mouse brain development aligns over gestational time. Moreover, many of the assessed phenotypes have limited translational value, as the underlying brain regions involved in these tasks are largely unknown. Conclusions Our findings provide further important insights in the requirement of UBE3A expression during brain development. We found that loss of up to 50% of UBE3A protein during prenatal mouse brain development does not significantly impact the assessed mouse behavioral phenotypes. Together with previous findings, our results indicate that the most critical function for mouse UBE3A lies in the early postnatal period between birth and P21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sonzogni
- Department of Neuroscience and the ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peipei Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience and the ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, No.357, Ximendajie Street, Kaifeng City, Henan Province, China
| | - Edwin J Mientjes
- Department of Neuroscience and the ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geeske M van Woerden
- Department of Neuroscience and the ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience and the ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Marchetti B, Leggio L, L’Episcopo F, Vivarelli S, Tirolo C, Paternò G, Giachino C, Caniglia S, Serapide MF, Iraci N. Glia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Parkinson's Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061941. [PMID: 32575923 PMCID: PMC7356371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are fundamental players in the central nervous system (CNS) development and homeostasis, both in health and disease states. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), a dysfunctional glia-neuron crosstalk represents a common final pathway contributing to the chronic and progressive death of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Notably, glial cells communicating with each other by an array of molecules, can acquire a “beneficial” or “destructive” phenotype, thereby enhancing neuronal death/vulnerability and/or exerting critical neuroprotective and neuroreparative functions, with mechanisms that are actively investigated. An important way of delivering messenger molecules within this glia-neuron cross-talk consists in the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are nano-sized membranous particles able to convey a wide range of molecular cargoes in a controlled way, depending on the specific donor cell and the microenvironmental milieu. Given the dual role of glia in PD, glia-derived EVs may deliver molecules carrying various messages for the vulnerable/dysfunctional DAergic neurons. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art of glial-neuron interactions and glia-derived EVs in PD. Also, EVs have the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), thus acting both within the CNS and outside, in the periphery. In these regards, this review discloses the emerging applications of EVs, with a special focus on glia-derived EVs as potential carriers of new biomarkers and nanotherapeutics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Loredana Leggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Francesca L’Episcopo
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Vivarelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Cataldo Tirolo
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Greta Paternò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Carmela Giachino
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- Neuropharmacology Section, OASI Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.L.); (C.T.); (C.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Francesca Serapide
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Torre Biologica, Via S. Sofia 97, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.L.); (S.V.); (G.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (N.I.)
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Kase Y, Shimazaki T, Okano H. Current understanding of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: how does adult neurogenesis decrease with age? Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:10. [PMID: 32566044 PMCID: PMC7302355 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs throughout life in restricted brain regions in mammals. However, the number of neural stem cells (NSCs) that generate new neurons steadily decreases with age, resulting in a decrease in neurogenesis. Transplantation of mesenchymal cells or cultured NSCs has been studied as a promising treatment in models of several brain injuries including cerebral infarction and cerebral contusion. Considering the problems of host-versus-graft reactions and the tumorigenicity of transplanted cells, the mobilization of endogenous adult NSCs should be more feasible for the treatment of these brain injuries. However, the number of adult NSCs in the adult brain is limited, and their mitotic potential is low. Here, we outline what we know to date about why the number of NSCs and adult neurogenesis decrease with age. We also discuss issues applicable to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kase
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Takuya Shimazaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
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Microglial and Astrocytic Function in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Estrogenic Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093219. [PMID: 32370112 PMCID: PMC7247358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are sexual differences in the onset, prevalence, and outcome of numerous neurological diseases. Thus, in Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depression disorder, the incidence in women is higher than in men. In contrast, men are more likely to present other pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and autism spectrum. Although the neurological contribution to these diseases has classically always been studied, the truth is that neurons are not the only cells to be affected, and there are other cells, such as glial cells, that are also involved and could be key to understanding the development of these pathologies. Sexual differences exist not only in pathology but also in physiological processes, which shows how cells are differentially regulated in males and females. One of the reasons these sexual differences may occur could be due to the different action of sex hormones. Many studies have shown an increase in aromatase levels in the brain, which could indicate the main role of estrogens in modulating proinflammatory processes. This review will highlight data about sex differences in glial physiology and how estrogenic compounds, such as estradiol and tibolone, could be used as treatment in neurological diseases due to their anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to modulate glial cell functions.
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Zou L, Li H, Han X, Qin J, Song G. Runx1t1 promotes the neuronal differentiation in rat hippocampus. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:160. [PMID: 32321587 PMCID: PMC7178948 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01667-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Runt-related transcription factor 1 translocated to 1 (Runx1t1) is one of the members of the myeloid translocation gene family. Our previous work showed that Runx1t1 induced the neuronal differentiation of radial glia cells in vitro. Methods To better uncover the role of Runx1t1 in hippocampal neurogenesis, in this study, we further explore its localization and function during the hippocampal neurogenesis. Results Our results showed that insufficient expression of Runx1t1 reduced the neuronal differentiation, and overexpression of Runx1t1 promoted the neuronal differentiation in vitro. We also found that Runx1t1 localized in neurons but not astrocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we found that Runx1t1 overexpression elevated the number of newborn neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Conclusions Taken together, our results further proved that Runx1t1 could be worked as a regulator in the process of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Zou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Haoming Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqi Song
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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48
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Lane G, Zhou G, Noto T, Zelano C. Assessment of direct knowledge of the human olfactory system. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113304. [PMID: 32278646 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Lane
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Torben Noto
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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49
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Bobkova NV, Poltavtseva RA, Leonov SV, Sukhikh GT. Neuroregeneration: Regulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S108-S130. [PMID: 32087056 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It had been commonly believed for a long time, that once established, degeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) is irreparable, and that adult person merely cannot restore dead or injured neurons. The existence of stem cells (SCs) in the mature brain, an organ with minimal regenerative ability, had been ignored for many years. Currently accepted that specific structures of the adult brain contain neural SCs (NSCs) that can self-renew and generate terminally differentiated brain cells, including neurons and glia. However, their contribution to the regulation of brain activity and brain regeneration in natural aging and pathology is still a subject of ongoing studies. Since the 1970s, when Fuad Lechin suggested the existence of repair mechanisms in the brain, new exhilarating data from scientists around the world have expanded our knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in the generation of various cell phenotypes supporting the brain, regulation of brain activity by these newly generated cells, and participation of SCs in brain homeostasis and regeneration. The prospects of the SC research are truthfully infinite and hitherto challenging to forecast. Once researchers resolve the issues regarding SC expansion and maintenance, the implementation of the SC-based platform could help to treat tissues and organs impaired or damaged in many devastating human diseases. Over the past 10 years, the number of studies on SCs has increased exponentially, and we have already become witnesses of crucial discoveries in SC biology. Comprehension of the mechanisms of neurogenesis regulation is essential for the development of new therapeutic approaches for currently incurable neurodegenerative diseases and neuroblastomas. In this review, we present the latest achievements in this fast-moving field and discuss essential aspects of NSC biology, including SC regulation by hormones, neurotransmitters, and transcription factors, along with the achievements of genetic and chemical reprogramming for the safe use of SCs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Bobkova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - R A Poltavtseva
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. .,National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - S V Leonov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), The Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
| | - G T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V. I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
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Kim JY, Choe J, Moon C. Distinct Developmental Features of Olfactory Bulb Interneurons. Mol Cells 2020; 43:215-221. [PMID: 32208366 PMCID: PMC7103883 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) has an extremely higher proportionof interneurons innervating excitatory neurons than otherbrain regions, which is evolutionally conserved across species.Despite the abundance of OB interneurons, little is knownabout the diversification and physiological functions ofOB interneurons compared to cortical interneurons. In thisreview, an overview of the general developmental processof interneurons from the angles of the spatial and temporalspecifications was presented. Then, the distinct featuresshown exclusively in OB interneurons development andmolecular machinery recently identified were discussed.Finally, we proposed an evolutionary meaning for thediversity of OB interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Jiyun Choe
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Cheil Moon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 4988, Korea
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
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