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Jeffery ND, Rossmeisl JH, Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger N, Ito D, Foss K, Chase D. Randomized Controlled Trial of Durotomy as an Adjunct to Routine Decompressive Surgery for Dogs With Severe Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:128-138. [PMID: 38414780 PMCID: PMC10898236 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many interventions for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) appear promising in experimental models, translation directly from experimental animals to human patients is a large step that can be problematic. Acute SCI occurs frequently in companion dogs and may provide a model to ease translation. Recently, incision of the dura has been highlighted in both research animals and human patients as a means of reducing intraspinal pressure, with a view to improving perfusion of the injured tissue and enhancing functional recovery. Observational clinical data in humans and dogs support the notion that it may also improve functional outcome. Here, we report the results of a multi-center randomized controlled trial of durotomy as an adjunct to traditional decompressive surgery for treatment of severe thoracolumbar SCI caused by acute intervertebral disc herniation in dogs. Sample-size calculation was based on the proportion of dogs recovering ambulation improving from an expected 55% in the traditional surgery group to 70% in the durotomy group. Over a 3.5-year period, we enrolled 140 dogs, of which 128 had appropriate duration of follow-up. Overall, 65 (51%) dogs recovered ambulation. Recovery in the traditional decompression group was 35 of 62 (56%) dogs, and in the durotomy group 30 of 66 (45%) dogs, associated with an odds ratio of 0.643 (95% confidence interval: 0.320-1.292) and z-score of -1.24. This z-score indicates trial futility to reach the target 15% improvement over traditional surgery, and the trial was terminated at this stage. We conclude that durotomy is ineffective in improving functional outcome for severe acute thoracolumbar SCI in dogs. In the future, these data can be compared with similar data from clinical trials on duraplasty in human patients and will aid in determining the predictive validity of the "companion dog model" of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D. Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Daisuke Ito
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences Department of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kari Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Damian Chase
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearora, Auckland, New Zealand
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Hautiere M, Maffucci I, Costa N, Herbet A, Essono S, Padiolleau-Lefevre S, Boquet D. The functionality of a therapeutic antibody candidate restored by a single mutation from proline to threonine in the variable region. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2279867. [PMID: 38012091 PMCID: PMC10760395 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2279867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
mAbs play an essential role in the therapeutic arsenal. Our laboratory has patented the Rendomab-B49 mAb targeting the endothelin B receptor (ETB). This G protein-coupled receptor plays a driving role in the progression of numerous cancers. We chimerized our mAb (xiRB49) to evaluate its preclinical therapeutic efficacy in different ETB+ tumor models with an antibody drug conjugate approach. As previously reported, the chimerization process of an antibody can alter its functionality. In this article, we present the chimerization of RB49. xiRB49 purified by Protein A remained perfectly soluble and did not aggregate, but it lost all its ability to recognize ETB. A detailed analysis of its variable region using IMGT tools allowed us to identify an unusual proline at position 125. In silico mAb modeling and in vitro experiments were performed for a better understanding of xiRB49 structure-function relationships. Our results show that the proline in position 125 on the heavy chain alters the xiRB49 CDR3 light chain conformation and its mutation to threonine allows complete functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hautiere
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Irene Maffucci
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, CNRS UMR 7025, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Compiègne Cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Narciso Costa
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amaury Herbet
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Séverine Padiolleau-Lefevre
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, CNRS UMR 7025, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Compiègne Cedex, France
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Didier Boquet
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Fly casting with ligand sliding and orientational selection supporting complex formation of a GPCR and a middle sized flexible molecule. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13792. [PMID: 35963875 PMCID: PMC9376114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A GA-guided multidimensional virtual-system coupled molecular dynamics (GA-mD-VcMD) simulation was conducted to elucidate binding mechanisms of a middle-sized flexible molecule, bosentan, to a GPCR protein, human endothelin receptor type B (hETB). GA-mD-VcMD is a generalized ensemble method that produces a free-energy landscape of the ligand-receptor binding by searching large-scale motions accompanied with stable maintenance of the fragile cell-membrane structure. All molecular components (bosentan, hETB, membrane, and solvent) were represented with an all-atom model. Then sampling was conducted from conformations where bosentan was distant from the binding site in the hETB binding pocket. The deepest basin in the resultant free-energy landscape was assigned to native-like complex conformation. The following binding mechanism was inferred. First, bosentan fluctuating randomly in solution is captured using a tip region of the flexible N-terminal tail of hETB via nonspecific attractive interactions (fly casting). Bosentan then slides occasionally from the tip to the root of the N-terminal tail (ligand–sliding). During this sliding, bosentan passes the gate of the binding pocket from outside to inside of the pocket with an accompanying rapid reduction of the molecular orientational variety of bosentan (orientational selection). Last, in the pocket, ligand–receptor attractive native contacts are formed. Eventually, the native-like complex is completed. The bosentan-captured conformations by the tip-region and root-region of the N-terminal tail correspond to two basins in the free-energy landscape. The ligand-sliding corresponds to overcoming of a free-energy barrier between the basins.
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Clozel M. Aprocitentan and the endothelin system in resistant hypertension. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:573-583. [PMID: 35245103 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin has emerged as a target for therapeutic intervention in systemic hypertension. As a vasoconstrictor, co-mitogenic agent, linking pulse pressure and vascular remodeling, and mediator of aldosterone and catecholamine release, endothelin is a key player in hypertension and end-organ damage. In 10-20% of the hypertensive population, the high blood pressure is resistant to administration of antihypertensive drugs of different classes in combination. Because endothelin is not targeted by the current antihypertensive drugs this may suggest that this resistance is due, in part at least, to a dependence on endothelin. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that this form of hypertension is often salt-sensitive, and that the endothelin system is stimulated by salt. In addition, the endothelin system is activated in subjects at risk of developing resistant hypertension, such as African-Americans or patients with obesity or obstructive sleep apnea. Aprocitentan is a novel, potent, dual endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) currently in phase 3 development for the treatment of difficult-to-treat hypertension. This article discusses the research which underpinned the discovery of this ERA and the choice of its first clinical indication for patients with forms of hypertension which cannot be well controlled with classical antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Clozel
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 510456, Allschwil, Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland;
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Martynyuk TV, Aleevskaya AM. [Dynamics of the clinical functional and hemodynamic profile of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension with initial monotherapy with endothelin receptor antagonists: bosentan vs. macitentan]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 60:28-35. [PMID: 33155938 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.7.n1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim To compare results of 24-h treatments with bosentan and macitentan by the clinical functional status and indexes of pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Materials and methods Based on the Russian National Registry (NCT03707561), 44 patients older than 18 years with PAH (34 patients with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPH) and 10 patients with Eisenmenger syndrome) were retrospectively included into this study. Based on the statistical method of pairwise comparison, two groups were formed and matched by age, gender, WHO functional class (FC), and 6-min walk distance (6MWD). 22 patients of group 1 (17 with IPH and 5 with Eisenmenger syndrome) were treated with macitentan 10 mg/day, and 22 patients of group 2 (17 with IPH and 5 with Eisenmenger syndrome) were treated with bosentan 250 mg/day. Clinical instrumental data (6MWD, Borg dyspnea score, chest X-ray, transthoracic echocardiography (EchoCG), and right heart catheterization (RHC)) were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks of therapy.Results By week 24 of the treatment, FC and 6MWD improved in both groups. The macitentan treatment was associated with a significant decrease in Borg score. Significant intergroup differences in EchoCG data were not observed. The bosentan treatment was associated with a decrease in right ventricular (RV) dimension and a tendency towards a decrease in calculated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). By week 24, the macitentan treatment as compared to the bosentan treatment, was associated with a decrease in cardiothoracic ratio (CTR). In both groups, RHC showed decreases in PASP, mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and improvements in cardiac output (CO), cardiac index, and stroke volume (SV) values. By week 24, the increase in SV was greater in the macitentan treatment group than in the bosentan treatment group (р=0.05).Conclusion The 24-week treatment with bosentan or macitentan provided significant and comparable improvement of the functional profile in PAH patients with FC II (WHO) at baseline. The decrease in CTR was significantly more pronounced in the macitental treatment group compared to the bosentan treatment group. The 24-week bosentan treatment resulted in a decrease in RV anterior-posterior dimension, a tendency towards a decrease in PASP according to EchoCG data. Macitentan provided more pronounced dynamics of dyspnea than bosentan according to the results of 6MWD test and the increase in SV according to RHC data.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Martynyuk
- A.L. Myasnikov Research Institute of Clinical Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Aleevskaya
- A.L. Myasnikov Research Institute of Clinical Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Discovered in 1987 as a potent endothelial cell-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin-1 (ET-1), the predominant member of the endothelin peptide family, is now recognized as a multifunctional peptide with cytokine-like activity contributing to almost all aspects of physiology and cell function. More than 30 000 scientific articles on endothelin were published over the past 3 decades, leading to the development and subsequent regulatory approval of a new class of therapeutics-the endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). This article reviews the history of the discovery of endothelin and its role in genetics, physiology, and disease. Here, we summarize the main clinical trials using ERAs and discuss the role of endothelin in cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, preecclampsia, coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) caused by spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), Takotsubo syndrome, and heart failure. We also discuss how endothelins contributes to diabetic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as cancer, immune disorders, and allograft rejection (which all involve ETA autoantibodies), and neurological diseases. The application of ERAs, dual endothelin receptor/angiotensin receptor antagonists (DARAs), selective ETB agonists, novel biologics such as receptor-targeting antibodies, or immunization against ETA receptors holds the potential to slow the progression or even reverse chronic noncommunicable diseases. Future clinical studies will show whether targeting endothelin receptors can prevent or reduce disability from disease and improve clinical outcome, quality of life, and survival in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- From Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
- Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland (M.B.)
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS) and Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Japan (M.Y.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (M.Y.)
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an uncommon disease characterized progressive remodeling of pulmonary vasculature. Although treatment for PAH have improved in last two decades but the outcome remains fatal. Currently, the therapies for PAH target three well-established pathways the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, endothelin receptors, and prostanoids. There are multiple potential targets for development of newer drugs in PAH which requires meticulous research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Tyagi
- Department of Cardiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.,Department of Cardiology, G.B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Batra
- Department of Cardiology, G.B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
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Bilgin E, Oktay K, Olguner SK, Çavuş G, Açık V, Arslan A, Tuna M. Spontan subaraknoid kanamayı takiben gelişen vazospazm sonrası serum ve serebrospinal sıvıda endotelin-1 düzeyleri. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.481237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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9
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Nagiri C, Shihoya W, Inoue A, Kadji FMN, Aoki J, Nureki O. Crystal structure of human endothelin ET B receptor in complex with peptide inverse agonist IRL2500. Commun Biol 2019; 2:236. [PMID: 31263780 PMCID: PMC6588608 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB) are G-protein-coupled receptors activated by endothelin-1 and are involved in blood pressure regulation. IRL2500 is a peptide-mimetic of the C-terminal tripeptide of endothelin-1, and has been characterized as a potent ETB-selective antagonist, which has preventive effects against brain edema. Here, we report the crystal structure of the human ETB receptor in complex with IRL2500 at 2.7 Å-resolution. The structure revealed the different binding modes between IRL2500 and endothelin-1, and provides structural insights into its ETB-selectivity. Notably, the biphenyl group of IRL2500 penetrates into the transmembrane core proximal to D2.50, thus stabilizing the inactive conformation. Using the newly-established constitutively active mutant, we clearly demonstrate that IRL2500 functions as an inverse agonist for the ETB receptor. The current findings will expand the chemical space of ETR antagonists and facilitate the design of inverse agonists for other class A GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisae Nagiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi Japan
| | - Francois Marie Ngako Kadji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578 Miyagi Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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10
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Angus JA, Hughes RJA, Wright CE. Distortion of K B estimates of endothelin-1 ET A and ET B receptor antagonists in pulmonary arteries: Possible role of an endothelin-1 clearance mechanism. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 29226623 PMCID: PMC5723704 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual endothelin ETA and ETB receptor antagonists are approved therapy for pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). We hypothesized that ETB receptor‐mediated clearance of endothelin‐1 at specific vascular sites may compromise this targeted therapy. Concentration‐response curves (CRC) to endothelin‐1 or the ETB agonist sarafotoxin S6c were constructed, with endothelin receptor antagonists, in various rat and mouse isolated arteries using wire myography or in rat isolated trachea. In rat small mesenteric arteries, bosentan displaced endothelin‐1 CRC competitively indicative of ETA receptor antagonism. In rat small pulmonary arteries, bosentan 10 μmol L−1 left‐shifted the endothelin‐1 CRC, demonstrating potentiation consistent with antagonism of an ETB receptor‐mediated endothelin‐1 clearance mechanism. Removal of endothelium or L‐NAME did not alter the EC50 or Emax of endothelin‐1 nor increase the antagonism by BQ788. In the presence of BQ788 and L‐NAME, bosentan displayed ETA receptor antagonism. In rat trachea (ETB), bosentan was a competitive ETB antagonist against endothelin‐1 or sarafotoxin S6c. Modeling showed the importance of dual receptor antagonism where the potency ratio of ETA to ETB antagonism is close to unity. In conclusion, the rat pulmonary artery is an example of a special vascular bed where the resistance to antagonism of endothelin‐1 constriction by ET dual antagonists, such as bosentan or the ETB antagonist BQ788, is possibly due to the competition of potentiation of endothelin‐1 by blockade of ETB‐mediated endothelin‐1 clearance located on smooth muscle and antagonism of ETA‐ and ETB‐mediated contraction. This conclusion may have direct application for the efficacy of endothelin‐1 antagonists for treating PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Angus
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Richard J A Hughes
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Christine E Wright
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Barrow JW, Turan N, Wangmo P, Roy AK, Pradilla G. The role of inflammation and potential use of sex steroids in intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol Int 2018; 9:150. [PMID: 30105144 PMCID: PMC6080146 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_88_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continues to be a devastating neurological condition with a high risk of associated morbidity and mortality. Inflammation has been shown to increase the risk of complications associated with aSAH such as vasospasm and brain injury in animal models and humans. The goal of this review is to discuss the inflammatory mechanisms of aneurysm formation, rupture and vasospasm and explore the role of sex hormones in the inflammatory response to aSAH. Methods A literature review was performed using PubMed using the following search terms: "intracranial aneurysm," "cerebral aneurysm," "dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate" "estrogen," "hormone replacement therapy," "inflammation," "oral contraceptive," "progesterone," "sex steroids," "sex hormones" "subarachnoid hemorrhage," "testosterone." Only studies published in English language were included in the review. Results Studies have shown that administration of sex hormones such as progesterone and estrogen at early stages in the inflammatory cascade can lower the risk and magnitude of subsequent complications. The exact mechanism by which these hormones act on the brain, as well as their role in the inflammatory cascade is not fully understood. Moreover, conflicting results have been published on the effect of hormone replacement therapy in humans. This review will scrutinize the variations in these studies to provide a more detailed understanding of sex hormones as potential therapeutic agents for intracranial aneurysms and aSAH. Conclusion Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm formation and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and administration of sex hormones as anti-inflammatory agents has been associated with improved functional outcome in experimental models. Further studies are needed to determine the therapeutic role of these hormones in the intracranial aneurysms and aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Barrow
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, USA
| | - Nefize Turan
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pasang Wangmo
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anil K Roy
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gustavo Pradilla
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Herbet A, Costa N, Leventoux N, Mabondzo A, Couraud JY, Borrull A, Hugnot JP, Boquet D. Antibodies targeting human endothelin-1 receptors reveal different conformational states in cancer cells. Physiol Res 2018; 67:S257-S264. [PMID: 29947545 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelin axis (endothelins and their receptors) is strongly involved in physiological and pathological processes. ET-1 plays a crucial role in particular in tumor diseases. Endothelin-1 receptors (ET(A) and ET(B)) are deregulated and overexpressed in several tumors such as melanoma and glioma. We studied the binding of 24 monoclonal antibodies directed against human ET(B) receptors (hET(B)) to different melanoma cell lines. Few of these mAbs bound to all the melanoma cell lines. One of them, rendomab B49, bound to ET(B) receptors expressed at the surface of human glioma stem cells. More recently, we produced new antibodies directed against human ET(A) receptor (hET(A)). Several antibodies have been isolated and have been screened on different tumoral cells lines. As for the mAbs directed against the hET(B) receptor only some of new antibodies directed against ET(A) receptor are capable to bind the human tumoral cell lines. Rendomab A63 directed against hET(A) is one of them. We report the specificity and binding properties of these mAbs and consider their potential use in diagnosis by an in vivo imaging approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herbet
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments (LEMM), CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Boutonnet M, Laemmel E, Vicaut E, Duranteau J, Soubeyrand M. Combinatorial therapy with two pro-coagulants and one osmotic agent reduces the extent of the lesion in the acute phase of spinal cord injury in the rat. Intensive Care Med Exp 2017; 5:51. [PMID: 29230608 PMCID: PMC5725399 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-017-0164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex disease that leads to a motor, sensitive, and vegetative impairment. So far, single therapies are ineffective for treating SCI in humans and a multifactorial therapeutic approach may be required. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of a triple therapy (TT) associating two pro-coagulant therapies (tranexamic acid and fibrinogen) with an anti-edema therapy (hypertonic saline solution), on the extent of the lesion 24 h post-injury. Methods The design of this study is a randomized controlled study. The setting of this study is an experimental study. Male Wistar rats were assigned to receive saline solution for the control group or one of the treatment, or a combination of two treatments or the three treatments (triple therapy group (TT)). Animals were anesthetized and received a weight-drop SCI induced at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra (Th12). They were treated by single therapies, double therapies, or TT started 5 min after the SCI. Results The extent of the lesion was assessed 24 h after injury by spectrophotometry (quantification of parenchymal hemorrhage and blood-spinal cord barrier disruption) and by histology (quantification of spared neuronal tissue). As compared with the control group, the TT significantly reduced parenchymal hemorrhage (p < 0.05) and improved the total amount of intact neural tissue, measured 24 h later (p = 0.003). Conclusions Combinatorial therapy associating two pro-coagulants (tranexamic acid and fibrinogen) with an anti-edema therapy (hypertonic saline solution) reduces the extent of the lesion in the acute phase of spinal cord injury in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boutonnet
- Service de Réanimation, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Percy, Clamart, France. .,INSERM U942, Equipe universitaire 3509 Paris VII-Paris XI-Paris XIII, Microcirculation, Bioénergétique, Inflammation et Insuffisance circulatoire aiguë, Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Paris, France.
| | - Elisabeth Laemmel
- INSERM U942, Equipe universitaire 3509 Paris VII-Paris XI-Paris XIII, Microcirculation, Bioénergétique, Inflammation et Insuffisance circulatoire aiguë, Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- INSERM U942, Equipe universitaire 3509 Paris VII-Paris XI-Paris XIII, Microcirculation, Bioénergétique, Inflammation et Insuffisance circulatoire aiguë, Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Duranteau
- INSERM U942, Equipe universitaire 3509 Paris VII-Paris XI-Paris XIII, Microcirculation, Bioénergétique, Inflammation et Insuffisance circulatoire aiguë, Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Paris, France.,Département d'Anesthésie Réanimation, Service de Réanimation, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Soubeyrand
- INSERM U942, Equipe universitaire 3509 Paris VII-Paris XI-Paris XIII, Microcirculation, Bioénergétique, Inflammation et Insuffisance circulatoire aiguë, Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Paris, France.,Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Valieva ZS, Martynyuk TV, Chazova IE. [Bosentan use in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Russian and foreign experience]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 89:95-103. [PMID: 28914858 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201789895-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The results of evaluating the efficacy and safety of bosentan in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), as shown by the data of foreign randomized controlled trials and the authors' own experience, convincingly demonstrate that the introduction of the drug into clinical practice has led to a significant improvement of the possibilities of drug therapy in patients with this serious illness. Bosentan substantially improves physical activity in patients, reduces the severity of clinical symptoms, slows down the rates of disease progression, and prolongs survival in patients with different forms of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Valieva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow
| | - T V Martynyuk
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow
| | - I E Chazova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow
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15
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X-ray structures of endothelin ET B receptor bound to clinical antagonist bosentan and its analog. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:758-764. [PMID: 28805809 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin receptors (ETRs) have crucial roles in vascular control and are targets for drugs designed to treat circulatory-system diseases and cancer progression. The nonpeptide dual-ETR antagonist bosentan is the first oral drug approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension. Here we report crystal structures of human endothelin ETB receptor bound to bosentan and to the ETB-selective analog K-8794, at 3.6-Å and 2.2-Å resolution, respectively. The K-8794-bound structure reveals the detailed water-mediated hydrogen-bonding network at the transmembrane core, which could account for the weak negative allosteric modulation of ETB by Na+ ions. The bosentan-bound structure reveals detailed interactions with ETB, which are probably conserved in the ETA receptor. A comparison of the two structures shows unexpected similarity between antagonist and agonist binding. Despite this similarity, bosentan sterically prevents the inward movement of transmembrane helix 6 (TM6), and thus exerts its antagonistic activity. These structural insights will facilitate the rational design of new ETR-targeting drugs.
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16
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Angus JA, Soeding PF, Hughes RJA, Wright CE. Functional estimation of endothelin-1 receptor antagonism by bosentan, macitentan and ambrisentan in human pulmonary and radial arteries in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:111-116. [PMID: 28300593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin receptor antagonists are approved for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Development of selective ETA-receptor antagonists over mixed or dual receptor antagonists has depended on a range of receptor binding assays, second messenger assays and functional blood vessel assays. This study compared the 3 clinically-approved endothelin receptor antagonists in assays of human isolated pulmonary and radial arteries in vitro. METHODS Human isolated pulmonary (i.d. 5.5mm) and human radial (i.d. 3.23mm) artery ring segments were mounted in organ baths for isometric force measurement. Single concentration-contraction curves to endothelin-1 were constructed in the absence or presence of bosentan (1-10µM), macitentan (0.03-0.3µM) or ambrisentan (0.1-1µM). RESULTS All 3 endothelin antagonists caused competitive rightward shifts in the endothelin-1 concentration-response curves in both arteries. The Clark plot and analysis gave the following pKB values: bosentan, pulmonary artery 6.28±0.13 and radial artery 6.04±0.10; macitentan, pulmonary artery 8.02±0.13 and radial artery 7.49±0.08; and ambrisentan, pulmonary artery 7.38±0.13 and radial artery 6.96±0.10. CONCLUSIONS Noting the maximum plasma levels attained from recommended oral doses of each antagonist in volunteers, the pKB findings here show that there would be significant antagonism of endothelin-1 contraction in the pulmonary and radial arteries at therapeutic plasma levels. This functional assay confirms in human tissue that much higher plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 receptor antagonists are required to be effective than those predicted from binding or other biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Angus
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Paul F Soeding
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Richard J A Hughes
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Christine E Wright
- Cardiovascular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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17
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Clozel M. Endothelin research and the discovery of macitentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R721-R726. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00475.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) are used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Macitentan, a dual (ETA+ETB) ERA approved for the long-term treatment of PAH, was discovered through a tailored research program aimed at improving efficacy and safety over the existing ERAs. The goal of improved efficacy was based on the understanding that not only the ETA receptor but also the ETB receptor contributed to the hemodynamic and structural changes induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) in pathological conditions and on the predefined requirements for optimal tissue penetration and binding kinetics of the antagonist. The goal of improved safety was based on the discovery of the role of ETB receptors in vascular permeability and vasopressin release and on the elucidation of the mechanism by which bosentan (the first approved oral dual ETA/ETB ERA) caused liver enzyme changes. Our intention was to design a molecule that would block ETA and ETB receptors optimally and would not interfere with bile salt elimination. This review takes us through the drug discovery journey that led to the discovery, development, and registration of macitentan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Clozel
- Drug Discovery Department, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Allschwil, Switzerland
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18
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Wight E, Küng CF, Moreau P, Takase H, Lüscher TF. Chronic Blockade of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Endothelin Receptors During Pregnancy in the Rat: Effect on Reactivity of the Uterine Artery In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155769800500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroyuki Takase
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, and Cardiovascular Research, Cardiology, Inselspital/University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, and Cardiovascular Research, Cardiology, Inselspital/University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Shihoya W, Nishizawa T, Okuta A, Tani K, Dohmae N, Fujiyoshi Y, Nureki O, Doi T. Activation mechanism of endothelin ET B receptor by endothelin-1. Nature 2016; 537:363-368. [PMID: 27595334 DOI: 10.1038/nature19319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin, a 21-amino-acid peptide, participates in various physiological processes, such as regulation of vascular tone, humoral homeostasis, neural crest cell development and neurotransmission. Endothelin and its G-protein-coupled receptor are involved in the development of various diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, and thus are important therapeutic targets. Here we report crystal structures of human endothelin type B receptor in the ligand-free form and in complex with the endogenous agonist endothelin-1. The structures and mutation analysis reveal the mechanism for the isopeptide selectivity between endothelin-1 and -3. Transmembrane helices 1, 2, 6 and 7 move and envelop the entire endothelin peptide, in a virtually irreversible manner. The agonist-induced conformational changes are propagated to the receptor core and the cytoplasmic G-protein coupling interface, and probably induce conformational flexibility in TM6. A comparison with the M2 muscarinic receptor suggests a shared mechanism for signal transduction in class A G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Shihoya
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nishizawa
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akiko Okuta
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Tani
- Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiyoshi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Cellular and Structural Physiology Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Tomoko Doi
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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20
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Chan EAW, Buckley B, Farraj AK, Thompson LC. The heart as an extravascular target of endothelin-1 in particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:63-78. [PMID: 27222357 PMCID: PMC6390286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter air pollution has been causally linked to cardiovascular disease in humans. Several broad and overlapping hypotheses describing the biological mechanisms by which particulate matter exposure leads to cardiovascular disease have been explored, although linkage with specific factors or genes remains limited. These hypotheses may or may not also lead to particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction. Evidence pointing to autocrine/paracrine signaling systems as modulators of cardiac dysfunction has increased interest in the emerging role of endothelins as mediators of cardiac function following particulate matter exposure. Endothelin-1, a well-described small peptide expressed in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, is best known for its ability to constrict blood vessels, although it can also induce extravascular effects. Research on the role of endothelins in the context of air pollution has largely focused on vascular effects, with limited investigation of responses resulting from the direct effects of endothelins on cardiac tissue. This represents a significant knowledge gap in air pollution health effects research, given the abundance of endothelin receptors found on cardiac tissue and the ability of endothelin-1 to modulate cardiac contractility, heart rate, and rhythm. The plausibility of endothelin-1 as a mediator of particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction is further supported by the therapeutic utility of certain endothelin receptor antagonists. The present review examines the possibility that endothelin-1 release caused by exposure to PM directly modulates extravascular effects on the heart, deleteriously altering cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A W Chan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Buckley
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leslie C Thompson
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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21
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Nuclear factor-κB is involved in oxyhemoglobin-induced endothelin-1 expression in cerebrovascular muscle cells of the rabbit basilar artery. Neuroreport 2016; 27:875-82. [PMID: 27391329 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present research was designed to investigate whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) secretion can be induced by oxyhemoglobin and whether nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is involved in the regulation of ET-1 transcription in cerebrovascular muscle cells. Cerebrovascular muscle cells isolated from a rabbit basilar artery were stimulated by oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) and ET-1 production was increased significantly in the supernatant. Inhibition of NF-κB with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and small interfering RNA decreased the expression of ET-1. Nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the degradation of IkB-α was observed with the stimulation of OxyHb. The supernatant obtained from cerebrovascular muscle cells stimulated by OxyHb produced contractions in arterial rings and was blocked by the ET-1 receptor antagonist (BQ-123). The time course of the OxyHb-induced contractions of the basilar artery rings correlated with the time course of the OxyHb-induced ET-1 secretion. The contraction of the basilar artery rings induced by OxyHb was attenuated when the artery rings were preincubated with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and SN50 (20 and 10 µM, respectively). These results indicate that cerebrovascular muscle cells may be an important source of ET-1 production after subarachnoid hemorrhage. NF-κB was involved in the expression of ET-1 and the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway may be beneficial for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.
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22
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Boss C, Bolli MH, Gatfield J. From bosentan (Tracleer®) to macitentan (Opsumit®): The medicinal chemistry perspective. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3381-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Pollock DM. The Third Tomoh Masaki Award (2015). Life Sci 2016; 159:10-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Mahmoud AM, Brown MD, Phillips SA, Haus JM. Skeletal Muscle Vascular Function: A Counterbalance of Insulin Action. Microcirculation 2016; 22:327-47. [PMID: 25904196 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a vasoactive hormone that regulates vascular homeostasis by maintaining balance of endothelial-derived NO and ET-1. Although there is general agreement that insulin resistance and the associated hyperinsulinemia disturb this balance, the vascular consequences for hyperinsulinemia in isolation from insulin resistance are still unclear. Presently, there is no simple answer for this question, especially in a background of mixed reports examining the effects of experimental hyperinsulinemia on endothelial-mediated vasodilation. Understanding the mechanisms by which hyperinsulinemia induces vascular dysfunction is essential in advancing treatment and prevention of insulin resistance-related vascular complications. Thus, we review literature addressing the effects of hyperinsulinemia on vascular function. Furthermore, we give special attention to the vasoregulatory effects of hyperinsulinemia on skeletal muscle, the largest insulin-dependent organ in the body. This review also characterizes the differential vascular effects of hyperinsulinemia on large conduit vessels versus small resistance microvessels and the effects of metabolic variables in an effort to unravel potential sources of discrepancies in the literature. At the cellular level, we provide an overview of insulin signaling events governing vascular tone. Finally, we hypothesize a role for hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D Brown
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob M Haus
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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25
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Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ. Endothelin. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:357-418. [PMID: 26956245 PMCID: PMC4815360 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1 and -2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas endothelin-3 has a lower affinity for the ETA subtype. Genes encoding the peptides are present only among vertebrates. The ligand-receptor signaling pathway is a vertebrate innovation and may reflect the evolution of endothelin-1 as the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system with remarkably long lasting action. Highly selective peptide ETA and ETB antagonists and ETB agonists together with radiolabeled analogs have accurately delineated endothelin pharmacology in humans and animal models, although surprisingly no ETA agonist has been discovered. ET antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan) have revolutionized the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, with the next generation of antagonists exhibiting improved efficacy (macitentan). Clinical trials continue to explore new applications, particularly in renal failure and for reducing proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Translational studies suggest a potential benefit of ETB agonists in chemotherapy and neuroprotection. However, demonstrating clinical efficacy of combined inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase has proved elusive. Over 28 genetic modifications have been made to the ET system in mice through global or cell-specific knockouts, knock ins, or alterations in gene expression of endothelin ligands or their target receptors. These studies have identified key roles for the endothelin isoforms and new therapeutic targets in development, fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, and cardiovascular and neuronal function. For the future, novel pharmacological strategies are emerging via small molecule epigenetic modulators, biologicals such as ETB monoclonal antibodies and the potential of signaling pathway biased agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly A Hyndman
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Southan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David M Pollock
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J Webb
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.P.D., J.J.M.); IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (C.S.); Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah (D.E.K.); Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (K.A.H., J.S.P., D.M.P.); and Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (N.D.) and University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute (D.J.W.N.D.), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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26
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Zahedi A, Nematbakhsh M, Moeini M, Talebi A. Role of endothelin receptor antagonist; bosentan in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in ovariectomized estradiol treated rats. J Nephropathol 2015; 4:134-40. [PMID: 26457261 PMCID: PMC4596298 DOI: 10.12860/jnp.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide that mediates cell proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. ET-1 has 2 receptors A and B.
Objectives: The present study investigated whether administration of ET-1 receptor type A antagonist leads to protect cisplatin (CP) induced nephrotoxicity in ovariectomized-estradiol (Es) treated rats.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-six ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups. Group 1 received CP (2.5 mg/kg/day) for one week. Groups 2 and 3 received 2 different doses of Es (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg/week) for 3 weeks, but CP was started in the third week. Group 4 was treated as group 1, but bosentan (BOS, 30 mg/kg/day) was also added. Groups 5 and 6 treated similar to groups 2 and 3 but CP and BOS were added in the third week. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained, and the animals were sacrificed for histopathological investigation of kidney tissue.
Results: The serum levels of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased by CP; however, BOS significantly elevated the BUN and Cr levels that were increased by CP administration (P < 0.05). Co-treatment of Es, BOS, and CP decreased the serum levels of BUN, Cr, and malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared with the group treated with BOS plus CP (P < 0.05). Such finding was obtained for kidney tissue damage score (KTDS). As expected, Es significantly increased uterus weight (P < 0.05). The groups were not significantly different in terms of serum and kidney nitrite, kidney weight (KW), and bodyweight
Conclusions: According to our findings, BOS could not protect renal functions against CP-induced nephrotoxicity. In contrast, Es alone or accompanied with BOS could protect the kidney against CP-induced nephrotoxicity via reduction of BUN, Cr, and KTDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alieh Zahedi
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nematbakhsh
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Isfahan MN Institute of Basic & Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Moeini
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Talebi
- Water & Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chaumais MC, Guignabert C, Savale L, Jaïs X, Boucly A, Montani D, Simonneau G, Humbert M, Sitbon O. Clinical pharmacology of endothelin receptor antagonists used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2015; 15:13-26. [PMID: 25421754 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-014-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating life-threatening disorder characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance leading to elevated pulmonary arterial pressures, right ventricular failure, and ultimately death. Vascular endothelial cells mainly produce and secrete endothelin (ET-1) in vessels that lead to a potent and long-lasting vasoconstrictive effect in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Along with its strong vasoconstrictive action, ET-1 can promote smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thus, ET-1 blockers have attracted attention as an antihypertensive drug, and the ET-1 signaling system has paved a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of PAH. We outline the current understanding of not only the pathogenic role played by ET-1 signaling systems in the pathogenesis of PH but also the clinical pharmacology of endothelin receptor antagonists (ERA) used in the treatment of PAH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects
- Antihypertensive Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Interactions
- Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/pharmacokinetics
- Endothelin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Endothelins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endothelins/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/immunology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Pulmonary Circulation/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Vasculitis/etiology
- Vasculitis/prevention & control
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Barton M, Schiffrin EL. In Memoriam: Wolfgang Kiowski, M.D. (1949–2012) - Pioneer in clinical endothelin research. Life Sci 2014; 118:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Hammad FT, Wheatley AM, Davis G. Bosentan normalizes the GFR response to renal nerve stimulation following reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction in the rat. Physiol Res 2014; 63:713-22. [PMID: 25157662 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the renal response to direct renal nerve stimulation, 2 weeks following reversal of 24-h unilateral (left) ureteric obstruction. Renal nerve stimulation caused a 13-15 % fall in renal blood flow, in 4 groups of anesthetized rats following ureteric obstruction (n=9) or a sham operation (n=7) both with (n=9) and without (n=7) treatment with the mixed ET(A/B) receptor antagonist, bosentan. In the sham-operated rats, renal nerve stimulation did not change glomerular filtration rate but reduced urine flow rate (37+/-3 %, P<0.001), and absolute (38+/-4 %, P<0.001) and fractional (35+/-5 %, P<0.01) sodium excretion. Following unilateral ureteric obstruction, renal nerve stimulation increased glomerular filtration rate by 22+/-3 % (P<0.01), but reduced urine flow rate (14+/-2 %, P<0.001) and fractional sodium excretion (23+/-5 %, P<0.01). Bosentan treatment had no effect on baseline or renal responses to renal nerve stimulation in the sham group but normalized the renal response to renal nerve stimulation in the unilateral ureteric obstruction group. We conclude that 14 days after a 24-h period of unilateral ureteric obstruction there is an increase in GFR in response to direct renal nerve stimulation, which is due, in part, to the actions of endothelin at the time of obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Hammad
- Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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30
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Inflammation, vasospasm, and brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:384342. [PMID: 25105123 PMCID: PMC4106062 DOI: 10.1155/2014/384342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can lead to devastating neurological outcomes, and there are few pharmacologic treatments available for treating this condition. Both animal and human studies provide evidence of inflammation being a driving force behind the pathology of SAH, leading to both direct brain injury and vasospasm, which in turn leads to ischemic brain injury. Several inflammatory mediators that are elevated after SAH have been studied in detail. While there is promising data indicating that blocking these factors might benefit patients after SAH, there has been little success in clinical trials. One of the key factors that complicates clinical trials of SAH is the variability of the initial injury and subsequent inflammatory response. It is likely that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the variability of patients' post-SAH inflammatory response and that this confounds trials of anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, systemic inflammation from other conditions that affect patients with SAH could contribute to brain injury and vasospasm after SAH. Continuing work on biomarkers of inflammation after SAH may lead to development of patient-specific anti-inflammatory therapies to improve outcome after SAH.
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31
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Miyagawa K, Emoto N. Current state of endothelin receptor antagonism in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 8:202-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1753944714541511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin 1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictive substance, was discovered in 1988 by Yanagisawa and colleagues, and since then, a quarter of a century has passed. Understanding the biology of ET-1 has rapidly developed by characterizing the components of its receptors and processing enzymes. Numerous studies have revealed not only physiological but also various pathophysiological roles of the ET system. At first, ET-1 was the attractive and promising target for the treatment of hypertension owing to its potent vasoconstrictive nature and a variety of ET receptor antagonists (ERAs) were studied. However, the clinical application to treat hypertension was disappointing because of the side effects, including liver toxicity and fluid retention. On the other hand, ERAs have been established as orphan drugs for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and improved the prognosis of patients. Furthermore, multipotency of the ET system in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases has led to the development of translational research not only in the field of hypertension but in a variety of fields. Furthermore, a range of studies are ongoing to apply ERAs to clinical situations. In this article, we review the pathophysiological roles of the ET system in hypertension and pulmonary hypertension and the potential of ET receptor antagonism for the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyagawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki, Chuo, 650-0017 Kobe, Japan
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De Mey JGR, Vanhoutte PM. End o' the line revisited: moving on from nitric oxide to CGRP. Life Sci 2014; 118:120-8. [PMID: 24747136 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When endothelin-1(ET-1) was discovered it was hailed as the prototypical endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). However, over the years little evidence emerged convincingly demonstrating that the peptide actually contributes to moment-to-moment changes in vascular tone elicited by endothelial cells. This has been attributed to the profound inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on both the production (by the endothelium) and the action (on vascular smooth muscle) of ET-1. Hence, the peptide is likely to initiate acute changes in vascular diameter only under extreme conditions of endothelial dysfunction when the NO bioavailability is considerably reduced if not absent. The present essay discusses whether or not this concept should be revised, in particular in view of the potent inhibitory effect exerted by calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) released from sensorimotor nerves on vasoconstrictor responses to ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo G R De Mey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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KRUGER MARIAJ, MYBURGH KATHRYNH, SMITH CARINE. Contusion Injury with Chronic In vivo Polyphenol Supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:225-31. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a4e754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roouf Bhat A, Arshad M, Ju Lee E, Pokharel S, Choi I, Athar F. Synthesis, characterization, and anti-amoebic activity of N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:2267-77. [PMID: 24327446 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new series of N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide derivatives, 3a-3i and 4a-4i, was synthesized from pyrimidin-2-amines, 2a-2i, with the aim to explore their effects on in vitro growth of Entamoeba histolytica. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1) H- and (13) C-NMR, and ESI mass-spectral data. In vitro anti-amoebic activity was evaluated against HM1 : IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. The IC50 values were calculated by using the double dilution method. The results were compared with the IC50 value of the standard drug 'metronidazole'. The selected compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activities by cell-viability assay using H9C2 cardiac myoblasts cell line, and the results indicated that all the compounds displayed remarkable >80% viabilities to a concentration of 100 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Roouf Bhat
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712 - 749, Republic of Korea, (phone: +82-53-810-3024; fax: +82-53-810-4769)
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35
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Ardelt A. From bench-to-bedside in catastrophic cerebrovascular disease: development of drugs targeting the endothelin axis in subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm. Neurol Res 2013; 34:195-210. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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36
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Joo HW, Hyun JK, Kim TU, Chae SH, Lee YI, Lee SJ. Influence of constraint-induced movement therapy upon evoked potentials in rats with cerebral infarction. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:3691-7. [PMID: 23043504 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is an effective treatment promoting motor recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of CIMT on the evoked potentials in rats with focal cerebral cortical ischemia induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1). Thirty rats were randomly assigned to the sham, infarct or CIMT groups. ET-1 was injected stereotaxically into the forelimb area of the cerebral cortex in the dominant hemisphere. Custom-made constraint jackets were applied to limit movement of the unaffected forelimb in the CIMT group. Motor and sensory function of the forelimb was evaluated by a pellet retrieval task and forearm asymmetry test. Electrophysiologic changes were evaluated by motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs). The location and extent of cerebral ischemia were confirmed and compared histologically. The CIMT group showed better recovery in the pellet retrieval task. Forelimb use was more symmetrical in the CIMT group. The waveform of the SEP was reversed and delayed in the infarct group, but it was preserved in the CIMT group with amplitude decrease only. The estimated volume of infarction was smaller in the CIMT group, although statistically not significant. The results demonstrate that CIMT can promote recovery of motor function in focal cerebral cortical infarcts, and that recovery may be related to reorganization of the cerebral neuronal network in the somatosensory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung W Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Anseo-dong, Cheonan, Chungnam, 330-715, Korea
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37
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Bansal G, Singh R, Saini B, Bansal Y. ESI-MSn and LC-ESI-MS studies to characterize forced degradation products of bosentan and a validated stability-indicating LC-UV method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 72:186-97. [PMID: 22999302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the characterization of forced degradation products of bosentan and a validated stability-indicating HPLC method for the stability testing of bosentan tablets. The forced degradation was carried out under the conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, dry heat and photolysis. The drug was found unstable in acid, alkali and oxidative media whereas stable to the hydrolysis in water, to dry heat and to photolysis. In total, six degradation products were formed in all conditions which were resolved in a single run on a C-18 column with gradient elution using ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.5, 5.0mM), methanol and acetonitrile. Structures of all the degradation products were characterized through +ESI-MS(n) and LC-ESI-MS spectral data of bosentan as well as LC-ESI-MS spectral data of the products. The products II-VI were characterized as 6-amino-[2,2']bipyrimidinyl-4,5-diol, 6-amino-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2']-bipyrimidinyl-4-ol, 2-[6-amino-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2']-bipyrimidinyl-4-yloxy]-ethanol, 4-tert-butyl-N-[6-(1-methoxyethoxy)-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2']-bipyrimidinyl-4-yl]-benzenesulfonamide and 4-tert-butyl-N-[6-hydroxy-5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2']bipyrimidinyl-4-yl]-benzenesulfonamide, respectively. The peak of the product I was found to be due to two secondary degradation products which co-eluted and were characterized as β-hydroxyethyl p-tert-butylphenylsulfonate (Ia) and 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-phenoxy]-ethanol (Ib). These products were formed due to hydrolysis of sulfonamide and alkylaryl ether and the diaryl ether linkages as well as dehydration of the primary alcohol group. The most probable degradation mechanisms were proposed. The HPLC method was found to be stability-indicating, linear (2-100 μg ml(-1)), accurate, precise, sensitive, specific, rugged and robust for quantitation of the drug. The method was applied to the stability testing of the commercially available bosentan tablets successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
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38
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Bolli MH, Boss C, Binkert C, Buchmann S, Bur D, Hess P, Iglarz M, Meyer S, Rein J, Rey M, Treiber A, Clozel M, Fischli W, Weller T. The Discovery of N-[5-(4-Bromophenyl)-6-[2-[(5-bromo-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]ethoxy]-4-pyrimidinyl]-N′-propylsulfamide (Macitentan), an Orally Active, Potent Dual Endothelin Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7849-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Binkert
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Buchmann
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bur
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hess
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Marc Iglarz
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Solange Meyer
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Josiane Rein
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rey
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Treiber
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martine Clozel
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Walter Fischli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Weller
- Drug Discovery Chemistry, Actelion Pharmaceuticals
Ltd., Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Abstract
Successful treatment of hypertension is difficult despite the availability of several classes of antihypertensive drug, and the value of strategies to combat the effect of adverse lifestyle behaviours on blood pressure. In this paper, we discuss two promising therapeutic alternatives for patients with resistant hypertension: novel drugs, including new pharmacological classes (such as vasopeptidase inhibitors and aldosterone synthase inhibitors) and new molecules from present pharmacological classes with additional properties in blood-pressure or metabolism pathways; and new procedures and devices, including stimulation of arterial baroreceptors and catheter-based renal denervation. Although several pharmacological targets have been discovered with promising preclinical results, the clinical development of novel antihypertensive drugs has been more difficult and less productive than expected. The effectiveness and safety of new devices and procedures should be carefully assessed in patients with resistant hypertension, thus leading to a new era of outcome trials and evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Laurent
- Department of Pharmacology, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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40
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Kohan DE, Cleland JG, Rubin LJ, Theodorescu D, Barton M. Clinical trials with endothelin receptor antagonists: what went wrong and where can we improve? Life Sci 2012; 91:528-39. [PMID: 22967485 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1990s, within three years of cloning of endothelin receptors, orally active endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) were tested in humans and the first clinical trial of ERA therapy in humans was published in 1995. ERAs were subsequently tested in clinical trials involving heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, resistant arterial hypertension, stroke/subarachnoid hemorrhage and various forms of cancer. The results of most of these trials - except those for pulmonary arterial hypertension and scleroderma-related digital ulcers - were either negative or neutral. Problems with study design, patient selection, drug toxicity, and drug dosing have been used to explain or excuse failures. Currently, a number of pharmaceutical companies who had developed ERAs as drug candidates have discontinued clinical trials or further drug development. Given the problems with using ERAs in clinical medicine, at the Twelfth International Conference on Endothelin in Cambridge, UK, a panel discussion was held by clinicians actively involved in clinical development of ERA therapy in renal disease, systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure, and cancer. This article provides summaries from the panel discussion as well as personal perspectives of the panelists on how to proceed with further clinical testing of ERAs and guidance for researchers and decision makers in clinical drug development on where future research efforts might best be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Wani MY, Bhat AR, Azam A, Choi I, Athar F. Probing the antiamoebic and cytotoxicity potency of novel tetrazole and triazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 48:313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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The discovery of endothelium-dependent contraction: The legacy of Paul M. Vanhoutte. Pharmacol Res 2011; 63:455-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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O'Callaghan DS, Savale L, Yaïci A, Natali D, Jaïs X, Parent F, Montani D, Humbert M, Simonneau G, Sitbon O. Endothelin receptor antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:1585-96. [PMID: 21504371 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.564159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelin is a key mediator in the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Its effects are mediated through the activation of two associated receptor subtypes, termed A and B. Therapeutic strategies that modulate the activity of endothelin are, therefore, of interest to improve the functional status of patients with PAH. AREAS COVERED The rationale for the use of endothelin receptor antagonists as a therapeutic class in PAH and pertinent data from important clinical studies are presented in this review. Areas for future research are also suggested. EXPERT OPINION The availability of the endothelin receptor antagonist class of agents represents a significant addition to the therapeutic armamentarium which is available for the treatment of PAH. Comparative studies are warranted to establish whether selective endothelin-A receptor antagonism is more advantageous than dual receptor antagonism. Future studies of endothelin receptor antagonists will increasingly focus on the potential of a combination of different PAH therapeutic classes and will employ 'harder' clinical end points. This is of crucial importance to ensure that future developments are both worthwhile and acceptable to patients, physicians, health system payers and regulatory authorities.
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Li-Li Z, Xiao-Jie X. Three-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analyses of a Series of Butenolide ETA Antagonists. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030210310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Xu CB, Sun Y, Edvinsson L. Cardiovascular risk factors regulate the expression of vascular endothelin receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 127:148-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pradilla G, Chaichana KL, Hoang S, Huang J, Tamargo RJ. Inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2010; 21:365-79. [PMID: 20380976 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is significantly related to the development of chronic cerebral vasospasm. Despite extensive clinical and experimental research, the pathophysiology of the events that result in delayed arterial spasm is not fully understood. A review of the published literature on cerebral vasospasm that included but was not limited to all PubMed citations from 1951 to the present was performed. The findings suggest that leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions play a significant role in the pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm and explain the clinical variability and time course of the disease. Experimental therapeutic targeting of the inflammatory response when timed correctly can prevent vasospasm, and supplementation of endothelial relaxation by nitric oxide-related therapies and other approaches could result in reversal of the arterial narrowing and improved outcomes in patients with aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pradilla
- Division of Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer Building 8-181, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE TO THE FIELD Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a morbid condition with high mortality if left untreated. Bosentan is an effective treatment option for group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension. Bosentan improves exercise tolerance and functional class and delays the time to clinical worsening in these patients. Investigation is ongoing to determine its efficacy in other groups of pulmonary hypertension. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review provides a background on endothelin activity in PAH, as a rationale for the use of bosentan in this disease. It also presents evidence from key clinical trials of bosentan and discusses future directions in the study of bosentan to help the clinician better understand the role of bosentan in PAH management. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN i) An understanding of the rationale for using endothelin receptor antagonists in treating PAH; ii) an understanding of the clinical evidence to support bosentan for the treatment of PAH; and iii) an understanding of how to use bosentan optimally in the treatment of PAH. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Bosentan is an effective and safe treatment for patients with PAH. Patients with suspected PAH should be evaluated carefully as the use of bosentan in non-group 1 pulmonary hypertension is still being investigated. Patients on bosentan should be monitored with monthly liver transaminase testing. Coadministration with other drugs should be reviewed carefully as drug-drug interactions may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mathier
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Cardiology, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Endothelins are important mediators of physiological and pathophysiologic processes including cardiovascular disorders, pulmonary disease, renal diseases and many others. Additionally, endothelins are involved in many other important processes such as development, cancer biology, wound healing, and even neurotransmission. Here, we review the cell and molecular biology as well as the prominent pathophysiological aspects of the endothelin system.
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