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Yao Z, Dunn WR, Woodfield EE, Clark G, Mauk BH, Ebert RW, Grodent D, Bonfond B, Pan D, Rae IJ, Ni B, Guo R, Branduardi-Raymont G, Wibisono AD, Rodriguez P, Kotsiaros S, Ness JU, Allegrini F, Kurth WS, Gladstone GR, Kraft R, Sulaiman AH, Manners H, Desai RT, Bolton SJ. Revealing the source of Jupiter's x-ray auroral flares. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/28/eabf0851. [PMID: 34244139 PMCID: PMC8270495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jupiter's rapidly rotating, strong magnetic field provides a natural laboratory that is key to understanding the dynamics of high-energy plasmas. Spectacular auroral x-ray flares are diagnostic of the most energetic processes governing magnetospheres but seemingly unique to Jupiter. Since their discovery 40 years ago, the processes that produce Jupiter's x-ray flares have remained unknown. Here, we report simultaneous in situ satellite and space-based telescope observations that reveal the processes that produce Jupiter's x-ray flares, showing surprising similarities to terrestrial ion aurora. Planetary-scale electromagnetic waves are observed to modulate electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, periodically causing heavy ions to precipitate and produce Jupiter's x-ray pulses. Our findings show that ion aurorae share common mechanisms across planetary systems, despite temporal, spatial, and energetic scales varying by orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - William R Dunn
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/Birkbeck, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - George Clark
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Barry H Mauk
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Ebert
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Denis Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, STAR institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, STAR institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dongxiao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Binbin Ni
- Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruilong Guo
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, STAR institute, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Affelia D Wibisono
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
- The Centre for Planetary Science at UCL/Birkbeck, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pedro Rodriguez
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jan-Uwe Ness
- European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Frederic Allegrini
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - William S Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - G Randall Gladstone
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph Kraft
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ali H Sulaiman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Harry Manners
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Scott J Bolton
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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5
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Fissolo N, Matute-Blanch C, Osman M, Costa C, Pinteac R, Miró B, Sanchez A, Brito V, Dujmovic I, Voortman M, Khalil M, Borràs E, Sabidó E, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Montalban X, Comabella Lopez M. CSF SERPINA3 Levels Are Elevated in Patients With Progressive MS. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/2/e941. [PMID: 33436375 PMCID: PMC8105904 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective To identify biomarkers associated with progressive phases of MS and with neuroprotective potential. Methods Combined analysis of the transcriptional and proteomic profiles obtained in CNS tissue during chronic progressive phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) with the transcriptional profile obtained during the differentiation of murine neural stem cells into neurons. Candidate biomarkers were measured by ELISA in the CSF of 65 patients with MS (29 with relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS], 20 with secondary progressive MS, and 16 with primary progressive MS [PPMS]) and 30 noninflammatory neurologic controls (NINCs). Results Integrative analysis of gene and protein expression data identified 2 biomarkers, the serine protease inhibitor Serpina3n and the calcium-binding protein S100A4, which were upregulated in chronic progressive EAE and whose expression was induced during neuronal differentiation. Immunofluorescence studies revealed a primarily neuronal expression of S100A4 and Serpina3n during EAE. CSF levels of SERPINA3, the human ortholog of murine Serpina3n, and S100A4 were increased in patients with MS compared with NINCs (SERPINA3: 1,320 vs 838.6 ng/mL, p = 0.0001; S100A4: 1.6 vs 0.8 ng/mL, p = 0.02). Within the MS group, CSF SERPINA3 levels were significantly elevated in patients with progressive forms, mainly patients with PPMS compared with patients with RRMS (1,617 vs 1,129 ng/mL, p = 0.02) and NINCs (1,617 vs 838.6 ng/mL, p = 0.0001). Of interest, CSF SERPINA3 levels significantly correlated with CSF neurofilament light chain levels only in the PPMS group (r = 0.62, p = 0.01). Conclusion These results point to a role of SERPINA3 as a biomarker associated with the progressive forms of MS, particularly PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Fissolo
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clara Matute-Blanch
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamoud Osman
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carme Costa
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rucsanda Pinteac
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Berta Miró
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Sanchez
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Verónica Brito
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irena Dujmovic
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margarete Voortman
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Khalil
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Borràs
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manuel Comabella Lopez
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia (N.F., C.M.-B., C.C., R.P., V.B., X.M., M.C.L.), Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC) (M.O., S.I.-N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics and Bioinformatics Unit (B.M., A.S.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics Department (A.S.), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Serbia; Department of Neurology (I.D.), University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (M.V., M.K.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Spain; Proteomics Unit (E.B., E.S.), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; and Center for Multiple Sclerosis (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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