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AlAbdi L, Neuhann T, Prott EC, Schön U, Abdulwahab F, Faqeih E, Alkuraya FS. Human ABL1 deficiency syndrome (HADS) is a recognizable syndrome distinct from ABL1-related congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations syndrome. Hum Genet 2024; 143:739-745. [PMID: 38743093 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Germline gain of function variants in the oncogene ABL1 cause congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations (CHDSKM) syndrome. Whether a corresponding ABL1 deficiency disorder exists in humans remains unknown although developmental defects in mice deficient for Abl1 support this notion. Here, we describe two multiplex consanguineous families, each segregating a different homozygous likely loss of function variant in ABL1. The associated phenotype is multiple congenital malformations and distinctive facial dysmorphism that are opposite in many ways to CHDSKM. We suggest that a tight balance of ABL1 activity is required during embryonic development and that both germline gain of function and loss of function variants result in distinctively different allelic congenital malformation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ulrike Schön
- MGZ Medizinisch Genetisches Zentrum, Munich, Germany
| | - Firdous Abdulwahab
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Section of Medical Genetics, King Fahad Medical City, Children's Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Ali M, Kim YS. A comprehensive review and advanced biomolecule-based therapies for osteoporosis. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00215-7. [PMID: 38810908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of osteoporosis (OP) on a global scale is significantly elevated that causes life threatening issues. The potential of groundbreaking biomolecular therapeutics in the field of OP is highly encouraging. The administration of biomolecular agents has the potential to mitigate the process of bone demineralization while concurrently augmenting the regenerative capacity of bone tissue, thereby facilitating a personalized therapeutic approach. Biomolecules-based therapies showed promising results in term of bone mass protection and restoration in OP. AIM OF REVIEW We summarized the recent biomolecular therapies with notable progress in clinical, demonstrating the potential to transform illness management. These treatments frequently utilize different biomolecule based strategies. Biomolecular therapeutics has a targeted character, which results in heightened specificity and less off-target effects, ultimately leading to increased patient outcomes. These aspects have the capacity to greatly enhance the management of OP, thus resulting in a major enhancement in the quality of life encountered by individuals affected by this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqsood Ali
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31151, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Abstract
Changes in bone architecture and metabolism with aging increase the likelihood of osteoporosis and fracture. Age-onset osteoporosis is multifactorial, with contributory extrinsic and intrinsic factors including certain medical problems, specific prescription drugs, estrogen loss, secondary hyperparathyroidism, microenvironmental and cellular alterations in bone tissue, and mechanical unloading or immobilization. At the histological level, there are changes in trabecular and cortical bone as well as marrow cellularity, lineage switching of mesenchymal stem cells to an adipogenic fate, inadequate transduction of signals during skeletal loading, and predisposition toward senescent cell accumulation with production of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cumulatively, these changes result in bone remodeling abnormalities that over time cause net bone loss typically seen in older adults. Age-related osteoporosis is a geriatric syndrome due to the multiple etiologies that converge upon the skeleton to produce the ultimate phenotypic changes that manifest as bone fragility. Bone tissue is dynamic but with tendencies toward poor osteoblastic bone formation and relative osteoclastic bone resorption with aging. Interactions with other aging physiologic systems, such as muscle, may also confer detrimental effects on the aging skeleton. Conversely, individuals who maintain their BMD experience a lower risk of fractures, disability, and mortality, suggesting that this phenotype may be a marker of successful aging. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4355-4386, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Endocrinology, and Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,The Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and the Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Qin XY, Niu ZC, Han XL, Yang Y, Wei Q, Gao XX, An R, Han LF, Yang WZ, Chai LJ, Liu EW, Gao XM, Mao HP. Anti-perimenopausal osteoporosis effects of Erzhi formula via regulation of bone resorption through osteoclast differentiation: A network pharmacology-integrated experimental study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113815. [PMID: 33444724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erzhi formula (EZF) consists of Ecliptae herba (EH) and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) at a ratio 1:1, and constitutes a well-known formula in China that is commonly used for treating menopausal diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we explored the pharmacologic actions and potential molecular mechanisms underlying EZF's action in preventing and treating osteoporosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The active components and related targets of EZF's anti-osteoporotic effects were predicted by network pharmacology, and functional enrichment analysis was also performed. We then used an osteoporosis model of ovariectomized (OVX) mice to detect the effects of EZF on osteoporosis. RESULTS The results from network pharmacology identified a total of 10 active ingredients from EH and 13 active ingredients from FLL that might affect 65 potential therapeutic targets. GO enrichment analysis revealed that EZF affected bone tissue primarily via hormone (particularly estradiol)-related pathways and bone resorption by osteoclast differentiation. KEGG analysis demonstrated that bone-related factors such as Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Ca2, estrogen receptor1 (ESR1), androgen receptors (AR), and TNFα served as the primary targets during osteoclastic differentiation. In vivo experiments showed that the formula significantly improved the diminution in estrogen and the subsequent uterine atrophy induced by ovariectomy (P < 0.01 or 0.05), implying that the EZF exerted its actions via regulation of estradiol and the nourishing effects of the uterus in OVX mice. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-CT showed that EZF significantly inhibited bone loss and improved bone micro-architecture by statistically increasing the number of bone trabeculae and decreasing the separation of bone trabeculae in OVX mice (P < 0.01 or 0.05); EZF also inhibited bone loss and enhanced bone-fracture load. Furthermore, we confirmed that EZF reduced the calcium concentrations, augmented protein and mRNA levels for Runx2 in the bone marrow, and reduced PPARγ levels. RANKL-a key downstream regulatory protein of many targets that was referred to in our results of network pharmacology as being involved in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis-was significantly diminished by EZF; it also elevated OPG content. In addition, we used monocytes of bone-marrow origin to detect the effects of the potential components of EZF on osteoclast differentiation and found that wedelolactone, oleanolic acid, echinocystic acid, luteolin, and luteolin-7-o-glucoside significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation from monocytes induced by 25 ng/mL MCSF and 50 ng/mL RANKL (P < 0.01 or 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our present study indicated that EZF significantly inhibited the bone loss induced by OVX in mice by its regulation of estradiol combined with the nourishing effect of the uterus, and that it also attenuated bone resorption by decreasing the RANKL/OPG ratio so as to inhibit osteoclast maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Zi-Chang Niu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China; The 1st Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300192, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Qiu Wei
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xue Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Ran An
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Li-Feng Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Chai
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Er-Wei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Hao-Ping Mao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
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5
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Blakes AJM, Gaul E, Lam W, Shannon N, Knapp KM, Bicknell LS, Jackson MR, Wade EM, Robertson S, White SM, Heller R, Chase A, Baralle D, Douglas AGL. Pathogenic variants causing ABL1 malformation syndrome cluster in a myristoyl-binding pocket and increase tyrosine kinase activity. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:593-603. [PMID: 33223528 PMCID: PMC8115115 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABL1 is a proto-oncogene encoding a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, best known in the somatic BCR-ABL fusion gene associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Recently, germline missense variants in ABL1 have been found to cause an autosomal dominant developmental syndrome with congenital heart disease, skeletal malformations and characteristic facies. Here, we describe a series of six new unrelated individuals with heterozygous missense variants in ABL1 (including four novel variants) identified via whole exome sequencing. All the affected individuals in this series recapitulate the phenotype of the ABL1 developmental syndrome and additionally we affirm that hearing impairment is a common feature of the condition. Four of the variants cluster in the myristoyl-binding pocket of ABL1, a region critical for auto-inhibitory regulation of the kinase domain. Bio-informatic analysis of transcript-wide conservation and germline/somatic variation reveals that this pocket region is subject to high missense constraint and evolutionary conservation. Functional work to investigate ABL1 kinase activity in vitro by transient transfection of HEK293T cells with variant ABL1 plasmid constructs revealed increased phosphorylation of ABL1-specific substrates compared to wild-type. The increased tyrosine kinase activity was suppressed by imatinib treatment. This case series of six new patients with germline heterozygous ABL1 missense variants further delineates the phenotypic spectrum of this condition and recognises microcephaly as a common finding. Our analysis supports an ABL1 gain-of-function mechanism due to loss of auto-inhibition, and demonstrates the potential for pharmacological inhibition using imatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J M Blakes
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Emily Gaul
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Wayne Lam
- South East of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nora Shannon
- Clinical Genetics Service, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karen M Knapp
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise S Bicknell
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Meremaihi R Jackson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Emma M Wade
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Robertson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan M White
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Raoul Heller
- Genetic Health Service NZ - Northern Hub, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Chase
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew G L Douglas
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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6
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Rogers EM, Allred SC, Peifer M. Abelson kinase's intrinsically disordered region plays essential roles in protein function and protein stability. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:27. [PMID: 33627133 PMCID: PMC7905622 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl) is a key player in oncogenesis, with kinase inhibitors serving as paradigms of targeted therapy. Abl also is a critical regulator of normal development, playing conserved roles in regulating cell behavior, brain development and morphogenesis. Drosophila offers a superb model for studying Abl’s normal function, because, unlike mammals, there is only a single fly Abl family member. In exploring the mechanism of action of multi-domain scaffolding proteins like Abl, one route is to define the roles of their individual domains. Research into Abl’s diverse roles in embryonic morphogenesis revealed many surprises. For instance, kinase activity, while important, is not crucial for all Abl activities, and the C-terminal F-actin binding domain plays a very modest role. This turned our attention to one of Abl’s least understood features—the long intrinsically-disordered region (IDR) linking Abl’s kinase and F-actin binding domains. The past decade revealed unexpected, important roles for IDRs in diverse cell functions, as sites of posttranslational modifications, mediating multivalent interactions and enabling assembly of biomolecular condensates via phase separation. Previous work deleting conserved regions in Abl’s IDR revealed an important role for a PXXP motif, but did not identify any other essential regions. Methods Here we extend this analysis by deleting the entire IDR, and asking whether Abl∆IDR rescues the diverse roles of Abl in viability and embryonic morphogenesis in Drosophila. Results This revealed that the IDR is essential for embryonic and adult viability, and for cell shape changes and cytoskeletal regulation during embryonic morphogenesis, and, most surprisingly, revealed a role in modulating protein stability. Conclusion Our data provide new insights into the role of the IDR in an important signaling protein, the non-receptor kinase Abl, suggesting that it is essential for all aspects of protein function during embryogenesis, and revealing a role in protein stability. These data will stimulate new explorations of the mechanisms by which the IDR regulates Abl stability and function, both in Drosophila and also in mammals. They also will stimulate further interest in the broader roles IDRs play in diverse signaling proteins. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Rogers
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - S Colby Allred
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark Peifer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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7
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The Seminiferous Epithelial Cycle of Spermatogenesis: Role of Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1288:1-20. [PMID: 34453729 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77779-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-receptor tyrosine kinases (NRTKs) are implicated in various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis, as well as cell adhesion and movement. NRTKs are expressed in all mammals and in different cell types, with extraordinarily high expression in the testis. Their association with the plasma membrane and dynamic subcellular localization are crucial parameters in their activation and function. Many NRTKs are found in endosomal protein trafficking pathways, which suggests a novel mechanism to regulate the timely junction restructuring in the mammalian testis to facilitate spermiation and germ cell transport across the seminiferous epithelium.
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8
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Yildirim E, Yaba A. Determination of c-Abl tyrosine kinase and mTERT catalytic subunit of telomerase expression level during prenatal-postnatal mouse ovary-testis development. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:555-567. [PMID: 33191142 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Expression levels of genes involved in the development of germ cells vary throughout the process from bipotential gonadal period to adult gonadal formation. In mice, developments of female and male reproductive system are regulated by germ cell-specific factors and hormones, and determinative days in this regulation are very important. c-Abl is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase with cellular functions including cell proliferation, growth and development. mTERT is involved in maintaining telomerase activity and proliferation of surviving cells. We suggested that c-Abl and mTERT might be important for the healthy development of prenatal and postnatal mouse ovary and testis. We aim to demonstrate localization and expressions of c-Abl and mTERT in crucial days of ovary and testis development in prenatal and postnatal period in mouse by immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR, respectively. The importance of c-Abl and mTERT expressions during the healthy gonadal development is indicated in the prenatal and postnatal gonadal development. Also, protein expression levels were detected by Western Blot in only postnatal ovary and testis. Determining the functions of the c-Abl and mTERT throughout the process will be important in terms of understanding the infertility cases in the female and male with future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Yildirim
- Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Yaba
- Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 34755, Istanbul, Turkey.
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9
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Almasoud N, Binhamdan S, Younis G, Alaskar H, Alotaibi A, Manikandan M, Alfayez M, Kassem M, AlMuraikhi N. Tankyrase inhibitor XAV-939 enhances osteoblastogenesis and mineralization of human skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16746. [PMID: 33028869 PMCID: PMC7541626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tankyrase is part of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase superfamily required for numerous cellular and molecular processes. Tankyrase inhibition negatively regulates Wnt pathway. Thus, Tankyrase inhibitors have been extensively investigated for the treatment of clinical conditions associated with activated Wnt signaling such as cancer and fibrotic diseases. Moreover, Tankyrase inhibition has been recently reported to upregulate osteogenesis through the accumulation of SH3 domain-binding protein 2, an adaptor protein required for bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of Tankyrase inhibition in osteoblast differentiation of human skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells (hMSCs). A Tankyrase inhibitor, XAV-939, identified during a functional library screening of small molecules. Alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining were employed as markers for osteoblastic differentiation and in vitro mineralized matrix formation, respectively. Global gene expression profiling was performed using the Agilent microarray platform. XAV-939, a Tankyrase inhibitor, enhanced osteoblast differentiation of hBMSCs as evidenced by increased ALP activity, in vitro mineralized matrix formation, and upregulation of osteoblast-related gene expression. Global gene expression profiling of XAV-939-treated cells identified 847 upregulated and 614 downregulated mRNA transcripts, compared to vehicle-treated control cells. It also points towards possible changes in multiple signaling pathways, including TGFβ, insulin signaling, focal adhesion, estrogen metabolism, oxidative stress, RANK-RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) signaling, Vitamin D synthesis, IL6, and cytokines and inflammatory responses. Further bioinformatic analysis, employing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified significant enrichment in XAV-939-treated cells of functional categories and networks involved in TNF, NFκB, and STAT signaling. We identified a Tankyrase inhibitor (XAV-939) as a powerful enhancer of osteoblastic differentiation of hBMSC that may be useful as a therapeutic option for treating conditions associated with low bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Almasoud
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Binhamdan
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaydaa Younis
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanouf Alaskar
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Science Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alotaibi
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muthurangan Manikandan
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad Alfayez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Endocrinology Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Danish Stem Cell Center (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nihal AlMuraikhi
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Duer M, Cobb AM, Shanahan CM. DNA Damage Response: A Molecular Lynchpin in the Pathobiology of Arteriosclerotic Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e193-e202. [PMID: 32404005 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a ubiquitous pathology of aging. Oxidative stress, persistent DNA damage, and senescence are major pathways driving both cellular and tissue aging, and emerging evidence suggests that these pathways are activated, and even accelerated, in patients with vascular calcification. The DNA damage response-a complex signaling platform that maintains genomic integrity-is induced by oxidative stress and is intimately involved in regulating cell death and osteogenic differentiation in both bone and the vasculature. Unexpectedly, a posttranslational modification, PAR (poly[ADP-ribose]), which is a byproduct of the DNA damage response, initiates biomineralization by acting to concentrate calcium into spheroidal structures that can nucleate apatitic mineral on the ECM (extracellular matrix). As we start to dissect the molecular mechanisms driving aging-associated vascular calcification, novel treatment strategies to promote healthy aging and delay pathological change are being unmasked. Drugs targeting the DNA damage response and senolytics may provide new avenues to tackle this detrimental and intractable pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Duer
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.D.)
| | - Andrew M Cobb
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.M.C., C.M.S.)
| | - Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom (A.M.C., C.M.S.)
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11
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Jacques C, Tesfaye R, Lavaud M, Georges S, Baud’huin M, Lamoureux F, Ory B. Implication of the p53-Related miR-34c, -125b, and -203 in the Osteoblastic Differentiation and the Malignant Transformation of Bone Sarcomas. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040810. [PMID: 32230926 PMCID: PMC7226610 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of the skeleton occurs throughout the lives of vertebrates and is achieved through the balanced activities of two kinds of specialized bone cells: the bone-forming osteoblasts and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Impairment in the remodeling processes dramatically hampers the proper healing of fractures and can also result in malignant bone diseases such as osteosarcoma. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding single-strand RNAs implicated in the control of various cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Their post-transcriptional regulatory role confers on them inhibitory functions toward specific target mRNAs. As miRNAs are involved in the differentiation program of precursor cells, it is now well established that this class of molecules also influences bone formation by affecting osteoblastic differentiation and the fate of osteoblasts. In response to various cell signals, the tumor-suppressor protein p53 activates a huge range of genes, whose miRNAs promote genomic-integrity maintenance, cell-cycle arrest, cell senescence, and apoptosis. Here, we review the role of three p53-related miRNAs, miR-34c, -125b, and -203, in the bone-remodeling context and, in particular, in osteoblastic differentiation. The second aim of this study is to deal with the potential implication of these miRNAs in osteosarcoma development and progression.
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12
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Yaba A, Agus S, Yıldırım E, Erdogan CS, Yılmaz B. Interaction of the mTERT telomerase catalytic subunit with the c-Abl tyrosine kinase in mouse granulosa cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:365-373. [PMID: 32131672 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1735419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Context: Oocyte and granulosa cells (GCs) have bidirectional communication and GCs play an important role in folliculogenesis and proliferation of GCs is very important for the development of ovulatory follicle. DNA double-strand breaks activate c-Abl protein tyrosine kinase and c-Abl has a functional role in repairement of DNA and control of telomere.Objective: In this study, we hypothesized that c-Abl has a regulative role on mTERT in mouse ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and we aimed to detect c-Abl and mTERT interaction in mouse primary culture of GCs.Materials and methods: Mouse ovarian granulosa cell were cultured and siRNA-mediated knockdown approach was used to knockdown c-Abl expression.Results: We showed c-Abl and mTERT immunolocalization in vivo and in vitro mouse GCs. c-Abl and mTERT were constitutively expressed in mouse granulosa cells and c-Abl presented more intense expression in granulosa cells than mTERT expression. The interaction of the c-Abl-mTERT is supported by the exhibition that c-Abl siRNA knockdown cells show decreased mTERT expression. We also present an interaction between c-Abl and mTERT by immunoprecipitation. In addition, our results indicated that the down-regulation of c-Abl was also accompanied by reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in GCs.Conclusions: We suggest that mTERT may associate with the c-Abl in mouse GCs and the interactions between c-Abl and mTERT suggest a role for c-Abl in the regulation of telomerase function and proliferation in mouse granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Yaba
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sami Agus
- Department of Physiology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Yıldırım
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Bayram Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Kim MK, Kim B, Kwon JO, Song MK, Jung S, Lee ZH, Kim HH. ST5 Positively Regulates Osteoclastogenesis via Src/Syk/calcium Signaling Pathways. Mol Cells 2019; 42:810-819. [PMID: 31707778 PMCID: PMC6883977 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For physiological or pathological understanding of bone disease caused by abnormal behavior of osteoclasts (OCs), functional studies of molecules that regulate the generation and action of OCs are required. In a microarray approach, we found the suppression of tumorigenicity 5 (ST5) gene is upregulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), the OC differentiation factor. Although the roles of ST5 in cancer and β-cells have been reported, the function of ST5 in bone cells has not yet been investigated. Knockdown of ST5 by siRNA reduced OC differentiation from primary precursors. Moreover, ST5 downregulation decreased expression of NFATc1, a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, overexpression of ST5 resulted in the opposite phenotype of ST5 knockdown. In immunocytochemistry experiments, the ST5 protein is colocalized with Src in RANKL-committed cells. In addition, ST5 enhanced activation of Src and Syk, a Src substrate, in response to RANKL. ST5 reduction caused a decrease in RANKL-evoked calcium oscillation and inhibited translocation of NFATc1 into the nucleus. Taken together, these findings provide the first evidence of ST5 involvement in positive regulation of osteoclastogenesis via Src/Syk/calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Bongjun Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Jun-Oh Kwon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Song
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Suhan Jung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Zang Hee Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
| | - Hong-Hee Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, BK21 Program and Dental Research Institute (DRI), School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080,
Korea
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14
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Rosina M, Langone F, Giuliani G, Cerquone Perpetuini A, Reggio A, Calderone A, Fuoco C, Castagnoli L, Gargioli C, Cesareni G. Osteogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle progenitor cells is activated by the DNA damage response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5447. [PMID: 30931986 PMCID: PMC6443689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition characterized by the deposition of mineralized tissue in ectopic locations such as the skeletal muscle. The precise cellular origin and molecular mechanisms underlying HO are still debated. In our study we focus on the differentiation of mesoangioblasts (MABs), a population of multipotent skeletal muscle precursors. High-content screening for small molecules that perturb MAB differentiation decisions identified Idoxuridine (IdU), an antiviral and radiotherapy adjuvant, as a molecule that promotes MAB osteogenic differentiation while inhibiting myogenesis. IdU-dependent osteogenesis does not rely on the canonical BMP-2/SMADs osteogenic pathway. At pro-osteogenic conditions IdU induces a mild DNA Damage Response (DDR) that activates ATM and p38 eventually promoting the phosphorylation of the osteogenesis master regulator RUNX2. By interfering with this pathway IdU-induced osteogenesis is severely impaired. Overall, our study suggests that induction of the DDR promotes osteogenesis in muscle resident MABs thereby offering a new mechanism that may be involved in the ectopic deposition of mineralized tissue in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosina
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - F Langone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - G Giuliani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - A Reggio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Calderone
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - C Fuoco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - L Castagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - C Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - G Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
- Fondazione Santa Lucia Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.
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15
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Kim B, Lee JH, Jin WJ, Kim HH, Ha H, Lee ZH. Trapidil induces osteogenesis by upregulating the signaling of bone morphogenetic proteins. Cell Signal 2018; 49:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Thouverey C, Ferrari S, Caverzasio J. Selective inhibition of Src family kinases by SU6656 increases bone mass by uncoupling bone formation from resorption in mice. Bone 2018; 113:95-104. [PMID: 29751129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src exhibit high bone mass due to impaired bone resorption and increased bone formation. Although several Src family kinase inhibitors inhibit bone resorption in vivo, they display variable effects on bone formation. SU6656 is a selective Src family kinase inhibitor with weaker activity towards the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Abl and receptor tyrosine kinases which are required for appropriate osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and function. Therefore, we sought to determine whether SU6656 could increase bone mass by inhibiting bone resorption and by stimulating bone formation, and to explore its mechanisms of action. Four-month-old female C57Bl/6J mice received intraperitoneal injections of either 25 mg/kg SU6656 or its vehicle every other day for 12 weeks. SU6656-treated mice exhibited increased bone mineral density, cortical thickness, cancellous bone volume and trabecular thickness. SU6656 inhibited bone resorption in mice as shown by reduced osteoclast number, and diminished expressions of Oscar, Trap5b and CtsK. SU6656 did not affect Rankl or Opg expressions. However, it blocked c-fms signaling, osteoclastogenesis and matrix resorption, and induced osteoclast apoptosis in vitro. In addition, SU6656 stimulated bone formation rates at trabecular, endosteal and periosteal bone envelopes, and increased osteoblast number in trabecular bone. SU6656 did not affect expressions of clastokines favoring bone formation in mice. However, it stimulated osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization by specifically facilitating BMP-SMAD signaling pathway in vitro. Knockdown of Src and Yes mimicked the stimulatory effect of SU6656 on osteoblast differentiation. In conclusion, SU6656 uncouples bone formation from resorption by inhibiting osteoclast development, function and survival, and by enhancing BMP-mediated osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Thouverey
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Caverzasio
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospital of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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17
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Effects of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Transplantation on Repair of Bone Defect in Rats. Trauma Mon 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/traumamon.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Fujita S, Mukai T, Mito T, Kodama S, Nagasu A, Kittaka M, Sone T, Ueki Y, Morita Y. Pharmacological inhibition of tankyrase induces bone loss in mice by increasing osteoclastogenesis. Bone 2018; 106:156-166. [PMID: 29055830 PMCID: PMC6912859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrase is a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase that leads to ubiquitination and degradation of target proteins. Since tankyrase inhibitors suppress the degradation of AXIN protein, a negative regulator of the canonical Wnt pathway, they effectively act as Wnt inhibitors. Small molecule tankyrase inhibitors are being investigated as drug candidates for cancer and fibrotic diseases, in which the Wnt pathways are aberrantly activated. Tankyrase is also reported to degrade the adaptor protein SH3BP2 (SH3 domain-binding protein 2). We have previously shown that SH3BP2 gain-of-function mutation enhances receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Although the interaction between tankyrase and SH3BP2 has been reported, it is not clear whether and how the inhibition of tankyrase affects bone cells and bone mass. Here, we have demonstrated that tankyrase inhibitors (IWR-1, XAV939, and G007-LK) enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and function in murine BMMs and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells through the accumulation of SH3BP2, subsequent phosphorylation of SYK, and nuclear translocation of NFATc1. Tankyrase inhibitors also enhanced osteoblast differentiation and maturation, represented by increased expression of osteoblast-associated genes accompanied by the accumulation of SH3BP2 protein and enhanced nuclear translocation of ABL, TAZ, and Runx2 in primary osteoblasts. Most importantly, pharmacological inhibition of tankyrase in mice significantly decreased tibia and lumbar vertebrae bone volumes in association with increased numbers of osteoclasts. Our findings uncover the role of tankyrase inhibition in bone cells and highlight the potential adverse effects of the inhibitor on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fujita
- Department of Rheumatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mukai
- Department of Rheumatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Mito
- Department of Rheumatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Shoko Kodama
- Department of Rheumatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagasu
- Department of Rheumatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kittaka
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ueki
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yoshitaka Morita
- Department of Rheumatology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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19
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c-Abl regulates gastrointestinal muscularis propria homeostasis via ERKs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3563. [PMID: 28620185 PMCID: PMC5472598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for food digestion and absorption. The muscularis propria propels the foodstuff through the GI tract and defects in intestine motility may cause obstruction disorders. Our present genetic studies identified non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl as an important regulator of the muscularis propria homeostasis and a risk factor for rectal prolapse. Mouse deficient for c-Abl showed defects in the muscularis propria of gastrointestinal tract and older c-Abl -/- mice developed megaesophagus and rectal prolapse. Inhibition of c-Abl with imatinib mesylate, an anti-CML drug, or ablation of c-Abl using Prx1-Cre, which marks smooth muscle cells, recapitulated most of the muscularis propria phenotypes. The pathogenesis of rectal prolapse was attributable to overproliferation of smooth muscle cells, which was caused by enhanced ERK1/2 activation. Administration of ERK inhibitor U0126 impeded the development of rectal prolapse in c-Abl deficient mice. These results reveal a role for c-Abl-regulated smooth muscle proliferation in the pathogenesis of rectal prolapse, and imply that long-term use of imatinib mesylate may cause gastrointestinal problems in patients while ERK inhibitor may be effective in treating rectal prolapse.
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20
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Germline mutations in ABL1 cause an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by congenital heart defects and skeletal malformations. Nat Genet 2017; 49:613-617. [PMID: 28288113 PMCID: PMC5373987 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABL1 is a proto-oncogene well known as part of the fusion gene BCR-ABL in the Philadelphia chromosome of leukemia cancer cells1. Inherited germline ABL1 changes have not been associated with genetic disorders. Here we report ABL1 germline variants co-segregating with an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital heart disease, skeletal abnormalities, and failure to thrive. The variant c.734A>G (p.Tyr245Cys) was found as de novo or co-segregating with disease in five individuals (families 1-3). Additionally, a de novo c.1066G>A (p.Ala356Thr) variant was identified in the sixth individual (family 4). We overexpressed the mutant constructs in HEK 293T cells and observed increased tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting increased ABL1 kinase activities associated with both p.Tyr245Cys and p.Ala356Thr substitutions. Our clinical and laboratory findings, together with previously reported teratogenic effects of selective BCR-ABL inhibitors in humans2-5 and developmental defects in Abl1 knock-out mice6,7, suggest ABL1 plays an important role during organismal development.
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21
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Bmp Induces Osteoblast Differentiation through both Smad4 and mTORC1 Signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00253-16. [PMID: 27920253 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00253-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) family of secreted molecules has been extensively studied in the context of osteoblast differentiation. However, the intracellular signaling cascades that mediate the osteoblastogenic function of Bmp have not been fully elucidated. By profiling mRNA expression in the bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cell line ST2, we discover that BMP2 induces not only genes commonly associated with ossification and mineralization but also genes important for general protein synthesis. We define the two groups of genes as mineralization related versus protein anabolism signatures of osteoblasts. Although it induces the expression of several Wnt genes, BMP2 activates the osteogenic program largely independently of de novo Wnt secretion. Remarkably, although Smad4 is necessary for the activation of the mineralization-related genes, it is dispensable for BMP2 to induce the protein anabolism signature, which instead critically depends on the transcription factor Atf4. Upstream of Atf4, BMP2 activates mTORC1 to stimulate protein synthesis, resulting in an endoplasmic reticulum stress response mediated by Perk. Thus, Bmp signaling induces osteoblast differentiation through both Smad4- and mTORC1-dependent mechanisms.
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22
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Matsumoto Y, La Rose J, Kent OA, Wagner MJ, Narimatsu M, Levy AD, Omar MH, Tong J, Krieger JR, Riggs E, Storozhuk Y, Pasquale J, Ventura M, Yeganeh B, Post M, Moran MF, Grynpas MD, Wrana JL, Superti-Furga G, Koleske AJ, Pendergast AM, Rottapel R. Reciprocal stabilization of ABL and TAZ regulates osteoblastogenesis through transcription factor RUNX2. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4482-4496. [PMID: 27797343 PMCID: PMC5127668 DOI: 10.1172/jci87802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular identity in metazoan organisms is frequently established through lineage-specifying transcription factors, which control their own expression through transcriptional positive feedback, while antagonizing the developmental networks of competing lineages. Here, we have uncovered a distinct positive feedback loop that arises from the reciprocal stabilization of the tyrosine kinase ABL and the transcriptional coactivator TAZ. Moreover, we determined that this loop is required for osteoblast differentiation and embryonic skeletal formation. ABL potentiated the assembly and activation of the RUNX2-TAZ master transcription factor complex that is required for osteoblastogenesis, while antagonizing PPARγ-mediated adipogenesis. ABL also enhanced TAZ nuclear localization and the formation of the TAZ-TEAD complex that is required for osteoblast expansion. Last, we have provided genetic data showing that regulation of the ABL-TAZ amplification loop lies downstream of the adaptor protein 3BP2, which is mutated in the craniofacial dysmorphia syndrome cherubism. Our study demonstrates an interplay between ABL and TAZ that controls the mesenchymal maturation program toward the osteoblast lineage and is mechanistically distinct from the established model of lineage-specific maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Matsumoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose La Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver A. Kent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melany J. Wagner
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masahiro Narimatsu
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D. Levy
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mitchell H. Omar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jiefei Tong
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan R. Krieger
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Riggs
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yaryna Storozhuk
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Pasquale
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuela Ventura
- TECHNA Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Post
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael F. Moran
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc D. Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L. Wrana
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony J. Koleske
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Medical Biophysics, and
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Abstract
The Abelson tyrosine kinases were initially identified as drivers of leukemia in mice and humans. The Abl family kinases Abl1 and Abl2 regulate diverse cellular processes during development and normal homeostasis, and their functions are subverted during inflammation, cancer and other pathologies. Abl kinases can be activated by multiple stimuli leading to cytoskeletal reorganization required for cell morphogenesis, motility, adhesion and polarity. Depending on the cellular context, Abl kinases regulate cell survival and proliferation. Emerging data support important roles for Abl kinases in pathologies linked to inflammation. Among these are neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory pathologies. Unexpectedly, Abl kinases have also been identified as important players in mammalian host cells during microbial pathogenesis. Thus, the use of Abl kinase inhibitors might prove to be effective in the treatment of pathologies beyond leukemia and solid tumors. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and in the accompanying poster, we highlight the emerging roles of Abl kinases in the regulation of cellular processes in normal cells and diverse pathologies ranging from cancer to microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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24
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Abstract
The Abelson (ABL) tyrosine kinases were identified as drivers of leukemia in mice and humans. Emerging data has shown a role for the ABL family kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, in the progression of several solid tumors. This review will focus on recent reports of the involvement of the ABL kinases in tumor progression using mouse models as well as recent data generated from genomic and proteomic studies linking enhanced expression and hyper-activation of the ABL kinases to some human cancers. Preclinical studies on small molecule inhibitors of the ABL kinases suggest that their use may have beneficial effects for the treatment of selected solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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25
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Choi YH, Han Y, Lee SH, Cheong H, Chun KH, Yeo CY, Lee KY. Src enhances osteogenic differentiation through phosphorylation of Osterix. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 407:85-97. [PMID: 25802190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osterix, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is required for osteoblast differentiation and new bone formation during embryonic development. The c-Src of tyrosine kinase is involved in a variety of cellular signaling pathways, leading to the induction of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and cytoskeletal reorganization. Src activity is tightly regulated and its dysregulation leads to constitutive activation and cellular transformation. The function of Osterix can be also modulated by post-translational modification. But the precise molecular signaling mechanisms between Osterix and c-Src are not known. In this study we investigated the potential regulation of Osterix function by c-Src in osteoblast differentiation. We found that c-Src activation increases protein stability, osteogenic activity and transcriptional activity of Osterix. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-Src decreased the protein levels and transcriptional activity of Osterix. Conversely, Src specific inhibitor, SU6656, decreased the protein levels and transcriptional activity of Osterix. The c-Src interacts with and phosphorylates Osterix. These results suggest that c-Src signaling modulates osteoblast differentiation at least in part through Osterix.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - YounHo Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeo
- Department of Life Science and Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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26
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Bauer O, Sharir A, Kimura A, Hantisteanu S, Takeda S, Groner Y. Loss of osteoblast Runx3 produces severe congenital osteopenia. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:1097-109. [PMID: 25605327 PMCID: PMC4355527 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01106-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital osteopenia is a bone demineralization condition that is associated with elevated fracture risk in human infants. Here we show that Runx3, like Runx2, is expressed in precommitted embryonic osteoblasts and that Runx3-deficient mice develop severe congenital osteopenia. Runx3-deficient osteoblast-specific (Runx3(fl/fl)/Col1α1-cre), but not chondrocyte-specific (Runx3(fl/fl)/Col1α2-cre), mice are osteopenic. This demonstrates that an osteoblastic cell-autonomous function of Runx3 is required for proper osteogenesis. Bone histomorphometry revealed that decreased osteoblast numbers and reduced mineral deposition capacity in Runx3-deficient mice cause this bone formation deficiency. Neonatal bone and cultured primary osteoblast analyses revealed a Runx3-deficiency-associated decrease in the number of active osteoblasts resulting from diminished proliferation and not from enhanced osteoblast apoptosis. These findings are supported by Runx3-null culture transcriptome analyses showing significant decreases in the levels of osteoblastic markers and increases in the levels of Notch signaling components. Thus, while Runx2 is mandatory for the osteoblastic lineage commitment, Runx3 is nonredundantly required for the proliferation of these precommitted cells, to generate adequate numbers of active osteoblasts. Human RUNX3 resides on chromosome 1p36, a region that is associated with osteoporosis. Therefore, RUNX3 might also be involved in human bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Bauer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amnon Sharir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayako Kimura
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Orthopedics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Rizzo AN, Aman J, van Nieuw Amerongen GP, Dudek SM. Targeting Abl kinases to regulate vascular leak during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1071-9. [PMID: 25814671 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium separates circulating fluid and inflammatory cells from the surrounding tissues. Vascular leak occurs in response to wide-spread inflammatory processes, such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, because of the formation of gaps between endothelial cells. Although these disorders are leading causes of mortality in the intensive care unit, no medical therapies exist to restore endothelial cell barrier function. Recent evidence highlights a key role for the Abl family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in regulating vascular barrier integrity. These kinases have well-described roles in cancer progression and neuronal morphogenesis, but their functions in the vasculature have remained enigmatic until recently. The Abl family kinases, c-Abl (Abl1) and Abl related gene (Arg, Abl2), phosphorylate several cytoskeletal effectors that mediate vascular permeability, including nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, vinculin, and β-catenin. They also regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix junction dynamics, and the formation of actin-based cellular protrusions in multiple cell types. In addition, both c-Abl and Arg are activated by hyperoxia and contribute to oxidant-induced endothelial cell injury. These numerous roles of Abl kinases in endothelial cells and the current clinical usage of imatinib and other Abl kinase inhibitors have spurred recent interest in repurposing these drugs for the treatment of vascular barrier dysfunction. This review will describe the structure and function of Abl kinases with an emphasis on their roles in mediating vascular barrier integrity. We will also provide a critical evaluation of the potential for exploiting Abl kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for inflammatory vascular leak syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Rizzo
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjan Aman
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten P van Nieuw Amerongen
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven M Dudek
- From the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine (A.N.R., S.M.D.) and Department of Pharmacology (A.N.R., G.P.v.N.A., S.M.D.), University of Illinois at Chicago; Departments of Physiology (J.A., G.P.v.N.A.) and Pulmonary Diseases (J.A.), Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Boeckx C, Benítez-Burraco A. Globularity and language-readiness: generating new predictions by expanding the set of genes of interest. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1324. [PMID: 25505436 PMCID: PMC4243498 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study builds on the hypothesis put forth in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014), according to which the developmental changes expressed at the levels of brain morphology and neural connectivity that resulted in a more globular braincase in our species were crucial to understand the origins of our language-ready brain. Specifically, this paper explores the links between two well-known 'language-related' genes like FOXP2 and ROBO1 implicated in vocal learning and the initial set of genes of interest put forth in Boeckx and Benítez-Burraco (2014), with RUNX2 as focal point. Relying on the existing literature, we uncover potential molecular links that could be of interest to future experimental inquiries into the biological foundations of language and the testing of our initial hypothesis. Our discussion could also be relevant for clinical linguistics and for the interpretation of results from paleogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Boeckx
- Catalan Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (ICREA)Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Linguistics, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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29
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Ablation of Tak1 in osteoclast progenitor leads to defects in skeletal growth and bone remodeling in mice. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7158. [PMID: 25418008 PMCID: PMC4241509 DOI: 10.1038/srep07158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tak1 is a MAPKKK that can be activated by growth factors and cytokines such as RANKL and BMPs and its downstream pathways include NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPKs. Tak1 is essential for mouse embryonic development and plays critical roles in tissue homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that Tak1 is a positive regulator of osteoclast maturation, yet its roles in bone growth and remodeling have not been assessed, as mature osteoclast-specific Tak1 deletion with Cstk-Cre resulted in runtedness and postnatal lethality. Here we generated osteoclast progenitor (monocyte)-specific Tak1 knockout mice and found that these mice show normal body weight, limb size and fertility, and osteopetrosis with severity similar to that of RANK or RANKL deficient mice. Mechanistically, Tak1 deficiency altered the signaling of NF-κB, p38MAPK, and Smad1/5/8 and the expression of PU.1, MITF, c-Fos, and NFATc1, suggesting that Tak1 regulates osteoclast differentiation at multiple stages via multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, the Tak1 mutant mice showed defects in skull, articular cartilage, and mesenchymal stromal cells. Ex vivo Tak1-/- monocytes also showed enhanced ability in promoting osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. These findings indicate that Tak1 functions in osteoclastogenesis in a cell-autonomous manner and in osteoblastogenesis and chondrogenesis in non-cell-autonomous manners.
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30
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Liu H, Bao D, Xia X, Chau JFL, Li B. An unconventional role of BMP-Smad1 signaling in DNA damage response: a mechanism for tumor suppression. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:450-6. [PMID: 24142423 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The genome is under constant attack by self-produced reactive oxygen species and genotoxic reagents in the environment. Cells have evolved a DNA damage response (DDR) system to sense DNA damage, to halt cell cycle progression and repair the lesions, or to induce apoptosis if encountering irreparable damage. The best studied DDR pathways are the PIKK-p53 and PIKK-Chk1/2. Mutations in these genes encoding DDR molecules usually lead to genome instability and tumorigenesis. It is worth noting that there exist unconventional pathways that facilitate the canonical pathways or take over in the absence of the canonical pathways in DDR. This review will summarize on several unconventional pathways that participate in DDR with an emphasis on the BMP-Smad1 pathway, a known regulator of mouse development and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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31
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Brennan TA, Egan KP, Lindborg CM, Chen Q, Sweetwyne MT, Hankenson KD, Xie SX, Johnson FB, Pignolo RJ. Mouse models of telomere dysfunction phenocopy skeletal changes found in human age-related osteoporosis. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:583-92. [PMID: 24626990 PMCID: PMC4007409 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major medical challenge in the elderly is osteoporosis and the high risk of fracture. Telomere dysfunction is a cause of cellular senescence and telomere shortening, which occurs with age in cells from most human tissues, including bone. Telomere defects contribute to the pathogenesis of two progeroid disorders characterized by premature osteoporosis, Werner syndrome and dyskeratosis congenital. It is hypothesized that telomere shortening contributes to bone aging. We evaluated the skeletal phenotypes of mice with disrupted telomere maintenance mechanisms as models for human bone aging, including mutants in Werner helicase (Wrn−/−), telomerase (Terc−/−) and Wrn−/−Terc−/− double mutants. Compared with young wild-type (WT) mice, micro-computerized tomography analysis revealed that young Terc−/− and Wrn−/−Terc−/− mice have decreased trabecular bone volume, trabecular number and trabecular thickness, as well as increased trabecular spacing. In cortical bone, young Terc−/− and Wrn−/−Terc−/− mice have increased cortical thinning, and increased porosity relative to age-matched WT mice. These trabecular and cortical changes were accelerated with age in Terc−/− and Wrn−/−Terc−/− mice compared with older WT mice. Histological quantification of osteoblasts in aged mice showed a similar number of osteoblasts in all genotypes; however, significant decreases in osteoid, mineralization surface, mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate in older Terc−/− and Wrn−/−Terc−/− bone suggest that osteoblast dysfunction is a prominent feature of precocious aging in these mice. Except in the Wrn−/− single mutant, osteoclast number did not increase in any genotype. Significant alterations in mechanical parameters (structure model index, degree of anistrophy and moment of inertia) of the Terc−/− and Wrn−/−Terc−/− femurs compared with WT mice were also observed. Young Wrn−/−Terc−/− mice had a statistically significant increase in bone-marrow fat content compared with young WT mice, which remained elevated in aged double mutants. Taken together, our results suggest that Terc−/− and Wrn−/−Terc−/− mutants recapitulate the human bone aging phenotype and are useful models for studying age-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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32
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Ramzan M, Verma R, Chopra YR, Yadav SP. Post-fracture excessive callus formation in a child on imatinib therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:2087-8. [PMID: 24038762 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ramzan
- Pediatric Hematology & Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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33
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Zhang M, Li L, Wang Z, Liu H, Hou J, Zhang M, Hao A, Liu Y, He G, Shi Y, He L, Wang X, Wan Y, Li B. A role for c-Abl in cell senescence and spontaneous immortalization. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1251-1262. [PMID: 22791394 PMCID: PMC3705115 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
c-Abl is a proto-oncogene that is essential for mouse development and tissue homeostasis. Misregulation of c-Abl, as seen in the constitutively active BCR-ABL, is the leading cause of human chronic myeloid leukemia. However, how the Abl proteins execute their functions still remains largely unknown. Here, we report an important role for c-Abl in replicative senescence and immortalization by regulating the expression of two tumor suppressors that induce cellular senescence, p53 and p16(INK4a). Using primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we show that c-Abl (-/-) cells were more resistant to immortalization than wildtype cells using a standard 3T3 or 3T9 protocol. We could only immortalize three out of nine c-Abl (-/-) MEF cultures even when we increased the number of starting cells. This resistance was attributed to premature senescence and reduced survival in senescent c-Abl (-/-) cells due to an increase in p16(INK4a) and p53 expression. Deleting p53 allows c-Abl (-/-) p53 (-/-) MEFs to bypass senescence to be spontaneously immortalized. Cell immortalization, but not senescence, was generally accompanied by mutations in p53 in both wildtype and c-Abl (-/-) MEFs, although the spectrum is different from that of human tumors. The role for c-Abl in regulating cell senescence and immortalization might explain some of the developmental defects in c-Abl (-/-) mice and how BCR-ABL transforms cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- />Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shi Ji Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Li
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- />Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junlin Hou
- />Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shi Ji Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- />Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Shi Ji Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aijun Hao
- />Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- />Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang He
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueying Wang
- />Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, MD7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Yue Wan
- />Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Baojie Li
- />Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Greuber EK, Smith-Pearson P, Wang J, Pendergast AM. Role of ABL family kinases in cancer: from leukaemia to solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:559-71. [PMID: 23842646 PMCID: PMC3935732 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Abelson (ABL) family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, transduces diverse extracellular signals to protein networks that control proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. ABL1 was first identified as an oncogene required for the development of leukaemias initiated by retroviruses or chromosome translocations. The demonstration that small-molecule ABL kinase inhibitors could effectively treat chronic myeloid leukaemia opened the door to the era of targeted cancer therapies. Recent reports have uncovered roles for ABL kinases in solid tumours. Enhanced ABL expression and activation in some solid tumours, together with altered cell polarity, invasion or growth induced by activated ABL kinases, suggest that drugs targeting these kinases may be useful for treating selected solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emileigh K Greuber
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, BOX 3813, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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35
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Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mandal CC, Das F, Ganapathy S, Ahuja S, Ghosh Choudhury G. c-Abl-dependent molecular circuitry involving Smad5 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24503-17. [PMID: 23821550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal remodeling consists of timely formation and resorption of bone by osteoblasts and osteoclasts in a quantitative manner. Patients with chronic myeloid leukemia receiving inhibitors of c-Abl tyrosine kinase often show reduced bone remodeling due to impaired osteoblast and osteoclast function. BMP-2 plays a significant role in bone generation and resorption by contributing to the formation of mature osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The effects of c-Abl on BMP-2-induced bone remodeling and the underlying mechanisms are not well studied. Using a pharmacological inhibitor and expression of a dominant negative mutant of c-Abl, we show an essential role of this tyrosine kinase in the development of bone nodules containing mature osteoblasts and formation of multinucleated osteoclasts in response to BMP-2. Calvarial osteoblasts prepared from c-Abl null mice showed the absolute requirement of this tyrosine kinase in maturation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt signaling by BMP-2 leads to osteoblast differentiation. Remarkably, inhibition of c-Abl significantly suppressed BMP-2-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity and its downstream Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, c-Abl regulated BMP-2-induced osteoclastogenic CSF-1 expression. More importantly, we identified the requirements of c-Abl in BMP-2 autoregulation and the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and osterix that are necessary for osteoblast differentiation. c-Abl contributed to BMP receptor-specific Smad-dependent transcription of CSF-1, osterix, and BMP-2. Finally, c-Abl associates with BMP receptor IA and regulates phosphorylation of Smad in response to BMP-2. We propose that activation of c-Abl is an important step, which induces into two signaling pathways involving noncanonical PI 3-kinase and canonical Smads to integrate BMP-2-induced osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Hebron ML, Lonskaya I, Moussa CEH. Nilotinib reverses loss of dopamine neurons and improves motor behavior via autophagic degradation of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease models. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3315-28. [PMID: 23666528 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder characterized by death of dopaminergic substantia nigra (SN) neurons and brain accumulation of α-synuclein. The tyrosine kinase Abl is activated in neurodegeneration. Here, we show that lentiviral expression of α-synuclein in the mouse SN leads to Abl activation (phosphorylation) and lentiviral Abl expression increases α-synuclein levels, in agreement with Abl activation in PD brains. Administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib decreases Abl activity and ameliorates autophagic clearance of α-synuclein in transgenic and lentiviral gene transfer models. Subcellular fractionation shows accumulation of α-synuclein and hyper-phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) in autophagic vacuoles in α-synuclein expressing brains, but nilotinib enhances protein deposition into the lysosomes. Nilotinib is used for adult leukemia treatment and it enters the brain within US Food and Drug Administration approved doses, leading to autophagic degradation of α-synuclein, protection of SN neurons and amelioration of motor performance. These data suggest that nilotinib may be a therapeutic strategy to degrade α-synuclein in PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaeline L Hebron
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Gleevec, an Abl family inhibitor, produces a profound change in cell shape and migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52233. [PMID: 23300967 PMCID: PMC3534684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The issue of how contractility and adhesion are related to cell shape and migration pattern remains largely unresolved. In this paper we report that Gleevec (Imatinib), an Abl family kinase inhibitor, produces a profound change in the shape and migration of rat bladder tumor cells (NBTII) plated on collagen-coated substrates. Cells treated with Gleevec adopt a highly spread D-shape and migrate more rapidly with greater persistence. Accompanying this more spread state is an increase in integrin-mediated adhesion coupled with increases in the size and number of discrete adhesions. In addition, both total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) and interference reflection microscopy (IRM) revealed a band of small punctate adhesions with rapid turnover near the cell leading margin. These changes led to an increase in global cell-substrate adhesion strength, as assessed by laminar flow experiments. Gleevec-treated cells have greater RhoA activity which, via myosin activation, led to an increase in the magnitude of total traction force applied to the substrate. These chemical and physical alterations upon Gleevec treatment produce the dramatic change in morphology and migration that is observed.
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38
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Copy number variations involving the microtubule-associated protein tau in human diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 40:672-6. [PMID: 22817714 DOI: 10.1042/bst20120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the MAPT (microtubule-associated protein tau) gene are associated with FTLD (frontotemporal lobar degeneration) with tau pathology. These mutations result in a decreased ability of tau to bind MTs (microtubules), an increased production of tau with four MT-binding repeats or enhanced tau aggregation. In two FTLD patients, we recently described CNVs (copy number variations) affecting the MAPT gene, consisting of a partial deletion and a complete duplication of the gene. The partial deletion resulted in a truncated protein lacking the first MT-binding domain, which had a dramatic decrease in the binding to MTs but acquired the ability to bind MAP (microtubule-associated protein) 1-B. In this case, tauopathy probably resulted from both a loss of normal function and a gain of function by which truncated tau would sequester another MAP. In the other FTLD patient, the complete duplication might result in the overexpression of tau, which in the mouse model induces axonopathy and tau aggregates reminiscent of FTLD-tau pathology. Interestingly, the same rearrangement was also described in several children with mental retardation, autism spectrum disorders and dysmorphic features, as well as in a schizophrenic patient. Finally, complete deletions of the MAPT gene have been associated with mental retardation, hypotonia and facial dysmorphism.
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Furlan A, Lamballe F, Stagni V, Hussain A, Richelme S, Prodosmo A, Moumen A, Brun C, Barrantes IDB, Arthur JSC, Koleske AJ, Nebreda AR, Barilà D, Maina F. Met acts through Abl to regulate p53 transcriptional outcomes and cell survival in the developing liver. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1292-8. [PMID: 22889954 PMCID: PMC3571726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genetic studies indicate that distinct signaling modulators are each necessary but not individually sufficient for embryonic hepatocyte survival in vivo. Nevertheless, how signaling players are interconnected into functional circuits and how they coordinate the balance of cell survival and death in developing livers are still major unresolved issues. In the present study, we examined the modulation of the p53 pathway by HGF/Met in embryonic livers. METHODS We combined pharmacological and genetic approaches to biochemically and functionally evaluate p53 pathway modulation in primary embryonic hepatocytes and in developing livers. RT-PCR arrays were applied to investigate the selectivity of p53 transcriptional response triggered by Met. RESULTS Met recruits p53 to regulate the liver developmental program, by qualitatively modulating its transcriptional properties: turning on the Mdm2 survival gene, while keeping death and cell-cycle arrest genes Pmaip1 and p21 silent. We investigated the mechanism leading to p53 regulation by Met and found that Abl and p38MAPK are required for p53 phosphorylation on S(389), Mdm2 upregulation, and hepatocyte survival. Alteration of this signaling mechanism switches p53 properties, leading to p53-dependent cell death in embryonic livers. RT-PCR array studies affirmed the ability of the Met-Abl-p53 axis to modulate the expression of distinct genes that can be regulated by p53. CONCLUSIONS A signaling circuit involving Abl and p38MAPK is required downstream of Met for the survival of embryonic hepatocytes, via qualitative regulation of the p53 transcriptional response, by switching its proapoptotic into survival properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Venturina Stagni
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Biology Department, Univ. Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Prodosmo
- Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Experimental Oncology Department, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Anice Moumen
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IBDML, CNRS UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Christine Brun
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Inserm U928, TAGC, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ivan del Barco Barrantes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
| | - J. Simon C. Arthur
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Anthony J. Koleske
- Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Angel R. Nebreda
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Biology Department, Univ. Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Maina
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IBDML, CNRS UMR 7288, Marseille, France,Corresponding author. Address: IBDML, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France. Tel.: +33 4 91 26 97 69. , (F. Maina)
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Hwang SY, Foley J, Numaga-Tomita T, Petranka JG, Bird GS, Putney JW. Deletion of Orai1 alters expression of multiple genes during osteoclast and osteoblast maturation. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:488-500. [PMID: 23122304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is a major Ca(2+) influx pathway in most non-excitable cell types and Orai1 was recently identified as an essential pore-subunit of SOCE channels. Here we investigate the physiological role of Orai1 in bone homeostasis using Orai1-deficient mice (Orai1(-/-)). Orai1(-/-) mice developed osteopenia with decreased bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume. To identify the nature and origin of the bone defect, bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts from Orai1(-/-) mice were examined. Orai1-mediated SOCE was completely abolished in Orai1(-/-) osteoclast precursor cells and osteoclastogenesis in vitro from Orai1(-/-) mice was impaired due to a defect in cell fusion of pre-osteoclasts. Also, resorption activity in vitro was comparable but the size of pits formed by Orai1(-/-) osteoclasts was smaller. We next assessed the role of Orai1 in osteoblast differentiation and function by using a pre-osteoblast cell line, as well as primary osteoblasts from wild-type and Orai1(-/-) mice. SOCE in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells was inactivated by lentiviral overexpression of a pore-dead Orai1 mutant. Lack of SOCE in MC3T3-E1 had no effect on alkaline phosphatase staining and expression but substantially inhibited mineralized nodule formation. Consistent with this finding, Orai1-mediated SOCE was markedly reduced in Orai1(-/-) osteoblast precursor cells and osteoblastogenesis in vitro from Orai1(-/-) stromal cells showed impaired mineral deposition but no change in differentiation. This indicates that Orai1 is involved in the function but not in the differentiation of osteoblasts. Together, these results suggest that Orai1 plays a critical role in bone homeostasis by regulating both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Hwang
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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41
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Boast S, Stern CD. Simple methods for generating neural, bone and endodermal cell types from chick embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:20-8. [PMID: 23047046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most work on embryonic stem cell differentiation uses mammalian cells derived from the blastocyst stage and some of the most widely used protocols to induce differentiation involve growing these cells in monolayer culture. Equivalent stem cells can be obtained from embryos of non-mammalian vertebrates, but to date this has only been successful in birds. These cells can contribute to all somatic lineages in chimaeras and can be induced to differentiate into a variety of cell types in vitro via embryoid body formation. However to date there are no reliable methods for differentiating them into descendants from each of the germ layers in monolayer culture, comparable to the protocols used in mammals. Here we describe three simple and reproducible protocols for differentiation of chick embryonic stem cells into mesoderm (bone), endoderm and neuroectoderm (neurons and glia) in monolayer culture. These methods open the way for more direct comparisons of the properties of mammalian and avian embryonic stem cells that may highlight similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Boast
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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42
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c-Abl promotes osteoblast expansion by differentially regulating canonical and non-canonical BMP pathways and p16INK4a expression. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:727-37. [PMID: 22729085 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Defects in stem cell renewal or progenitor cell expansion underlie ageing-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Yet much remains unclear about the mechanisms regulating progenitor expansion. Here we show that the tyrosine kinase c-Abl plays an important role in osteoprogenitor expansion. c-Abl interacts with and phosphorylates BMPRIA and the phosphorylation differentially influences the interaction of BMPRIA with BMPRII and the Tab1-Tak1 complex, leading to uneven activation of Smad1/5/8 and Erk1/2, the canonical and non-canonical BMP pathways that direct the expression of p16(INK4a). c-Abl deficiency shunts BMP signalling from Smad1/5/8 to Erk1/2, leading to p16(INK4a) upregulation and osteoblast senescence. Mouse genetic studies revealed that p16(INK4a) controls mesenchymal stem cell maintenance and osteoblast expansion and mediates the effects of c-Abl deficiency on osteoblast expansion and bone formation. These findings identify c-Abl as a regulator of BMP signalling pathways and uncover a role for c-Abl in p16(INK4a) expression and osteoprogenitor expansion.
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43
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Functional mechanisms and roles of adaptor proteins in abl-regulated cytoskeletal actin dynamics. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:414913. [PMID: 22675626 PMCID: PMC3362954 DOI: 10.1155/2012/414913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abl is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase and plays an essential role in the modeling and remodeling of F-actin by transducing extracellular signals. Abl and its paralog, Arg, are unique among the tyrosine kinase family in that they contain an unusual extended C-terminal half consisting of multiple functional domains. This structural characteristic may underlie the role of Abl as a mediator of upstream signals to downstream signaling machineries involved in actin dynamics. Indeed, a group of SH3-containing accessory proteins, or adaptor proteins, have been identified that bind to a proline-rich domain of the C-terminal portion of Abl and modulate its kinase activity, substrate recognition, and intracellular localization. Moreover, the existence of signaling cascade and biological outcomes unique to each adaptor protein has been demonstrated. In this paper, we summarize functional roles and mechanisms of adaptor proteins in Abl-regulated actin dynamics, mainly focusing on a family of adaptor proteins, Abi. The mechanism of Abl's activation and downstream signaling mediated by Abi is described in comparison with those by another adaptor protein, Crk.
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44
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Chau JFL, Jia D, Wang Z, Liu Z, Hu Y, Zhang X, Jia H, Lai KP, Leong WF, Au BJ, Mishina Y, Chen YG, Biondi C, Robertson E, Xie D, Liu H, He L, Wang X, Yu Q, Li B. A crucial role for bone morphogenetic protein-Smad1 signalling in the DNA damage response. Nat Commun 2012; 3:836. [PMID: 22588298 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and the elicited cellular response underlie the etiology of tumorigenesis and ageing. Yet, how this response integrates inputs from cells' environmental cues remains underexplored. Here we report that the BMP-Smad1 pathway, which is essential for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, has an important role in the DNA damage response and oncogenesis. On genotoxic stress, Atm phosphorylates BMPs-activated Smad1 in the nucleus on S239, which disrupts Smad1 interaction with protein phosphatase PPM1A, leading to enhanced activation and upregulation of Smad1. Smad1 then interacts with p53 and inhibits Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation to regulate cell proliferation and survival. Enhanced Smad1 S239 phosphorylation, and Smad1 mutations causing S239 substitution were detected in oesophageal and gastric cancer samples, respectively. These findings suggest that BMP-Smad1 signalling participates in the DNA damage response via the Atm-p53 pathway, thus providing a molecular mechanism whereby BMP-Smad1 loss-of-function leads to tumorigenesis, for example, juvenile polyposis and Cowden syndromes.
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45
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Jönsson S, Hjorth-Hansen H, Olsson B, Wadenvik H, Sundan A, Standal T. Imatinib inhibits proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells and promotes early but not late osteoblast differentiation in vitro. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:119-23. [PMID: 21993629 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Altered bone metabolism has been reported in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. Several studies have shown that imatinib inhibits the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in vitro, whereas the effects of imatinib on osteoblast differentiation are less clear. In this study osteoblast differentiation was induced in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by treatment with bone morphogenetic protein 2 in vitro. Imatinib inhibited proliferation of hMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Even though imatinib promoted early osteoblast differentiation assessed by alkaline phosphate activity, mineralization measured by Alizarin Red staining (ARS) was reduced by imatinib. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of imatinib on mineralization was most prominent at low concentrations of imatinib. When we measured the relative mRNA expression levels of Runx2, we found that Runx2 expression was higher in imatinib-treated (5 μM) cultures at early time points during differentiation. On the other hand, the expression of Osterix late during differentiation was lower in imatinib-treated (5 μM) cultures, corresponding to the ARS results. Thus, the effect of imatinib on osteoblast differentiation is not only dependent on the drug concentration, but indeed also on the maturation stage of the cells. This finding might partly explain why previous studies on the effects of imatinib osteoblast differentiation have shown different results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Jönsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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46
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Murrills RJ, Fukayama S, Boschelli F, Matteo JJ, Owens J, Golas JM, Patel D, Lane G, Liu YB, Carter L, Jussif J, Spaulding V, Wang YD, Boschelli DH, McKew JC, Li XJ, Lockhead S, Milligan C, Kharode YP, Diesl V, Bai Y, Follettie M, Bex FJ, Komm B, Bodine PVN. Osteogenic effects of a potent Src-over-Abl-selective kinase inhibitor in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:676-87. [PMID: 22171089 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Src-null mice have higher bone mass because of decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation, whereas Abl-null mice are osteopenic, because of decreased bone formation. Compound I, a potent inhibitor of Src in an isolated enzyme assay (IC(50) 0.55 nM) and a Src-dependent cell growth assay, with lower activity on equivalent Abl-based assays, potently, but biphasically, accelerated differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to an osteoblast phenotype (1-10 nM). Compound I (≥0.1 nM) also activated osteoblasts and induced bone formation in isolated neonatal mouse calvariae. Compound I required higher concentrations (100 nM) to inhibit differentiation and activity of osteoclasts. Transcriptional profiling (TxP) of calvaria treated with 1 μM compound I revealed down-regulation of osteoclastic genes and up-regulation of matrix genes and genes associated with the osteoblast phenotype, confirming compound I's dual effects on bone resorption and formation. In addition, calvarial TxP implicated calcitonin-related polypeptide, β (β-CGRP) as a potential mediator of compound I's osteogenic effect. In vivo, compound I (1 mg/kg s.c.) increased vertebral trabecular bone volume 21% (microcomputed tomography) in intact female mice. Increased trabecular volume was also detected histologically in a separate bone, the femur, particularly in the secondary spongiosa (100% increase), which underwent a 171% increase in bone formation rate, a 73% increase in mineralizing surface, and a 59% increase in mineral apposition rate. Similar effects were observed in ovariectomized mice with established osteopenia. We conclude that the Src inhibitor compound I is osteogenic, presumably because of its potent stimulation of osteoblast differentiation and activation, possibly mediated by β-CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Murrills
- Department of Osteoporosis and Frailty, Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Ucar AY, Kayisli UA, Demir N. The c-Abl expression in uterine epithelium during the mouse estrus cycle. J Mol Histol 2011; 43:107-13. [PMID: 22143492 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cells of the mouse endometrium comprises the recurring physiologic changes such as proliferation and apoptosis induced by the reproductive hormones throughout the estrus cycle. The c-Abl is a protein tyrosine kinase, localized in the different cellular compartments such as nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, interacts with different cellular proteins, including signaling adaptors, kinases, phosphatases, cell-cycle regulators, transcription factors and cytoskeletal proteins. Our hypothesis is that the c-Abl expression in the mouse uterine epithelium shows cyclic changes during the estrus cycle that is involved in regulation of the endometrial epithelial cells. The regulation of c-Abl gene and protein expression in the uterus of intact animals in the different cycle phases was investigated using immunohistochemistry, western blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that the luminal and the glandular epithelium (LE) and (GE), respectively, showed gradually increase in the expression of c-Abl from the proestrus (P) to the metestrus and followed by a decrease in the diestrus (D). c-Abl immunoreactivity was detected in the both LE and GE cells, especially the LE showed diminished the c-Abl protein expression on the D phase and the minimal value was detected on the P day. The c-Abl protein level in the LE was increased during the M, presenting a high correlation with the hormonal level of this cell type. The result of c-Abl RT-PCR analysis was compatible with pattern of c-Abl protein expression. In conclusion, the stage-specific protein pattern of the mammalian c-Abl tyrosine kinase presented a good correlation with the mouse estrus cycle and may have a regulative function during the uterine remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yaba Ucar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, 34394 Istanbul, Turkey
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48
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Liu L, Wang Y, Wu K, Fu S, Zhang L, Xu Y, Huang H. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib inhibits proliferation and osteoblast differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Bone 2011; 49:1117-8; author reply 1119. [PMID: 21821158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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O'Sullivan S, Lin JM, Watson M, Callon K, Tong PC, Naot D, Horne A, Aati O, Porteous F, Gamble G, Cornish J, Browett P, Grey A. The skeletal effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib. Bone 2011; 49:281-9. [PMID: 21550432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nilotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) developed to manage imatinib-resistance in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It inhibits similar molecular targets to imatinib, but is a significantly more potent inhibitor of Bcr-Abl. Nilotinib exhibits off-target effects in other tissues, and of relevance to bone metabolism, hypophosphataemia has been reported in up to 30% of patients receiving nilotinib. We have assessed the effects of nilotinib on bone cells in vitro and on bone metabolism in patients receiving nilotinib for treatment of CML. We firstly investigated the effects of nilotinib on proliferating and differentiating osteoblastic cells, and on osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow cultures and RAW264.7 cells. Nilotinib potently inhibited osteoblast proliferation (0.01-1uM), through inhibition of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR). There was a biphasic effect on osteoblast differentiation such that it was reduced by lower concentrations of nilotinib (0.1-0.5uM), with no effect at higher concentrations (1uM). Nilotinib also potently inhibited osteoclastogenesis, predominantly by stromal-cell dependent mechanisms. Thus, nilotinib decreased osteoclast development in murine bone marrow cultures, but did not affect osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. Nilotinib treatment of osteoblastic cells increased expression and secretion of OPG and decreased expression of RANKL. In 10 patients receiving nilotinib, levels of bone turnover markers were in the low-normal range, despite secondary hyperparathyroidism, findings that are similar to those in patients treated with imatinib. Bone density tended to be higher than age and gender-matched normal values. These data suggest that nilotinib may have important effects on bone metabolism. Prospective studies should be conducted to determine the long-term effects of nilotinib on bone density and calcium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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50
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Levaot N, Simoncic PD, Dimitriou ID, Scotter A, La Rose J, Ng AHM, Willett TL, Wang CJ, Janmohamed S, Grynpas M, Reichenberger E, Rottapel R. 3BP2-deficient mice are osteoporotic with impaired osteoblast and osteoclast functions. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3244-57. [PMID: 21765218 DOI: 10.1172/jci45843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fine balance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts maintains bone homeostasis. In patients with cherubism, gain-of-function mutations in 3BP2, which is encoded by SH3-domain binding protein 2 (SH3BP2), cause cystic lesions with activated osteoclasts that lead to craniofacial abnormalities. However, little is known about the function of wild-type 3BP2 in regulating bone homeostasis. Here we have shown that 3BP2 is required for the normal function of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Initial analysis showed that Sh3bp2-/-mice developed osteoporosis as a result of reduced bone formation despite the fact that bone resorption was impaired. We demonstrated using reciprocal bone marrow chimeras, a cell-intrinsic defect of the osteoblast and osteoclast compartments in vivo. Further, Sh3bp2-/- osteoblasts failed to mature and form mineralized nodules in vitro, while Sh3bp2-/- osteoclasts spread poorly and were unable to effectively degrade dentine matrix in vitro. Finally, we showed that 3BP2 was required for Abl activation in osteoblasts and Src activation in osteoclasts, and demonstrated that the in vitro defect of each cell type was restored by the respective expression of activated forms of these kinases. These findings reveal an unanticipated role for the 3BP2 adapter protein in osteoblast function and in coordinating bone homeostatic signals in both osteoclast and osteoblast lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Levaot
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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