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Zhu X, Fan C, Xiong Z, Chen M, Li Z, Tao T, Liu X. Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188526. [PMID: 37440883 PMCID: PMC10335770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology—Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenyang Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Technology, School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuolong Xiong
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital(Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Nair K, Bhat AR. Applications of Gene Therapy in Dentistry: A Review Article. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES NU 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AbstractGene therapy promises to possess a good prospect in bridging the gap between dental applications and medicine. The dynamic therapeutic modalities of gene therapy have been advancing rapidly. Conventional approaches are being revamped to be more comprehensive and pre-emptive, which could do away with the need for surgery and medicine altogether. The complementary base sequences known as genes convey the instructions required to manufacture proteins. The oral cavity is one of the most accessible locations for the therapeutic intervention of gene therapy for several oral tissues. In 1990, the first significant trial of gene therapy was overseen to alleviate adenosine deaminase deficiency. The notion of genetic engineering has become increasingly appealing as a reflection of its benefits over conventional treatment modalities. An example of how this technology may alter dentistry is the implementation of gene therapy for dental and oral ailments. The objective of this article is to examine the effects of gene therapy on the field of dentistry, periodontology and implantology. Furthermore, the therapeutic factors of disease therapy, minimal invasion, and appropriate outcome have indeed been taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Nair
- Department of Periodontology, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Amitha Ramesh Bhat
- Department of Periodontology, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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3
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Vorobyev PO, Babaeva FE, Panova AV, Shakiba J, Kravchenko SK, Soboleva AV, Lipatova AV. Oncolytic Viruses in the Therapy of Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:684-695. [PMID: 36217339 PMCID: PMC9534467 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading causes of death. Despite significant success in the treatment of lymphatic system tumors, the problems of relapse, drug resistance and effectiveness of therapy remain relevant. Oncolytic viruses are able to replicate in tumor cells and destroy them without affecting normal, healthy tissues. By activating antitumor immunity, viruses are effective against malignant neoplasms of various nature. In lymphoproliferative diseases with a drug-resistant phenotype, many cases of remissions have been described after viral therapy. The current level of understanding of viral biology and the discovery of host cell interaction mechanisms made it possible to create unique strains with high oncoselectivity widely used in clinical practice in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. O. Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - F. E. Babaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Panova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117971 Moscow, Russia
| | - J. Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - S. K. Kravchenko
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Soboleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Hu J, Chen C, Lu R, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Hu Q, Li W, Wang S, Jing O, Yi H, Zhang W, Chen L, Huang W, Luo J, McLeod HL, Xu R, He Y. β-Adrenergic Receptor Inhibitor and Oncolytic Herpesvirus Combination Therapy Shows Enhanced Antitumoral and Antiangiogenic Effects on Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735278. [PMID: 34721024 PMCID: PMC8554205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are considered a promising therapeutic alternative for cancer. However, despite the development of novel OVs with improved efficacy and tumor selectivity, their limited efficacy as monotherapeutic agents remains a significant challenge. This study extended our previously observed combination effects of propranolol, a nonselective β-blocker, and the T1012G oncolytic virus into colorectal cancer models. A cell viability assay showed that cotreatment could induce synergistic killing effects on human and murine colorectal cell lines. Moreover, cotreatment caused sustained tumor regression compared with T1012G monotherapy or propranolol monotherapy in human HCT116 and murine MC38 tumor models. The propranolol activity was not via a direct effect on viral replication in vitro or in vivo. Western blotting showed that cotreatment significantly enhanced the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in HCT116 and MC38 cells compared with the propranolol or T1012G alone. In addition, propranolol or T1012G treatment induced a 35.06% ± 0.53% or 35.49% ± 2.68% reduction in VEGF secretion in HUVECs (p < 0.01/p < 0.01). Cotreatment further inhibited VEGF secretion compared with the monotherapies (compared with propranolol treatment: 75.06% ± 1.50% decrease, compared with T1012G treatment: 74.91% ± 0.68%; p<0.001, p < 0.001). Consistent with the in vitro results, in vivo data showed that cotreatment could reduce Ki67 and enhance cleaved caspase 3 and CD31 expression in human HCT116 and murine MC38 xenografts. In summary, β-blockers could improve the therapeutic potential of OVs by enhancing oncolytic virus-mediated killing of colorectal cancer cells and colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Cuiyu Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruitao Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanting Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ouyang Jing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hanying Yi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Howard L McLeod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Geriatric Oncology Consortium, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Xie M, Viviani M, Fussenegger M. Engineering precision therapies: lessons and motivations from the clinic. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2020; 6:ysaa024. [PMID: 33817342 PMCID: PMC7998714 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, gene- and cell-based therapies have been at the forefront of the biomedical revolution. Synthetic biology, the engineering discipline of building sophisticated ‘genetic software’ to enable precise regulation of gene activities in living cells, has been a decisive success factor of these new therapies. Here, we discuss the core technologies and treatment strategies that have already gained approval for therapeutic applications in humans. We also review promising preclinical work that could either enhance the efficacy of existing treatment strategies or pave the way for new precision medicines to treat currently intractable human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China
| | - Mirta Viviani
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China.,Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zheijang, China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Abudoureyimu M, Lai Y, Tian C, Wang T, Wang R, Chu X. Oncolytic Adenovirus-A Nova for Gene-Targeted Oncolytic Viral Therapy in HCC. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1182. [PMID: 31781493 PMCID: PMC6857090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide, particularly in China. Despite the development of HCC treatment strategies, the survival rate remains unpleasant. Gene-targeted oncolytic viral therapy (GTOVT) is an emerging treatment modality-a kind of cancer-targeted therapy-which creates viral vectors armed with anti-cancer genes. The adenovirus is a promising agent for GAOVT due to its many advantages. In spite of the oncolytic adenovirus itself, the host immune response is the determining factor for the anti-cancer efficacy. In this review, we have summarized recent developments in oncolytic adenovirus engineering and the development of novel therapeutic genes utilized in HCC treatment. Furthermore, the diversified roles the immune response plays in oncolytic adenovirus therapy and recent attempts to modulate immune responses to enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of oncolytic adenovirus have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubalake Abudoureyimu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongting Lai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Wang C, Yan F, Liu H, Zhang Y. Theoretical study on the oscillation mechanism of p53-Mdm2 network. INT J BIOMATH 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524518501127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a delayed mathematical model was developed based on experimental data to understand how the time delays required for transcription and translation in Mdm2 gene expression affect the kinetic behavior of the p53-Mdm2 network. Taking the time delays as the main research parameters, the stability of the system at the positive equilibrium was studied by using the theoretical method of delay differential equation. We found that such delays can induce oscillations by undergoing a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. Then, we used the normal form theory and the center manifold reduction to study the direction and stability of the bifurcation in detail. Furthermore, we also studied the effects of the length of time delays and the model parameters by numerical simulations. We found that time delays in Mdm2 synthesis are required for p53 oscillations and the length of such delays can determine the amplitude and period of the oscillations. In addition, the model parameters can also change the stability of the system. These results illustrate that the repair process after DNA damage can be regulated by varying time delays and the model parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghua Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Mathematics, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Haihong Liu
- Department of Mathematics, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
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8
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Chowdhury FA, Hossain MK, Mostofa AGM, Akbor MM, Bin Sayeed MS. Therapeutic Potential of Thymoquinone in Glioblastoma Treatment: Targeting Major Gliomagenesis Signaling Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4010629. [PMID: 29651429 PMCID: PMC5831880 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4010629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most devastating brain tumors with median survival of one year and presents unique challenges to therapy because of its aggressive behavior. Current treatment strategy involves surgery, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy even though optimal management requires a multidisciplinary approach and knowledge of potential complications from both the disease and its treatment. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bioactive component of Nigella sativa L., has exhibited anticancer effects in numerous preclinical studies. Due to its multitargeting nature, TQ interferes in a wide range of tumorigenic processes and counteract carcinogenesis, malignant growth, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. TQ can specifically sensitize tumor cells towards conventional cancer treatments and minimize therapy-associated toxic effects in normal cells. Its potential to enter brain via nasal pathway due to volatile nature of TQ adds another advantage in overcoming blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarized the potential role of TQ in different signaling pathways in GBM that have undergone treatment with standard therapeutic modalities or with TQ. Altogether, we suggest further comprehensive evaluation of TQ in preclinical and clinical level to delineate its implied utility as novel therapeutics to combat the challenges for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabliha Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A. G. M. Mostofa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Mohammad Akbor
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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9
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Zhang J, Ding M, Xu K, Mao L, Zheng J. shRNA-armed conditionally replicative adenoviruses: a promising approach for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:29824-34. [PMID: 26980708 PMCID: PMC5045436 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have been employed to knockdown the expression of cancer-associated genes and shown some promise in cancer therapy. However, synthetic siRNA duplexes or plasmid mediated delivery of siRNAs have several problems, such as short half-life, low transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity associated with transfection. Conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAds) as the delivery vector for short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) could overcome these limitations and have shown augmented anti-tumor effects in experimental studies and preclinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the development of CRAds-shRNA for cancer treatment. Combination of CRAds-shRNA with chemotherapeutics, radiation, dendritic cells, monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors will be necessary to eradicate cancer cells and cancer stem cells and achieve superior outcomes. The use of CRAd platform for efficient delivery of shRNAs and foreign genes will open a new avenue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lijun Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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10
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He C, Zhang Y, Lin X. Increased Overall Survival and Decreased Cancer-Specific Mortality in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated by Transarterial Chemoembolization and Human Adenovirus Type-5 Combination Therapy: a Competing Risk Analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2018; 22:989-997. [PMID: 29435900 PMCID: PMC5978816 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-018-3703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In analyzing cancer patient survival data, the problem of competing risks is often ignored. This study used a competing risk approach to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant human type-5 adenovirus (H101) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). METHODS In this retrospective study, 476 patients were included. The cumulative probabilities of cancer-specific mortalities were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method and a competing risk model. Competing risk regression was used to assess the predictive factors for cumulative cancer-specific mortalities. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-eight HCC patients received combination TACE and H101 therapy, and another 238 HCC patients received TACE therapy alone. For patients in the TACE with H101 group, estimated 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 61.0, 40.0, and 31.5%, respectively, while for patients in the TACE group, the estimated 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS rates were 55.0, 33.4, and 22.3%, respectively. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year cancer-specific mortality rates for patients in the TACE with H101 group vs. the TACE group were 37.3 vs. 42.0%, 55.7 vs. 63.5%, and 61.9 vs. 74.7%, respectively. Multivariate competing risk analysis established that a combination of TACE and H101 therapy was an independent factor in decreasing cancer-specific mortality. CONCLUSIONS Compared with TACE therapy, patients who were diagnosed with unresectable HCC treated with combined TACE and H101 therapy had increased OS and decreased cancer-specific mortality. The survival benefit was more obvious in patients with elevated AFP, absence of metastasis, single tumor, enlarged tumor, and HBsAg-positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Timalsina A, Tian JP, Wang J. Mathematical and Computational Modeling for Tumor Virotherapy with Mediated Immunity. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:1736-1758. [PMID: 28593497 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new mathematical modeling framework based on partial differential equations to study tumor virotherapy with mediated immunity. The model incorporates both innate and adaptive immune responses and represents the complex interaction among tumor cells, oncolytic viruses, and immune systems on a domain with a moving boundary. Using carefully designed computational methods, we conduct extensive numerical simulation to the model. The results allow us to examine tumor development under a wide range of settings and provide insight into several important aspects of the virotherapy, including the dependence of the efficacy on a few key parameters and the delay in the adaptive immunity. Our findings also suggest possible ways to improve the virotherapy for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Timalsina
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Jianjun Paul Tian
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA.
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12
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Sakhawat A, Liu Y, Ma L, Muhammad T, Wang S, Zhang L, Cong X, Huang Y. Upregulation of Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor Sensitizes Cisplatin-Resistant Lung Cancer Cells to CRAd-Induced Inhibition. J Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28638457 PMCID: PMC5479248 DOI: 10.7150/jca.18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) have been proven potent oncolytic viruses in previous studies. They selectively replicate in the tumor cells because of incorporated survivin promoter and ultimately lead to their killing with minimal side effects on normal tissue. Chemotherapy with cisplatin is commonly employed for treating tumors, but its cytotoxic effects and development of resistance remained major concerns to be dealt with. The aim of this study was to explore the anticancer potential of survivin regulated CRAd alone or in combination with cisplatin in the A549 lung cancer cell line and cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cell line, A549-DDPR. Methods. CRAd was genetically engineered in our laboratory by removing its E1B region and adding survivin promoter to control its replication. A549, H292, and H661 lung cancer cell lines were procured from the CAS-China. The anti-tumor effectiveness of combined treatment (cisplatin plus CRAd) was evaluated in vitro through MTS assays and in vivo through mouse model experimentation. RT- PCR was used to assess MDR gene and mRNA expression of coxsackie adenoviral receptor (CAR). Results. Results of in vitro studies established that A549 lung cancer cells were highly sensitive to cisplatin showing dose-dependent inhibition. The resistant cells of A549-DDPR exhibited very less sensitivity to cisplatin but were infected with CRAd more efficiently as compared to A549. A549-DDPR cells exhibited higher expression of MDR gene and CAR in the RT-PCR analysis. The nearly similar rise in the CAR expression was seen when lung cancer cell lines received cisplatin in combined treatment (cisplatin plus CRAd). Combined anti-cancer therapy (cisplatin plus oncolytic virus) proved more efficient than monotherapy in the killing of cancer cells. Results of in vivo experiments recapitulated nearly similar tumor inhibition activities. Conclusion. This study highlighted the significant role of survivin in gene therapy as it has the potential to render CRAd more tumor specific. It also establishes that higher CAR expression plays a vital role in the success of adenovirus-based therapies. Furthermore, a careful combination of chemotherapy drugs and oncolytic viruses can culminate in significant therapeutic achievements against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sakhawat
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Basic Medical College, Jilin University, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, China
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, China
| | - Shensen Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, China
| | | | - Yinghui Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, China
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De Carli E, Delion M, Rousseau A. [Immunotherapy in brain tumors]. Ann Pathol 2017; 37:117-126. [PMID: 28111040 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas represent the most common primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors in adults and children alike. Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant form of diffuse glioma with a median overall survival of 15 months despite aggressive treatments. New therapeutic approaches are needed to prolong survival in this always fatal disease. The CNS has been considered for a long time as an immune privileged organ, in part because of the existence of the blood-brain barrier. Nonetheless, immunotherapy is a novel approach in the therapeutic management of glioma patients, which has shown promising results in several clinical trials, especially in the adult population. Vaccination, with or without dendritic cells, blockade of the immune checkpoints, and adoptive T cell transfer are the most studied modalities of diffuse glioma immunotherapy. The future most likely resides in combinatorial approaches, with administration of conventional treatments (surgery, radiochemotherapy) and immunotherapy following yet to determine schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie De Carli
- Unité hémato-onco-immunologie pédiatrique, fédération de pédiatrie, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Matthieu Delion
- Département de neurochirurgie, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Audrey Rousseau
- Département de pathologie cellulaire et tissulaire, CHU d'Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49000 Angers, France.
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Zacksenhaus E, Liu J, Jiang Z, Yao Y, Xia L, Shrestha M, Ben-David Y. Transcription Factors in Breast Cancer—Lessons From Recent Genomic Analyses and Therapeutic Implications. CHROMATIN PROTEINS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 2017; 107:223-273. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kamran N, Calinescu A, Candolfi M, Chandran M, Mineharu Y, Asad AS, Koschmann C, Nunez FJ, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Recent advances and future of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1245-64. [PMID: 27411023 PMCID: PMC5014608 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcome for glioma (GBM) remains dismal despite advances in therapeutic interventions including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection. The overall survival benefit observed with immunotherapies in cancers such as melanoma and prostate cancer has fuelled research into evaluating immunotherapies for GBM. AREAS COVERED Preclinical studies have brought a wealth of information for improving the prognosis of GBM and multiple clinical studies are evaluating a wide array of immunotherapies for GBM patients. This review highlights advances in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches. We discuss the strategies and outcomes of active and passive immunotherapies for GBM including vaccination strategies, gene therapy, check point blockade and adoptive T cell therapies. We also focus on immunoediting and tumor neoantigens that can impact the efficacy of immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION Encouraging results have been observed with immunotherapeutic strategies; some clinical trials are reaching phase III. Significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular and genetic heterogeneity of GBM and its implications to disease prognosis. There is now consensus related to the critical need to incorporate tumor heterogeneity into the design of therapeutic approaches. Recent data also indicates that an efficacious treatment strategy will need to be combinatorial and personalized to the tumor genetic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Alexandra Calinescu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mayuri Chandran
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Antonela S Asad
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Carl Koschmann
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Rojas JJ, Sampath P, Bonilla B, Ashley A, Hou W, Byrd D, Thorne SH. Manipulating TLR Signaling Increases the Anti-tumor T Cell Response Induced by Viral Cancer Therapies. Cell Rep 2016; 15:264-73. [PMID: 27050526 PMCID: PMC4830920 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response plays a key role in enhancing the therapeutic activity of oncolytic virotherapies. However, to date, investigators have relied on inherent interactions between the virus and the immune system, often coupled to the expression of a single cytokine transgene. Recently, the importance of TLR activation in mediating adaptive immunity has been demonstrated. We therefore sought to influence the type and level of immune response raised after oncolytic vaccinia therapy through manipulation of TLR signaling. Vaccinia naturally activates TLR2, associated with an antibody response, whereas a CTL response is associated with TLR3-TRIF-signaling pathways. We manipulated TLR signaling by vaccinia through deglycosylation of the viral particle to block TLR2 activation and expression of a TRIF transgene. The resulting vector displayed greatly reduced production of anti-viral neutralizing antibody as well as an increased anti-tumor CTL response. Delivery in both naive and pre-treated mice was enhanced and immunotherapeutic activity dramatically improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Rojas
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Padma Sampath
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Braulio Bonilla
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alexandra Ashley
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Weizhou Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Wang YG, Huang PP, Zhang R, Ma BY, Zhou XM, Sun YF. Targeting adeno-associated virus and adenoviral gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:326-337. [PMID: 26755879 PMCID: PMC4698495 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) heavily endangers human heath worldwide. HCC is one of most frequent cancers in China because patients with liver disease, such as chronic hepatitis, have the highest cancer susceptibility. Traditional therapeutic approaches have limited efficacy in advanced liver cancer, and novel strategies are urgently needed to improve the limited treatment options for HCC. This review summarizes the basic knowledge, current advances, and future challenges and prospects of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and adenoviruses as vectors for gene therapy of HCC. This paper also reviews the clinical trials of gene therapy using adenovirus vectors, immunotherapy, toxicity and immunological barriers for AAV and adenoviruses, and proposes several alternative strategies to overcome the therapeutic barriers to using AAV and adenoviruses as vectors.
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Calinescu AA, Kamran N, Baker G, Mineharu Y, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies for glioma. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1073-104. [PMID: 26598957 PMCID: PMC4681396 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, numerous studies of immunotherapy for malignant glioma (glioblastoma multiforme) have brought new knowledge and new hope for improving the prognosis of this incurable disease. Some clinical trials have reached Phase III, following positive outcomes in Phase I and II, with respect to safety and immunological end points. Results are encouraging especially when considering the promise of sustained efficacy by inducing antitumor immunological memory. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression led to the development of drugs targeting immunosuppressive checkpoints, which are used in active clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme. Insights related to the heterogeneity of the disease bring new challenges for the management of glioma and underscore a likely cause of therapeutic failure. An emerging therapeutic strategy is represented by a combinatorial, personalized approach, including the standard of care: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy with added active immunotherapy and multiagent targeting of immunosuppressive checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pedro Ricardo Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria Graciela Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Lajud SA, Nagda DA, Yamashita T, Zheng J, Tanaka N, Abuzeid WM, Civantos A, Bezpalko O, O'Malley BW, Li D. Dual disruption of DNA repair and telomere maintenance for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6465-78. [PMID: 25324139 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) and the Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 (MRN) complex are key regulators of DNA repair, and have been recently shown to independently regulate telomere length. Sensitivity of cancers to PARPi is largely dependent on the BRCAness of the cells. Unfortunately, the vast majority of cancers are BRCA-proficient. In this study, therefore, we investigated whether a targeted molecular "hit" on the MRN complex, which is upstream of BRCA, can effectively sensitize BRCA-proficient head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to PARP inhibitor (PARPi). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human HNSCC cell lines and a mouse model with HNSCC xenografts were used in this study. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of dual molecular disruption of PARP and the MRN complex, using a pharmacologic inhibitor and a dominant-negative Nbs1 expression vector, respectively. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate that downregulation of the MRN complex disrupts homologous recombination, and, when combined with PARPi, leads to accumulation of lethal DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, we show that PARPi and MRN complex disruption induces significantly shortening telomere length. Together, our results demonstrate that dual disruption of these pathways causes significant cell death in BRCA-proficient tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study, for the first time, elucidates a novel mechanism for MRN complex and PARP inhibition beyond DNA repair, demonstrating the feasibility of a dual disruption approach that extends the utility of PARPi to the treatment of BRCA-proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayanne A Lajud
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Danish A Nagda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Taku Yamashita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nobuaki Tanaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Waleed M Abuzeid
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alyssa Civantos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Orysia Bezpalko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daqing Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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20
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Ma B, Wang Y, Zhou X, Huang P, Zhang R, Liu T, Cui C, Liu X, Wang Y. Synergistic suppression effect on tumor growth of hepatocellular carcinoma by combining oncolytic adenovirus carrying XAF1 with cisplatin. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:419-29. [PMID: 25240826 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potent anticancer efficacy of oncolytic viruses has been verified in Clinic in recent years. Cisplatin (DDP) is one of most common chemotherapeutic drugs, but is accompanied by side effects and drug resistance. Our previous studies have shown the strategy of cancer -targeting gene-viro-therapy (CTGVT) mediated by the oncolytic virus ZD55 containing the XAF1 cDNA (ZD55-XAF1), which exhibited potent antitumor effects in various tumor cells and no apparent toxicities on normal cells. In the study, the CTGVT strategy is broadened by combining DDP with ZD55-XAF1 for growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS The transgenic expression was evaluated by both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and the enhanced inhibitory effect of ZD55-XAF1 combined with cisplatin was assessed in HCC cells. The cytotoxicity on normal liver cells was evaluated by MTT assay and apoptotic cell staining. Activation of caspase-9 and PARP for apoptosis was further detected by Western blot analysis. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of combination treatment with cisplatin and ZD55-XAF1 was estimated in an HCC xenograft mouse model. RESULTS We found that the combination of ZD55-XAF1 and cisplatin showed enhanced inhibitory effects on the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and tumor growth in mice. Furthermore, the combined treatment of ZD55-XAF1 and DDP decreases the chemotherapy dose needed to achieve the same inhibitory effect without overlapping toxicities on normal liver cells and induces tumor cell apoptosis via the activation of caspase-9/PARP pathway. CONCLUSION Thus, these data suggest that the chemo-gene-viro-therapeutic strategy by combining ZD55-XAF1 and DDP reveals a novel therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Ma
- Xinyuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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Thorne SH. Immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic vaccinia virus. Front Oncol 2014; 4:155. [PMID: 24987615 PMCID: PMC4060052 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of oncolytic viral therapy was based on the hypothesis that engineering tumor-selectivity into the replication potential of viruses would permit direct destruction of tumor cells as a result of viral-mediated lysis, resulting in amplification of the therapy exclusively within the tumor environment. The immune response raised by the virus was not only considered to be necessary for the safety of the approach, but also something of a hindrance to optimal therapeutic activity and repeat dosing. However, the pre-clinical and subsequent clinical success of several oncolytic viruses expressing selected cytokines has demonstrated the potential for harnessing the immune response as an additional and beneficial mechanism of therapeutic activity within the platform. Over the last few years, a variety of novel approaches have been incorporated to try to enhance this immunotherapeutic activity. Several innovative and subtle approaches have moved far beyond the expression of a single cytokine transgene, with the hope of optimizing anti-tumor immunity while having minimal detrimental impact on viral oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H. Thorne
- Department of Surgery, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Lee SY, Park HR, Rhee J, Park YM, Kim SH. Therapeutic effect of oncolytic adenovirus expressing relaxin in radioresistant oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Res 2013; 20:419-25. [PMID: 23924926 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13657689383139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance is one of the main determinants of treatment outcome in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and treatment of radioresistant OSCC is difficult due to cross resistance to other conventional treatments. We aimed to identify whether genetically modified oncolytic adenovirus expressing relaxin (RLX), which affects collagen metabolism, can effectively inhibit growth of the radioresistant OSCC. Therapeutic effect of oncolytic adenovirus was compared between radiosensitive and radioresistant OSCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo, and spread of adenovirus throughout the tumor mass was verified by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Oncolytic adenovirus effectively killed cancer cells and there was no significant difference in the cytotoxic effect between radiosensitive and radioresistant OSCC cell lines. In animal experiments, the adenovirus significantly reduced the size of tumor, and there was no significant difference between radiosensitive and radioresistant OSCC. In IHC, RLX expressing adenovirus showed better proliferation and eliminated collagens more effectively compared to RLX nonexpressing adenovirus. These findings suggested that genetically modified oncolytic adenovirus can effectively inhibit growth of the radioresistant OSCC and might be a new therapeutic option in radioresistant OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei Young Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wennier ST, Liu J, McFadden G. Bugs and drugs: oncolytic virotherapy in combination with chemotherapy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2013; 13:1817-33. [PMID: 21740354 DOI: 10.2174/138920112800958850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single agent therapies are rarely successful in treating cancer, particularly at metastatic or end stages, and survival rates with monotherapies alone are generally poor. The combination of multiple therapies to treat cancer has already driven significant improvements in the standard of care treatments for many types of cancers. The first combination treatments exploited for cancer therapy involved the use of several cytotoxic chemotherapy agents. Later, with the development of more targeted agents, the use of novel, less toxic drugs, in combination with the more classic cytotoxic drugs has proven advantageous for certain cancer types. Recently, the combination of oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy has shown that the use of these two therapies with very distinct anti-tumor mechanisms may also lead to synergistic interactions that ultimately result in increased therapeutic effects not achievable by either therapy alone. The mechanisms of synergy between oncolytic viruses (OVs) and chemotherapeutic agents are just starting to be elucidated. It is evident, however, that the success of these OV-drug combinations depends greatly on the particular OV, the drug(s) selected, and the cancer type targeted. This review summarizes the different OV-drug combinations investigated to date, including the use of second generation armed OVs, which have been studied with the specific purpose of generating synergistic interactions with particular chemotherapy agents. The known mechanisms of synergy between these OV-drug combinations are also summarized. The importance of further investigating these mechanisms of synergy will be critical in order to maximize the therapeutic efficacy of OV-drug combination therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Tusell Wennier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Rd, P.O. Box 100266 Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Choi IK, Yun CO. Recent developments in oncolytic adenovirus-based immunotherapeutic agents for use against metastatic cancers. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:70-6. [PMID: 23306610 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent or metastatic cancer in most cases remains an incurable disease, and thus alternative treatment strategies, such as oncolytic virotherapy, are of great interest for clinical application. Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) have many advantages as virotherapeutic agents and have been safely employed in the clinics. However, the efficacy of oncolytic Ads is insufficient to eradicate tumors and current clinical applications are restricted to local administration against primary tumors because of immunological obstacles and poor tumor-cell targeting. Thus, alternative viable approaches are needed to establish therapies based on oncolytic Ad that will eliminate both primary and metastatic cancers. To this end, rational design of oncolytic Ads that express immunostimulatory genes has been employed. Even when restricted to local viral delivery, these oncolytic Ad-based immunotherapeutics have been shown to exert systemic antitumor immunity and result in eradication of both primary and metastatic cancers. Moreover, oncolytic Ad-based immunotherapeutics in combination with either dendritic cell-based vaccine or radiotherapy further strengthen the systemic tumor-specific immunity, resulting in complete suppression of both local and distant tumor metastatic growth. This review will focus on the most recent updates in strategies to develop potent oncolytic Ad-based immunotherapeutics for use in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-K Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Evolution of oncolytic adenovirus for cancer treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:720-9. [PMID: 22212901 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) has been used in cancer gene therapy largely due to its ability to selectively infect and replicate in tumor cells. However, because the oncolytic antitumor activity is insufficient to effectively eliminate tumors, various strategies have been devised to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Single-vector Ads "armed" with short hairpin RNA, cytokines, or matrix-modulating proteins have been developed. Two clear advantages are viral amplification of the therapeutic gene, and the additive effects of oncolytic and therapeutic gene-mediated antitumor activities. To develop systemically injectable Ad carriers, strategies to modify the Ad surface with polymers, liposomes, or nanoparticles have been shown to extend circulation time, reduce immunogenicity, and result in increased antitumor effect as well as lower accumulation and toxicity in liver. Specific targeting platforms for tumor-selective oncolytic therapies against both primary and metastatic cancers have been developed. This review will focus on updated strategies to develop potent oncolytic Ads for use in cancer treatment.
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Hofacre A, Wodarz D, Komarova NL, Fan H. Early infection and spread of a conditionally replicating adenovirus under conditions of plaque formation. Virology 2011; 423:89-96. [PMID: 22192628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally-replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) and other oncolytic viruses replicate selectively in tumor cells, presenting a potential cancer treatment approach. To optimize application of these viruses, understanding of early spread of these viruses in target cells is important. Here we used a recombinant adenovirus expressing enhanced jellyfish green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in place of the EIA and EIB genes (AdEGFPuci). Infection of susceptible cells (AD-293) under plaque formation conditions (MOI<<1) on gridded culture dishes and daily monitoring allowed visualization of initially infected cells, as well as spread to neighboring cells. We determined key parameters of early infection, including the rate and efficiency of spread from the initially infected cell to other cells. It was noteworthy that a minority of initially infected cells ultimately resulted in plaques. The approaches elucidated here will be useful for determining early infection parameters for CRAds of therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hofacre
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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27
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Heiber JF, Xu XX, Barber GN. Potential of vesicular stomatitis virus as an oncolytic therapy for recurrent and drug-resistant ovarian cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2011; 30:805-14. [PMID: 22059911 PMCID: PMC4013328 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, we have gained significant understanding of the mechanism by which vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) specifically kills cancer cells. Dysregulation of translation and defective innate immunity are both thought to contribute to VSV oncolysis. Safety and efficacy are important objectives to consider in evaluating VSV as a therapy for malignant disease. Ongoing efforts may enable VSV virotherapy to be considered in the near future to treat drug-resistant ovarian cancer when other options have been exhausted. In this article, we review the development of VSV as a potential therapeutic approach for recurrent or drug-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Heiber
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Dichloroacetate (DCA) enhances tumor cell death in combination with oncolytic adenovirus armed with MDA-7/IL-24. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 340:31-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Saito K, Shirasawa H, Isegawa N, Shiiba M, Uzawa K, Tanzawa H. Oncolytic virotherapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma using replication-competent viruses. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:1021-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Thirty years ago p53 was discovered as a cellular partner of simian virus 40 large T-antigen, the oncoprotein of this tumour virus. The first decade of p53 research saw the cloning of p53 DNA and the realization that p53 is not an oncogene but a tumour suppressor that is very frequently mutated in human cancer. In the second decade of research, the function of p53 was uncovered: it is a transcription factor induced by stress, which can promote cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. In the third decade after its discovery new functions of this protein were revealed, including the regulation of metabolic pathways and cytokines that are required for embryo implantation. The fourth decade of research may see new p53-based drugs to treat cancer. What is next is anybody's guess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold J Levine
- Arnold J. Levine is at the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Natural Sciences, Einstein Drive, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
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Zheng FQ, Xu Y, Qin YD, Yang RJ, Han J. An oncolytic adenovirus expressing herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase for targeting cancer therapy: An in vitro evaluation. Chin J Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-009-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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33
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Kirn DH, Thorne SH. Targeted and armed oncolytic poxviruses: a novel multi-mechanistic therapeutic class for cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2009; 9:64-71. [PMID: 19104515 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have been engineered for cancer therapy in a variety of ways. Approaches include non-replicating gene therapy vectors, cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses, but the clinical efficacy of these approaches has been limited by multiple factors. However, a new therapeutic class of oncolytic poxviruses has recently been developed that combines targeted and armed approaches for treating cancer. Initial preclinical and clinical results show that products from this therapeutic class can systemically target cancers in a highly selective and potent fashion using a multi-pronged mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kirn
- Jennerex Biotherapeutics Inc., San Francisco, California 94105, USA .
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Pan QW, Zhong SY, Liu BS, Liu J, Cai R, Wang YG, Liu XY, Qian C. Enhanced sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to chemotherapy with a Smac-armed oncolytic adenovirus. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1996-2004. [PMID: 18031615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to further improve the therapeutic effects for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and reduce the damage in normal cells using a novel chemo-gene-virotherapeutic strategy. METHODS An oncolytic adenoviral vector (ZD55) similar to the typical oncolytic adenovirus ONYX-015, with a deletion of E1B-55K gene, was employed to express the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) protein by constructing a recombinant virus ZD55-Smac. The enhanced cytotoxicity of the combined treatment of ZD55-Smac with cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was evaluated in several HCC cell lines. Moreover, the negative effects on normal cells have been tested in human normal liver cell lines L-02 and QSG-7701 cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and apoptotic cell staining. RESULTS According to our observation, ZD55-Smac is superior to ONYX-015 in sensitizing chemotherapy, ZD55-Smac used in conjunction with chemotherapy was found to exhibit obviously enhanced cytotoxicity in HCC cells, yet significantly abolished the negative toxicity in normal cells by utilizing the tumor selective replication vector and reducing the dosage. CONCLUSION This chemo-gene-virotherapeutic (cisplatin or 5-FU+ZD55-Smac) strategy is superior to the conventional chemo-gene or chemo-viro approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-wei Pan
- Xin Yuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Life Science College, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Pan Q, Liu B, Liu J, Cai R, Wang Y, Qian C. Synergistic induction of tumor cell death by combining cisplatin with an oncolytic adenovirus carrying TRAIL. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 304:315-23. [PMID: 17577631 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance and side effects are considered as the major obstacles in cisplatin-based chemotherapy of various human malignant tumors. Conjugation with cancer-specific apoptotic stimuli TRAIL or typical viro-agent ONYX-015 has been extensively investigated to enhance the antitumor activity of cisplatin. In this study, we presented a novel chemo-gene-virotherapeutic strategy to further improve the toxic effects in cancer cells and reduce the damage in normal cells. Here, an oncolytic adenoviral vector (ZD55), with a deletion of E1B 55-kDa gene, was employed to express the therapeutic TRAIL gene by constructing a recombinant virus ZD55-TRAIL. Exogenous gene delivery efficacy was determined by both in vitro and in vivo experiments and enhanced cytotoxicity of combined treatment of ZD55-TRAIL with cisplatin was evaluated in several cancer cell lines. Moreover, negative effects on normal cells have been tested in both L-02 and MRC-5 cell lines by MTT assay and apoptotic cell staining. According to our observation, combination of ZD55-TRAIL with cisplatin exhibited an apparent synergistic cytotoxicity in cancer cells, yet significantly abolished the negative toxicity in normal cells by reducing the dosage. Thus, a novel chemo-gene-virotherapeutic strategy for cancer therapy was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwei Pan
- Xin Yuan Institute of Medicine and Biotechnology, Life Science College, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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36
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Chng WJ, Price-Troska T, Gonzalez-Paz N, Van Wier S, Jacobus S, Blood E, Henderson K, Oken M, Van Ness B, Greipp P, Rajkumar SV, Fonseca R. Clinical significance of TP53 mutation in myeloma. Leukemia 2007; 21:582-4. [PMID: 17215851 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thorne SH. Strategies to achieve systemic delivery of therapeutic cells and microbes to tumors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:41-51. [PMID: 17150018 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to more effectively treat cancer, targeted delivery of therapeutic agents will be needed. The creation of delivery vehicles capable of locating and entering tumors before delivering a therapeutic payload will, therefore, enable the design of more beneficial and less toxic treatment platforms. Although nanoparticles, microbubbles and liposomes may also partially address these issues, the use of biological agents as delivery vehicles presently holds much promise. Through the hijacking of natural pathogen or cell trafficking pathways it is possible to actively target such agents to the tumor; they are then capable of selective replication (multiplying their therapeutic potential) and may be directly cytolytic themselves and/or may be utilized to deliver therapeutic genes. These agents, such as oncolytic viruses, attenuated bacteria and eukaryotic cells (cellular immunotherapeutics and progenitor and stem cells) will be discussed along with the mechanisms employed to deliver them systemically to tumors, including disseminated disease and micrometsastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve H Thorne
- Stanford University, Bio-X Programme and Department of Pediatrics, Clark Center, California 94305, USA.
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38
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Karev GP, Novozhilov AS, Koonin EV. Mathematical modeling of tumor therapy with oncolytic viruses: effects of parametric heterogeneity on cell dynamics. Biol Direct 2006; 1:30. [PMID: 17018145 PMCID: PMC1622743 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the mechanisms that ensure cancer robustness is tumor heterogeneity, and its effects on tumor cells dynamics have to be taken into account when studying cancer progression. There is no unifying theoretical framework in mathematical modeling of carcinogenesis that would account for parametric heterogeneity. Results: Here we formulate a modeling approach that naturally takes stock of inherent cancer cell heterogeneity and illustrate it with a model of interaction between a tumor and an oncolytic virus. We show that several phenomena that are absent in homogeneous models, such as cancer recurrence, tumor dormancy, and others, appear in heterogeneous setting. We also demonstrate that, within the applied modeling framework, to overcome the adverse effect of tumor cell heterogeneity on the outcome of cancer treatment, a heterogeneous population of an oncolytic virus must be used. Heterogeneity in parameters of the model, such as tumor cell susceptibility to virus infection and the ability of an oncolytic virus to infect tumor cells, can lead to complex, irregular evolution of the tumor. Thus, quasi-chaotic behavior of the tumor-virus system can be caused not only by random perturbations but also by the heterogeneity of the tumor and the virus. Conclusion: The modeling approach described here reveals the importance of tumor cell and virus heterogeneity for the outcome of cancer therapy. It should be straightforward to apply these techniques to mathematical modeling of other types of anticancer therapy. Reviewers: Leonid Hanin (nominated by Arcady Mushegian), Natalia Komarova (nominated by Orly Alter), and David Krakauer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy P Karev
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Artem S Novozhilov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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39
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Wang WG, Ma JM, Su CQ, Hu HZ, Qian QJ. Preparation of gene-viral therapeutic system CNHK200-hA and its antitumor activity on lung cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-006-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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40
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Novozhilov AS, Berezovskaya FS, Koonin EV, Karev GP. Mathematical modeling of tumor therapy with oncolytic viruses: regimes with complete tumor elimination within the framework of deterministic models. Biol Direct 2006; 1:6. [PMID: 16542009 PMCID: PMC1403749 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic viruses that specifically target tumor cells are promising anti-cancer therapeutic agents. The interaction between an oncolytic virus and tumor cells is amenable to mathematical modeling using adaptations of techniques employed previously for modeling other types of virus-cell interaction. Results A complete parametric analysis of dynamic regimes of a conceptual model of anti-tumor virus therapy is presented. The role and limitations of mass-action kinetics are discussed. A functional response, which is a function of the ratio of uninfected to infected tumor cells, is proposed to describe the spread of the virus infection in the tumor. One of the main mathematical features of ratio-dependent models is that the origin is a complicated equilibrium point whose characteristics determine the main properties of the model. It is shown that, in a certain area of parameter values, the trajectories of the model form a family of homoclinics to the origin (so-called elliptic sector). Biologically, this means that both infected and uninfected tumor cells can be eliminated with time, and complete recovery is possible as a result of the virus therapy within the framework of deterministic models. Conclusion Our model, in contrast to the previously published models of oncolytic virus-tumor interaction, exhibits all possible outcomes of oncolytic virus infection, i.e., no effect on the tumor, stabilization or reduction of the tumor load, and complete elimination of the tumor. The parameter values that result in tumor elimination, which is, obviously, the desired outcome, are compatible with some of the available experimental data. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Mikhail Blagosklonny, David Krakauer, Erik Van Nimwegen, and Ned Wingreen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem S Novozhilov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Faina S Berezovskaya
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, 2400 Sixth Str., Washington D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Georgy P Karev
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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41
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Abstract
The application of replicating viruses for the treatment of cancers represents a novel therapy that is distinct from traditional treatment modalities. It is apparent that the genetic changes that a virus produces within an infected cell in order to create an environment conducive to viral replication are often similar to the processes involved in cellular transformation. These include uncontrolled cellular proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, and resistance to host organism immune effector mechanisms. Deletions of viral genes involved in these processes have been exploited to produce viral mutants whose replication is selective for transformed cells. The use of tissue-specific transcriptional response or RNA stability elements to control the expression of critical viral genes has also resulted in targeted viruses. Work also is being undertaken to restrict or alter the tropism of viruses by altering their ability to infect certain cell types. Finally, the addition of exogenous genes can be used to increase the virus's lytic potential and/or bystander killing; to further induce the host's immune response against cancer cells; and/or to permit the controlled downregulation of viral replication if necessary. The combination of different tumor-targeting mutations in parallel with the expression of foreign genes has resulted in the evolution of second- and third-generation viruses that continue to become further distinct from their native parental strains. The movement of these viruses into the clinic has begun to demonstrate the potential of this approach in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Thorne
- Department of Pediatrics and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5427, USA.
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42
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Zhao L, Gu J, Dong A, Zhang Y, Zhong L, He L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Huiwang J, Qian Q, Qian C, Liu X. Potent antitumor activity of oncolytic adenovirus expressing mda-7/IL-24 for colorectal cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:845-58. [PMID: 16000066 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that interleukin 24 (IL-24, also called melanoma differentiation associated gene 7) exerts antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated whether oncolytic adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of IL-24 could induce strong antitumor activity. A tumor-selective replicating adenovirus expressing IL-24 (ZD55-IL-24) was constructed by insertion of an IL-24 expression cassette into the ZD55 vector, which is based on deletion of the adenoviral E1B 55-kDa gene. ZD55-IL-24 could express substantially more IL-24 than Ad-IL-24 because of replication of the vector. It has been shown that ZD55-IL-24 exerted a strong cytopathic effect and significant apoptosis in tumor cells with p53 dysfunction. Moreover, no cytotoxic and apoptotic effects could be seen in normal cells infected with ZD55-IL-24. Expression of IL-24 did not interfere with viral replication induced by oncolytic adenovirus. Activation of caspase 3 and caspase 9, and induction of bax gene expression, were involved in tumor cell apoptosis induced by ZD55-IL-24. Treatment of established tumors with ZD55-IL-24 showed much stronger antitumor activity than that induced by ONYX-015 or Ad-IL- 24. These data indicated that oncolytic adenovirus expressing IL-24 could exert potential antitumor activity and offer a novel approach to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Tan PH, Chan CLH, Chan C, George AJT. The evolving role of gene-based treatment in surgery. Br J Surg 2005; 92:1466-80. [PMID: 16273530 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The completion of the sequencing of the human genome in 2003 marked the dawn of a new era of human biology and medicine. Although these remarkable scientific advances improve the understanding of human biology, the question remains how this rapidly expanding knowledge of functional genomics affects the role of surgeons. This article reviews the potential therapeutic application of gene therapy for various surgical conditions.
Methods
The core of this review was derived from a Medline database literature search.
Results and conclusion
The currently available vectors in the field of gene therapy and their limitations for clinical applications were analysed. The achievements of gene therapy in clinical trials and the future ramifications for surgery were also explored. Whether gene therapy takes a major role in surgical practice will depend greatly on the success of future vector development. Advances in viral vector technology to reduce the inflammatory effect, and improvements in the efficiency of gene delivery using non-viral vector technology, would allow this form of therapy to become more clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Tan
- Department of Surgery, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, South Buckinghamshire NHS Trust, Aylesbury, UK.
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44
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Schepelmann S, Hallenbeck P, Ogilvie LM, Hedley D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Scanlon I, Hay C, Hawkins LK, Marais R, Springer CJ. Systemic Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using a Targeted Adenovirus Armed with Carboxypeptidase G2. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5003-8. [PMID: 15958540 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and there is no effective therapy for unresectable disease. We have developed a targeted systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. The gene for a foreign enzyme is selectively expressed in the tumor cells and a nontoxic prodrug is then given, which is activated to a potent cytotoxic drug by the tumor-localized enzyme. This approach is termed gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Adenoviruses have been used to target cancer cells, have an intrinsic tropism for liver, and are efficient gene vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses produce clinical benefits, particularly in combination with conventional anticancer agents and are well tolerated. We rationalized that such adenoviruses, if their expression were restricted to telomerase-positive cancer cells, would make excellent gene vectors for GDEPT therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we use an oncolytic adenovirus to deliver the prodrug-activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) to tumors in a single systemic administration. The adenovirus replicated and produced high levels of CPG2 in two different hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts (Hep3B and HepG2) but not other tissues. GDEPT enhanced the adenovirus-alone therapy to elicit tumor regressions in the hepatocellular carcinoma models. This is the first time that CPG2 has been targeted and expressed intracellularly to effect significant therapy, showing that the combined approach holds enormous potential as a tumor-selective therapy for the systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schepelmann
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Jiang H, Gomez-Manzano C, Alemany R, Medrano D, Alonso M, Bekele BN, Lin E, Conrad CC, Yung WKA, Fueyo J. Comparative effect of oncolytic adenoviruses with E1A-55 kDa or E1B-55 kDa deletions in malignant gliomas. Neoplasia 2005; 7:48-56. [PMID: 15720816 PMCID: PMC1490320 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Replication-competent oncolytic adenoviruses hold considerable promise for treating malignant gliomas. The toxicity of the clinically tested E1B-55 kDa mutant virus is negligible; however, its full clinical potential is still being evaluated. The purpose of the present study is to compare the antiglioma activity in vitro and in vivo between Delta-24, an E1A mutant adenovirus, and RA55, an E1B-55 kDa mutant adenovirus. We selected human glioma cell lines that were tumorigenic in nude mice and express wild-type p53 (U-87 MG, D54 MG) or mutant p53 (U-251 MG, U-373 MG) protein. Our studies demonstrated that Delta-24 induced a more potent antiglioma effect in vitro than RA55. Moreover, Delta-24 replicated markedly more efficiently than RA55 in both wild-type and mutant p53 scenarios. Importantly, direct intratumoral injection of Delta-24, but not RA55, significantly suppresses tumor growth in intracranial (U-87 MG, U-251 MG) or subcutaneous (D54 MG) animal models. Staining for hexon protein detected replicating adenoviruses in xenografts infected with Delta-24, but not with RA55. Collectively, these data indicate that E1A mutant adenoviruses targeting the Rb pathway are more powerful putative agents for antiglioma therapy than E1B mutant adenoviruses, and suggest that E1A mutant adenoviruses should be tested in the clinical setting for patients with malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Diana Medrano
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marta Alonso
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - B Nebiyou Bekele
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles C Conrad
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Abstract
Molecular research has vastly advanced our understanding of the mechanism of cancer growth and spread. Targeted approaches utilizing molecular science have yielded provocative results in the treatment of cancer. Oncolytic viruses genetically programmed to replicate within cancer cells and directly induce toxic effect via cell lysis or apoptosis are currently being explored in the clinic. Safety has been confirmed and despite variable efficacy results several dramatic responses have been observed with some oncolytic viruses. This review summarizes results of clinical trials with oncolytic viruses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lin
- Mary Crowley Medical Research Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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47
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48
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Morley S, MacDonald G, Kirn D, Kaye S, Brown R, Soutar D. The dl1520 virus is found preferentially in tumor tissue after direct intratumoral injection in oral carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4357-62. [PMID: 15240522 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE dl1520 (also known as Onyx-015) is an E1B-deleted adenovirus designed to selectively lyse p53-deficient cancer cells. Clinical trials involving patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck have shown clinical efficacy, but no direct evidence as to the tumor or p53 selectivity of the virus was demonstrated. We wanted to determine whether dl1520 is selective for survival and replication within tumor tissue after direct injection and whether this is determined by p53 status of the tissues. We also wanted to ascertain whether the virus has any macroscopic effect on normal tissue. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An open-label Phase II trial was devised in which a fixed dose of the virus was administered to 15 patients via a direct intertumoral injection before surgery for untreated oral squamous cell carcinoma. The agent was also delivered into an area of adjacent normal buccal mucosa. Specimens of the excised tumor and of biopsies of the injected normal tissue were assessed for viral presence and p53 status. RESULTS We demonstrated that the virus replicates selectively in tumor as opposed to normal tissue after this direct injection. It was not possible to determine whether this selectivity was p53 related. It was found that dl1520 triggers an early rise in apoptosis levels in injected normal tissues. No adverse effects of viral injection were noted. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of injection of dl1520 into previously untreated squamous cell cancer. The data support the concept that dl1520 is replication deficient in normal, compared with cancerous, tissues and has potential as a selective anticancer agent against tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Morley
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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49
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Abstract
The prognosis of patients with advanced head and neck cancer has not changed significantly in the last twenty years, despite concerted efforts to optimize treatment using conventional modalities such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Novel therapeutic approaches based on our increasing understanding of the molecular changes that underlie the development of cancer have the potential to alter this situation. Gene therapy involves the delivery of genetic sequences in to tumour or normal cells for a therapeutic purpose. A number of viral and non-viral vectors have been developed that have the ability to deliver therapeutic genes specifically to tumours. These therapeutic genes can exert their effects by correcting existing genetic abnormalities, by killing cells directly or indirectly through recruitment of the immune system. In this review, the various gene therapy strategies that are under development are presented with particular reference to the treatment of head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
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50
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Andrews GA, Xi S, Pomerantz RG, Lin CJ, Gooding WE, Wentzel AL, Wu L, Sidransky D, Grandis JR. Mutation of p53 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma correlates with Bcl-2 expression and increased susceptibility to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Head Neck 2004; 26:870-7. [PMID: 15390206 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The p53 protein, a well-known tumor suppressor that functions primarily as a transcription factor, initiates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis after genotoxic stress. The antiapoptotic regulator Bcl-2 is a downstream modulator of p53-induced apoptosis. Loss of function of the p53 tumor suppressor through mutation is an important event that contributes to cellular transformation. Mutation of p53 is one of the most common genetic alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). We hypothesized that p53 mutation is associated with Bcl-2 expression and susceptibility to apoptosis in SCCHN. METHODS Exons 5 to 8 of the p53 gene were sequenced in 22 SCCHN tumor samples and correlated with the Bcl-2 expression and apoptosis rates in these tumors. In addition, a Bcl-2-expressing SCCHN cell line, UMSCC74B, was stably transfected with a temperature-sensitive mutant p53 construct, and Bcl-2 expression levels were examined at the mutant and the wild-type temperatures. RESULTS Bcl-2 expression was inversely correlated with wild-type p53 status in SCCHN tumors (p = .05). Furthermore, there was a modest increase (1.7-fold) in apoptosis in the wild-type p53 tumors compared with mutant p53 SCCHN. Immunoblotting of UMSCC74B cells stably transfected with the temperature-sensitive mutant p53 construct demonstrated that shifting these cells to the mutant p53 temperature (39.5 degrees C) resulted in decreased expression of Bcl-2 compared with levels in cells grown at the wild-type p53 temperature (32.5 degrees C). Further investigation showed that SCCHN cells expressing predominantly mutant p53 and decreased Bcl-2 were more susceptible to cisplatin-induced apoptosis than vector-transfected controls (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that p53 mutation directly modulates Bcl-2 expression and therefore susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in SCCHN cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve A Andrews
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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