1
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Wang Y, Xiang J, Zhang L, Gong J, Li W, Mo Z, Shen J. Giant Low-Field Cryogenic Magnetocaloric Effect in a Polycrystalline EuB 4O 7 Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3315-3322. [PMID: 38259107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To deal with the shortage and high price of helium-3 resources, adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration technology as an alternative to helium-3-based refrigeration technology has received much attention. The magnetism and ultralow-temperature magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of the EuB4O7 compound have been investigated. The results of magnetic and quasi-adiabatic demagnetization measurements suggest the absence of a magnetic order above 0.4 K for EuB4O7. The dipolar interaction between the nearest-neighbor Eu atoms has a characteristic energy of about 800 mK, which may induce a large MCE. The maximum magnetic entropy change reaches 22.8, 36.2, and 47.6 J·kg-1 K-1 at μ0H = 0-10 kOe, 0-20 kOe, and 0-50 kOe, respectively. Measurements by a quasi-adiabatic demagnetization device show that the lowest temperature achievable (289 mK) for polycrystalline EuB4O7 is lower than that (362 mK) for the commercial refrigerant Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) single crystals. The hold time is more than 70 min below 700 mK, with an environment temperature of 2 K, proving that EuB4O7 exhibits superior cooling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Wang
- School of Rare earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsen Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjian Gong
- School of Rare earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Mo
- School of Rare earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Shen
- School of Rare earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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2
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Li D, He W, Shi S, Wu B, Xiao Y, Lin Q, Li L. Review of Atom Chips for Absolute Gravity Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115089. [PMID: 37299815 DOI: 10.3390/s23115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful tool in scientific research and industrial technologies, the cold atom absolute gravity sensor (CAGS) based on cold atom interferometry has been proven to be the most promising new generation high-precision absolute gravity sensor. However, large size, heavy weight, and high-power consumption are still the main restriction factors of CAGS being applied for practical applications on mobile platforms. Combined with cold atom chips, it is possible to drastically reduce the complexity, weight, and size of CAGS. In this review, we started from the basic theory of atom chips to chart a clear development path to related technologies. Several related technologies including micro-magnetic traps, micro magneto-optical traps, material selection, fabrication, and packaging methods have been discussed. This review gives an overview of the current developments in a variety of cold atom chips, and some actual CAGS systems based on atom chips are also discussed. We summarize by listing some of the challenges and possible directions for further development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shengnan Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yuhua Xiao
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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3
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Li J, Chen X, Ruschhaupt A. Fast transport of Bose-Einstein condensates in anharmonic traps. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210280. [PMID: 36335948 PMCID: PMC9653254 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to transport Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in anharmonic traps and in the presence of atom-atom interactions in short times without residual excitation. Using a combination of a variational approach and inverse engineering methods, we derive a set of Ermakov-like equations that take into account the coupling between the centre of mass motion and the breathing mode. By an appropriate inverse engineering strategy of those equations, we then design the trap trajectory to achieve the desired boundary conditions. Numerical examples for cubic or quartic anharmonicities are provided for fast and high-fidelity transport of BECs. Potential applications are atom interferometry and quantum information processing. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, T12 H6T1 Ireland
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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4
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A space-based quantum gas laboratory at picokelvin energy scales. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7889. [PMID: 36550117 PMCID: PMC9780313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultracold quantum gases are ideal sources for high-precision space-borne sensing as proposed for Earth observation, relativistic geodesy and tests of fundamental physical laws as well as for studying new phenomena in many-body physics during extended free fall. Here we report on experiments with the Cold Atom Lab aboard the International Space Station, where we have achieved exquisite control over the quantum state of single 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates paving the way for future high-precision measurements. In particular, we have applied fast transport protocols to shuttle the atomic cloud over a millimeter distance with sub-micrometer accuracy and subsequently drastically reduced the total expansion energy to below 100 pK with matter-wave lensing techniques.
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Leng SY, Lü DY, Yang SL, Ma M, Dong YZ, Zhou BF, Zhou Y. Simulating the Dicke lattice model and quantum phase transitions using an array of coupled resonators. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:415402. [PMID: 35896108 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac84bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A proposal for simulating the Dicke-Lattice model in a mechanics-controlled hybrid quantum system is studied here. An array of coupled mechanical resonators (MRs) can homogeneously interact with a group of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) via the gradient magnetic field induced by the oscillating resonators. Assisted by the classical dichromatic radio-wave fields, each subsystem with the BEC-MR interaction can mimic the Dicke type spin-phonon interaction, and the whole system is therefore extended to a lattice of Dicke models with the additional adjacent phonon-phonon hopping couplings. In view of this lattice model with theZ2symmetry, its quantum phase transitions behavior can be controlled by this periodic phonon-phonon interactions in the momentum space. This investigation may be considered as a fresh attempt on manipulating the critical behaviors of the collective spins through the external mechanical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yun Leng
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yan Lü
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Liang Yang
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ma
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Zhang Dong
- School of Automobile Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Fang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan 442002, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Chen X, Fan B. The emergence of picokelvin physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:076401. [PMID: 32303019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab8ab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frontier of low-temperature physics has advanced to the mid-picokelvin (pK) regime but progress has come to a halt because of the problem of gravity. Ultracold atoms must be confined in some type of potential energy well: if the depth of the well is less than the energy an atom gains by falling through it, the atom escapes. This article reviews ultracold atom research, emphasizing the advances that carried the low-temperature frontier to 450 pK. We review microgravity methods for overcoming the gravitational limit to achieving lower temperatures using free-fall techniques such as a drop tower, sounding rocket, parabolic flight plane and the International Space Station. We describe two techniques that promise further advancement-an atom chip and an all-optical trap-and present recent experimental results. Basic research in new regimes of observation has generally led to scientific discoveries and new technologies that benefit society. We expect this to be the case as the low-temperature frontier advances and we propose some new opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzong Chen
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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7
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Impens F, Duboscq R, Guéry-Odelin D. Quantum Control beyond the Adiabatic Regime in 2D Curved Matter-Wave Guides. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:250403. [PMID: 32639754 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.250403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The propagation of matter waves in curved geometry is relevant for ion transport, atomtronics and electrons in nanowires. Curvature effects are usually addressed within the adiabatic limit and treated via an effective potential acting on the manifold to which the particles are strongly confined. However, the strength of the confinements that can be achieved experimentally are limited in practice, and the adiabatic approximation often appears too restrictive for realistic guides. Here, we work out a design method for 2D sharply bent waveguides beyond this approximation using an exact inverse-engineering technique. The efficiency of the method is confirmed by the resolution of the 2D nonlinear Schrödinger equation in curved geometry. In this way, we realize reflectionless and ultrarobust curved guides, even in the presence of interactions. Here, the transverse stability is improved by several orders of magnitude when compared to circular guides of similar size.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Impens
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Romain Duboscq
- Université de Toulouse; CNRS, INSA IMT, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - David Guéry-Odelin
- Laboratoire Collisions, Agrégats, Réactivité, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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Abstract
We investigate the transport problem that a spinful matter wave is incident on a strong localized spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate in optical lattices, where the localization is admitted by atom interaction only existing at one particular site, and the spin-orbit coupling arouse spatial rotation of the spin texture. We find that tuning the spin orientation of the localized Bose-Einstein condensate can lead to spin-nonreciprocal/spin-reciprocal transport, meaning the transport properties are dependent on/independent of the spin orientation of incident waves. In the former case, we obtain the conditions to achieve transparency, beam-splitting, and blockade of the incident wave with a given spin orientation, and furthermore the ones to perfectly isolate incident waves of different spin orientation, while in the latter, we obtain the condition to maximize the conversion of different spin states. The result may be useful to develop a novel spinful matter wave valve that integrates spin switcher, beam-splitter, isolator, and converter. The method can also be applied to other real systems, e.g., realizing perfect isolation of spin states in magnetism, which is otherwise rather difficult.
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Space-borne Bose-Einstein condensation for precision interferometry. Nature 2018; 562:391-395. [PMID: 30333576 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the low-gravity conditions in space, space-borne laboratories enable experiments with extended free-fall times. Because Bose-Einstein condensates have an extremely low expansion energy, space-borne atom interferometers based on Bose-Einstein condensation have the potential to have much greater sensitivity to inertial forces than do similar ground-based interferometers. On 23 January 2017, as part of the sounding-rocket mission MAIUS-1, we created Bose-Einstein condensates in space and conducted 110 experiments central to matter-wave interferometry, including laser cooling and trapping of atoms in the presence of the large accelerations experienced during launch. Here we report on experiments conducted during the six minutes of in-space flight in which we studied the phase transition from a thermal ensemble to a Bose-Einstein condensate and the collective dynamics of the resulting condensate. Our results provide insights into conducting cold-atom experiments in space, such as precision interferometry, and pave the way to miniaturizing cold-atom and photon-based quantum information concepts for satellite-based implementation. In addition, space-borne Bose-Einstein condensation opens up the possibility of quantum gas experiments in low-gravity conditions1,2.
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10
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A minimalistic and optimized conveyor belt for neutral atoms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13660. [PMID: 29057965 PMCID: PMC5651865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report of a design and the performance of an optimized micro-fabricated conveyor belt for precise and adiabatic transportation of cold atoms. A theoretical model is presented to determine optimal currents in conductors used for the transportation. We experimentally demonstrate a fast adiabatic transportation of Rubidium (87Rb) cold atoms with minimal loss and heating with as few as three conveyor belt conductors. This novel design of a multilayered conveyor belt structure is fabricated in aluminium nitride (AlN) because of its outstanding thermal and electrical properties. This demonstration would pave a way for a compact and portable quantum device required for quantum information processing and sensors, where precise positioning of cold atoms is desirable.
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11
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Ma L, Slattery O, Tang X. Optical quantum memory based on electromagnetically induced transparency. JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2010) 2017; 19:043001. [PMID: 28828172 PMCID: PMC5562294 DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/19/4/043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is a promising approach to implement quantum memory in quantum communication and quantum computing applications. In this paper, following a brief overview of the main approaches to quantum memory, we provide details of the physical principle and theory of quantum memory based specifically on EIT. We discuss the key technologies for implementing quantum memory based on EIT and review important milestones, from the first experimental demonstration to current applications in quantum information systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ma
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Oliver Slattery
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
| | - Xiao Tang
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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12
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Two-dimensional Talbot self-imaging via Electromagnetically induced lattice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41790. [PMID: 28165498 PMCID: PMC5292952 DOI: 10.1038/srep41790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a lensless optical method for imaging two-dimensional ultra-cold atoms (or molecules) in which the image can be non-locally observed by coincidence recording of entangled photon pairs. In particular, we focus on the transverse and longitudinal resolutions of images under various scanning methods. In addition, the role of the induced nonmaterial lattice on the image contrast is investigated. Our work shows a non-destructive and lensless way to image ultra-cold atoms or molecules that can be further used for two-dimensional atomic super-resolution optical testing and sub-wavelength lithography.
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13
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Khaidir A, Sabki S, Halif M. Effects of geometrical specification of microengineered surfaces to Casimir-Polder potential. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2017; 162:01059. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716201059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
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14
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Shortcut to adiabatic control of soliton matter waves by tunable interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38258. [PMID: 28009007 PMCID: PMC5180186 DOI: 10.1038/srep38258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a method for shortcut to adiabatic control of soliton matter waves in harmonic traps. The tunable interaction controlled by Feshbach resonance is inversely designed to achieve fast and high-fidelity compression of soliton matter waves as compared to the conventional adiabatic compression. These results pave the way to control the nonlinear dynamics for matter waves and optical solitons by using shortcuts to adiabaticity.
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Abstract
Precision timekeeping has been a driving force in innovation, from defining agricultural seasons to atomic clocks enabling satellite navigation, broadband communication and high-speed trading. We are on the verge of a revolution in atomic timekeeping, where optical clocks promise an over thousand-fold improvement in stability and accuracy. However, complex setups and sensitivity to thermal radiation pose limitations to progress. Here we report on an atom source for a strontium optical lattice clock which circumvents these limitations. We demonstrate fast (sub 100 ms), cold and controlled emission of strontium atomic vapours from bulk strontium oxide irradiated by a simple low power diode laser. Our results demonstrate that millions of strontium atoms from the vapour can be captured in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). Our method enables over an order of magnitude reduction in scale of the apparatus. Future applications range from satellite clocks testing general relativity to portable clocks for inertial navigation systems and relativistic geodesy.
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Abend S, Gebbe M, Gersemann M, Ahlers H, Müntinga H, Giese E, Gaaloul N, Schubert C, Lämmerzahl C, Ertmer W, Schleich WP, Rasel EM. Atom-Chip Fountain Gravimeter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:203003. [PMID: 27886486 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.203003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a quantum gravimeter by combining the advantages of an atom chip for the generation, delta-kick collimation, and coherent manipulation of freely falling Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with an innovative launch mechanism based on Bloch oscillations and double Bragg diffraction. Our high-contrast BEC interferometer realizes tens of milliseconds of free fall in a volume as little as a one centimeter cube and paves the way for measurements with sub-μGal accuracies in miniaturized, robust devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abend
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Gebbe
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - M Gersemann
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Ahlers
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Müntinga
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - E Giese
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Physics and Max Planck Centre for Extreme and Quantum Photonics, University of Ottawa, 25 Templeton Street, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - N Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Schubert
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - W Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Texas A&M University Institute for Advanced Study (TIAS), Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - E M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Menold T, Federsel P, Rogulj C, Hölscher H, Fortágh J, Günther A. Dynamic of cold-atom tips in anharmonic potentials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1543-1555. [PMID: 28144505 PMCID: PMC5238642 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Understanding the dynamics of ultracold quantum gases in an anharmonic potential is essential for applications in the new field of cold-atom scanning probe microscopy. Therein, cold atomic ensembles are used as sensitive probe tips to investigate nanostructured surfaces and surface-near potentials, which typically cause anharmonic tip motion. Results: Besides a theoretical description of this anharmonic tip motion, we introduce a novel method for detecting the cold-atom tip dynamics in situ and real time. In agreement with theory, the first measurements show that particle interactions and anharmonic motion have a significant impact on the tip dynamics. Conclusion: Our findings will be crucial for the realization of high-sensitivity force spectroscopy with cold-atom tips and could possibly allow for the development of advanced spectroscopic techniques such as Q-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Menold
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Federsel
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carola Rogulj
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - József Fortágh
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Keil M, Amit O, Zhou S, Groswasser D, Japha Y, Folman R. Fifteen years of cold matter on the atom chip: promise, realizations, and prospects. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:1840-1885. [PMID: 27499585 PMCID: PMC4960518 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1178820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the field of atom chips in the context of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) as well as cold matter in general. Twenty years after the first realization of the BEC and 15 years after the realization of the atom chip, the latter has been found to enable extraordinary feats: from producing BECs at a rate of several per second, through the realization of matter-wave interferometry, and all the way to novel probing of surfaces and new forces. In addition, technological applications are also being intensively pursued. This review will describe these developments and more, including new ideas which have not yet been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Keil
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Omer Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - David Groswasser
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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20
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Cotter JP, McGilligan JP, Griffin PF, Rabey IM, Docherty K, Riis E, Arnold AS, Hinds EA. Design and fabrication of diffractive atom chips for laser cooling and trapping. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2016; 122:172. [PMID: 32355419 PMCID: PMC7175734 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that optical reflection gratings fabricated directly into an atom chip provide a simple and effective way to trap and cool substantial clouds of atoms (Nshii et al. in Nat Nanotechnol 8:321-324, 2013; McGilligan et al. in Opt Express 23(7):8948-8959, 2015). In this article, we describe how the gratings are designed and microfabricated and we characterise their optical properties, which determine their effectiveness as a cold atom source. We use simple scalar diffraction theory to understand how the morphology of the gratings determines the power in the diffracted beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Cotter
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Faculty of Physics, VCQ, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. P. McGilligan
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - P. F. Griffin
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - I. M. Rabey
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - K. Docherty
- Kelvin Nanotechnology Ltd, Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - E. Riis
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - A. S. Arnold
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - E. A. Hinds
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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21
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Light-induced atomic desorption in a compact system for ultracold atoms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14729. [PMID: 26458325 PMCID: PMC4602189 DOI: 10.1038/srep14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD) of alkali atoms from the inner surface of a vacuum chamber has been employed in cold atom experiments for the purpose of modulating the alkali background vapour. This is beneficial because larger trapped atom samples can be loaded from vapour at higher pressure, after which the pressure is reduced to increase the lifetime of the sample. We present an analysis, based on the case of rubidium atoms adsorbed on pyrex, of various aspects of LIAD that are useful for this application. Firstly, we study the intensity dependence of LIAD by fitting the experimental data with a rate-equation model, from which we extract a correct prediction for the increase in trapped atom number. Following this, we quantify a figure of merit for the utility of LIAD in cold atom experiments and we show how it can be optimised for realistic experimental parameters.
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22
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Straatsma CJE, Ivory MK, Duggan J, Ramirez-Serrano J, Anderson DZ, Salim EA. On-chip optical lattice for cold atom experiments. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3368-3371. [PMID: 26176471 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An atom-chip-based integrated optical lattice system for cold and ultracold atom applications is presented. The retroreflection optics necessary for forming the lattice are bonded directly to the atom chip, enabling a compact and robust on-chip optical lattice system. After achieving Bose-Einstein condensation in a magnetic chip trap, we load atoms directly into a vertically oriented 1D optical lattice and demonstrate Landau-Zener tunneling. The atom chip technology presented here can be readily extended to higher dimensional optical lattices.
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23
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McGilligan JP, Griffin PF, Riis E, Arnold AS. Phase-space properties of magneto-optical traps utilising micro-fabricated gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8948-8959. [PMID: 25968732 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used diffraction gratings to simplify the fabrication, and dramatically increase the atomic collection efficiency, of magneto-optical traps using micro-fabricated optics. The atom number enhancement was mainly due to the increased beam capture volume, afforded by the large area (4cm(2)) shallow etch (~ 200nm) binary grating chips. Here we provide a detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of the on-chip magneto-optical trap temperature and density in four different chip geometries using (87)Rb, whilst studying effects due to MOT radiation pressure imbalance. With optimal initial MOTs on two of the chips we obtain both large atom number (2×10(7)) and sub-Doppler temperatures (50 μK) after optical molasses.
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24
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Impurities as a quantum thermometer for a Bose-Einstein Condensate. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6436. [PMID: 25241663 PMCID: PMC4170192 DOI: 10.1038/srep06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a primary thermometer which measures the temperature of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in the sub-nK regime. We show, using quantum Fisher information, that the precision of our technique improves the state-of-the-art in thermometry in the sub-nK regime. The temperature of the condensate is mapped onto the quantum phase of an atomic dot that interacts with the system for short times. We show that the highest precision is achieved when the phase is dynamical rather than geometric and when it is detected through Ramsey interferometry. Standard techniques to determine the temperature of a condensate involve an indirect estimation through mean particle velocities made after releasing the condensate. In contrast to these destructive measurements, our method involves a negligible disturbance of the system.
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25
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Dugrain V, Rosenbusch P, Reichel J. Alkali vapor pressure modulation on the 100 ms scale in a single-cell vacuum system for cold atom experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:083112. [PMID: 25173251 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe and characterize a device for alkali vapor pressure modulation on the 100 ms timescale in a single-cell cold atom experiment. Its mechanism is based on optimized heat conduction between a current-modulated alkali dispenser and a heat sink at room temperature. We have studied both the short-term behavior during individual pulses and the long-term pressure evolution in the cell. The device combines fast trap loading and relatively long trap lifetime, enabling high repetition rates in a very simple setup. These features make it particularly suitable for portable atomic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dugrain
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, UPMC, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Peter Rosenbusch
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, UPMC, 61 av de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jakob Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, UPMC, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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26
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The design, fabrication and characterization of a transparent atom chip. SENSORS 2014; 14:10292-305. [PMID: 24922456 PMCID: PMC4118404 DOI: 10.3390/s140610292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the design and fabrication of transparent atom chips for atomic physics experiments. A fabrication process was developed to define the wire patterns on a transparent glass substrate to create the desired magnetic field for atom trapping experiments. An area on the chip was reserved for the optical access, so that the laser light can penetrate directly through the glass substrate for the laser cooling process. Furthermore, since the thermal conductivity of the glass substrate is poorer than other common materials for atom chip substrate, for example silicon, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride. Thus, heat dissipation copper blocks are designed on the front and back of the glass substrate to improve the electrical current conduction. The testing results showed that a maximum burnout current of 2 A was measured from the wire pattern (with a width of 100 μm and a height of 20 μm) without any heat dissipation design and it can increase to 2.5 A with a heat dissipation design on the front side of the atom chips. Therefore, heat dissipation copper blocks were designed and fabricated on the back of the glass substrate just under the wire patterns which increases the maximum burnout current to 4.5 A. Moreover, a maximum burnout current of 6 A was achieved when the entire backside glass substrate was recessed and a thicker copper block was electroplated, which meets most requirements of atomic physics experiments.
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27
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Ahmadi M, Bruschi DE, Sabín C, Adesso G, Fuentes I. Relativistic quantum metrology: exploiting relativity to improve quantum measurement technologies. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4996. [PMID: 24851858 PMCID: PMC4030491 DOI: 10.1038/srep04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a framework for relativistic quantum metrology that is useful for both Earth-based and space-based technologies. Quantum metrology has been so far successfully applied to design precision instruments such as clocks and sensors which outperform classical devices by exploiting quantum properties. There are advanced plans to implement these and other quantum technologies in space, for instance Space-QUEST and Space Optical Clock projects intend to implement quantum communications and quantum clocks at regimes where relativity starts to kick in. However, typical setups do not take into account the effects of relativity on quantum properties. To include and exploit these effects, we introduce techniques for the application of metrology to quantum field theory. Quantum field theory properly incorporates quantum theory and relativity, in particular, at regimes where space-based experiments take place. This framework allows for high precision estimation of parameters that appear in quantum field theory including proper times and accelerations. Indeed, the techniques can be applied to develop a novel generation of relativistic quantum technologies for gravimeters, clocks and sensors. As an example, we present a high precision device which in principle improves the state-of-the-art in quantum accelerometers by exploiting relativistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ahmadi
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - David Edward Bruschi
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Sabín
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Adesso
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ivette Fuentes
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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28
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Nshii CC, Vangeleyn M, Cotter JP, Griffin PF, Hinds EA, Ironside CN, See P, Sinclair AG, Riis E, Arnold AS. A surface-patterned chip as a strong source of ultracold atoms for quantum technologies. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:321-4. [PMID: 23563845 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Laser-cooled atoms are central to modern precision measurements. They are also increasingly important as an enabling technology for experimental cavity quantum electrodynamics, quantum information processing and matter-wave interferometry. Although significant progress has been made in miniaturizing atomic metrological devices, these are limited in accuracy by their use of hot atomic ensembles and buffer gases. Advances have also been made in producing portable apparatus that benefits from the advantages of atoms in the microkelvin regime. However, simplifying atomic cooling and loading using microfabrication technology has proved difficult. In this Letter we address this problem, realizing an atom chip that enables the integration of laser cooling and trapping into a compact apparatus. Our source delivers ten thousand times more atoms than previous magneto-optical traps with microfabricated optics and, for the first time, can reach sub-Doppler temperatures. Moreover, the same chip design offers a simple way to form stable optical lattices. These features, combined with simplicity of fabrication and ease of operation, make these new traps a key advance in the development of cold-atom technology for high-accuracy, portable measurement devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Nshii
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
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29
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Müntinga H, Ahlers H, Krutzik M, Wenzlawski A, Arnold S, Becker D, Bongs K, Dittus H, Duncker H, Gaaloul N, Gherasim C, Giese E, Grzeschik C, Hänsch TW, Hellmig O, Herr W, Herrmann S, Kajari E, Kleinert S, Lämmerzahl C, Lewoczko-Adamczyk W, Malcolm J, Meyer N, Nolte R, Peters A, Popp M, Reichel J, Roura A, Rudolph J, Schiemangk M, Schneider M, Seidel ST, Sengstock K, Tamma V, Valenzuela T, Vogel A, Walser R, Wendrich T, Windpassinger P, Zeller W, van Zoest T, Ertmer W, Schleich WP, Rasel EM. Interferometry with Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:093602. [PMID: 23496709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Atom interferometers covering macroscopic domains of space-time are a spectacular manifestation of the wave nature of matter. Because of their unique coherence properties, Bose-Einstein condensates are ideal sources for an atom interferometer in extended free fall. In this Letter we report on the realization of an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer operated with a Bose-Einstein condensate in microgravity. The resulting interference pattern is similar to the one in the far field of a double slit and shows a linear scaling with the time the wave packets expand. We employ delta-kick cooling in order to enhance the signal and extend our atom interferometer. Our experiments demonstrate the high potential of interferometers operated with quantum gases for probing the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Müntinga
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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30
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Vijayakumar A, Bhattacharya S. Design, fabrication, and evaluation of a multilevel spiral-phase Fresnel zone plate for optical trapping. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:6038-6044. [PMID: 22945150 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.006038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A compact optics configuration for the generation of donut beams for trapping atoms at the micrometer scale using a multilevel spiral-phase Fresnel zone plate (FZP) and a semiconductor laser is proposed. A FZP is designed and a multilevel spiral phase is integrated into it. A spiral-phase FZP with a radius of 1 mm and with more than 1300 half-period zones is designed with multiple angular levels for integer and fractional topological charges, and the device is fabricated using electron-beam lithography direct writing. The performance of the device is evaluated, and the generation of symmetric and asymmetric donut beams is successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vijayakumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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31
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van de Meerakker SYT, Bethlem HL, Vanhaecke N, Meijer G. Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4828-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200349r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrick L. Bethlem
- Institute for Lasers, Life and
Biophotonics, VU University Amsterdam,
De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Vanhaecke
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Bâtiment 505, Université Paris-Sud,
91405 Orsay, France
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin,
Germany
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32
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Smith DA, Aigner S, Hofferberth S, Gring M, Andersson M, Wildermuth S, Krüger P, Schneider S, Schumm T, Schmiedmayer J. Absorption imaging of ultracold atoms on atom chips. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:8471-8485. [PMID: 21643097 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.008471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Imaging ultracold atomic gases close to surfaces is an important tool for the detailed analysis of experiments carried out using atom chips. We describe the critical factors that need be considered, especially when the imaging beam is purposely reflected from the surface. In particular we present methods to measure the atom-surface distance, which is a prerequisite for magnetic field imaging and studies of atom surface-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Smith
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Atominstitut, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Santambrogio G, Meek SA, Abel MJ, Duffy LM, Meijer G. Driving Rotational Transitions in Molecules on a Chip. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1799-807. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Squires MB, Stickney JA, Carlson EJ, Baker PM, Buchwald WR, Wentzell S, Miller SM. Atom chips on direct bonded copper substrates. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:023101. [PMID: 21361567 DOI: 10.1063/1.3529434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present the use of direct bonded copper (DBC) for the straightforward fabrication of high power atom chips. Atom chips using DBC have several benefits: excellent copper/substrate adhesion, high purity, thick (>100 μm) copper layers, high substrate thermal conductivity, high aspect ratio wires, the potential for rapid (<8 h) fabrication, and three-dimensional atom chip structures. Two mask options for DBC atom chip fabrication are presented, as well as two methods for etching wire patterns into the copper layer. A test chip, able to support 100 A of current for 2 s without failing, is used to determine the thermal impedance of the DBC. An assembly using two DBC atom chips is used to magnetically trap laser cooled (87)Rb atoms. The wire aspect ratio that optimizes the magnetic field gradient as a function of power dissipation is determined to be 0.84:1 (height:width).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Squires
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731, USA
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35
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Deutsch C, Ramirez-Martinez F, Lacroûte C, Reinhard F, Schneider T, Fuchs JN, Piéchon F, Laloë F, Reichel J, Rosenbusch P. Spin self-rephasing and very long coherence times in a trapped atomic ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:020401. [PMID: 20867686 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We perform Ramsey spectroscopy on the ground state of ultracold 87Rb atoms magnetically trapped on a chip in the Knudsen regime. Field inhomogeneities over the sample should limit the 1/e contrast decay time to about 3 s, while decay times of 58 ± 12 s are actually observed. We explain this surprising result by a spin self-rephasing mechanism induced by the identical spin rotation effect originating from particle indistinguishability. We propose a theory of this synchronization mechanism and obtain good agreement with the experimental observations. The effect is general and may appear in other physical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deutsch
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS, UPMC, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
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36
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van Zoest T, Gaaloul N, Singh Y, Ahlers H, Herr W, Seidel ST, Ertmer W, Rasel E, Eckart M, Kajari E, Arnold S, Nandi G, Schleich WP, Walser R, Vogel A, Sengstock K, Bongs K, Lewoczko-Adamczyk W, Schiemangk M, Schuldt T, Peters A, Könemann T, Müntinga H, Lämmerzahl C, Dittus H, Steinmetz T, Hänsch TW, Reichel J. Bose-Einstein Condensation in Microgravity. Science 2010; 328:1540-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1189164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. van Zoest
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N. Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Y. Singh
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Ahlers
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Herr
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S. T. Seidel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E. Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Eckart
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E. Kajari
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - S. Arnold
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - G. Nandi
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - W. P. Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R. Walser
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 4A, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Vogel
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Sengstock
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Bongs
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - M. Schiemangk
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Schuldt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Peters
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Könemann
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - H. Müntinga
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - C. Lämmerzahl
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - H. Dittus
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - T. Steinmetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - T. W. Hänsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - J. Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
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37
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Caillet X, Orieux A, Lemaître A, Filloux P, Favero I, Leo G, Ducci S. Two-photon interference with a semiconductor integrated source at room temperature. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:9967-9975. [PMID: 20588851 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.009967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an integrated semiconductor ridge microcavity source of counterpropagating twin photons at room temperature in the telecom range. Based on type II parametric down conversion with a counterpropagating phase-matching, pump photons generate photon pairs with an efficiency of about 10(-11) and a spectral linewidth of 0.3 nm for a 1 mm long sample. The indistiguishability of the photons of the pair is measured via a Hong-Ou-Mandel two-photon interference experiment showing a visibility of 85 %. This work opens a route towards new guided-wave semiconductor quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Caillet
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR 7162 CNRS-Université Paris, Diderot, Paris Cedex 13, France
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38
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Hunger D, Camerer S, Hänsch TW, König D, Kotthaus JP, Reichel J, Treutlein P. Resonant coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to a micromechanical oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:143002. [PMID: 20481938 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.143002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report experiments in which the vibrations of a micromechanical oscillator are coupled to the motion of Bose-condensed atoms in a trap. The interaction relies on surface forces experienced by the atoms at about 1 microm distance from the mechanical structure. We observe resonant coupling to several well-resolved mechanical modes of the condensate. Coupling via surface forces does not require magnets, electrodes, or mirrors on the oscillator and could thus be employed to couple atoms to molecular-scale oscillators such as carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hunger
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
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Lacroute C, Reinhard F, Ramirez-Martinez F, Deutsch C, Schneider T, Reichel J, Rosenbusch P. Preliminary results of the trapped atom clock on a chip. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2010; 57:106-110. [PMID: 20040433 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an atomic clock based on the interrogation of magnetically trapped (87)Rb atoms. Two photons, in the microwave and radiofrequency domain, excite the clock transition. At a magnetic field of 3.23 G the clock transition from |F = 1, m(F) = -1> to |F = 2, m(F) = 1> is 1st-order insensitive to magnetic field variations. Ramsey interrogation times longer than 2 s can be achieved, leading to a projected clock stability in the low 10(-13) at 1 s for a cloud of 10(5) atoms. We use an atom chip to cool and trap the atoms. A coplanar waveguide is integrated to the chip to carry the Ramsey interrogation signal, making the physics package as small as (5 cm)(3). We describe the experimental setup and show preliminary Ramsey fringes of line width 1.25 Hz.
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Das KK, Aubin S. Quantum pumping with ultracold atoms on microchips: fermions versus bosons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:123007. [PMID: 19792434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.123007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a design for simulating quantum pumping of electrons in a mesoscopic circuit with ultracold atoms in a micromagnetic chip trap. We calculate theoretical results for quantum pumping of both bosons and fermions, identifying differences and common features, including geometric behavior and resonance transmission. We analyze the feasibility of experiments with bosonic ;{87}Rb and fermionic ;{40}K atoms with an emphasis on reliable atomic current measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal K Das
- Department of Physical Sciences, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, USA
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Pollock S, Cotter JP, Laliotis A, Hinds EA. Integrated magneto-optical traps on a chip using silicon pyramid structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:14109-14114. [PMID: 19654820 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.014109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have integrated magneto-optical traps (MOTs) into an atom chip by etching pyramids into a silicon wafer. These have been used to trap atoms on the chip, directly from a room temperature vapor of rubidium. This new atom trapping method provides a simple way to integrate several atom sources on the same chip. It represents a substantial advance in atom chip technology and offers new possibilities for atom chip applications such as integrated single atom or photon sources and molecules on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pollock
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London.
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Vangeleyn M, Griffin PF, Riis E, Arnold AS. Single-laser, one beam, tetrahedral magneto-optical trap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:13601-13608. [PMID: 19654767 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.013601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have realized a 4-beam pyramidal magneto-optical trap ideally suited for future microfabrication. Three mirrors split and steer a single incoming beam into a tripod of reflected beams, allowing trapping in the four-beam overlap volume. We discuss the influence of mirror angle on cooling and trapping, finding optimum efficiency in a tetrahedral configuration. We demonstrate the technique using an ex-vacuo mirror system to illustrate the previously inaccessible supra-plane pyramid MOT configuration. Unlike standard pyramidal MOTs both the pyramid apex and its mirror angle are non-critical and our MOT offers improved molasses free from atomic shadows in the laser beams. The MOT scheme naturally extends to a 2-beam refractive version with high optical access. For quantum gas experiments, the mirror system could also be used for a stable 3D tetrahedral optical lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Vangeleyn
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Meek
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Horst Conrad
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Singh M. Macroscopic entanglement between a Bose Einstein condensate and a superconducting loop. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:2600-2610. [PMID: 19219163 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.002600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study macroscopic entanglement between a magnetically trapped Bose-Einstein condensate and a superconducting loop. We treat the superconducting loop in a quantum superposition of two different flux states coupling with the magnetic trap to generate macroscopic entanglement. The scheme also provides a platform to investigate interferometry with an entangled Bose Einstein condensate and to explore physics at the quantum-classical interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandip Singh
- Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ARC Centre of Excellence for Quantum-Atom Optics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
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Burresi M, Engelen RJP, Opheij A, van Oosten D, Mori D, Baba T, Kuipers L. Observation of polarization singularities at the nanoscale. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:033902. [PMID: 19257355 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.033902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With a phase-sensitive near-field microscope we measure independently the two in-plane electric field components of light propagating through a 2D photonic crystal waveguide and the phase difference between them. Consequently, we are able to reconstruct the electric vector field distribution with subwavelength resolution. In the complex field distribution we observe both time-dependent and time-independent polarization singularities and determine the topology of the surrounding electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burresi
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Billy J, Josse V, Zuo Z, Guerin W, Aspect A, Bouyer P. Guided atom laser: a new tool for guided atom optics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1051/anphys:2008001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Tokuno A, Oshikawa M, Demler E. Dynamics of one-dimensional Bose liquids: Andreev-like reflection at Y junctions and the absence of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:140402. [PMID: 18518007 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.140402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We study one-dimensional Bose liquids of interacting ultracold atoms in the Y-shaped potential when each branch is filled with atoms. We find that the excitation packet incident on a single Y junction should experience a negative density reflection analogous to the Andreev reflection at normal-superconductor interfaces, although the present system does not contain fermions. In a ring-interferometer-type configuration, we find that the transport is completely insensitive to the (effective) flux contained in the ring, in contrast with the Aharonov-Bohm effect of a single particle in the same geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyuki Tokuno
- Institute for Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 227-8581 Japan and Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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Strong atom-field coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip. Nature 2008; 450:272-6. [PMID: 17994094 DOI: 10.1038/nature06331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An optical cavity enhances the interaction between atoms and light, and the rate of coherent atom-photon coupling can be made larger than all decoherence rates of the system. For single atoms, this 'strong coupling regime' of cavity quantum electrodynamics has been the subject of many experimental advances. Efforts have been made to control the coupling rate by trapping the atom and cooling it towards the motional ground state; the latter has been achieved in one dimension so far. For systems of many atoms, the three-dimensional ground state of motion is routinely achieved in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Although experiments combining BECs and optical cavities have been reported recently, coupling BECs to cavities that are in the strong-coupling regime for single atoms has remained an elusive goal. Here we report such an experiment, made possible by combining a fibre-based cavity with atom-chip technology. This enables single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments with a simplified set-up and realizes the situation of many atoms in a cavity, each of which is identically and strongly coupled to the cavity mode. Moreover, the BEC can be positioned deterministically anywhere within the cavity and localized entirely within a single antinode of the standing-wave cavity field; we demonstrate that this gives rise to a controlled, tunable coupling rate. We study the heating rate caused by a cavity transmission measurement as a function of the coupling rate and find no measurable heating for strongly coupled BECs. The spectrum of the coupled atoms-cavity system, which we map out over a wide range of atom numbers and cavity-atom detunings, shows vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding 20 gigahertz, as well as an unpredicted additional splitting, which we attribute to the atomic hyperfine structure. We anticipate that the system will be suitable as a light-matter quantum interface for quantum information.
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Horikoshi M, Nakagawa K. Suppression of dephasing due to a trapping potential and atom-atom interactions in a trapped-condensate interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:180401. [PMID: 17995383 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.180401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a novel trapped-condensate interferometer using optical Bragg diffractions in a harmonic magnetic potential, which can realize a long coherence time with low dephasing. Dephasing of wave packets due to the magnetic potential is canceled by setting the interrogation time equal to the oscillation period of the harmonic potential. The harmonic potential also helps to suppress dephasing due to condensate atom-atom interactions. An interference signal with a fringe contrast of 30% is observed at an interrogation time of 58 ms. For a longer interrogation time about 100 ms, the spatial coherence of the condensate is still maintained with low dephasing, although the interference fringe is washed out by external vibrational noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munekazu Horikoshi
- Institute for Laser Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Japan
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