1
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de Jong YP. Mice Engrafted with Human Liver Cells. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 39265638 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1790601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Rodents are commonly employed to model human liver conditions, although species differences can restrict their translational relevance. To overcome some of these limitations, researchers have long pursued human hepatocyte transplantation into rodents. More than 20 years ago, the first primary human hepatocyte transplantations into immunodeficient mice with liver injury were able to support hepatitis B and C virus infections, as these viruses cannot replicate in murine hepatocytes. Since then, hepatocyte chimeric mouse models have transitioned into mainstream preclinical research and are now employed in a diverse array of liver conditions beyond viral hepatitis, including malaria, drug metabolism, liver-targeting gene therapy, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, lipoprotein and bile acid biology, and others. Concurrently, endeavors to cotransplant other cell types and humanize immune and other nonparenchymal compartments have seen growing success. Looking ahead, several challenges remain. These include enhancing immune functionality in mice doubly humanized with hepatocytes and immune systems, efficiently creating mice with genetically altered grafts and reliably humanizing chimeric mice with renewable cell sources such as patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. In conclusion, hepatocyte chimeric mice have evolved into vital preclinical models that address many limitations of traditional rodent models. Continued improvements may further expand their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ype P de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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2
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Maya S, Hershkovich L, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Shirvani-Dastgerdi E, Srinivas J, Shekhtman L, Uprichard SL, Berneshawi AR, Cafiero TR, Dahari H, Ploss A. Hepatitis delta virus RNA decline post-inoculation in human NTCP transgenic mice is biphasic. mBio 2023; 14:e0100823. [PMID: 37436080 PMCID: PMC10470517 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01008-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B and delta viruses (HDV) is the most serious form of viral hepatitis due to more severe manifestations of an accelerated progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We characterized early HDV kinetics post-inoculation and incorporated mathematical modeling to provide insights into host-HDV dynamics. We analyzed HDV RNA serum viremia in 192 immunocompetent (C57BL/6) and immunodeficient (NRG) mice that did or did not transgenically express the HDV receptor-human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (hNTCP). Kinetic analysis indicates an unanticipated biphasic decline consisting of a sharp first-phase and slower second-phase decline regardless of immunocompetence. HDV decline after re-inoculation again followed a biphasic decline; however, a steeper second-phase HDV decline was observed in NRG-hNTCP mice compared to NRG mice. HDV-entry inhibitor bulevirtide administration and HDV re-inoculation indicated that viral entry and receptor saturation are not major contributors to clearance, respectively. The biphasic kinetics can be mathematically modeled by assuming the existence of a non-specific-binding compartment with a constant on/off-rate and the steeper second-phase decline by a loss of bound virus that cannot be returned as free virus to circulation. The model predicts that free HDV is cleared with a half-life of 35 minutes (standard error, SE: 6.3), binds to non-specific cells with a rate of 0.05 per hour (SE: 0.01), and returns as free virus with a rate of 0.11 per hour (SE: 0.02). Characterizing early HDV-host kinetics elucidates how quickly HDV is either cleared or bound depending on the immunological background and hNTCP presence. IMPORTANCE The persistence phase of HDV infection has been studied in some animal models; however, the early kinetics of HDV in vivo is incompletely understood. In this study, we characterize an unexpectedly HDV biphasic decline post-inoculation in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models and use mathematical modeling to provide insights into HDV-host dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Maya
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leeor Hershkovich
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - E. Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jay Srinivas
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Louis Shekhtman
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Susan L. Uprichard
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew R. Berneshawi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas R. Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Harel Dahari
- Department of Medicine, The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Hiramoto T, Kashiwakura Y, Hayakawa M, Baatartsogt N, Kamoshita N, Abe T, Inaba H, Nishimasu H, Uosaki H, Hanazono Y, Nureki O, Ohmori T. PAM-flexible Cas9-mediated base editing of a hemophilia B mutation in induced pluripotent stem cells. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:56. [PMID: 37076593 PMCID: PMC10115777 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Base editing via CRISPR-Cas9 has garnered attention as a method for correcting disease-specific mutations without causing double-strand breaks, thereby avoiding large deletions and translocations in the host chromosome. However, its reliance on the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) can limit its use. We aimed to restore a disease mutation in a patient with severe hemophilia B using base editing with SpCas9-NG, a modified Cas9 with the board PAM flexibility. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with hemophilia B (c.947T>C; I316T) and established HEK293 cells and knock-in mice expressing the patient's F9 cDNA. We transduced the cytidine base editor (C>T), including the nickase version of Cas9 (wild-type SpCas9 or SpCas9-NG), into the HEK293 cells and knock-in mice through plasmid transfection and an adeno-associated virus vector, respectively. RESULTS Here we demonstrate the broad PAM flexibility of SpCas9-NG near the mutation site. The base-editing approach using SpCas9-NG but not wild-type SpCas9 successfully converts C to T at the mutation in the iPSCs. Gene-corrected iPSCs differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro and express substantial levels of F9 mRNA after subrenal capsule transplantation into immunodeficient mice. Additionally, SpCas9-NG-mediated base editing corrects the mutation in both HEK293 cells and knock-in mice, thereby restoring the production of the coagulation factor. CONCLUSION A base-editing approach utilizing the broad PAM flexibility of SpCas9-NG can provide a solution for the treatment of genetic diseases, including hemophilia B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hiramoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yuji Kashiwakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Morisada Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
- Center for Gene Therapy Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Nemekhbayar Baatartsogt
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Kamoshita
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
- Center for Gene Therapy Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Abe
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimasu
- Structural Biology Division, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Center for Gene Therapy Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Ohmori
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
- Center for Gene Therapy Research, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Maya S, Hershkovich L, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Shirvani-Dastgerdi E, Srinivas J, Shekhtman L, Uprichard SL, Berneshawi AR, Cafiero TR, Dahari H, Ploss A. Hepatitis delta virus RNA decline post inoculation in human NTCP transgenic mice is biphasic. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.528964. [PMID: 36824865 PMCID: PMC9949124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.528964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Chronic infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis delta viruses (HDV) is considered the most serious form of viral hepatitis due to more severe manifestations of and accelerated progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no FDA-approved treatment for HDV and current interferon-alpha treatment is suboptimal. We characterized early HDV kinetics post inoculation and incorporated mathematical modeling to provide insights into host-HDV dynamics. Methods We analyzed HDV RNA serum viremia in 192 immunocompetent (C57BL/6) and immunodeficient (NRG) mice that did or did not transgenically express the HDV receptor - human sodium taurocholate co-transporting peptide (hNTCP). Results Kinetic analysis indicates an unanticipated biphasic decline consisting of a sharp first-phase and slower second-phase decline regardless of immunocompetence. HDV decline after re-inoculation again followed a biphasic decline; however, a steeper second-phase HDV decline was observed in NRG-hNTCP mice compared to NRG mice. HDV-entry inhibitor bulevirtide administration and HDV re-inoculation indicated that viral entry and receptor saturation are not major contributors to clearance, respectively. The biphasic kinetics can be mathematically modeled by assuming the existence of a non-specific binding compartment with a constant on/off-rate and the steeper second-phase decline by a loss of bound virus that cannot be returned as free virus to circulation. The model predicts that free HDV is cleared with a half-life of 18 minutes (standard error, SE: 2.4), binds to non-specific cells with a rate of 0.06 hour -1 (SE: 0.03), and returns as free virus with a rate of 0.23 hour -1 (SE: 0.03). Conclusions Understanding early HDV-host kinetics will inform pre-clinical therapeutic kinetic studies on how the efficacy of anti-HDV therapeutics can be affected by early kinetics of viral decline. LAY SUMMARY The persistence phase of HDV infection has been studied in some animal models, however, the early kinetics of HDV in vivo is incompletely understood. In this study, we characterize an unexpectedly HDV biphasic decline post inoculation in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models and use mathematical modeling to provide insights into HDV-host dynamics. Understanding the kinetics of viral clearance in the blood can aid pre-clinical development and testing models for anti-HDV therapeutics.
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Davé E, Durrant O, Dhami N, Compson J, Broadbridge J, Archer S, Maroof A, Whale K, Menochet K, Bonnaillie P, Barry E, Wild G, Peerboom C, Bhatta P, Ellis M, Hinchliffe M, Humphreys DP, Heywood SP. TRYBE®: an Fc-free antibody format with three monovalent targeting arms engineered for long in vivo half-life. MAbs 2023; 15:2160229. [PMID: 36788124 PMCID: PMC9937000 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2160229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
TrYbe® is an Fc-free therapeutic antibody format, capable of engaging up to three targets simultaneously, with long in vivo half-life conferred by albumin binding. This format is shown by small-angle X-ray scattering to be conformationally flexible with favorable 'reach' properties. We demonstrate the format's broad functionality by co-targeting of soluble and cell surface antigens. The benefit of monovalent target binding is illustrated by the lack of formation of large immune complexes when co-targeting multivalent antigens. TrYbes® are manufactured using standard mammalian cell culture and protein A affinity capture processes. TrYbes® have been formulated at high concentrations and have favorable drug-like properties, including stability, solubility, and low viscosity. The unique functionality and inherent developability of the TrYbe® makes it a promising multi-specific antibody fragment format for antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Davé
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | - Neha Dhami
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Whale
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | | | - Emily Barry
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Gavin Wild
- PV Supply and Technology Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Claude Peerboom
- PV Supply and Technology Solutions, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, EU
| | | | - Mark Ellis
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | | | | | - Sam P. Heywood
- Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK,CONTACT Sam P. Heywood Early Solutions, UCB Biopharma UK, 208 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3XE, Slough, UK
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6
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Sausen DG, Shechter O, Bietsch W, Shi Z, Miller SM, Gallo ES, Dahari H, Borenstein R. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses: A Comprehensive Update with an Immunological Focus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15973. [PMID: 36555623 PMCID: PMC9781095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) are highly prevalent viruses estimated to infect approximately 300 million people and 12-72 million people worldwide, respectively. HDV requires the HBV envelope to establish a successful infection. Concurrent infection with HBV and HDV can result in more severe disease outcomes than infection with HBV alone. These viruses can cause significant hepatic disease, including cirrhosis, fulminant hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and represent a significant cause of global mortality. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these viruses and the immune response they generate is essential to enhance disease management. This review includes an overview of the HBV and HDV viruses, including life cycle, structure, natural course of infection, and histopathology. A discussion of the interplay between HDV RNA and HBV DNA during chronic infection is also included. It then discusses characteristics of the immune response with a focus on reactions to the antigenic hepatitis B surface antigen, including small, middle, and large surface antigens. This paper also reviews characteristics of the immune response to the hepatitis D antigen (including small and large antigens), the only protein expressed by hepatitis D. Lastly, we conclude with a discussion of recent therapeutic advances pertaining to these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Sausen
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Oren Shechter
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - William Bietsch
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | - Elisa S. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Ronen Borenstein
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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7
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Liu C, Wang L, Xu M, Sun Y, Xing Z, Zhang J, Wang C, Dong L. Reprogramming the spleen into a functioning 'liver' in vivo. Gut 2022; 71:2325-2336. [PMID: 34996824 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liver regeneration remains one of the biggest clinical challenges. Here, we aim to transform the spleen into a liver-like organ via directly reprogramming the splenic fibroblasts into hepatocytes in vivo. DESIGN In the mouse spleen, the number of fibroblasts was through silica particles (SiO2) stimulation, the expanded fibroblasts were converted to hepatocytes (iHeps) by lentiviral transfection of three key transcriptional factors (Foxa3, Gata4 and Hnf1a), and the iHeps were further expanded with tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lentivirus-mediated expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). RESULTS SiO2 stimulation tripled the number of activated fibroblasts. Foxa3, Gata4 and Hnf1a converted SiO2-remodelled spleen fibroblasts into 2×106 functional iHeps in one spleen. TNF-α protein and lentivirus-mediated expression of EGF and HGF further enabled the total hepatocytes to expand to 8×106 per spleen. iHeps possessed hepatic functions-such as glycogen storage, lipid accumulation and drug metabolism-and performed fundamental liver functions to improve the survival rate of mice with 90% hepatectomy. CONCLUSION Direct conversion of the spleen into a liver-like organ, without cell or tissue transplantation, establishes fundamental hepatic functions in mice, suggesting its potential value for the treatment of end-stage liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lintao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Mengzhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China .,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovative Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Dimer Interface in Natural Variant NK1 Is Dispensable for HGF-Dependent Met Receptor Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179240. [PMID: 34502141 PMCID: PMC8431453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
NK1, a splicing variant of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), binds to and activates Met receptor by forming an NK1 dimer and 2:2 complex with Met. Although the structural mechanism underlying Met activation by HGF remains incompletely resolved, it has been proposed that the NK1 dimer structure participates in this activation. We investigated the NK1 dimer interface’s role in Met activation by HGF. Because N127, V140, and K144 are closely involved in the head-to-tail NK1 dimer formation, mutant NK1 proteins with replacement of these residues by alanine were prepared. In Met tyrosine phosphorylation assays, N127-NK1, V140-NK1, and K144-NK1 showed 8.3%, 23.8%, and 52.2% activity, respectively, compared with wild-type NK1. Although wild-type NK1 promoted cell migration and scattering, N127-NK1, V140-NK1, and K144-NK1 hardly or marginally promoted them, indicating loss of activity of these mutant NK1 proteins to activate Met. In contrast, mutant HGFs (N127-HGF, V140-HGF, and K144-HGF) with the same amino acid replacements as in NK1 induced Met tyrosine phosphorylation and biological responses at levels comparable to those of wild-type HGF. These results indicate that the structural basis responsible for NK1-dependent Met dimer formation and activation differs from, or is at least distinguishable from, the structural basis responsible for HGF-dependent Met activation.
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Khoshdel-Rad N, Zahmatkesh E, Bikmulina P, Peshkova M, Kosheleva N, Bezrukov EA, Sukhanov RB, Solovieva A, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Vosough M. Modeling Hepatotropic Viral Infections: Cells vs. Animals. Cells 2021; 10:1726. [PMID: 34359899 PMCID: PMC8305759 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of an appropriate platform for a better understanding of the molecular basis of hepatitis viruses and the absence of reliable models to identify novel therapeutic agents for a targeted treatment are the two major obstacles for launching efficient clinical protocols in different types of viral hepatitis. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and the development of model systems for efficient viral replication is necessary for basic and applied studies. Viral hepatitis is a major health issue and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite the extensive efforts that have been made on fundamental and translational research, traditional models are not effective in representing this viral infection in a laboratory. In this review, we discuss in vitro cell-based models and in vivo animal models, with their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the most important findings that have been retrieved from each model are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Khoshdel-Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran; (N.K.-R.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran
| | - Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran; (N.K.-R.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran
| | - Polina Bikmulina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.B.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.B.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nastasia Kosheleva
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- FSBSI ‘Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Bezrukov
- Department of Urology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Roman B. Sukhanov
- Department of Urology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.A.B.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Anna Solovieva
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.B.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.B.); (M.P.); (A.S.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran; (N.K.-R.); (E.Z.)
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran
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10
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Li J, Shi TD, Han JF, Zeng XG, Fan CL, Han C, Liu HL, Wu YZ. A systematic study of Tupaia as a model for human acute hepatitis B infection. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1004-1011. [PMID: 33952781 PMCID: PMC8267197 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular features of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, eradication, and pathogenesis are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of an adequate animal model that faithfully reproduces the course of infection. Although Tupaia belangeri were previously recognized as HBV-susceptible animals, the course of infection in adult tupaias remains obscure. Herein, we performed a longitudinal study and demonstrated that adult tupaias were efficiently infected (90% infection rate) with 108 copies of the HBV genome. HBV replicated vigorously, produced high levels of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in hepatocytes, and released hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg), and HBV DNA into the serum at day 9 post-inoculation (p.i.), which then decreased on day 15 p.i. The kinetics were consistent with the expression of liver HBsAg and HBeAg, as determined with immunohistochemistry. The viral products in serum at day 9 and 15 p.i. represented de novo synthesized viral products, as treatment with a viral entry inhibitor completely abolished these products from the serum. Viral clearance and serological conversion occurred at day 21 p.i. and were accompanied by elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and liver pathology, such as inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte ballooning degeneration. Although ALT levels eventually returned to normal levels by day 42 p.i., the liver pathology persisted until at least day 120 p.i. The HBV infection process in tupaia, therefore, exhibits features similar to that of human acute HBV infection, including viral replication, viral eradication, ALT elevation, and liver pathology. Thus, adopting the tupaia model to study host-HBV interactions presents an important advance which could facilitate further investigation and understanding of human HBV infection, especially for features like cccDNA that current small-animal models cannot effectively model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tong-Dong Shi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated of Chongqing University of Medical Science, No. 74 Linjiang Rd, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun-Feng Han
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xing-Guang Zeng
- Pharm Star Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 99 Hongcaofang Street, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cui-Li Fan
- HEP Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 720 Cailun Rd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Han
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hong-Li Liu
- HEP Biotechnology Co., Ltd., No. 720 Cailun Rd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Zhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
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11
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Shibuya K, Watanabe M, Goto R, Zaitsu M, Ganchiku Y, Taketomi A. The Efficacy of the Hepatocyte Spheroids for Hepatocyte Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211000014. [PMID: 33900126 PMCID: PMC8085376 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety and short-term efficacy of hepatocyte transplantation (HCTx) have been widely proven. However, issues such as reduced viability and/or function of hepatocytes, insufficient engraftment, and lack of a long-term effect have to be overcome for widespread application of HCTx. In this study, we evaluated hepatocyte spheroids (HSs), formed by self-aggregation of hepatocytes, as an alternative to hepatocytes in single-cell suspension. Hepatocytes were isolated from C57BL/6 J mice liver using a three-step collagenase perfusion technique and HSs were formed by the hanging drop method. After the spheroids formation, the HSs showed significantly higher mRNA expression of albumin, ornithine transcarbamylase, glucose-6-phosphate, alpha-1-antitrypsin, low density lipoprotein receptor, coagulation factors, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) than 2 dimensional (2D)-cultured hepatocytes (p < 0.05). Albumin production by HSs was significantly higher than that by 2D-cultured hepatocytes (9.5 ± 2.5 vs 3.5 ± 1.8 μg/dL, p < 0.05). The HSs, but not single hepatocytes, maintained viability and albumin mRNA expression in suspension (92.0 ± 2.8% and 1.03 ± 0.09 at 6 h). HSs (3.6 × 106 cells) or isolated hepatocytes (fSH, 3.6 × 106 cells) were transplanted into the liver of ApoE knockout (KO-/-) mice via the portal vein. Following transplantation, serum ApoE concentration (ng/mL) of HS-transplanted mice (1w: 63.1 ± 56.7, 4w: 17.0 ± 10.9) was higher than that of fSH-transplanted mice (1 w: 33.4 ± 13.0, 4w: 13.7 ± 9.6). In both groups, the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MIP-1β) were upregulated in the liver following transplantation; however, no significant differences were observed. Pathologically, transplanted HSs were observed as flat cell clusters in contact with the portal vein wall on day 7. Additionally, ApoE positive cells were observed in the liver parenchyma distant from the portal vein on day 28. Our results indicate that HS is a promising alternative to single hepatocytes and can be applied for HCTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Shibuya
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Watanabe
- Transplant surgery, 163693Hokkaido University Hospital, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Zaitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ganchiku
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological surgery I, 12810Hokkaido university graduate school, kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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In Vivo Models of HDV Infection: Is Humanizing NTCP Enough? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040588. [PMID: 33807170 PMCID: PMC8065588 DOI: 10.3390/v13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a hepatitis B (HBV) and delta virus (HDV) entry receptor has encouraged the development of new animal models of infection. This review provides an overview of the different in vivo models that are currently available to study HDV either in the absence or presence of HBV. By presenting new advances and remaining drawbacks, we will discuss human host factors which, in addition to NTCP, need to be investigated or identified to enable a persistent HDV infection in murine hepatocytes. Detailed knowledge on species-specific factors involved in HDV persistence also shall contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies.
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13
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Functional changes of cocultured hepatocyte sheets subjected to continuous liver regeneration stimulation in cDNA-uPA/SCID mouse: Differences in transplantation sites. Regen Ther 2021; 18:7-11. [PMID: 33816721 PMCID: PMC8010356 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The formation of a secondary liver is expected in ectopic transplants in liver therapy. It is reported that the transplantation of hepatocyte sheets constitutes one of the techniques used to form a secondary liver. Accordingly, we established a subcutaneous transplant for hepatocyte/fibroblast sheets in previous studies. In this development study with hepatocyte/fibroblast sheets, we evaluated the differences in transplantation sites to promote the maturation of transplanted tissue in a liver injury model. Methods A cocultured hepatocyte sheet of fibroblasts (TIG-118 cells) and human hepatocytes (PXB cells) was prepared on a temperature-responsive culture dish. The prepared cocultured hepatocyte sheet was either transplanted subcutaneously or on the liver surface of a persistent liver injury model (cDNA-uPA/SCID mouse: uPA mouse), and was evaluated by the human albumin concentration in mouse blood. As a control group, hepatocyte cell sheets were used that were transplanted to both areas and compared. Results Although the cocultured hepatocyte sheet led to functional improvements in the early stages of culture in subcutaneous transplantation, these did not last in the long-term after transplantation. Although coculture effects were not observed in the liver surface transplantation case, long-term functional expressions in mono- and cocultured sheets in the case of liver surface transplantation were exhibited compared with subcutaneous administration. Conclusion These results suggest that sustained stimulation of liver regenerationvaries depending on the transplant site and is largely involved in the maturation of hepatocyte tissue.
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14
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Sato H, Imamura R, Suga H, Matsumoto K, Sakai K. Cyclic Peptide-Based Biologics Regulating HGF-MET. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217977. [PMID: 33121208 PMCID: PMC7662982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a random non-standard peptide integrated discovery system, we obtained cyclic peptides that bind to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor. (MET) HGF-inhibitory peptide-8 (HiP-8) selectively bound to two-chain active HGF, but not to single-chain precursor HGF. HGF showed a dynamic change in its molecular shape in atomic force microscopy, but HiP-8 inhibited dynamic change in the molecular shape into a static status. The inhibition of the molecular dynamics of HGF by HiP-8 was associated with the loss of the ability to bind MET. HiP-8 could selectively detect active HGF in cancer tissues, and active HGF probed by HiP-8 showed co-localization with activated MET. Using HiP-8, cancer tissues with active HGF could be detected by positron emission tomography. HiP-8 seems to be applicable for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. In contrast, based on the receptor dimerization as an essential process for activation, the cross-linking of the cyclic peptides that bind to the extracellular region of MET successfully generated an artificial ligand to MET. The synthetic MET agonists activated MET and exhibited biological activities which were indistinguishable from the effects of HGF. MET agonists composed of cyclic peptides can be manufactured by chemical synthesis but not recombinant protein expression, and thus are expected to be new biologics that are applicable to therapeutics and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sato
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryu Imamura
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.S.); (R.I.); (K.M.)
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence:
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15
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Godbout M, Vargas A, Hélie P, Bullone M, Lavoie JP. Use of a biopolymer delivery system to investigate the influence of interleukin-4 on recruitment of neutrophils in equids. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:344-354. [PMID: 32228258 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.4.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a biopolymer delivery system to investigate the ability of interleukin (IL)-4 to recruit neutrophils into subcutaneous tissues of equids. ANIMALS 16 horses and 2 ponies. PROCEDURES Animals were assigned to 3 experiments (6/experiment). Effects of recombinant equine (Req) IL-4 (100, 250, or 500 ng/site) versus a positive control (ReqIL-8; 100 ng, 250 ng, or 1 μg/site) and a negative control (Dulbecco PBSS or culture medium) on neutrophil chemotaxis were assessed after SC injection into the neck with an injectable biopolymer used as the vehicle. Tissue samples including the biopolymer plug were collected by biopsy at various time points from 3 hours to 7 days after injection. Neutrophil infiltration was evaluated by histologic scoring (experiments 1, 2, and 3) or flow cytometry (experiment 3). RESULTS Histologic neutrophil infiltration scores did not differ significantly among treatments at most evaluated time points. On flow cytometric analysis, log-transformed neutrophil counts in biopsy specimens were significantly greater for the ReqIL-8 treatment (1 μg/site) than the negative control treatment at 3 but not 6 hours after injection; results did not differ between ReqIL-4 and control treatments at either time point. Negative control treatments induced an inflammatory response in most equids in all experiments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Flow cytometry was a more reliable method to estimate neutrophil migration than histologic score analysis. The ReqIL-4 treatment did not induce a detectable neutrophil response, compared with the negative control treatment in this study. Evidence of inflammation in negative control samples suggested the biopolymer is not a suitable vehicle for use in equids.
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16
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Fuchigami T, Suzuki H, Yoshimura T, Kibe T, Chairani E, Kiyono T, Kishida M, Kishida S, Nakamura N. Ameloblastoma cell lines derived from different subtypes demonstrate distinct developmental patterns in a novel animal experimental model. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28:e20190558. [PMID: 32348439 PMCID: PMC7185982 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2019-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ameloblastoma is a representative odontogenic tumor comprising several characteristic invasive forms, and its pathophysiology has not been sufficiently elucidated. A stable animal experimental model using immortalized cell lines is crucial to explain the factors causing differences among the subtypes of ameloblastoma, but this model has not yet been disclosed. In this study, a novel animal experimental model has been established, using immortalized human ameloblastoma-derived cell lines. Methodology Ameloblastoma cells suspended in Matrigel were subcutaneously transplanted into the heads of immunodeficient mice. Two immortalized human ameloblastoma cell lines were used: AM-1 cells derived from the plexiform type and AM-3 cells derived from the follicular type. The tissues were evaluated histologically 30, 60, and 90 days after transplantation. Results Tumor masses formed in all transplanted mice. In addition, the tumors formed in each group transplanted with different ameloblastoma cells were histologically distinct: the tumors in the group transplanted with AM-1 cells were similar to the plexiform type, and those in the group transplanted with AM-3-cells were similar to the follicular type. Conclusions A novel, stable animal experimental model of ameloblastoma was established using two cell lines derived from different subtypes of the tumor. This model can help clarify its pathophysiology and hasten the development of new ameloblastoma treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Fuchigami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hajime Suzuki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshimura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kibe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Elissa Chairani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shosei Kishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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17
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An JN, Li L, Lee J, Yu SS, Lee J, Kim YC, Kim DK, Oh YK, Lim CS, Kim YS, Kim S, Yang SH, Lee JP. cMet agonistic antibody attenuates apoptosis in ischaemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5640-5651. [PMID: 32239661 PMCID: PMC7214182 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a very common complication with high morbidity and mortality rates and no fundamental treatment. In this study, we investigated whether the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/cMet pathway is associated with the development of AKI and how the administration of a cMet agonistic antibody (Ab) affects an AKI model. In the analysis using human blood samples, cMet and HGF levels were found to be significantly increased in the AKI group, regardless of underlying renal function. The administration of a cMet agonistic Ab improved the functional and histological changes after bilateral ischaemia‐reperfusion injury. TUNEL‐positive cells and Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio were also reduced by cMet agonistic Ab treatment. In addition, cMet agonistic Ab treatment significantly increased the levels of PI3K, Akt and mTOR. Furthermore, after 24 hours of hypoxia induction in human proximal tubular epithelial cells, treatment with the cMet agonistic Ab also showed dose‐dependent antiapoptotic effects similar to those of the recombinant HGF treatment. Even when the HGF axis was blocked with a HGF‐blocking Ab, the cMet agonistic Ab showed an independent dose‐dependent antiapoptotic effect. In conclusion, cMet expression is associated with the occurrence of AKI. cMet agonistic Ab treatment attenuates the severity of AKI through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and improves apoptosis. cMet agonistic Ab may have important significance for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Nam An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Lilin Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, Yanbian University Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Junghun Lee
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Shin Yu
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- R&D Center for Innovative Medicines, Helixmith Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yang
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Yin Y, Guo J, Teng F, Yu L, Jiang Y, Xie K, Jiang M, Fang J. Preparation of a Novel One-Armed Anti-c-Met Antibody with Antitumor Activity Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:4173-4184. [PMID: 31849449 PMCID: PMC6911325 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s224491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Antibody-based c-mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (c-Met) inhibition is a promising strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, but the intrinsic agonistic activity of the anti-c-Met antibody limits its application in drug development. Constructing a monovalent one-armed antibody has been reported to be an effective way to create an inhibitory anti-c-Met antibody. Materials and methods In the present study, a novel monovalent one-armed anti-c-Met antibody was constructed using the knobs-into-holes technology, and its inhibitory effects against HCC and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Results The one-armed anti-c-Met antibody blocked the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met interaction and the subsequent signal transduction, including phosphorylation of c-Met, Grb2-associated binding protein 1(Gab-1), extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2(Erk1/2), and Akt, also referred to as protein kinase B (PKB) in HCC cell line HepG2. Furthermore, the autocrine stimulation of HepG2 cell proliferation and HGF-induced HCC cell migration were strongly inhibited by the one-armed anti-c-Met antibody. In addition, the antibody also reduced the HGF-induced proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treating HepG2-bearing mice with the one-armed anti-c-Met antibody significantly inhibited the tumor growth in the xenograft nude mouse model. Conclusion The one-armed anti-c-Met antibody derived from the full-length bivalent anti-c-Met antibody might serve as a potential antitumor agent against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Yin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Fang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, People's Republic of China.,Biomedical Research Center, Tongji University Suzhou Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215101, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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19
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Renoprotective effects of a novel cMet agonistic antibody on kidney fibrosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13495. [PMID: 31530851 PMCID: PMC6749055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, cMet, activate biological pathways necessary for repair and regeneration following kidney injury. Because HGF is a highly unstable molecule in its biologically active form, we asked whether a monoclonal antibody (Ab) that displays full agonist activity at the receptor could protect the kidney from fibrosis. We attempted to determine whether the cMet agonistic Ab might reduce fibrosis, the final common pathway for chronic kidney diseases (CKD). A mouse model of kidney fibrosis disease induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction was introduced and subsequently validated with primary cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). In kidney biopsy specimens from patients with CKD, cMet immunohistochemistry staining showed a remarkable increase compared with patients with normal renal functions. cMet Ab treatment significantly increased the levels of phospho-cMet and abrogated the protein expression of fibrosis markers such as fibronectin, collagen 1, and αSMA as well as Bax2, which is a marker of apoptosis triggered by recombinant TGF-β1 in PTECs. Remarkably, injections of cMet Ab significantly prevented kidney fibrosis in obstructed kidneys as quantified by Masson trichrome staining. Consistent with these data, cMet Ab treatment decreased the expression of fibrosis markers, such as collagen1 and αSMA, whereas the expression of E-cadherin, which is a cell-cell adhesion molecule, was restored. In conclusion, cMet-mediated signaling may play a considerable role in kidney fibrosis. Additionally, the cMet agonistic Ab may be a valuable substitute for HGF because it is more easily available in a biologically active, stable, and purified form.
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20
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Yuan L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Cao J, Li X, Wang M, Wu K, Zhang J, Liu G, Tang Q, Yuan Q, Cheng T, Xia N. Agonist c-Met Monoclonal Antibody Augments the Proliferation of hiPSC-derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells and Improves Cell Transplantation Therapy for Liver Failure in Mice. Theranostics 2019; 9:2115-2128. [PMID: 31037160 PMCID: PMC6485278 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been developed to address the shortage of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) for therapeutic applications. However, the in vivo repopulation capacity of HLCs remains limited. This study investigated the roles of agonist antibody activating the c-Met receptor in promoting the in vivo proliferation and repopulation of engrafted PHHs and/or HLCs in mice with liver injuries due to different causes. Methods: An agonist c-Met receptor antibody (5D5) was used to treat PHHs and hiPSC-HLCs in both cell culture and hepatocyte-engrafted immunodeficient mice mimicking various inherited and acquired liver diseases. The promoting roles and potential influence on the hepatic phenotype of the 5D5 regimen in cell transplantation-based therapeutic applications were systematically evaluated. Results: In hiPSC-HLC cell cultures, 5D5 treatment significantly stimulated c-Met receptor downstream signalling pathways and accelerated cell proliferation in dose-dependent and reversible manners. In contrast, only slight but nonsignificant promotion was observed in 5D5-treated PHHs. In vivo administration of 5D5 greatly promoted the expansion of implanted hiPSC-HLCs in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) deficient mice, resulting in significantly increased human albumin levels and high human liver chimerism (over 40%) in the transplanted mice at week 8 after transplantation. More importantly, transplantation of hiPSC-HLCs in combination with 5D5 significantly prolonged animal survival and ameliorated liver pathological changes in mice with acute and/or chronic liver injuries caused by Fas agonistic antibody treatment, carbon tetrachloride treatment and/or tyrosinemic stress. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the proliferation of hiPSC-HLCs can be enhanced by antibody-mediated modulation of c-Met signalling and facilitate hiPSC-HLC-based therapeutic applications for life-threatening liver diseases.
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21
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivation and Ex Vivo Gene Correction Using a Mucopolysaccharidosis Type 1 Disease Mouse Model. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6978303. [PMID: 31065277 PMCID: PMC6466856 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6978303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (MPS-1), also known as Hurler's disease, is a congenital metabolic disorder caused by a mutation in the alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene, which results in the loss of lysosomal enzyme function for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Here, we demonstrate the proof of concept of ex vivo gene editing therapy using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies with MPS-1 model mouse cell. Disease-affected iPSCs were generated from Idua knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which carry a disrupting neomycin-resistant gene cassette (Neor) in exon VI of the Idua gene. Double guide RNAs were used to remove the Neor sequence, and various lengths of donor templates were used to reconstruct the exon VI sequence. A quantitative PCR-based screening method was used to identify Neor removal. The sequence restoration without any indel mutation was further confirmed by Sanger sequencing. After induced fibroblast differentiation, the gene-corrected iPSC-derived fibroblasts demonstrated Idua function equivalent to the wild-type iPSC-derived fibroblasts. The Idua-deficient cells were competent to be reprogrammed to iPSCs, and pluripotency was maintained through CRISPR/CAS9-mediated gene correction. These results support the concept of ex vivo gene editing therapy using iPSC and CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for MPS-1 patients.
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22
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Okamoto R, Takayama K, Akita N, Nagamoto Y, Hosokawa D, Iizuka S, Sakurai F, Suemizu H, Ohashi K, Mizuguchi H. Human iPS Cell-based Liver-like Tissue Engineering at Extrahepatic Sites in Mice as a New Cell Therapy for Hemophilia B. Cell Transplant 2019; 27:299-309. [PMID: 29637813 PMCID: PMC5898695 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717751734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Instead of liver transplantation or liver-directed gene therapy, genetic liver diseases are expected to be treated effectively using liver tissue engineering technology. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) generated from human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are an attractive unlimited cell source for liver-like tissue engineering. In this study, we attempted to show the effectiveness of human iPS cell–based liver-like tissue engineering at an extrahepatic site for treatment of hemophilia B, also called factor IX (FIX) deficiency. HLCs were transplanted under the kidney capsule where the transplanted cells could be efficiently engrafted. Ten weeks after the transplantation, human albumin (253 μg/mL) and α-1 antitrypsin (1.2 μg/mL) could be detected in the serum of transplanted mice. HLCs were transplanted under the kidney capsule of FIX-deficient mice. The clotting activities in the transplanted mice were approximately 5% of those in wild-type mice. The bleeding time in transplanted mice was shorter than that in the nontransplanted mice. Taken together, these results indicate the success in generating functional liver-like tissues under the kidney capsule by using human iPS cell–derived HLCs. We also demonstrated that the human iPS cell–based liver-like tissue engineering technology would be an effective treatment of genetic liver disease including hemophilia B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Okamoto
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,3 PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Akita
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nagamoto
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Hosokawa
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Iizuka
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- 4 Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohashi
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- 1 Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,2 Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,5 Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Sun ZJ, Wu Y, Hou WH, Wang YX, Yuan QY, Wang HJ, Yu M. A novel bispecific c-MET/PD-1 antibody with therapeutic potential in solid cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29067-29079. [PMID: 28404966 PMCID: PMC5438713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bispecific antibody is a novel antibody, which can target two different antigens and mediate specific killing effects by selectively redirecting effector cells to the target cells. Here, we designed and synthesized a bispecific antibody (BsAb) that can bind cellular-mesenchymal to epithelial transition factor (c-MET, overexpressed in several human solid tumor), and programmed death-1 (PD-1, involved in cancer cell immune evasion) with high affinity and specificity. We found that BsAb can induce the degradation of c-MET protein in cancer cells, including MKN45, a gastric cancer cell line, and A549, a lung cancer cell line. BsAb inhibited hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated proliferation, migration, and antiapoptosis, and downregulated HGF-stimulated phosphorylation of c-MET, protein kinase B (AKT), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). BsAb can also rescue T cell activation. Furthermore, xenograft analysis revealed that BsAb markedly inhibits the growth of subcutaneously implanted tumors and chronic inflammation. On the basis of these results, we have identified a potential bispecific drug, which can effectively target c-MET and PD-1 for the treatment of human solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Yun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Abstract
Mice with humanized chimeric liver are promising in vivo tools to evaluate the efficacy of novel compounds or vaccine induced antibodies directed against pathogens that infect the human liver. In addition they can be used to study the human-type metabolism of medicinal compounds and hepatotoxicity.
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25
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Gural N, Mancio-Silva L, He J, Bhatia SN. Engineered Livers for Infectious Diseases. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 5:131-144. [PMID: 29322086 PMCID: PMC5756057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Engineered liver systems come in a variety of platform models, from 2-dimensional cocultures of primary human hepatocytes and stem cell-derived progeny, to 3-dimensional organoids and humanized mice. Because of the species-specificity of many human hepatropic pathogens, these engineered systems have been essential tools for biologic discovery and therapeutic agent development in the context of liver-dependent infectious diseases. Although improvement of existing models is always beneficial, and the addition of a robust immune component is a particular need, at present, considerable progress has been made using this combination of research platforms. We highlight advances in the study of hepatitis B and C viruses and malaria-causing Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites, and underscore the importance of pairing the most appropriate model system and readout modality with the particular experimental question at hand, without always requiring a platform that recapitulates human physiology in its entirety.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- 3D
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- EBOV, Ebola virus
- Falciparum
- HBC, hepatitis C virus
- HBV
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HCV
- HLC, hepatocyte-like cells
- Hepatotropic
- LASV, Lassa virus
- Liver
- Liver Models
- MPCC, micropatterned coculture system
- Malaria
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pathogen
- SACC, self-assembling coculture
- Vivax
- iHLC, induced pluripotent stem cell–derived hepatocyte-like cells
- in vitro
- in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Gural
- Harvard-MIT Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts,Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jiang He
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhD, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer, Research at MIT, Building 76, Room 473, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
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26
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Tan AKY, Loh KM, Ang LT. Evaluating the regenerative potential and functionality of human liver cells in mice. Differentiation 2017; 98:25-34. [PMID: 29078082 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases afflict millions of patients worldwide. Currently, the only long-term treatment for liver failure is the transplantation of a new liver. However, intravenously transplanting a suspension of human hepatocytes might be a less-invasive approach to partially reconstitute lost liver functions in human patients as evinced by promising outcomes in clinical trials. The purpose of this essay is to emphasize outstanding questions that continue to surround hepatocyte transplantation. While adult primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for transplantation, hepatocytes are heterogeneous. Whether all hepatocytes engraft equally and what specifically defines an "engraftable" hepatocyte capable of long-term liver reconstitution remains unclear. To this end, mouse models of liver injury enable the evaluation of human hepatocytes and their behavior upon transplantation into a complex injured liver environment. While mouse models may not be fully representative of the injured human liver and human hepatocytes tend to engraft mice less efficiently than mouse hepatocytes, valuable lessons have nonetheless been learned from transplanting human hepatocytes into mouse models. With an eye to the future, it will be crucial to eventually detail the optimal biological source (whether in vivo- or in vitro-derived) and presumptive heterogeneity of human hepatocytes and to understand the mechanisms through which they engraft and regenerate liver tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
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27
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Kobayashi N, Tanaka N. Engineering of Human Hepatocyte Lines for Cell Therapies in Humans: Prospects and Remaining Hurdles. Cell Transplant 2017; 11:417-420. [PMID: 28866930 DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte-based biological therapies are increasingly envisioned for temporary support in acute liver failure and provision of specific-liver functions in liver-based metabolic deficiency. One of the hurdles to develop such therapies is severe shortage of human livers for hepatocyte isolation. To address the issue, we have focused on reversible immortalization of human hepatocytes. Such technology can allow rapid preparation of functional and uniform human hepatocytes. Here we present our strategy to construct transplantable human hepatocyte cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.,Japan Health Sciences Foundation
| | - Noriaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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28
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Kuge H, Ohashi K, Yokoyama T, Kanehiro H, Hisanaga M, Koyama F, Bumgardner GL, Kosai KI, Nakajima Y. Genetic Modification of Hepatocytes towards Hepatocyte Transplantation and Liver Tissue Engineering. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:1-12. [DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies, including liver tissue engineering following hepatocyte transplantation, have therapeutic potential for several types of liver diseases. Modifications in the methodology to manipulate the donor hepatocytes in a more simple and timely manner prior to transplantation would enhance the therapeutic efficacy of this procedure. Conventional approach for vector-mediated gene transduction to the isolated hepatocytes has been performed under primary culture conditions that routinely require several days to complete. In our study, we have established a clinically feasible approach that requires only 1 h of infection time with an adenoviral vector system that results in an extremely efficient transduction efficiency (>80%). To optimize transduction efficiency and sustain normal cellular function, we determined that the isolated hepatocytes should be maintained in UW solution as a suspension medium and infected with adenoviral vectors (Ad) for no more than 1 h at a MOI of 1. To establish if the isolated hepatocytes could be used as a source for cell-based therapies, we transplanted the Ad-transduced hepatocytes into the liver or under the kidney capsule. When the cells were transplanted into the liver, Ad-transduced hepatocytes cultured in suspension conditions were found to have a significantly higher survival rate (p < 0.01) than Ad-transduced hepatocytes cultured under standard conditions. We also confirmed that these Ad-transduced hepatocytes have ability to survive long term and were able to engineer a biologically active hepatic tissue under the kidney capsule. Finally, we obtained high level of transduction into canine, porcine, and human isolated hepatocytes in a suspension solution mixed with Ad. In conclusion, the present studies demonstrate that isolated hepatocytes could be genetically modified using Ad when kept in a suspension solution. For this reason, this cell-modified technique could be used for the treatment of liver-targeted diseases and/or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kuge
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohashi
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ginny L. Bumgardner
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kosai
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Cognitive and Molecular Research Institute for Brain Diseases, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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29
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Ohashi K, Kay MA, Yokoyama T, Kuge H, Kanehiro H, Hisanaga M, Ko S, Nakajima Y. Stability and Repeat Regeneration Potential of the Engineered Liver Tissues under the Kidney Capsule in Mice. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:621-7. [PMID: 16405072 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver tissue engineering using hepatocyte transplantation has been proposed as a therapeutic alternative to liver transplantation toward several liver diseases. We have previously reported that stable liver tissue with the potential for liver regeneration can be engineered at extrahepatic sites by transplanting mature hepatocytes into an extracellular matrix. The present study was aimed at assessing the liver tissue persistence after induced regeneration by hepatectomy and repeat regeneration potential induced by repeat hepatectomy. Mouse isolated hepatocytes mixed in EHS extracellular matrix gel were transplanted under both kidney capsules of isogenic mice. The hepatocyte survival persisted for over 25 weeks. In some of the mice, we confirmed that the grafted hepatocytes developed a thin layer of liver tissues under the kidney capsule, determined by specific characteristics of differentiated hepatocytes in cord structures between the capillaries. We then assessed the regenerative potential and persistence of the exogenous liver tissue. To induce liver regeneration, we performed a two-thirds hepatectomy at 70 days after hepatocyte transplantation. Three weeks after this procedure, the engineered liver tissues showed active regeneration, reaching serum marker protein levels of 261 ± 42% of the prehepatectomy level. We found that the regenerated liver tissue was stably maintained for 100 days (length of the experiment). Repeat regeneration potential was established by performing a repeat hepatectomy (that had been two-thirds hepatectomized at day 70) 60 days after the initial hepatectomy. Again, the regenerated engineered liver tissues showed active regeneration as there was an approximately twofold increase in the serum marker protein levels. The present studies demonstrate that liver tissue, which was recognized as a part of the host naive liver in terms of the regeneration profile, could be engineered at a heterologous site that does not have access to the portal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ohashi
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
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30
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Oh T, Peister A, Ohashi K, Park F. Transplantation of Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells under the Kidney Capsule to Secrete Coagulation Factor VIII. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:637-45. [PMID: 17176615 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic cell transplantation has been studied as an alternative to whole organ transplantation or as a method to produce secretable proteins for genetic disorders. In this study, bone marrow stromal cells isolated from C57Bl/6 mice were genetically modified to express either lacZ- or B-domain-deleted human factor VIII. In vitro modification of the isolated bone marrow stromal cells was initially performed by transducing increased doses of VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vectors expressing lacZ. At a MOI of 25, all of the bone marrow stromal cells were X-gal positive, which maintained their ability to expand and differentiate prior to transplantation into mice. Extremely poor engraftment was observed in the liver, but transplantation of the bone marrow stromal cells expressing lacZ under the kidney capsule resulted in long-term viable X-gal-positive cells for at least 8 weeks (length of study). In vitro expression of human factor VIII was detected in a dose-dependent manner following bone marrow stromal cell with a factor VIII-expressing lentiviral vector. Transplantation of the factor VIII-expressing bone marrow stromal cells under the kidney capsule led to long-term therapeutic expression in the mouse plasma (1–3 ng/ml; n = 4–5 mice/group) for 8 weeks. This study demonstrated that ectopic transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells under the kidney capsule can be effective as a method to express secretable proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekeun Oh
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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31
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Advances in Engineered Liver Models for Investigating Drug-Induced Liver Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1829148. [PMID: 27725933 PMCID: PMC5048025 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1829148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of drug attrition. Testing drugs on human liver models is essential to mitigate the risk of clinical DILI since animal studies do not always suffice due to species-specific differences in liver pathways. While primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) can be cultured on extracellular matrix proteins, a rapid decline in functions leads to low sensitivity (<50%) in DILI prediction. Semiconductor-driven engineering tools now allow precise control over the hepatocyte microenvironment to enhance and stabilize phenotypic functions. The latest platforms coculture PHHs with stromal cells to achieve hepatic stability and enable crosstalk between the various liver cell types towards capturing complex cellular mechanisms in DILI. The recent introduction of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells can potentially allow a better understanding of interindividual differences in idiosyncratic DILI. Liver models are also being coupled to other tissue models via microfluidic perfusion to study the intertissue crosstalk upon drug exposure as in a live organism. Here, we review the major advances being made in the engineering of liver models and readouts as they pertain to DILI investigations. We anticipate that engineered human liver models will reduce drug attrition, animal usage, and cases of DILI in humans.
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32
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Flores R, Owens RA, Taylor J. Pathogenesis by subviral agents: viroids and hepatitis delta virus. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:87-94. [PMID: 26897654 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The viroids of plants are the simplest known infectious genetic elements. They have RNA genomes of up to 400 nucleotides in length and no protein encoding capacity. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), an infectious agent found only in humans co-infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), is just slightly more complex, with an RNA genome of about 1700 nucleotides, and the ability to express just one small protein. Viroid and HDV RNAs share several features that include circular structure, compact folding, and replication via a rolling-circle mechanism. Both agents were detected because of their obvious pathogenic effects. Their simplicity demands a greater need than conventional RNA or DNA viruses to redirect host components for facilitating their infectious cycle, a need that directly and indirectly incites pathogenic effects. The mechanisms by which these pathogenic effects are produced are the topic of this review. In this context, RNA silencing mediates certain aspects of viroid pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - Robert A Owens
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - John Taylor
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is an uncommon, defective, single-stranded circular RNA virus that is dependent on the hepatitis B virus' surface antigen envelope proteins for transmission. It is highly pathogenic and associated with high rates of progression to cirrhosis and associated complications. HDV continues to ravage endemic parts of Asia and Europe, and its prevalence in the United States, although low, has not decreased in frequency, despite universal hepatitis B virus vaccination, because of lack of testing and underrecognition. There are few reports on the prevalence and characteristics of HDV infection in the pediatric population. We present 2 patients with HDV infection at our institution; both were from eastern Europe and were treated with pegylated interferon-α. The present standard of care treatment for HDV yields suboptimal results, but insights into the virology of hepatitis D are stimulating the search for novel therapeutic approaches, particularly the development of prenylation inhibitors and viral entry inhibitors.
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34
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Cheng L, Li F, Bility MT, Murphy CM, Su L. Modeling hepatitis B virus infection, immunopathology and therapy in mice. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:1-8. [PMID: 26099683 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of a preventive vaccine, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-induced liver diseases continue to be a major global public health problem. HBV naturally infects only humans and chimpanzees. This narrow host range has hindered our ability to study the characteristics of the virus and how it interacts with its host. It is thus important to establish small animal models to study HBV infection, persistence, clearance and the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we briefly summarize currently available animal models for HBV research, then focus on mouse models, especially the recently developed humanized mice that can support HBV infection and immunopathogenesis in vivo. This article is part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "From the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B: an unfinished story."
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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35
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Liu Q, Zhang C, Ding X, Deng H, Zhang D, Cui W, Xu H, Wang Y, Xu W, Lv L, Zhang H, He Y, Wu Q, Szyf M, Ho CM, Zhu J. Preclinical optimization of a broad-spectrum anti-bladder cancer tri-drug regimen via the Feedback System Control (FSC) platform. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11464. [PMID: 26088171 PMCID: PMC5155572 DOI: 10.1038/srep11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic outcomes of combination chemotherapy have not significantly advanced during the past decades. This has been attributed to the formidable challenges of optimizing drug combinations. Testing a matrix of all possible combinations of doses and agents in a single cell line is unfeasible due to the virtually infinite number of possibilities. We utilized the Feedback System Control (FSC) platform, a phenotype oriented approach to test 100 options among 15,625 possible combinations in four rounds of assaying to identify an optimal tri-drug combination in eight distinct chemoresistant bladder cancer cell lines. This combination killed between 82.86% and 99.52% of BCa cells, but only 47.47% of the immortalized benign bladder epithelial cells. Preclinical in vivo verification revealed its markedly enhanced anti-tumor efficacy as compared to its bi- or mono-drug components in cell line-derived tumor xenografts. The collective response of these pathways to component drugs was both cell type- and drug type specific. However, the entire spectrum of pathways triggered by the tri-drug regimen was similar in all four cancer cell lines, explaining its broad spectrum killing of BCa lines, which did not occur with its component drugs. Our findings here suggest that the FSC platform holdspromise for optimization of anti-cancer combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Daming Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wanhai Xu
- Department of Urology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yinghua He
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Medical School 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade #1309, Montreal, Quebec Canada
| | - Chih-Ming Ho
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1597, USA
| | - Jingde Zhu
- 1] Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China [2] Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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36
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Lin C, Ballinger KR, Khetani SR. The application of engineered liver tissues for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:519-40. [PMID: 25840592 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1032241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-induced liver injury remains a major cause of drug attrition. Furthermore, novel drugs are being developed for treating liver diseases. However, differences between animals and humans in liver pathways necessitate the use of human-relevant liver models to complement live animal testing during preclinical drug development. Microfabrication tools and synthetic biomaterials now allow for the creation of tissue subunits that display more physiologically relevant and long-term liver functions than possible with declining monolayers. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss acellular enzyme platforms, two-dimensional micropatterned co-cultures, three-dimensional spheroidal cultures, microfluidic perfusion, liver slices and humanized rodent models. They also present the use of cell lines, primary liver cells and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells in the creation of cell-based models and discuss in silico approaches that allow integration and modeling of the datasets from these models. Finally, the authors describe the application of liver models for the discovery of novel therapeutics for liver diseases. EXPERT OPINION Engineered liver models with varying levels of in vivo-like complexities provide investigators with the opportunity to develop assays with sufficient complexity and required throughput. Control over cell-cell interactions and co-culture with stromal cells in both two dimension and three dimension are critical for enabling stable liver models. The validation of liver models with diverse sets of compounds for different applications, coupled with an analysis of cost:benefit ratio, is important for model adoption for routine screening. Ultimately, engineered liver models could significantly reduce drug development costs and enable the development of more efficacious and safer therapeutics for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lin
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering , 200 W. Lake St, 1301 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1374 , USA
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37
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Deng H, Lv L, Li Y, Zhang C, Meng F, Pu Y, Xiao J, Qian L, Zhao W, Liu Q, Zhang D, Wang Y, Zhang H, He Y, Zhu J. miR-193a-3p regulates the multi-drug resistance of bladder cancer by targeting the LOXL4 gene and the oxidative stress pathway. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:234. [PMID: 25311867 PMCID: PMC4200202 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemoresistance is a major obstacle to the curative cancer chemotherapy and presents one of the most formidable challenges in both research and management of cancer. Results From the detailed studies of a multi-chemosensitive (5637) versus a chemoresistant (H-bc) bladder cancer cell lines, we showed that miR-193a-3p [GenBank: NR_029710.1] promotes the multi-chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells. We further demonstrated that lysyl oxidase-like 4 (LOXL4) gene [GenBank: NM_032211.6] is a direct target of miR-193a-3p and executes the former’s impact on bladder cancer chemoresistance. The Oxidative Stress pathway activity is drastically affected by a forced reversal of miR-193a-3p or LOXL4 levels in cell and may act at the downstream of LOXL4 gene to relay the miR-193a-3p’s impact on the multi-chemoresistance in both cultured cells and the tumor xenografts in nude mice. Conclusions In addition to a new mechanistic insight, our results provide a set of the essential genes in this newly identified miR-193a-3p/LOXL4/Oxidative Stress axis as the diagnostic targets for a guided anti-bladder cancer chemotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-234) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingde Zhu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
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38
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Lv L, Deng H, Li Y, Zhang C, Liu X, Liu Q, Zhang D, Wang L, Pu Y, Zhang H, He Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Yu T, Zhu J. The DNA methylation-regulated miR-193a-3p dictates the multi-chemoresistance of bladder cancer via repression of SRSF2/PLAU/HIC2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1402. [PMID: 25188512 PMCID: PMC4540198 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance hinders the curative cancer chemotherapy. To define the role of the DNA methylation-regulated microRNA (miR) genes in the chemoresistance of bladder cancer, we performed both DNA methylomic and miRomic analyses of a multi-chemosensitive (5637) versus a multi-chemoresistant (H-bc) cell line and found that miR-193a-3p is hypermethylated/silenced in 5637 and hypomethylated/expressed in H-bc cells. A forced reversal of its level turned around the chemoresistance in the cultured cells and the tumor xenografts in nude mice. Three of its targets: SRSF2, PLAU and HIC2, work in concert to relay the miR-193a-3p's impact on the bladder cancer chemoresistance by modulating the activities of the following five signaling pathways: DNA damage, Notch, NF-κB, Myc/Max, and Oxidative Stress. In addition to the mechanistic insights in how the newly identified miR-193a-3p/SRSF2,PLAU,HIC2/five signaling pathway axis regulates the chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells, our study provides a new set of diagnostic targets for the guided personalized chemotherapy of bladder cancer.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/toxicity
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- DNA Damage
- DNA Methylation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Plasminogen Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Plasminogen Activators/genetics
- Plasminogen Activators/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Serine-Arginine Splicing Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lv
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - H Deng
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, MHBI (Shanghai) Biotech Inc., GuiPing Road 333, Building 4/104, Shanghai Juke Biotech Park, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - D Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - L Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Y Pu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - H Zhang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y He
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - T Yu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - J Zhu
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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39
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Ehler E, Jayasinghe SN. Cell electrospinning cardiac patches for tissue engineering the heart. Analyst 2014; 139:4449-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00766b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The investigative studies performed and presented in this communication demonstrate the ability for cell electrospinning to directly handle living primary cardiac myocytes from which living cardiac fibers and scaffolds are generated. This platform technology investigated in these studies holds great promise for cardiac medicine and surgery to diagnostics and bio-analysis of cardiac tissues at all states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and Cardiovascular Division
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence
- King's College London
- London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Suwan N. Jayasinghe
- BioPhysics Group
- UCL Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- UCL Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and UCL Mechanical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE, UK
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40
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Ohashi K, Okano T. Functional Tissue Engineering of the Liver and Islets. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 297:73-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ohashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Shinjyuku-ku Tokyo Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Shinjyuku-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Shinjyuku-ku Tokyo Japan
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41
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Qiu LP, Chen L, Chen KP. Antihepatitis B therapy: a review of current medications and novel small molecule inhibitors. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:364-81. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Peng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province 212013 China
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province 212013 China
| | - Ke-Ping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang Jiangsu Province 212013 China
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42
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Bility MT, Li F, Cheng L, Su L. Liver immune-pathogenesis and therapy of human liver tropic virus infection in humanized mouse models. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:120-4. [PMID: 23855307 PMCID: PMC3971634 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infect and replicate primarily in human hepatocytes. Few reliable and easy accessible animal models are available for studying the immune system's contribution to the liver disease progression during hepatitis virus infection. Humanized mouse models reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been developed to study human immunology, human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, and immunopathogenesis. However, a humanized mouse model engrafted with both human immune and human liver cells is needed to study infection and immunopathogenesis of HBV/HCV infection in vivo. We have recently developed the humanized mouse model with both human immune and human liver cells (AFC8-hu HSC/Hep) to study immunopathogenesis and therapy of HCV infection in vivo. In this review, we summarize the current models of HBV/HCV infection and their limitations in immunopathogenesis. We will then present our recent findings of HCV infection and immunopathogenesis in the AFC8-hu HSC/Hep mouse, which supports HCV infection, human T-cell response and associated liver pathogenesis. Inoculation of humanized mice with primary HCV isolates resulted in long-term HCV infection. HCV infection induced elevated infiltration of human immune cells in the livers of HCV-infected humanized mice. HCV infection also induced HCV-specific T-cell immune response in lymphoid tissues of humanized mice. Additionally, HCV infection induced liver fibrosis in humanized mice. Anti-human alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) staining showed elevated human hepatic stellate cell activation in HCV-infected humanized mice. We discuss the limitation and future improvements of the AFC8-hu HSC/Hep mouse model and its application in evaluating novel therapeutics, as well as studying both HCV and HBV infection, human immune responses, and associated human liver fibrosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses T Bility
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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43
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Takemoto N, Suehara T, Frisco HL, Sato SI, Sezaki T, Kusamori K, Kawazoe Y, Park SM, Yamazoe S, Mizuhata Y, Inoue R, Miller GJ, Hansen SU, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM, Kanaya T, Tokitoh N, Ueda K, Takakura Y, Kioka N, Nishikawa M, Uesugi M. Small-molecule-induced clustering of heparan sulfate promotes cell adhesion. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11032-9. [PMID: 23822587 DOI: 10.1021/ja4018682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adhesamine is an organic small molecule that promotes adhesion and growth of cultured human cells by binding selectively to heparan sulfate on the cell surface. The present study combined chemical, physicochemical, and cell biological experiments, using adhesamine and its analogues, to examine the mechanism by which this dumbbell-shaped, non-peptidic molecule induces physiologically relevant cell adhesion. The results suggest that multiple adhesamine molecules cooperatively bind to heparan sulfate and induce its assembly, promoting clustering of heparan sulfate-bound syndecan-4 on the cell surface. A pilot study showed that adhesamine improved the viability and attachment of transplanted cells in mice. Further studies of adhesamine and other small molecules could lead to the design of assembly-inducing molecules for use in cell biology and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Takemoto
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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44
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Giroux Leprieur É. [A new drug in thoracic oncology: MetMab (onartuzumab)]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2013; 69:152-158. [PMID: 23477747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Met pathway is activated in many solid cancers. In advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), Met amplification is involved in 5 to 20% of acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in tumors with initially sensitive EGFR mutation. MetMab (onartuzumab) is a monoclonal single-arm humanized anti-Met antibody. Its fixation on the Met receptor prevents the binding of the ligand (Hepatocyte Growth factor [HGF]) and the signal transduction. After promising results in preclinical and phase I trials, a randomized phase II trial has been conducted in advanced NSCLC in 2nd or 3rd line treatment. One hundred and twenty-eight patients have been randomized between an association of erlotinib+placebo and erlotinib+MetMab (15mg/kg IV every 3 weeks) until progression or toxicity. Patients with overexpression of Met in immunohistochemistry (IHC) had a progression-free survival (PFS) and an overall survival (OS) two-fold (median 1.5 versus 2.9 months; HR=0.53; P=0.04) and three-fold (median 3.8 versus 12.6 months; HR=0.37; P=0.002) longer, respectively, than patients with negative IHC score. The erlotinib+MetMab association had a worse effect on SSP and OS than the control arm in patients with negative IHC. The toxicity profile of MetMab is very good, and the main adverse effect is the occurrence of peripheral edemas, most of the time of low grade. A randomized phase III is on going to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- É Giroux Leprieur
- Service de pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, hôpital Ambroise-Paré, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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45
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Xia C, Chen YC, Gong H, Zeng W, Vu GP, Trang P, Lu S, Wu J, Liu F. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus gene expression and replication by ribonuclease P. Mol Ther 2013; 21:995-1003. [PMID: 23481322 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based gene interfering approaches, such as those mediated by RNA interference and RNase P-associated external guide sequence (EGS), have emerged as promising antiviral strategies. The RNase P-based technology is unique, because a custom-designed EGS can bind to any complementary mRNA sequence and recruit intracellular RNase P for specific degradation of the target mRNA. In this study, a functional EGS was constructed to target hepatitis B virus (HBV) essential transcripts. Furthermore, an attenuated Salmonella strain was constructed and used for delivery of anti-HBV EGS in cells and in mice. Substantial reduction in the levels of HBV gene expression and viral DNA was detected in cells treated with the Salmonella vector carrying the functional EGS construct. Furthermore, oral inoculation of Salmonella carrying the EGS construct led to an inhibition of ~95% in the levels of HBV gene expression and a reduction of ~200,000-fold in viral DNA level in the livers and sera of the treated mice transfected with a HBV plasmid. Our results suggest that EGSs are effective in inhibiting HBV replication in cultured cells and mammalian livers, and demonstrate the use of Salmonella-mediated delivery of EGS as a promising therapeutic approach for human diseases including HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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46
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Jayasinghe SN. Cell electrospinning: a novel tool for functionalising fibres, scaffolds and membranes with living cells and other advanced materials for regenerative biology and medicine. Analyst 2013; 138:2215-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Liu Z, Feng Z, Zhu X, Xu W, Zhu J, Zhang X, Fan Z, Ji G. Construction, expression, and characterization of an anti-tumor immunotoxin containing the human anti-c-Met single-chain antibody and PE38KDEL. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:30-40. [PMID: 23026237 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins consisting of small antibody fragments fused to cytotoxic moieties are being evaluated for use in prospective antibody-targeted cancer therapies. A receptor tyrosine kinase known as c-Met is overexpressed in a vast range of human malignancies, making it an ideal target for antibody-mediated delivery of numerous cytotoxic agents. A single Fab molecule capable of binding to human c-Met with high affinity and specificity was previously identified using antibody phage-display technology. In order to develop a molecule to increase both the cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of the anti-c-Met molecule, a recombinant immunotoxin anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL was constructed and expressed by fusing the human anti-c-Met single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) with a modified Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE38KDEL). Purified anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL was demonstrated to specifically bind to cells of c-Met-positive human hepatoma cell lines, causing a proliferation defect by inducing caspase-3/8-mediated apoptosis, as observed by in vitro assays. Furthermore, anti-c-Met/PE38KDEL administration was shown to inhibit the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in vivo through suppression of Ki-67 expression and enhancement of tumor cell apoptosis rates. Cumulatively, the current findings demonstrate the successful construction of a recombinant immunotoxin capable of accurately targeting c-Met-positive human hepatoma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo, providing a novel compound with potential for applications as an alternative therapy for c-Met-positive cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210011, China
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48
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Oh YM, Song YJ, Lee SB, Jeong Y, Kim B, Kim GW, Kim KE, Lee JM, Cho MY, Choi J, Nam DH, Song PH, Cheong KH, Kim KA. A new anti-c-Met antibody selected by a mechanism-based dual-screening method: therapeutic potential in cancer. Mol Cells 2012; 34:523-9. [PMID: 23180291 PMCID: PMC3887825 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met, the high affinity receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), is one of the most frequently activated tyrosine kinases in many human cancers and a target for cancer therapy. However, inhibitory targeting of c-Met with antibodies has proven difficult, because most antibodies have intrinsic agonist activity. Therefore, the strategy for reducing the agonism is critical for successful development of cancer therapies based on anti-c-Met antibodies. Here we developed a mechanism-based assay method for rapid screening of anti-c-Met antibodies, involving the determination of Akt phosphorylation and c-Met degradation for agonism and efficacy, respectively. Using the method, we identified an antibody, F46, that binds to human c-Met with high affinity (Kd = 2.56 nM) and specificity, and induces the degradation of c-Met in multiple cancer cells (including MKN45, a gastric cancer cell line) with minimal activation of c-Met signaling. F46 induced c-Met internalization in both HGF-dependent and HGF-independent cells, suggesting that the degradation of c-Met results from antibody-mediated receptor internalization. Furthermore, F46 competed with HGF for binding to c-Met, resulting in the inhibition of both HGF-mediated invasion and angiogenesis. Consistently, F46 inhibited the proliferation of MKN45 cells, in which c-Met is constitutively activated in an HGF-independent manner. Xenograft analysis revealed that F46 markedly inhibits the growth of subcutaneously implanted gastric and lung tumors. These results indicate that F46, identified by a novel mechanism-based assay, induces c-Met degradation with minimal agonism, implicating a potential role of F46 in therapy of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Oh
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Song
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Saet Byoul Lee
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Yunju Jeong
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Bogyou Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Geun Woong Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Mi-Young Cho
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Jaehyun Choi
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | | | - Paul H Song
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Kwang Ho Cheong
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
| | - Kyung-Ah Kim
- Therapeutic Antibody Group, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Yongin 446-712,
Korea
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49
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Ohashi K, Tatsumi K, Tateno C, Kataoka M, Utoh R, Yoshizato K, Okano T. Liver tissue engineering utilizing hepatocytes propagated in mouse livers in vivo. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:429-36. [PMID: 22793050 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x605330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in tissue engineering technologies have highlighted the ability to create functional liver systems using isolated hepatocytes in vivo. Considering the serious shortage of donor livers that can be used for hepatocyte isolation, it has remained imperative to establish a hepatocyte propagation protocol to provide highly efficient cell recovery allowing for subsequent tissue engineering procedures. Donor primary hepatocytes were isolated from human α-1 antitrypsin (hA1AT) transgenic mice and were transplanted into the recipient liver of urokinase-type plasminogen activator-severe combined immunodeficiency (uPA/SCID) mice. Transplanted donor hepatocytes actively proliferated within the recipient liver of the uPA/SCID mice. At week 8 or later, full repopulation of the uPA/SCID livers with the transplanted hA1AT hepatocytes were confirmed by blood examination and histological assessment. Proliferated hA1AT hepatocytes were recovered from the recipient uPA/SCID mice, and we generated hepatocyte sheets using these recovered hepatocytes for subsequent transplantation into the subcutaneous space of mice. Stable persistency of the subcutaneously engineered liver tissues was confirmed for up to 90 days, which was the length of our present study. These new data demonstrate the feasibility in propagating murine hepatocytes prior to the development of hepatic cells and bioengineered liver systems. The ability to regenerate and expand hepatocytes has potential clinical value whereby procurement of small amounts of tissue could be expanded to sufficient quantities prior to their use in hepatocyte transplantation or other hepatocyte-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ohashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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50
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Michaud NR, Jani JP, Hillerman S, Tsaparikos KE, Barbacci-Tobin EG, Knauth E, Putz H, Campbell M, Karam GA, Chrunyk B, Gebhard DF, Green LL, Xu JJ, Dunn MC, Coskran TM, Lapointe JM, Cohen BD, Coleman KG, Bedian V, Vincent P, Kajiji S, Steyn SJ, Borzillo GV, Los G. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of human c-Met neutralizing monoclonal antibody CE-355621. MAbs 2012; 4:710-23. [PMID: 23007574 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.22160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Met proto-oncogene is a multifunctional receptor tyrosine kinase that is stimulated by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), to induce cell growth, motility and morphogenesis. Dysregulation of c-Met function, through mutational activation or overexpression, has been observed in many types of cancer and is thought to contribute to tumor growth and metastasis by affecting mitogenesis, invasion, and angiogenesis. We identified human monoclonal antibodies that bind to the extracellular domain of c-Met and inhibit tumor growth by interfering with ligand-dependent c-Met activation. We identified antibodies representing four independent epitope classes that inhibited both ligand binding and ligand-dependent activation of c-Met in A549 cells. In cells, the antibodies antagonized c-Met function by blocking receptor activation and by subsequently inducing downregulation of the receptor, translating to phenotypic effects in soft agar growth and tubular morphogenesis assays. Further characterization of the antibodies in vivo revealed significant inhibition of c-Met activity (≥ 80% lasting for 72-96 h) in excised tumors corresponded to tumor growth inhibition in multiple xenograft tumor models. Several of the antibodies identified inhibited the growth of tumors engineered to overexpress human HGF and human c-Met (S114 NIH 3T3) when grown subcutaneously in athymic mice. Furthermore, lead candidate antibody CE-355621 inhibited the growth of U87MG human glioblastoma and GTL-16 gastric xenografts by up to 98%. The findings support published pre-clinical and clinical data indicating that targeting c-Met with human monoclonal antibodies is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Michaud
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.
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