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Qi Y, Shao W, Gao J, Ni N, Xue F, Wang T, Wang Y, Fan Y, Yuan H. Monoamine oxidase B inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and trigger apoptosis via targeting ERK1/2 signaling pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2024; 46:2031-2041. [PMID: 38379404 DOI: 10.1002/hed.27697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), a flavin monoamine oxidase, regulates biogenic and xenobiotic amine oxidative deaminization. We demonstrate MAOB expression in head and neck epithelium and its biological importance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development. METHODS First, we found a possible MAOB downregulation in HNSCC using bioinformatic analysis. Second, we validated MAOB expression changes in vitro and assessed its tumorigenicity in HNSCC. Finally, preclinical xenograft models further confirmed our findings. RESULTS Results proved that MAOB was significantly reduced in HNSCC tissues and cell lines. By comparing MAOB localization in patient specimens, we found that epithelial basal cells express MAOB and that it changes throughout HNSCC development. We observed that MAOB overexpression inhibited HNSCC cell malignancy via lentiviral transfection. We additionally discovered that selegiline partly counter-regulated MAOB overexpression-induced phenotypes in HNSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS We found that MAOB is a potent biomarker and a unique and essential indication of HNSCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
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2
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Mirshahidi S, Yuan IJ, Chen Z, Simental A, Lee SC, Andrade Filho PA, Murry T, Zeng F, Duerksen-Hughes P, Wang C, Yuan X. Tumor Cell Stemness and Stromal Cell Features Contribute to Oral Cancer Outcome Disparity in Black Americans. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2730. [PMID: 39123459 PMCID: PMC11311411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16152730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Black Americans (BAs) with head and neck cancer (HNC) have worse survival outcomes compared to the White patients. While HNC disparities in patient outcomes for BAs have been well recognized, the specific drivers of the inferior outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the biologic features of patient tumor specimens obtained during the surgical treatment of oral cancers and performed a follow-up study of the patients' post-surgery recurrences and metastases with the aim to explore whether tumor biologic features could be associated with the poorer outcomes among BA patients compared with White American (WA) patients. We examined the tumor stemness traits and stromal properties as well as the post-surgery recurrence and metastasis of oral cancers among BA and WA patients. It was found that high levels of tumor self-renewal, invasion, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and tumor-promoting stromal characteristics were linked to post-surgery recurrence and metastasis. There were more BA than WA patients demonstrating high stemness traits and strong tumor-promoting stromal features in association with post-surgery tumor recurrences and metastases, although the investigated cases displayed clinically comparable TNM stages and histological grades. These findings demonstrated that the differences in tumor stemness and stromal property among cancers with comparable clinical diagnoses contribute to the outcome disparity in HNCs. More research is needed to understand the genetic and molecular basis of the biologic characteristics underlying the inferior outcomes among BA patients, so that targeting strategies can be developed to reduce HNC disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Mirshahidi
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Cancer Center Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Isabella J. Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Alfred Simental
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Steve C. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Pedro A. Andrade Filho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Thomas Murry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Feng Zeng
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Xiangpeng Yuan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Inoue H, Shiozaki A, Kosuga T, Shimizu H, Kudou M, Arita T, Konishi H, Komatsu S, Kuriu Y, Kubota T, Fujiwara H, Morinaga Y, Konishi E, Otsuji E. CACNA2D1 regulates the progression and influences the microenvironment of colon cancer. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:556-571. [PMID: 38536483 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-024-02095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha 2/delta 1 (CACNA2D1), a gene encoding a voltage-gated calcium channel, has been reported as an oncogene in several cancers. However, its role in colon cancer (CC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the function of CACNA2D1 and its effect on the microenvironment in CC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed on samples collected from 200 patients with CC who underwent curative colectomy. Knockdown experiments were performed using CACNA2D1 siRNA in the human CC cell lines HCT116 and RKO, and cell proliferation, cycle, apoptosis, and migration were then analyzed. The fibroblast cell line CCD-18Co was co-cultured with CC cell lines to determine the effect of CACNA2D1 on fibroblasts and the relationship between CACNA2D1 and the cancer microenvironment. Gene expression profiles of cells were analyzed using microarray analysis. RESULTS IHC revealed that high CACNA2D1 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor in patients with CC and that CACNA2D1 expression and the stroma are correlated. CACNA2D1 depletion decreased cell proliferation and migration; CACNA2D1 knockdown increased the number of cells in the sub-G1 phase and induced apoptosis. CCD-18Co and HCT116 or RKO cell co-culture revealed that CACNA2D1 affects the cancer microenvironment via fibroblast regulation. Furthermore, microarray analysis showed that the p53 signaling pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated pathways were enhanced in CACNA2D1-depleted HCT116 cells. CONCLUSIONS CACNA2D1 plays an important role in the progression and the microenvironment of CC by regulating fibroblasts and may act as a biomarker for disease progression and a therapeutic target for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoue
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiozaki
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kosuga
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kudou
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Arita
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Konishi
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shuhei Komatsu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kuriu
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kubota
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukiko Morinaga
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eigo Otsuji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Han J, Wang Q, Li S, Yang J, Qiu Z, Fu W. Comprehensive analysis of basement membrane-related gene based on single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data to predict prognosis and evaluate immune characteristics in colorectal cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3367-3380. [PMID: 38445432 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Basement membrane-related genes (BMs) participate in regulating cell polarity, invasion, metastasis, and survival across different tumor types. Nevertheless, the specific functions of BMs in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain uncertain. METHODS To investigate the clinical relevance of BMs in CRC, we retrieved both gene expression and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets for subsequent analysis. The Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve was employed to evaluate prognosis in high- and low-risk groups. Furthermore, additional analyses, including nomogram construction, functional enrichment, examination of the tumor immune microenvironment, prediction of small-molecule drugs, and more, were conducted to delve into the significance of BM-related signatures in CRC. Single-cell data from seven CRC patients were obtained from the TISCH2 database, and expression validation and cell source exploration of BM-related signatures were performed. Lastly, the expression and function of TIMP1, a key gene in BMs that may play a role in the progression of CRC, was validated in vitro through a series of basic experiments. RESULTS We constructed a seven BMs-based model to categorize CRC patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. K-M survival analysis indicated a poorer prognosis for high-risk CRC patients. Cox regression analysis further identified the risk score as an independent prognostic factor for CRC patients. The nomogram model exhibited superior discrimination and calibration abilities of CRC patients. Based on the results from GO/KEGG and GSEA, genes in the high-risk subgroup were implicated in immune-related pathways and exhibited a positive correlation with immune checkpoints. In single-cell data, we found that TIMP1 is highly expressed in many cells, especially in malignant tumor cells. We also observed up-regulation of TIMP1 in CRC cell lines, promoting cancer invasion and migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our study has discovered a novel prognostic index derived from BM-related genes in CRC patients. Specifically, the new model enables patient stratification, improving the selection of individuals likely to benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of TCM, Shuyang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qipeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of TCM, Shuyang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shangshang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of TCM, Shuyang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of TCM, Shuyang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengcai Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shuyang Hospital of TCM, Shuyang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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5
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Xiong Z, Yu SL, Xie ZX, Zhuang RL, Peng SR, Wang Q, Gao Z, Li BH, Xie JJ, Huang H, Li KW. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote enzalutamide resistance and PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer through CCL5-CCR5 paracrine axis. iScience 2024; 27:109674. [PMID: 38646169 PMCID: PMC11031830 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been shown to play a key role in prostate cancer treatment resistance, but the role of CAFs in the initial course of enzalutamide therapy for prostate cancer remains unclear. Our research revealed that CAFs secrete CCL5, which promotes the upregulation of androgen receptor (AR) expression in prostate cancer cells, leading to resistance to enzalutamide therapy. Furthermore, CCL5 also enhances the expression of tumor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), resulting in immune escape. Mechanistically, CCL5 binds to the receptor CCR5 on prostate cancer cells and activates the AKT signaling pathway, leading to the upregulation of AR and PD-L1. The CCR5 antagonist maraviroc to inhibit the CAFs mediated CCL5 signaling pathway can effectively reduce the expression of AR and PD-L1, and improve the efficacy of enzalutamide. This study highlights a promising therapeutic approach targeting the CCL5-CCR5 signaling pathway to improve the effectiveness of enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xiong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shun-Li Yu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Rui-Lin Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shi-Rong Peng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Urology, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ze Gao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250063, China
| | - Bing-Heng Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jun-Jia Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai-Wen Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Yan Z, Gao J, Lan Y, Xiao J. Bridge synergy and simplicial interaction in complex contagions. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:033118. [PMID: 38457849 DOI: 10.1063/5.0165572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Modeling complex contagion in networked systems is an important topic in network science, for which various models have been proposed, including the synergistic contagion model that incorporates coherent interference and the simplicial contagion model that involves high-order interactions. Although both models have demonstrated success in investigating complex contagions, their relationship in modeling complex contagions remains unclear. In this study, we compare the synergy and the simplest form of high-order interaction in the simplicial contagion model, known as the triangular one. We analytically show that the triangular interaction and the synergy can be bridged within complex contagions through the joint degree distribution of the network. Monte Carlo simulations are then conducted to compare simplicial and corresponding synergistic contagions on synthetic and real-world networks, the results of which highlight the consistency of these two different contagion processes and thus validate our analysis. Our study sheds light on the deep relationship between the synergy and high-order interactions and enhances our physical understanding of complex contagions in networked systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Yan
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yueheng Lan
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- State Key Lab of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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7
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Qu B, Yuan J, Liu X, Zhang S, Ma X, Lu L. Anticancer activities of natural antimicrobial peptides from animals. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1321386. [PMID: 38298540 PMCID: PMC10827920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1321386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the most common cause of human death worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health and having a negative impact on the economy. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in anticancer therapies, but traditional anticancer therapies, including radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have serious side effects, low specificity, and the emergence of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods to improve efficacy and reduce side effects. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exist in the innate immune system of various organisms. As the most promising alternatives to traditional drugs for treating cancers, some AMPs also have been proven to possess anticancer activities, which are defined as anticancer peptides (ACPs). These peptides have the advantages of being able to specifically target cancer cells and have less toxicity to normal tissues. More and more studies have found that marine and terrestrial animals contain a large amount of ACPs. In this article, we introduced the animal derived AMPs with anti-cancer activity, and summarized the types of tumor cells inhibited by ACPs, the mechanisms by which they exert anti-tumor effects and clinical applications of ACPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Qu
- Qingdao Cancer Prevention and Treatment Research Institute, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, China
| | - Jiangshui Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), Qingdao, China
| | - Xueli Liu
- Qingdao Cancer Prevention and Treatment Research Institute, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, China
- Medical Ethics Committee Office, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi University, Kashi, China
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuezhen Ma
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, China
| | - Linlin Lu
- Qingdao Cancer Prevention and Treatment Research Institute, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Medical Group), Qingdao, China
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8
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Elemam NM, Mekky RY, Rashid G, Braoudaki M, Youness RA. Pharmacogenomic and epigenomic approaches to untangle the enigma of IL-10 blockade in oncology. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e1. [PMID: 38186186 PMCID: PMC10941350 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The host immune system status remains an unresolved mystery among several malignancies. An immune-compromised state or smart immune-surveillance tactics orchestrated by cancer cells are the primary cause of cancer invasion and metastasis. Taking a closer look at the tumour-immune microenvironment, a complex network and crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and cancer cells mediated by cytokines, chemokines, exosomal mediators and shed ligands are present. Cytokines such as interleukins can influence all components of the tumour microenvironment (TME), consequently promoting or suppressing tumour invasion based on their secreting source. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an interlocked cytokine that has been associated with several types of malignancies and proved to have paradoxical effects. IL-10 has multiple functions on cellular and non-cellular components within the TME. In this review, the authors shed the light on the regulatory role of IL-10 in the TME of several malignant contexts. Moreover, detailed epigenomic and pharmacogenomic approaches for the regulation of IL-10 were presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- Research Instiute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radwa Y. Mekky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA University), Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Gowhar Rashid
- Amity Medical School, Amity University, Gurugram (Manesar) 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, German International University, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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9
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Chintalapati SSVV, Iwata S, Miyahara M, Miyako E. Tumor-isolated Cutibacterium acnes as an effective tumor suppressive living drug. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116041. [PMID: 38113626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The two major challenges in cancer treatment are reducing the side effects and minimizing the cost of cancer treatment. A better therapy to treat cancer remains to be developed despite the presence of many therapeutic options. Here, we present bacterial therapy for treating cancer using tumor-isolated Cutibacterium acnes, which is safe to use, has minimal side effects compared to chemotherapeutic drugs, and most importantly, targets the tumor microenvironment due to the bacterium's anaerobic nature. It activates the immune system, and the immune cells effectively penetrate through the tumor tissue and form an immunologic hub inside, explicitly targeting the tumor and destroying the cells. This bacterial therapy is a new cost-effective innovative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seigo Iwata
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Mikako Miyahara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Eijiro Miyako
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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10
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Suzuki N, Shindo Y, Nakajima M, Tsunedomi R, Nagano H. Current status of vaccine immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. Surg Today 2023:10.1007/s00595-023-02773-y. [PMID: 38043066 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-023-02773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in tumor immunology and molecular drug development have ushered in a new era of cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has shown promising results for several types of tumors, such as advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancers, and refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. Similarly, efforts have been made to develop immunotherapies such as adoptive T-cell transplantation, peptide vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines, specifically for gastrointestinal tumors. However, before the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy did not work as well as expected. In this article, we review immunotherapy, focusing on cancer vaccines for gastrointestinal tumors, which generally target eliciting tumor-specific CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We also review various vaccine therapies and describe the relationship between vaccines and adjuvants. Finally, we discuss prospects for the combination of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast, and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
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11
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Garg V, Kumar L. Metronomic chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Cancer Lett 2023; 579:216469. [PMID: 37923056 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Translational research and the development of targeted therapies have transformed the therapeutic landscape in epithelial ovarian cancer over the last decade. However, recurrent ovarian cancer continues to pose formidable challenges to therapeutic interventions, necessitating innovative strategies to optimize treatment outcomes. Current research focuses on the development of pharmaceuticals that target potential resistance pathways to DNA repair pathways. However, the cost and toxicity of some of these therapies are prohibitive and majority of patients lack access to clinical trials. Metronomic chemotherapy, characterized by the continuous administration of low doses of chemotherapeutic agents without long treatment breaks, has emerged as a promising approach with potential implications beyond recurrent setting. It acts primarily by inhibition of angiogenesis and activation of host immune system. We here review the mechanism of action of metronomic chemotherapy, as well as its current role, limitations, and avenues for further research in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Garg
- Clinical Research Fellow, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 700 University Avenue, 7th Floor, Station 7W386, M5G 1Z5, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Oncology and BMT, Department of Medical Oncology, Artemis Hospital, Gurugram, India.
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12
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Xu Y, Chen P, Liu D, Xu Q, Meng H, Wang X. Exploration of s new biomarker in osteosarcoma and association with clinical outcomes: TOP2A+ cancer associated fibroblasts. J Gene Med 2023; 25:e3528. [PMID: 37246449 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the leading malignant primary bone tumor in young adults and children and has a high mortality rate. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are major components of the tumor microenvironment, influencing cancer progression and metastasis. However, there is no systematic study on the role of CAF in OS. METHODS We collected six OS patients' single-cell RNA sequencing data from the TISCH database, which was processed using the Seurat package. We selected gene sets from the well-known MSigDB database and resorted to the clusterprofiler package for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model was used for identification of the variables. Receiver operating characteristic and decision curve analyses were utilized for determining the efficacy of the monogram model. RESULTS TOP2A+ CAFs was recognized as the carcinogenic CAFs subset, given its intense interaction with OS malignant cells and association with the critical cancer driver pathway. We intersected the differentially expressed genes of TOP2A+ CAFs with the prognostic genes selected from 88 OS samples. The acquired gene set was selected using the LASSO regression model and integrated with clinical factors to obtain a monogram model of high prognosis predicting power (area under the curve of 5 year survival at 0.883). Functional enrichment analysis revealed the detailed difference between two risk groups. CONCLUSION We identified TOP2A+ CAFs as a subset of oncogenic CAFs in OS. Based on differentially expressed genes derived from TOP2A+ CAFs, combined with bulk transcriptome prognostic genes, we constructed a risk model that can efficiently predict OS prognosis. Collectively, our study may provide new insights for future studies to elucidate the role of CAF in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanze Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongsong Liu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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13
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Fanoodi A, Maharati A, Akhlaghipour I, Rahimi HR, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of tumor angiogenesis in liver cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154913. [PMID: 37931431 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies in human digestive system. Despite the recent therapeutic methods, there is a high rate of mortality among liver cancer patients. Late diagnosis in the advanced tumor stages can be one of the main reasons for the poor prognosis in these patients. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer can be helpful for the early stage tumor detection and treatment. Vascular expansion in liver tumors can be one of the important reasons for poor prognosis and aggressiveness. Therefore, anti-angiogenic drugs are widely used in liver cancer patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have key roles in the regulation of angiogenesis in liver tumors. Due to the high stability of miRNAs in body fluids, these factors are widely used as the non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer patients. Regarding, the importance of angiogenesis during liver tumor growth and invasion, in the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs in regulation of angiogenesis in these tumors. It has been reported that miRNAs mainly exert an anti-angiogenic function by regulation of tumor microenvironment, transcription factors, and signaling pathways in liver tumors. This review can be an effective step to suggest the miRNAs for the non-invasive early detection of malignant and invasive liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fanoodi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Maharati
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iman Akhlaghipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Rahimi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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14
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Atorrasagasti C, Onorato AM, Mazzolini G. The role of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:815-831. [PMID: 36018492 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with pleiotropic functions, which is expressed in adipose, hepatic, muscular, and pancreatic tissue. Particularly, several studies demonstrated that SPARC is an important player in the context of obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease including advanced hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence in murine and human samples indicates that SPARC is involved in adipogenesis, cellular metabolism, extracellular matrix modulation, glucose and lipid metabolism, among others. Furthermore, studies in SPARC knockout mouse model showed that SPARC contributes to adipose tissue formation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and diabetes. Hence, SPARC may represent a novel and interesting target protein for future therapeutic interventions or a biomarker of disease progression. This review summarizes the role of SPARC in the pathophysiology of obesity, and extensively revised SPARC functions in physiological and pathological adipose tissue deposition, muscle metabolism, liver, and diabetes-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agostina M Onorato
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Zhu J, Chen Q, Zeng L, Gao H, Wu T, He Y, Xu J, Pang J, Peng J, Deng Y, Han Y, Yi W. Multi-omics analysis reveals the involvement of origin recognition complex subunit 6 in tumor immune regulation and malignant progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236806. [PMID: 37901236 PMCID: PMC10602784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Origin recognition complex 6 (ORC6) is one of the six highly conserved subunit proteins required for DNA replication and is essential for maintaining genome stability during cell division. Recent research shows that ORC6 regulates the advancement of multiple cancers; however, it remains unclear what regulatory impact it has on the tumor immune microenvironment. Methods Unpaired Wilcoxon rank sum and signed rank tests were used to analyze the differences in the expression of ORC6 in normal tissues and corresponding tumor tissues. Multiple online databases have evaluated the genetic alterations, protein expression and localization, and clinical relevance of ORC6. To evaluate the potential prognostic impact and diagnostic significance of ORC6 expression, we carried out log-rank, univariate Cox regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The ICGC-LIRI-JP cohort, CGGA-301 cohort, CGGA-325 cohort, CGGA-693 cohort, and GSE13041 cohort were used for external validation of the study findings. The associations between ORC6 expression and immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint expression, and immunotherapy cohorts was further analyzed. To explore the functional and signaling pathways related to ORC6 expression, gene set enrichment analysis was performed. To clarify the expression and function of ORC6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and glioma, we conducted in vitro experiments. Results Expression of ORC6 is upregulated in the majority of cancer types and is associated with poor patient prognosis, notably in cases of LIHC and gliomas. In addition, ORC6 may be involved in multiple signaling pathways related to cancer progression and immune regulation. High expression of ORC6 correlates with an immunosuppressive state in the tumor microenvironment. The results of further immunotherapy cohort analysis suggested that patients in the ORC6 high-expression group benefited from immunotherapy. Inhibiting ORC6 expression suppressed the proliferative and migratory abilities of LIHC and glioma cells. Conclusion High expression of ORC6 may be used as a biomarker to predict the poor prognosis of most tumor patients. The high expression of ORC6 may be involved in the regulation of the tumor immunosuppressive environment, and it is expected to become a molecular target for inhibiting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qitong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyun Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yeqing He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiachi Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Pang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueqiong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Yi
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center For Breast Disease In Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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16
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Zhao D, Mo Y, Neganova ME, Aleksandrova Y, Tse E, Chubarev VN, Fan R, Sukocheva OA, Liu J. Dual effects of radiotherapy on tumor microenvironment and its contribution towards the development of resistance to immunotherapy in gastrointestinal and thoracic cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1266537. [PMID: 37849740 PMCID: PMC10577389 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1266537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful clinical methods for tumor elimination include a combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Radiotherapy is one of the crucial components of the cancer treatment regimens which allow to extend patient life expectancy. Current cutting-edge radiotherapy research is focused on the identification of methods that should increase cancer cell sensitivity to radiation and activate anti-cancer immunity mechanisms. Radiation treatment activates various cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and impacts tumor growth, angiogenesis, and anti-cancer immunity. Radiotherapy was shown to regulate signaling and anti-cancer functions of various TME immune and vasculature cell components, including tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), natural killers, and other T cell subsets. Dual effects of radiation, including metastasis-promoting effects and activation of oxidative stress, have been detected, suggesting that radiotherapy triggers heterogeneous targets. In this review, we critically discuss the activation of TME and angiogenesis during radiotherapy which is used to strengthen the effects of novel immunotherapy. Intracellular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms of signaling and clinical manipulations of immune responses and oxidative stress by radiotherapy are accented. Current findings indicate that radiotherapy should be considered as a supporting instrument for immunotherapy to limit the cancer-promoting effects of TME. To increase cancer-free survival rates, it is recommended to combine personalized radiation therapy methods with TME-targeting drugs, including immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyao Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Mo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Margarita E. Neganova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Yulia Aleksandrova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Edmund Tse
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, CALHN, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Vladimir N. Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, CALHN, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Li Y, Zhang SW, Xie MY, Zhang T. PhenoDriver: interpretable framework for studying personalized phenotype-associated driver genes in breast cancer. Brief Bioinform 2023; 24:bbad291. [PMID: 37738403 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying personalized cancer driver genes and further revealing their oncogenic mechanisms is critical for understanding the mechanisms of cell transformation and aiding clinical diagnosis. Almost all existing methods primarily focus on identifying driver genes at the cohort or individual level but fail to further uncover their underlying oncogenic mechanisms. To fill this gap, we present an interpretable framework, PhenoDriver, to identify personalized cancer driver genes, elucidate their roles in cancer development and uncover the association between driver genes and clinical phenotypic alterations. By analyzing 988 breast cancer patients, we demonstrate the outstanding performance of PhenoDriver in identifying breast cancer driver genes at the cohort level compared to other state-of-the-art methods. Otherwise, our PhenoDriver can also effectively identify driver genes with both recurrent and rare mutations in individual patients. We further explore and reveal the oncogenic mechanisms of some known and unknown breast cancer driver genes (e.g. TP53, MAP3K1, HTT, etc.) identified by PhenoDriver, and construct their subnetworks for regulating clinical abnormal phenotypes. Notably, most of our findings are consistent with existing biological knowledge. Based on the personalized driver profiles, we discover two existing and one unreported breast cancer subtypes and uncover their molecular mechanisms. These results intensify our understanding for breast cancer mechanisms, guide therapeutic decisions and assist in the development of targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Automation from Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
| | - Shao-Wu Zhang
- School of Automation from Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
| | - Ming-Yu Xie
- School of Automation from Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Automation from Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
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18
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Badwei N. Molecular Clues for Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence After Liver Transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:804-812. [PMID: 37693263 PMCID: PMC10482986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest causes of cancer-related mortality. Thus, advances in the HCC molecular features have paid researchers great attention to identifying the different risk factors that could aid in liver cancer initiation and progression for earlier prediction of post-operative HCC recurrence risk. Our review has focused on the possible molecular onco-drivers' for HCC recurrence post-LT that may represent diagnostic/prognostic tools and scoring models for the proper selection of LT candidates with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Badwei
- Tropical Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Martino F, Lupi M, Giraudo E, Lanzetti L. Breast cancers as ecosystems: a metabolic perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:244. [PMID: 37561190 PMCID: PMC10415483 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and one of the major causes of cancer death. Despite enormous progress in its management, both from the therapeutic and early diagnosis viewpoints, still around 700,000 patients succumb to the disease each year, worldwide. Late recurrency is the major problem in BC, with many patients developing distant metastases several years after the successful eradication of the primary tumor. This is linked to the phenomenon of metastatic dormancy, a still mysterious trait of the natural history of BC, and of several other types of cancer, by which metastatic cells remain dormant for long periods of time before becoming reactivated to initiate the clinical metastatic disease. In recent years, it has become clear that cancers are best understood if studied as ecosystems in which the impact of non-cancer-cell-autonomous events-dependent on complex interaction between the cancer and its environment, both local and systemic-plays a paramount role, probably as significant as the cell-autonomous alterations occurring in the cancer cell. In adopting this perspective, a metabolic vision of the cancer ecosystem is bound to improve our understanding of the natural history of cancer, across space and time. In BC, many metabolic pathways are coopted into the cancer ecosystem, to serve the anabolic and energy demands of the cancer. Their study is shedding new light on the most critical aspect of BC management, of metastatic dissemination, and that of the related phenomenon of dormancy and fostering the application of the knowledge to the development of metabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Martino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Mariadomenica Lupi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrico Giraudo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Letizia Lanzetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy.
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20
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Chen W, Gu T, Chen Q, Qu C, Zhang C, Hu Y, Xia R, Zhang Y, Wang M, Huang X, Li J, Shi C, Tian Z. Extracellular matrix remodelling and stiffening contributes to tumorigenesis of salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma--A study based on patient-derived organoids. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:122. [PMID: 37393249 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is defined as a carcinoma that develops from benign pleomorphic adenoma (PA). Abnormally activated Androgen signaling pathway and amplification of HER-2/neu(ERBB-2) gene are known to be involved in CXPA tumorigenesis. Recent progress in tumour microenvironment research has led to identification that extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and increased stiffness act as critical contributing role in tumour carcinogenesis. This study examined ECM modifications to elucidate the mechanism underlying CXPA tumorigenesis. RESULTS PA and CXPA organoids were successfully established. Histological observation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and whole-exome sequencing demonstrated that organoids recapitulated phenotypic and molecular characteristics of their parental tumours. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of organoids showed that differentially expressed genes are highly enriched in ECM-associated terms, implying that ECM alternations may be involved in carcinogenesis. Microscopical examination for surgical samples revealed that excessive hyalinized tissues were deposited in tumour during CXPA tumorigenesis. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed that these hyalinized tissues were tumour ECM in nature. Subsequently, examination by picrosirius red staining, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and cross-linking analysis indicated that tumour ECM was predominantly composed of type I collagen fibers, with dense collagen alignment and an increased level of collagen cross-linking. IHC revealed the overexpression of COL1A1 protein and collagen-synthesis-related genes, DCN and IGFBP5 (p < 0.05). Higher stiffness of CXPA than PA was demonstrated by atomic force microscopy and elastic imaging analysis. We utilized hydrogels to mimic ECM with varying stiffness degrees in vitro. Compared with softer matrices (5Kpa), CXPA cell line and PA primary cells exhibited more proliferative and invasive phenotypes in stiffer matrices (50Kpa, p < 0.01). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of RNA-sequencing data revealed that AR and ERBB-2 expression was associated with TWIST1. Moreover, surgical specimens demonstrated a higher TWIST1 expression in CXPA over PA. After knocking down TWIST1 in CXPA cells, cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness were significantly inhibited (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Developing CXPA organoids provides a useful model for cancer biology research and drug screening. ECM remodelling, attributed to overproduction of collagen, alternation of collagen alignment, and increased cross-linking, leads to increased ECM stiffness. ECM modification is an important contributor in CXPA tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of ultrasound, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Chuxiang Qu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuhua Hu
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ronghui Xia
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Chaoji Shi
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Zhen Tian
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 639, Manufacturing Bureau Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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21
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Alonso-Moreda N, Berral-González A, De La Rosa E, González-Velasco O, Sánchez-Santos JM, De Las Rivas J. Comparative Analysis of Cell Mixtures Deconvolution and Gene Signatures Generated for Blood, Immune and Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10765. [PMID: 37445946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, many detailed full transcriptomic studies on complex biological samples have been published and included in large gene expression repositories. These studies primarily provide a bulk expression signal for each sample, including multiple cell-types mixed within the global signal. The cellular heterogeneity in these mixtures does not allow the activity of specific genes in specific cell types to be identified. Therefore, inferring relative cellular composition is a very powerful tool to achieve a more accurate molecular profiling of complex biological samples. In recent decades, computational techniques have been developed to solve this problem by applying deconvolution methods, designed to decompose cell mixtures into their cellular components and calculate the relative proportions of these elements. Some of them only calculate the cell proportions (supervised methods), while other deconvolution algorithms can also identify the gene signatures specific for each cell type (unsupervised methods). In these work, five deconvolution methods (CIBERSORT, FARDEEP, DECONICA, LINSEED and ABIS) were implemented and used to analyze blood and immune cells, and also cancer cells, in complex mixture samples (using three bulk expression datasets). Our study provides three analytical tools (corrplots, cell-signature plots and bar-mixture plots) that allow a thorough comparative analysis of the cell mixture data. The work indicates that CIBERSORT is a robust method optimized for the identification of immune cell-types, but not as efficient in the identification of cancer cells. We also found that LINSEED is a very powerful unsupervised method that provides precise and specific gene signatures for each of the main immune cell types tested: neutrophils and monocytes (of the myeloid lineage), B-cells, NK cells and T-cells (of the lymphoid lineage), and also for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Alonso-Moreda
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL & IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), & Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Berral-González
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL & IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), & Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique De La Rosa
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL & IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), & Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar González-Velasco
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL & IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), & Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Santos
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL & IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), & Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL & IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), & Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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22
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Zhihao Z, Cheng J, Xiaoshuang Z, Yangguang M, Tingyu W, Yongyong Y, Zhou Y, Jie Z, Tao Z, Xueyu H, Zhe W. Cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration in osteosarcoma: the discrepancy in subtypes pathways and immunosuppression. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1136960. [PMID: 37441535 PMCID: PMC10333483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1136960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Osteosarcoma (OS), the primary malignant bone tumor, has a low survival rate for recurrent patients. Latest reports indicated that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were the main component of tumor microenvironment, and would generate a variable role in the progression of tumors. However, the role of CAFs is still few known in osteosarcoma. Methods: The processed RNA-seq data and the corresponding clinical and molecular information were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) database and processed data of tumor tissue was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Xcell method was used in data processing, and Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was used to calculates enrichment scores. Nomogram was constructed to evaluate prognostic power of the predictive model. And the construction of risk scores and assessment of prognostic predictive were based on the LASSO model. Results: This study classified Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort into high and low CAFs infiltrate phenotype with different CAFs infiltration enrichment scores. Then TOP 9 genes were screened as prognostic signatures among 2,488 differentially expressed genes between the two groups. Key prognostic molecules were CGREF1, CORT and RHBDL2 and the risk score formula is: Risk-score = CGREF1*0.004 + CORT*0.004 + RHBDL2*0.002. The signatures were validated to be independent prognostic factors to predict tumor prognosis with single-factor COX and multi-factor COX regression analyses and Norton chart. The risk score expression of risk score model genes could predict the drug resistance, and significant differences could be found between the high and low scoring groups for 17-AAG, AZD6244, PD-0325901 and Sorafenib. Discussion: To sum up, this article validated the prediction role of CAF infiltration in the prognosis of OS, which might shed light on the treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhihao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ju Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zuo Xiaoshuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ma Yangguang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wu Tingyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yongyong
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhou Jie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhang Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Xueyu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wang Zhe
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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23
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Li X, Zhang Q, Yu SM, Li Y. The Chemistry and Biology of Collagen Hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10901-10916. [PMID: 37158802 PMCID: PMC10789224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Collagen provides mechanical and biological support for virtually all human tissues in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Its defining molecular structure, the triple-helix, could be damaged and denatured in disease and injuries. To probe collagen damage, the concept of collagen hybridization has been proposed, revised, and validated through a series of investigations reported as early as 1973: a collagen-mimicking peptide strand may form a hybrid triple-helix with the denatured chains of natural collagen but not the intact triple-helical collagen proteins, enabling assessment of proteolytic degradation or mechanical disruption to collagen within a tissue-of-interest. Here we describe the concept and development of collagen hybridization, summarize the decades of chemical investigations on rules underlying the collagen triple-helix folding, and discuss the growing biomedical evidence on collagen denaturation as a previously overlooked ECM signature for an array of conditions involving pathological tissue remodeling and mechanical injuries. Finally, we propose a series of emerging questions regarding the chemical and biological nature of collagen denaturation and highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities from its targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Surgery and Structural Heart Disease Unit of Cardiovascular Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Surgery and Structural Heart Disease Unit of Cardiovascular Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - S. Michael Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Cardiac Surgery and Structural Heart Disease Unit of Cardiovascular Center, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
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24
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Zisis V, Andreadis D, Anastasiadou P, Vahtsevanos K, Akrivou M, Vizirianakis IS, Poulopoulos A. Preliminary Study of the Cancer Stem Cells' Biomarker CD147 in Leukoplakia: Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Epithelial Origin. Cureus 2023; 15:e38807. [PMID: 37303447 PMCID: PMC10256256 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for initiating the process of carcinogenesis de novo, as well as through the transformation of oral potential malignant disorders (OPMDs) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of our study was to detect the expression of stemness-type CSC marker CD147 in oral leukoplakias (OLs), the most common OPMD, and OSCCs as well. Materials and methods This study focuses on the semiquantitative immunohistochemical pattern of the expression of the CSC protein biomarker CD147 in paraffin-embedded samples of 20 OSCCs of different grades of differentiation and 30 cases of OLs without or with different grades of dysplasia, compared to the normal oral epithelium in terms of cells' stain positivity. Statistical analysis was performed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) with Pearson chi-square test, and the significance level was set at 0.05 (p=0.05). In addition, the study clarified the expression of the respective gene of CD147 through quantitative polymerase chain (qPCR), in paraffin-embedded samples of the two extreme graduations: OLs of mildly dysplastic or non-dysplastic cases (n=10 cases) and OSCCs of moderately/poorly differentiated cases (n=17). Statistical analysis was then performed through SPSS version 25.0 with an independent paired t-test, and the significance level was set at 0.05 (p=0.05). Results The gene CD147 was expressed in all cases, although no statistically significant correlations were established. Regarding its protein products, the characteristic membranous staining of CD147 was noticed in the majority of the samples, mostly in the basal and parabasal layers of the epithelium. CD147 was upregulated significantly in the moderately and severely dysplastic OLs than in the mildly dysplastic and non-dysplastic OLs (p=0.008). Also, CD147 was upregulated significantly in the mildly dysplastic and non-dysplastic OLs than in the normal oral epithelium (p=0.012). Discussion The characteristic expression of CD147 in OLs and OSCCs' lesions suggests the presence of stemlike cancer cells, illustrating an underlying effect on the early stages of oral dysplasia, in the OL stage. The clinical application of CD147 as prognostic factor requires the experimental evaluation in larger number of samples. Conclusion Stem cells play an important role in the process of carcinogenesis. A major goal in cancer research is the identification of specific biomarkers for the detection of cancer stem cells. CD147 is considered as an innovative stem cell marker. Our findings in oral mucosal potentially malignant disorders showed that CD147 is expressed more intensely in parallel with the progression of the grade of dysplasia in OL. On the other hand, in oral squamous cell carcinoma, CD147 expression remains stable regardless of the degree of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Zisis
- Oral Medicine/Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Dimitrios Andreadis
- Oral Medicine/Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | | | | | - Meni Akrivou
- Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
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25
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Chhabra Y, Weeraratna AT. Fibroblasts in cancer: Unity in heterogeneity. Cell 2023; 186:1580-1609. [PMID: 37059066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells do not exist in isolation in vivo, and carcinogenesis depends on the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of a myriad of cell types and biophysical and biochemical components. Fibroblasts are integral in maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, even before a tumor develops, pro-tumorigenic fibroblasts in close proximity can provide the fertile 'soil' to the cancer 'seed' and are known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In response to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors, CAFs reorganize the TME enabling metastasis, therapeutic resistance, dormancy and reactivation by secreting cellular and acellular factors. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries on CAF-mediated cancer progression with a particular focus on fibroblast heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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26
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Hu C, Zhang Y, Wu C, Huang Q. Heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: opportunities and challenges. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:124. [PMID: 37055382 PMCID: PMC10102018 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is among the most severe and complex malignant diseases with a high level of heterogeneity and, as a result, a wide range of therapeutic responses, regardless of clinical stage. Tumor progression depends on ongoing co-evolution and cross-talk with the tumor microenvironment (TME). In particular, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), induce tumor growth and survival by interacting with tumor cells. Origin of CAFs is quite varied, and the activation patterns of CAFs are also heterogeneous. Crucially, the heterogeneity of CAFs appears to play a key role in ongoing tumor expansion, including facilitating proliferation, enhancing angiogenesis and invasion, and promoting therapy resistance, through the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other tumor-promotive molecules in the TME. This review describes the various origin and heterogeneous activation mechanisms of CAFs, and biological heterogeneity of CAFs in HNSCC is also included. Moreover, we have highlighted versatility of CAFs heterogeneity in HNSCC progression, and have discussed different tumor-promotive functions of CAFs respectively. In the future, it is a promising strategy for the therapy of HNSCC that specifically targeting tumor-promoting CAF subsets or the tumor-promoting functional targets of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunping Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Wang T, Sun S, Zeng X, Li J. ICI-based therapies: A new strategy for oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Oncol 2023; 140:106388. [PMID: 37054586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are linked with an escalated risk of developing cancers, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Since prevailing therapies cannot effectively forestall the exacerbation and recurrence of OPMDs, halting their malignant progression is paramount. The immune checkpoint serves as a cardinal regulator of the immune response and the primary cause of adaptive immunological resistance. Although the exact mechanism remains elusive, elevated expression of multiple immune checkpoints in OPMDs and OSCC relative to healthy oral mucosa has been ascertained. This review delves into the immunosuppressive microenvironment of OPMDs, the expression of diverse immune checkpoints such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and programmed death receptor-1 ligand (PD-L1) in OPMDs, and the potential application of corresponding inhibitors. In addition, synergistic strategies incorporating combined immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as cGAS-STING, costimulatory molecules, cancer vaccines, and hydrogels, are discussed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role and application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Silu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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28
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Hyytiäinen A, Mroueh R, Peltonen J, Wennerstrand P, Mäkitie A, Al-Samadi A, Ventelä S, Salo T. Prognostic histological markers in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with (chemo)radiotherapy. APMIS 2023; 131:142-151. [PMID: 36695633 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) frequently includes surgery with postoperative radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Resistance to RT or CRT remains a major clinical challenge and highlights the need to identify predictive markers for it. We included 71 OTSCC patients treated with surgery combined with RT or CRT. We evaluated the association between tumor budding, tumor-stroma ratio (TSR), depth of invasion (DOI), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) expression, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) expression, high-endothelial venules (HEVs), and disease-free survival (DFS) using uni- and multivariate analyses. No significant association was observed between the different histological and molecular markers (TSR, DOI, TILs, HEV, HIF-1alph, OCT4) and DFS. However, an associative trend between DOI, budding, and DFS was noted. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to explore the prognostic value of DOI and budding for OTSCC patients treated with postoperative RT or CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Hyytiäinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rayan Mroueh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer and Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Peltonen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Wennerstrand
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital (HUS), Helsinki, Finland
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29
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Loras A, Gonzalez-Bonet LG, Gutierrez-Arroyo JL, Martinez-Cadenas C, Marques-Torrejon MA. Neural Stem Cells as Potential Glioblastoma Cells of Origin. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040905. [PMID: 37109434 PMCID: PMC10145968 DOI: 10.3390/life13040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor in adults and it remains incurable. These tumors are very heterogeneous, resistant to cytotoxic therapies, and they show high rates of invasiveness. Therefore, patients face poor prognosis, and the survival rates remain very low. Previous research states that GBM contains a cell population with stem cell characteristics called glioma stem cells (GSCs). These cells are able to self-renew and regenerate the tumor and, therefore, they are partly responsible for the observed resistance to therapies and tumor recurrence. Recent data indicate that neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are the cells of origin of GBM, that is, the cell type acquiring the initial tumorigenic mutation. The involvement of SVZ-NSCs is also associated with GBM progression and recurrence. Identifying the cellular origin of GBM is important for the development of early detection techniques and the discovery of early disease markers. In this review, we analyze the SVZ-NSC population as a potential GBM cell of origin, and its potential role for GBM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Loras
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Luis G. Gonzalez-Bonet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | - Julia L. Gutierrez-Arroyo
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Castellon General University Hospital, 12004 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Maria Angeles Marques-Torrejon
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University of Castellon, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-964-387-478
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Michael CW, Bedrossian CCWM, Sadri N, Klebe S. The cytological features of effusions with mesothelioma in situ: A report of 9 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 2023; 51:374-388. [PMID: 36942732 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of mesothelioma in situ (MIS) is now accepted by the WHO as a pre-invasive neoplastic mesothelial proliferation and considered a diagnosis based on histologic evaluation only. Although the definition of MIS includes recurrent effusions, little is known about the cytologic features of such effusions. Since mesothelioma is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis, early detection of a neoplastic mesothelial population in such effusions can potentially have a positive impact on the management of such a dire disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed a total of 18 pleural effusions from nine patients with recurrent effusions. Of these, five patients had follow-up biopsies diagnosed as MIS and the remaining four cases had negative radiology and malignant cytology proven by molecular markers (BAP1, MTAP or CDKN2A deletion) and at least 1 year follow-up with no overt mass identified by radiology. RESULTS Initial effusions may mimic reactive mesothelial hyperplasia or exhibit atypia. As effusions recur, the cellularity and atypia increase and the mesothelial proliferation becomes morphologically indistinguishable from mesothelioma. Molecular alterations diagnostic of mesothelioma can be detected in these effusions, even in the initial-benign/reactive appearing ones. The cellularity and atypia detected in such effusions surpassed those noted on the biopsies, raising questions regarding the cause of such discrepancy. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of MIS can be suspected based on malignant effusion cytology supported by molecular alterations. We propose that the proliferation of neoplastic mesothelial clones represent a clinically silent "liquid phase MIS stage" corresponding to in situ stage in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire W Michael
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | | | - Navid Sadri
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Pathology, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Zhang L, Yu J, Zheng M, Zhen H, Xie Q, Zhang C, Zhou Z, Jin G. RAGA prevents tumor immune evasion of LUAD by promoting CD47 lysosome degradation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:211. [PMID: 36823443 PMCID: PMC9950044 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD47 is a macrophage-specific immune checkpoint protein acting by inhibiting phagocytosis. However, the underlying mechanism maintaining CD47 protein stability in cancer is not clear. Here we show that CD47 undergoes degradation via endocytosis/lysosome pathway. The lysosome protein RAGA interacts with and promotes CD47 lysosome localization and degradation. Disruption of RAGA blocks CD47 degradation, leading to CD47 accumulation, high plasma membrane/intracellular CD47 expression ratio and reduced phagocytic clearance of cancer cells. RAGA deficiency promotes tumor growth due to the accumulation of CD47, which sensitizes the tumor to CD47 blockade. Clinical analysis shows that RAGA and CD47 proteins are negatively correlated in lung adenocarcinoma patient samples. High RAGA protein level is related to longer patient survival. In addition, RAGAhighCD47low patients show the longest overall survival. Our study thereby not only reveals a mechanism by which RAGA regulates CD47 lysosome degradation, but also suggests RAGA is a potential diagnostic biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Surgery Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, 641000, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhen
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qingqiang Xie
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chundong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guoxiang Jin
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE, Trifonova OP, Maslov DL, Archakov AI. Cell Proteomic Footprinting: Advances in the Quality of Cellular and Cell-Derived Cancer Vaccines. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020661. [PMID: 36839983 PMCID: PMC9963030 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In omics sciences, many compounds are measured simultaneously in a sample in a single run. Such analytical performance opens up prospects for improving cellular cancer vaccines and other cell-based immunotherapeutics. This article provides an overview of proteomics technology, known as cell proteomic footprinting. The molecular phenotype of cells is highly variable, and their antigenic profile is affected by many factors, including cell isolation from the tissue, cell cultivation conditions, and storage procedures. This makes the therapeutic properties of cells, including those used in vaccines, unpredictable. Cell proteomic footprinting makes it possible to obtain controlled cell products. Namely, this technology facilitates the cell authentication and quality control of cells regarding their molecular phenotype, which is directly connected with the antigenic properties of cell products. Protocols for cell proteomic footprinting with their crucial moments, footprint processing, and recommendations for the implementation of this technology are described in this paper. The provided footprints in this paper and program source code for their processing contribute to the fast implementation of this technology in the development and manufacturing of cell-based immunotherapeutics.
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Liu Y, Ge J, Chen Y, Liu T, Chen L, Liu C, Ma D, Chen Y, Cai Y, Xu Y, Shao Z, Yu K. Combined Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Reveal the Metabolic Evolvement of Breast Cancer during Early Dissemination. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205395. [PMID: 36594618 PMCID: PMC9951304 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is now the most frequently diagnosed malignancy, and metastasis remains the leading cause of death in breast cancer. However, little is known about the dynamic changes during the evolvement of dissemination. In this study, 65 968 cells from four patients with breast cancer and paired metastatic axillary lymph nodes are profiled using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics. A disseminated cancer cell cluster with high levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), including the upregulation of cytochrome C oxidase subunit 6C and dehydrogenase/reductase 2, is identified. The transition between glycolysis and OXPHOS when dissemination initiates is noticed. Furthermore, this distinct cell cluster is distributed along the tumor's leading edge. The findings here are verified in three different cohorts of breast cancer patients and an external scRNA-seq dataset, which includes eight patients with breast cancer and paired metastatic axillary lymph nodes. This work describes the dynamic metabolic evolvement of early disseminated breast cancer and reveals a switch between glycolysis and OXPHOS in breast cancer cells as the early event during lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Ming Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Cancer Center and Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Yu Ge
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Fei Chen
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryHarbin Medical University Cancer HospitalHarbinHeilongjiang150081P. R. China
| | - Lie Chen
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Cui‐Cui Liu
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Cancer Center and Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Cancer Center and Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Yu Chen
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Wen Cai
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Ying Xu
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning110000P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Ming Shao
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Cancer Center and Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in ShanghaiShanghai200032P. R. China
| | - Ke‐Da Yu
- Department of Breast SurgeryShanghai Cancer Center and Cancer InstituteFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
- Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghai200032P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in ShanghaiShanghai200032P. R. China
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Dotts AJ, Reiman D, Yin P, Kujawa S, Grobman WA, Dai Y, Bulun SE. In Vivo Genome-Wide PGR Binding in Pregnant Human Myometrium Identifies Potential Regulators of Labor. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:544-559. [PMID: 35732928 PMCID: PMC9988762 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The alterations in myometrial biology during labor are not well understood. The myometrium is the contractile portion of the uterus and contributes to labor, a process that may be regulated by the steroid hormone progesterone. Thus, human myometrial tissues from term pregnant in-active-labor (TIL) and term pregnant not-in-labor (TNIL) subjects were used for genome-wide analyses to elucidate potential future preventive or therapeutic targets involved in the regulation of labor. Using myometrial tissues directly subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), progesterone receptor (PGR) chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), and histone modification ChIP-seq, we profiled genome-wide changes associated with gene expression in myometrial smooth muscle tissue in vivo. In TIL myometrium, PGR predominantly occupied promoter regions, including the classical progesterone response element, whereas it bound mainly to intergenic regions in TNIL myometrial tissue. Differential binding analysis uncovered over 1700 differential PGR-bound sites between TIL and TNIL, with 1361 sites gained and 428 lost in labor. Functional analysis identified multiple pathways involved in cAMP-mediated signaling enriched in labor. A three-way integration of the data for ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and active histone marks uncovered the following genes associated with PGR binding, transcriptional activation, and altered mRNA levels: ATP11A, CBX7, and TNS1. In vitro studies showed that ATP11A, CBX7, and TNS1 are progesterone responsive. We speculate that these genes may contribute to the contractile phenotype of the myometrium during various stages of labor. In conclusion, we provide novel labor-associated genome-wide events and PGR-target genes that can serve as targets for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Dotts
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek Reiman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Stacy Kujawa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - William A Grobman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Gandomi F, Rostami M, Ahmadi F, Mohammad Sorouri A, Badiei A, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Reza Ganjali M, Ehrlich H, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M. ROS, pH, and magnetically responsive ZnFe2O4@L-Cysteine@NGQDs nanocarriers as charge-reversal drug delivery system for controlled and targeted cancer chemo-sonodynamic therapy. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Mohammed TF, Qadir FA. Detection of IL-1β, VEGF and IL-4 with their novel genetic variations in breast cancer patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103544. [PMID: 36619680 PMCID: PMC9812711 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-4 serum levels and new genetic mutations in breast cancer (BC) patients were assessed in the current study. The serum levels of the examined cytokines in 40 BC patients and 40 control subjects were assessed using the ELISA technique. In order to identify genotype variants of the IL-1β, IL-4, and VEGF genes in 40 Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples with BC and 10 FFPE samples from healthy women's breast tissue, Sanger sequencing was used. According to this study, BC patients had significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-4 and significantly higher quantities of the tumor markers, CA15-3, IL-1β, and VEGF. In terms of genotype alterations, a total of 21 mutations in three trialed genes (eight in IL-1β, 10 in IL-4, and three in VEGF) were found in BC patients. The results of the current investigation suggested that angiogenesis and the development of BC may be significantly influenced by the genetic differences and higher levels of the examined cytokines.
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Aziz HM, Saida L, de Koning W, Stubbs AP, Li Y, Sideras K, Palacios E, Feliu J, Mendiola M, van Eijck CHJ, Mustafa DAM. Spatial genomics reveals a high number and specific location of B cells in the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma microenvironment of long-term survivors. Front Immunol 2023; 13:995715. [PMID: 36685537 PMCID: PMC9846531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Only 10% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients survive longer than five years. Factors underlining long-term survivorship in PDAC are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to identify the key players in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) associated with long-term survivorship in PDAC patients. Methods The immune-related gene expression profiles of resected PDAC tumors of patients who survived and remained recurrence-free of disease for ≥36 months (long-term survivors, n=10) were compared to patients who had survived ≤6 months (short-term survivors, n=10) due to tumor recurrence. Validation was performed by the spatial protein expression profile of immune cells using the GeoMx™ Digital Spatial Profiler. An independent cohort of samples consisting of 12 long-term survivors and 10 short-term survivors, was used for additional validation. The independent validation was performed by combining qualitative immunohistochemistry and quantitative protein expression profiling. Results B cells were found to be significantly increased in the TIME of long-term survivors by gene expression profiling (p=0.018). The high tumor infiltration of B cells was confirmed by spatial protein profiling in the discovery and the validation cohorts (p=0.002 and p=0.01, respectively). The higher number of infiltrated B cells was found mainly in the stromal compartments of PDAC samples and was exclusively found within tumor cells in long-term survivors. Conclusion This is the first comprehensive study that connects the immune landscape of gene expression profiles and protein spatial infiltration with the survivorship of PDAC patients. We found a higher number and a specific location of B cells in TIME of long-term survivors which emphasizes the importance of B cells and B cell-based therapy for future personalized immunotherapy in PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein M. Aziz
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lawlaw Saida
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, The Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem de Koning
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, The Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew P. Stubbs
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yunlei Li
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, The Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kostandinos Sideras
- Divisions of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Elena Palacios
- Department of Pathology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Feliu
- Department of Medical Oncology, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain,Cátedra UAM-ANGEM, Madrid, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mendiola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Molecular Pathology and therapeutic Targets Group, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Casper H. J. van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, The Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dana A. M. Mustafa
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, The Tumor Immuno-Pathology Laboratory, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Dana A. M. Mustafa,
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Liang T, Wu X, Wang L, Song T, Wu P, Niu Y, Huang H. Correlation of NNMT and DKK1 Protein Expression With Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231168073. [PMID: 37114075 PMCID: PMC10126688 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231168073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) play an important role in the development of breast cancer, and the purpose of this study was designed to examine the clinical and prognostic significance of NNMT and DKK1 in breast cancer. Methods The GEPIA2 database was used to evaluate the expression and survival of NNMT mRNA and DKK1 mRNA of breast cancer. Then an immunohistochemical study was carried out on 374 cases of breast tissue to identify the protein expression and significance of NNMT and DKK1. Next, the prognostic significance of DKK1 in breast cancer was explored by COX and Kaplan-Meier models. Results Protein NNMT expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis and histological grade (P < .05) while protein DKK1 expression was related to tumor size, pT stage, histological grade, and Ki-67 (P < .05). Protein DKK1 was related to disease-specific survival (DSS), and low DKK1 expression indicated a poor prognosis of breast cancer patients (P < .05). Combined expression of protein NNMT and protein DKK1 predicted different prognosis of DSS (P < .05). Conclusions Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and DKK1 were linked to breast cancer malignancy and invasion. Breast cancer patients with low DKK1 expression had a worse prognosis. Oncotypes of NNMT and DKK1 expression predicted patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairong Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiuqian Wu
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of
Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine,
Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Peishan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yongdong Niu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou
University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Haihua Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Second
Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Haihua Huang, Department of Pathology, The
Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou
515000, China.
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Applications of mass spectroscopy in understanding cancer proteomics. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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40
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Hwang YS, Cho HJ, Park ES, Lim J, Yoon HR, Kim JT, Yoon SR, Jung H, Choe YK, Kim YH, Lee CH, Kwon YT, Kim BY, Lee HG. KLK6/PAR1 Axis Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Regulating Cross-Talk between Tumor Cells and Macrophages. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244101. [PMID: 36552865 PMCID: PMC9777288 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK)6 is associated with inflammatory diseases and neoplastic progression. KLK6 is aberrantly expressed in several solid tumors and regulates cancer development, metastatic progression, and drug resistance. However, the function of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of KLK6 in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we uncovered the mechanism underlying KLK6-mediated cross-talk between cancer cells and macrophages. Compared with wild-type mice, KLK6-/- mice showed less tumor growth and metastasis in the B16F10 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) xenograft model. Mechanistically, KLK6 promoted the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from macrophages via the activation of protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) in an autocrine manner. TNF-α secreted from macrophages induced the release of the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) from melanoma and lung carcinoma cells in a paracrine manner. The introduction of recombinant KLK6 protein in KLK6-/- mice rescued the production of TNF-α and CXCL1, tumor growth, and metastasis. Inhibition of PAR1 activity suppressed these malignant phenotypes rescued by rKLK6 in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that KLK6 functions as an important molecular link between macrophages and cancer cells during malignant progression, thereby providing opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Sep Hwang
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewon Lim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyung Choe
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheong won, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.T.K.); (B.Y.K.); (H.G.L.)
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Melanogenesis and the Targeted Therapy of Melanoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121874. [PMID: 36551302 PMCID: PMC9775438 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment production is a unique character of melanocytes. Numerous factors are linked with melanin production, including genetics, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and inflammation. Understanding the mechanism of melanogenesis is crucial to identify new preventive and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of melanoma. Here, we reviewed the current available literatures on the mechanisms of melanogenesis, including the signaling pathways of UVR-induced pigment production, MC1R's central determinant roles and MITF as a master transcriptional regulator in melanogenesis. Moreover, we further highlighted the role of targeting BRAF, NRAS and MC1R in melanoma prevention and treatment. The combination therapeutics of immunotherapy and targeted kinase inhibitors are becoming the newest therapeutic option in advanced melanoma.
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Han SJ, Kwon S, Kim KS. Contribution of mechanical homeostasis to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:1119-1136. [PMID: 36149601 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to other parts of the body via the lymphatic system and bloodstream. With tremendous effort over the past decades, remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular and cellular basis of metastatic processes. Metastasis occurs through five steps, including infiltration and migration, intravasation, survival, extravasation, and colonization. Various molecular and cellular factors involved in the metastatic process have been identified, such as epigenetic factors of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell-cell interactions, soluble signaling, adhesion molecules, and mechanical stimuli. However, the underlying cause of cancer metastasis has not been elucidated. CONCLUSION In this review, we have focused on changes in the mechanical properties of cancer cells and their surrounding environment to understand the causes of cancer metastasis. Cancer cells have unique mechanical properties that distinguish them from healthy cells. ECM stiffness is involved in cancer cell growth, particularly in promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During tumorigenesis, the mechanical properties of cancer cells change in the direction opposite to their environment, resulting in a mechanical stress imbalance between the intracellular and extracellular domains. Disruption of mechanical homeostasis may be one of the causes of EMT that triggers the metastasis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jik Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Substrate Type and Concentration Differently Affect Colon Cancer Cells Ultrastructural Morphology, EMT Markers, and Matrix Degrading Enzymes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121786. [PMID: 36551219 PMCID: PMC9775446 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study was to understand the behavior of colon cancer LoVo-R cells (doxorubicin-resistant) vs. LoVo-S (doxorubicin sensitive) in the initial steps of extracellular matrix (ECM) invasion. We investigated how the matrix substrates Matrigel and type I collagen-mimicking the basement membrane (BM) and the normal or desmoplastic lamina propria, respectively-could affect the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, matrix-degrading enzymes, and phenotypes. Gene expression with RT-qPCR, E-cadherin protein expression using Western blot, and phenotypes using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were analyzed. The type and different concentrations of matrix substrates differently affected colon cancer cells. In LoVo-S cells, the higher concentrated collagen, mimicking the desmoplastic lamina propria, strongly induced EMT, as also confirmed by the expression of Snail, metalloproteases (MMPs)-2, -9, -14 and heparanase (HPSE), as well as mesenchymal phenotypes. Stimulation in E-cadherin expression in LoVo-S groups suggests that these cells develop a hybrid EMT phenotype. Differently, LoVo-R cells did not increase their aggressiveness: no changes in EMT markers, matrix effectors, and phenotypes were evident. The low influence of ECM components in LoVo-R cells might be related to their intrinsic aggressiveness related to chemoresistance. These results improve understanding of the critical role of tumor microenvironment in colon cancer cell invasion, driving the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Baldavira CM, Prieto TG, Machado-Rugolo J, de Miranda JT, de Oliveira LKR, Velosa APP, Teodoro WR, Ab’Saber A, Takagaki T, Capelozzi VL. Modeling extracellular matrix through histo-molecular gradient in NSCLC for clinical decisions. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1042766. [PMID: 36452484 PMCID: PMC9703002 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1042766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer still represents a global health problem, being the main type of tumor responsible for cancer deaths. In this context, the tumor microenvironment, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) pose as extremely relevant. Thus, this study aimed to explore the prognostic value of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Wnt signaling, and ECM proteins expression in patients with non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) with clinical stages I-IIIA. For that, we used 120 tissue sections from patients and evaluated the immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to each of these markers. We also used in silico analysis to validate our data. We found a strong expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin, which reflects the differential ECM invasion process. Therefore, we also noticed a strong expression of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and collagens III and V. This suggests that, after EMT, the basal membrane (BM) enhanced the motility of invasive cells. EMT proteins were directly associated with WNT5A, and collagens III and V, which suggests that the WNT pathway drives them. On the other hand, heparan sulfate (HS) was associated with WNT3A and SPARC, while WNT1 was associated with CS. Interestingly, the association between WNT1 and Col IV suggested negative feedback of WNT1 along the BM. In our cohort, WNT3A, WNT5A, heparan sulfate and SPARC played an important role in the Cox regression model, influencing the overall survival (OS) of patients, be it directly or indirectly, with the SPARC expression stratifying the OS into two groups: 97 months for high expression; and 65 for low expression. In conclusion, the present study identified a set of proteins that may play a significant role in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC patients with clinical stages I-IIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Machado-Rugolo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Health Technology Assessment Center, Clinical Hospital, Medical School of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jurandir Tomaz de Miranda
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lizandre Keren Ramos de Oliveira
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Pereira Velosa
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Walcy Rosolia Teodoro
- Rheumatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ab’Saber
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresa Takagaki
- Division of Pneumology, Instituto do Coração (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shen X, Zhou S, Yang Y, Hong T, Xiang Z, Zhao J, Zhu C, Zeng L, Zhang L. TAM-targeted reeducation for enhanced cancer immunotherapy: Mechanism and recent progress. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1034842. [PMID: 36419877 PMCID: PMC9677115 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1034842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) as an important component of tumor microenvironment (TME) are closely related with the occurrence, development, and metastasis of malignant tumors. TAMs are generally identified as two distinct functional populations in TME, i.e., inflammatory/anti-tumorigenic (M1) and regenerative/pro-tumorigenic (M2) phenotype. Evidence suggests that occupation of the TME by M2-TAMs is closely related to the inactivation of anti-tumor immune cells such as T cells in TME. Recently, efforts have been made to reeducate TAMs from M2- to M1- phenotype to enhance cancer immunotherapy, and great progress has been made in realizing efficient modulation of TAMs using nanomedicines. To help readers better understand this emerging field, the potential TAM reeducation targets for potentiating cancer immunotherapy and the underlying mechanisms are summarized in this review. Moreover, the most recent advances in utilizing nanomedicine for the TAM immunomodulation for augmented cancer immunotherapy are introduced. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengcheng Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yidong Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tu Hong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Linghui Zeng, ; Lingxiao Zhang,
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Linghui Zeng, ; Lingxiao Zhang,
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Nanomodulation and nanotherapeutics of tumor-microenvironment. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Intratumoral PD-1 +CD8 + T cells associate poor clinical outcomes and adjuvant chemotherapeutic benefit in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1709-1717. [PMID: 36002752 PMCID: PMC9596411 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01939-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although PD-1 has been reported to be a marker of T-cell exhaustion in several malignancies, the biological role of PD-1+CD8+ T cells in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of PD-1+CD8+ T cells in the tumour microenvironment and its clinical significance in GC. DESIGNS This study included 441 tumour microarray specimens and 60 Flow cytometry specimens of GC patients from Zhongshan Hospital, and 250 GC patients from the Asian Cancer Research Group. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that PD-1+CD8+ T cells functioned as an independent adverse prognosticator in GC. In addition, an abundance of intratumoral PD-1+CD8+ T cells indicated worse chemotherapeutic responsiveness to fluorouracil in Stage III GC patients. Mechanistically, PD-1+CD8+ T cell high infiltration indicated an exhausted phenotype of global CD8+ T cells in GC tissues, which was characterised by elevated immune checkpoint expression including CTLA-4 and TIM-3, whereas decreased expression of perforin. Furthermore, PD-1+CD8+ T cell high-infiltration patients with Stage III GC held elevated activity of several therapeutic signal pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted that PD-1+CD8+ T cell abundance predicts inferior prognosis in GC, and may serve as a novel predictive biomarker to guide therapeutic option.
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Li YC, Li KS, Liu ZL, Tang YC, Hu XQ, Li XY, Shi AD, Zhao LM, Shu LZ, Lian S, Yan ZD, Huang SH, Sheng GL, Song Y, Liu YJ, Huan F, Zhang MH, Zhang ZL. Research progress of bile biomarkers and their immunoregulatory role in biliary tract cancers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049812. [PMID: 36389727 PMCID: PMC9649822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma, originate from the biliary epithelium and have a poor prognosis. Surgery is the only choice for cure in the early stage of disease. However, most patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage and lose the chance for surgery. Early diagnosis could significantly improve the prognosis of patients. Bile has complex components and is in direct contact with biliary tract tumors. Bile components are closely related to the occurrence and development of biliary tract tumors and may be applied as biomarkers for BTCs. Meanwhile, arising evidence has confirmed the immunoregulatory role of bile components. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the relationship between bile components and biliary tract cancers and their ability as biomarkers for BTCs, highlighting the role of bile components in regulating immune response, and their promising application prospects.
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Anticancer peptides mechanisms, simple and complex. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110194. [PMID: 36195187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide therapy has started since 1920s with the advent of insulin application, and now it has emerged as a new approach in treatment of diseases including cancer. Using anti-cancer peptides (ACPs) is a promising way of cancer therapy as ACPs are continuing to be approved and arrived at major pharmaceutical markets. Traditional cancer treatments face different problems like intensive adverse effects to patient's body, cell resistance to conventional chemical drugs and in some worse cases the occurrence of cell multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancerous tissues against chemotherapy. On the other hand, there are some benefits conceived for peptides usage in treatment of diseases specifically cancer, as these compounds present favorable characteristics such as smaller size, high activity, low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility in vivo, convenient and rapid way of synthesis, amenable to sequence modification and revision and there is no limitation for the type of cargo they carry. It is possible to achieve an optimum molecular and functional structure of peptides based on previous experience and bank of peptide motif data which may result in novel peptide design. Bioactive peptides are able to form pores in cell membrane and induce necrosis or apoptosis of abnormal cells. Moreover, recent researches have focused on the tumor recognizing peptide motifs with the ability to permeate to cancerous cells with the aim of cancer treatment at earlier stages. In this strategy the most important factors for addressing cancer are choosing peptides with easy accessibility to tumor cell without cytotoxicity effect towards normal cells. The peptides must also meet acceptable pharmacokinetic requirements. In this review, the characteristics of peptides and cancer cells are discussed. The various mechanisms of peptides' action proposed against cancer cells make the next part of discussion. It will be followed by giving information on peptides application, various methods of peptide designing along with introducing various databases. Future aspects of peptides for employing in area of cancer treatment come as conclusion at the end.
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Rimal R, Desai P, Daware R, Hosseinnejad A, Prakash J, Lammers T, Singh S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Origin, function, imaging, and therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114504. [PMID: 35998825 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is emerging as one of the primary barriers in cancer therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a common inhabitant of the TME in several tumor types and play a critical role in tumor progression and drug resistance via different mechanisms such as desmoplasia, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and cancer metabolism. Due to their abundance and significance in pro-tumorigenic mechanisms, CAF are gaining attention as a diagnostic target as well as to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy by their modulation. In this review, we highlight existing imaging techniques that are used for the visualization of CAF and CAF-induced fibrosis and provide an overview of compounds that are known to modulate CAF activity. Subsequently, we also discuss CAF-targeted and CAF-modulating nanocarriers. Finally, our review addresses ongoing challenges and provides a glimpse into the prospects that can spearhead the transition of CAF-targeted therapies from opportunity to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rimal
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPImF), Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prachi Desai
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rasika Daware
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aisa Hosseinnejad
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Section: Engineered Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPImF), Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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