1
|
Liu C, Hirakawa H, Katsube T, Fang Y, Tanaka K, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Wang B. Altered Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species by X-rays in Hematopoietic Cells of C57BL/6-Tg (CAG-EGFP) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6929. [PMID: 34203224 PMCID: PMC8268547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work pointed to a critical role of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in increased radiation hematopoietic death in GFP mice. Meanwhile, enhanced antioxidant capability was not demonstrated in the mouse model of radio-induced adaptive response (RAR) using rescue of radiation hematopoietic death as the endpoint. ROS induction by ex vivo X-irradiation at a dose ranging from 0.1 to 7.5 Gy in the nucleated bone marrow cells was comparatively studied using GFP and wild type (WT) mice. ROS induction was also investigated in the cells collected from mice receiving a priming dose (0.5 Gy) efficient for RAR induction in WT mice. Significantly elevated background and increased induction of ROS in the cells from GFP mice were observed compared to those from WT mice. Markedly lower background and decreased induction of ROS were observed in the cells collected from WT mice but not GFP mice, both receiving the priming dose. GFP overexpression could alter background and induction of ROS by X-irradiation in hematopoietic cells. The results provide a reasonable explanation to the previous study on the fate of cells and mice after X-irradiation and confirm enhanced antioxidant capability in RAR. Investigations involving GFP overexpression should be carefully interpreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology Group, Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (C.L.); (H.H.); (Y.F.)
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology Group, Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (C.L.); (H.H.); (Y.F.)
| | - Takanori Katsube
- Dietary Effects Research Group, Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Yaqun Fang
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology Group, Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (C.L.); (H.H.); (Y.F.)
| | - Kaoru Tanaka
- Dietary Effects Research Group, Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.)
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- Human Resources Development Center, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | - Akira Fujimori
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Biology Group, Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (C.L.); (H.H.); (Y.F.)
| | - Bing Wang
- Dietary Effects Research Group, Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (T.K.); (K.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wiemerslage L, Ismael S, Lee D. Early alterations of mitochondrial morphology in dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson's disease-like pathology and time-dependent neuroprotection with D2 receptor activation. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:138-47. [PMID: 27423787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection, to prevent vulnerable cell populations from dying, is perhaps the main strategy for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Yet in clinical practice, therapy is introduced after the disease is well established and many neurons have already disappeared, while experimentally, treatment is typically added at the same time that PD pathology is instigated. This study uses an already established Drosophila melanogaster model of PD to test for early markers of neurodegeneration and if those markers are reversible following neuroprotective treatment. Specifically, we treat primary neuronal cultures with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) and track neuritic, dopaminergic mitochondria over time, observing a fragmenting change in their morphology before cell death. We then add a neuroprotective treatment (quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist) at different timepoints to determine if the changes in mitochondrial morphology are reversible. We find that neuroprotective treatment must be added concomitantly to prevent changes in mitochondrial morphology and subsequent cell death. This work further supports Drosophila's use as a model organism and mitochondria's use as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease. But mainly, this work highlights an import factor for experiments in neuroprotection - time of treatment. Our results highlight the problem that current neuroprotective treatments for PD may not be used the same way that they are tested experimentally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Wiemerslage
- Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedicinska Centrum, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sazan Ismael
- Ohio University, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Ohio University, Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiemerslage L, Lee D. Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 262:56-65. [PMID: 26777473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of mitochondrial morphology vary in techniques. Most use one morphological parameter while others describe mitochondria qualitatively. Because mitochondria are so dynamic, a single parameter does not capture the true state of the network and may lead to erroneous conclusions. Thus, a gestalt method of analysis is warranted. NEW METHOD This work describes a method combining immunofluorescence assays with computerized image analysis to measure the mitochondrial morphology within neuritic projections of a specific population of neurons. Six parameters of mitochondrial morphology were examined utilizing ImageJ to analyze colocalized signals. RESULTS Using primary neuronal cultures from Drosophila, we tested mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We validate our model using mutants with known defects in mitochondrial morphology. Furthermore, we show a difference in mitochondrial morphology between cells treated as control or with a neurotoxin inducing PD (Parkinson's Disease in humans)-like pathology. We also show interactions between morphological parameters and experimental treatment. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our method is a significant improvement of previously described methods. Six morphometric parameters are quantified, providing a gestalt analysis of mitochondrial morphology. Also it can target specific populations of mitochondria using immunofluorescence assay and image analysis. CONCLUSIONS We found that our method adequately detects differences in mitochondrial morphology between treatment groups. We conclude that some parameters may be unique to a mutation or a disease state, and the relationship between parameters is altered by experimental treatment. We suggest at least four variables should be considered when using mitochondrial structure as an experimental endpoint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Wiemerslage
- Functional Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicinska Centrum, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Daewoo Lee
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Navarro-Galve B, Villa A, Bueno C, Thompson L, Johansen J, Martínez-Serrano A. Gene marking of human neural stem/precursor cells using green fluorescent proteins. J Gene Med 2005; 7:18-29. [PMID: 15508144 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo gene therapy and cell replacement in the nervous system may provide therapeutic opportunities for neurodegenerative disorders. The development of optimal gene marking procedures for human neural stem cells (hNSCs) is crucial for the success of these strategies, in order to provide a correct understanding of the biology of transplanted cells. METHODS hNSCs were modified to express various members of the green fluorescent protein family of proteins. Both DNA and retroviral expression vectors were used. Cells were analyzed for transgene expression under transient and stable expression schemes, and in the presence or absence of drug selection, by fluorescence microscopy, histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting, RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Genetically marked cells were analyzed in vivo after intrastriatal transplantation in neonatal rats. RESULTS Using the same experimental procedures, we have compared Aequorea victoria enhanced green fluorescent protein (Av-eGFP) and Renilla raniformis GFP (Rh-GFP, h- from humanized) for the purpose of gene marking of hNSCs. Our findings revealed practical problems for the derivation of stable Av-eGFP-expressing hNSCs, whereas Rh-GFP could be well expressed. In a second phase of the study, stable Rh-GFP-expressing clonal hNSCs were derived. Rh-GFP did not interfere with the differentiation potential of the cells, and expression levels were identical between division and differentiation conditions. Thirdly, in vivo, we have confirmed the usefulness of Rh-GFP for the study of the transplant performance of hNSCs, and demonstrated that Rh-GFP does not interfere with multipotency and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Searching for suitable and useful reporter genes, we have found that Rh-GFP works efficiently for the purpose of stable gene marking of hNSCs, and is highly useful in vivo. The nature, properties, and possible side effects of marker genes are discussed, since these are important parameters to consider in gene marking studies involving hNSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Navarro-Galve
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Priller J, Flügel A, Wehner T, Boentert M, Haas CA, Prinz M, Fernández-Klett F, Prass K, Bechmann I, de Boer BA, Frotscher M, Kreutzberg GW, Persons DA, Dirnagl U. Targeting gene-modified hematopoietic cells to the central nervous system: use of green fluorescent protein uncovers microglial engraftment. Nat Med 2001; 7:1356-61. [PMID: 11726978 DOI: 10.1038/nm1201-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy in the central nervous system (CNS) is hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which restricts access of serum constituents and peripheral cells to the brain parenchyma. Expression of exogenously administered genes in the CNS has been achieved in vivo using highly invasive routes, or ex vivo relying on the direct implantation of genetically modified cells into the brain. Here we provide evidence for a novel, noninvasive approach for targeting potential therapeutic factors to the CNS. Genetically-modified hematopoietic cells enter the CNS and differentiate into microglia after bone-marrow transplantation. Up to a quarter of the regional microglial population is donor-derived by four months after transplantation. Microglial engraftment is enhanced by neuropathology, and gene-modified myeloid cells are specifically attracted to the sites of neuronal damage. Thus, microglia may serve as vehicles for gene delivery to the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Priller
- Department of Neurology, Charité, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Priller J, Persons DA, Klett FF, Kempermann G, Kreutzberg GW, Dirnagl U. Neogenesis of cerebellar Purkinje neurons from gene-marked bone marrow cells in vivo. J Cell Biol 2001; 155:733-8. [PMID: 11724815 PMCID: PMC2150878 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatility of stem cells has only recently been fully recognized. There is evidence that upon adoptive bone marrow (BM) transplantation (BMT), donor-derived cells can give rise to neuronal phenotypes in the brains of recipient mice. Yet only few cells with the characteristic shape of neurons were detected 1-6 mo post-BMT using transgenic or newborn mutant mice. To evaluate the potential of BM to generate mature neurons in adult C57BL/6 mice, we transferred the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene into BM cells using a murine stem cell virus-based retroviral vector. Stable and high level long-term GFP expression was observed in mice transplanted with the transduced BM. Engraftment of GFP-expressing cells in the brain was monitored by intravital microscopy. In a long-term follow up of 15 mo post-BMT, fully developed Purkinje neurons were found to express GFP in both cerebellar hemispheres and in all chimeric mice. GFP-positive Purkinje cells were also detected in BM chimeras from transgenic mice that ubiquitously express GFP. Based on morphologic criteria and the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the newly generated Purkinje cells were functional.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Priller
- Department of Neurology, Charité, Humboldt-University, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system communicate regularly. There is a constant surveillance of the intact, healthy CNS by activated T-cells, and massive infiltration of the CNS by immune cells under pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation. Labeling CNS-infiltrating T-cells is an essential tool to identify the signals and mechanisms, which mediate the interaction between immune cells and cells of the CNS. In this article, we will present an overview describing currently used cellular markers and demonstrate how these markers have contributed to our current knowledge of CNS inflammation and immune surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Flügel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sawamoto K, Nakao N, Kobayashi K, Matsushita N, Takahashi H, Kakishita K, Yamamoto A, Yoshizaki T, Terashima T, Murakami F, Itakura T, Okano H. Visualization, direct isolation, and transplantation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6423-8. [PMID: 11353855 PMCID: PMC33484 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.111152398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2001] [Accepted: 03/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To visualize and isolate live dopamine (DA)-producing neurons in the embryonic ventral mesencephalon, we generated transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the rat tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter. In the transgenic mice, GFP expression was observed in the developing DA neurons containing tyrosine hydroxylase. The outgrowth and cue-dependent guidance of GFP-labeled axons was monitored in vitro with brain culture systems. To isolate DA neurons expressing GFP from brain tissue, cells with GFP fluorescence were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. More than 60% of the sorted GFP(+) cells were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase, confirming that the population had been successfully enriched with DA neurons. The sorted GFP(+) cells were transplanted into a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Some of these cells survived and innervated the host striatum, resulting in a recovery from Parkinsonian behavioral defects. This strategy for isolating an enriched population of DA neurons should be useful for cellular and molecular studies of these neurons and for clinical applications in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sawamoto
- Division of Neuroanatomy (D12), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toms N, Cooper J, Patchen B, Aamodt E. High copy arrays containing a sequence upstream of mec-3 alter cell migration and axonal morphology in C. elegans. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2001; 1:2. [PMID: 11182881 PMCID: PMC31336 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-1-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2000] [Accepted: 01/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Caenorhabditis elegans gene mec-3 encodes a LIM-homeodomain protein that is a master regulator of touch receptor neuron genes. Two of the touch neurons, the ALM neurons, are generated in the anterior of the animal and then migrate to near the middle of the animal. In animals transformed with a sequence upstream of mec-3, the ALM touch receptor neurons failed to migrate to their normal positions and sometimes migrated in the wrong direction, and the PLM touch receptor neurons showed axonal defects. Here we characterize this effect and identify the sequence causing the cell migration and axonal defects. RESULTS The ALM migration defect did not result from RNA interference (RNAi), nonspecific effects of carrying a transgenic array, expression of GFP, or the marker gene used to make the transformants. Instead, the ALM migration defect resulted from transgenic arrays containing many copies of a specific 104 bp DNA sequence. Transgenic arrays containing this sequence did not affect all cell migrations. CONCLUSIONS The mec-3 upstream sequence appeared to be sequestering (titrating out) a specific DNA-binding factor that is required for the ALMs to migrate correctly. Because titration of this factor could reverse the direction of ALM migrations, it may be part of a program that specifies both the direction and extent of ALM migrations. mec-3 is a master regulator of touch receptor neuron genes, so the factor or factors that bind this sequence may also be involved in specifying the fate of touch receptor neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Toms
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shreveport, USA
| | - Jennifer Cooper
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shreveport, USA
| | - Brandi Patchen
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shreveport, USA
| | - Eric Aamodt
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shreveport, USA
| |
Collapse
|