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SoRelle ED, Haynes LE, Willard KA, Chang B, Ch’ng J, Christofk H, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus reactivation induces divergent abortive, reprogrammed, and host shutoff states by lytic progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.14.598975. [PMID: 38915538 PMCID: PMC11195279 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.14.598975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Viral infection leads to heterogeneous cellular outcomes ranging from refractory to abortive and fully productive states. Single cell transcriptomics enables a high resolution view of these distinct post-infection states. Here, we have interrogated the host-pathogen dynamics following reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). While benign in most people, EBV is responsible for infectious mononucleosis, up to 2% of human cancers, and is a trigger for the development of multiple sclerosis. Following latency establishment in B cells, EBV reactivates and is shed in saliva to enable infection of new hosts. Beyond its importance for transmission, the lytic cycle is also implicated in EBV-associated oncogenesis. Conversely, induction of lytic reactivation in latent EBV-positive tumors presents a novel therapeutic opportunity. Therefore, defining the dynamics and heterogeneity of EBV lytic reactivation is a high priority to better understand pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. In this study, we applied single-cell techniques to analyze diverse fate trajectories during lytic reactivation in two B cell models. Consistent with prior work, we find that cell cycle and MYC expression correlate with cells refractory to lytic reactivation. We further found that lytic induction yields a continuum from abortive to complete reactivation. Abortive lytic cells upregulate NFκB and IRF3 pathway target genes, while cells that proceed through the full lytic cycle exhibit unexpected expression of genes associated with cellular reprogramming. Distinct subpopulations of lytic cells further displayed variable profiles for transcripts known to escape virus-mediated host shutoff. These data reveal previously unknown and promiscuous outcomes of lytic reactivation with broad implications for viral replication and EBV-associated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Virology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren E. Haynes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Virology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katherine A. Willard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Virology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Beth Chang
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James Ch’ng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Center for Virology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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2
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Saha A, Palchaudhuri R, Lanieri L, Hyzy S, Riddle MJ, Panthera J, Eide CR, Tolar J, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Gorfinkel L, Tkachev V, Gerdemann U, Alvarez-Calderon F, Palato ER, MacMillan ML, Wagner JE, Kean LS, Osborn MJ, Kiem HP, Scadden DT, Olson LM, Blazar BR. Alloengraftment without significant toxicity or GVHD in CD45 antibody-drug conjugate-conditioned Fanconi anemia mice. Blood 2024; 143:2201-2216. [PMID: 38447038 PMCID: PMC11143525 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023023549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited DNA repair disorder characterized by bone marrow (BM) failure, developmental abnormalities, myelodysplasia, leukemia, and solid tumor predisposition. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), a mainstay treatment, is limited by conditioning regimen-related toxicity and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can open marrow niches permitting donor stem cell alloengraftment. Here, we report that single dose anti-mouse CD45-targeted ADC (CD45-ADC) facilitated stable, multilineage chimerism in 3 distinct FA mouse models representing 90% of FA complementation groups. CD45-ADC profoundly depleted host stem cell enriched Lineage-Sca1+cKit+ cells within 48 hours. Fanca-/- recipients of minor-mismatched BM and single dose CD45-ADC had peripheral blood (PB) mean donor chimerism >90%; donor HSCs alloengraftment was verified in secondary recipients. In Fancc-/- and Fancg-/- recipients of fully allogeneic grafts, PB mean donor chimerism was 60% to 80% and 70% to 80%, respectively. The mean percent donor chimerism in BM and spleen mirrored PB results. CD45-ADC-conditioned mice did not have clinical toxicity. A transient <2.5-fold increase in hepatocellular enzymes and mild-to-moderate histopathological changes were seen. Under GVHD allo-HSCT conditions, wild-type and Fanca-/- recipients of CD45-ADC had markedly reduced GVHD lethality compared with lethal irradiation. Moreover, single dose anti-human CD45-ADC given to rhesus macaque nonhuman primates on days -6 or -10 was at least as myeloablative as lethal irradiation. These data suggest that CD45-ADC can potently promote donor alloengraftment and hematopoiesis without significant toxicity or severe GVHD, as seen with lethal irradiation, providing strong support for clinical trial considerations in highly vulnerable patients with FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Saha
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Megan J. Riddle
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jamie Panthera
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cindy R. Eide
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lev Gorfinkel
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Transplantation Sciences, Mass General Brigham and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ulrike Gerdemann
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Margaret L. MacMillan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John E. Wagner
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Leslie S. Kean
- Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mark J. Osborn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Department of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David T. Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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3
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Zhang W, Dai J, Hou G, Liu H, Zheng S, Wang X, Lin Q, Zhang Y, Lu M, Gong Y, Xiang Z, Yu Y, Hu Y. SMURF2 predisposes cancer cell toward ferroptosis in GPX4-independent manners by promoting GSTP1 degradation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:4352-4369.e8. [PMID: 38016474 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death. Glutathione (GSH) peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and GSH-independent ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) have been identified as major defenses. Here, we uncover a protective mechanism mediated by GSH S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) by monitoring proteinomic dynamics during ferroptosis. Dramatic downregulation of GSTP1 is caused by SMURF2-mediated GSTP1 ubiquitination and degradation at early stages of ferroptosis. Intriguingly, GSTP1 acts in GPX4- and FSP1-independent manners by catalyzing GSH conjugation of 4-hydroxynonenal and detoxifying lipid hydroperoxides via selenium-independent GSH peroxidase activity. Genetic modulation of the SMURF2/GSTP1 axis or the pharmacological inhibition of GSTP1's catalytic activity sensitized tumor responses to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ferroptosis-inducing drugs both in vitro and in vivo. GSTP1 expression also confers resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors by blunting ferroptosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a GPX4/FSP1-independent cellular defense mechanism against ferroptosis and suggest that targeting SMURF2/GSTP1 to sensitize cancer cells to ferroptosis has potential as an anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, HIT Zhengzhou Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Junren Dai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | | | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shanliang Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qingyu Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Minqiao Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yafan Gong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, HIT Zhengzhou Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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4
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Lee KH. Primary cilia: a novel research approach to overcome anticancer drug resistance. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1270639. [PMID: 37900915 PMCID: PMC10602908 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1270639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are cellular organelles that consist of a microtubule skeleton surrounded by a membrane filled with cell signaling receptors. Many studies have shown that primary cilia are cellular antennas, which serve as signaling hubs and their assembly and disassembly are dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle, playing an important role in regulating cellular homeostasis. Aberrant control of primary cilia dynamics causes a number of genetic disorders known as ciliopathies and is closely associated with tumorigenesis. Anticancer drug resistance is a primary cause of chemotherapy failure, although there is no apparent remedy. The recent identification of a relationship between anticancer drug resistance and primary ciliary dynamics has made primary cilia an important target subcellular organelle for overcoming anticancer drug resistance. Therefore, the research on primary ciliary dynamics may provide new strategies to overcome anticancer drug resistance, which is urgently needed. This review aims to summarize research on the relevance of primary cilia and anticancer drug resistance, as well as future possibilities for research on overcoming anticancer drug resistance utilizing primary cilia dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ho Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-Molecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Oruc A, Simsek G. A Pathophysiological Approach To Current Biomarkers. Biomark Med 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/9789815040463122010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are necessary for screening and diagnosing numerous diseases,
predicting the prognosis of patients, and following-up treatment and the course of the
patient. Everyday new biomarkers are being used in clinics for these purposes. This
section will discuss the physiological roles of the various current biomarkers in a
healthy person and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the release of these
biomarkers. This chapter aims to gain a new perspective for evaluating and interpreting
the most current biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut Oruc
- Department of Physiology,Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa,
Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gonul Simsek
- Department of Physiology,Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa,
Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Emran TB, Shahriar A, Mahmud AR, Rahman T, Abir MH, Siddiquee MFR, Ahmed H, Rahman N, Nainu F, Wahyudin E, Mitra S, Dhama K, Habiballah MM, Haque S, Islam A, Hassan MM. Multidrug Resistance in Cancer: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms, Immunoprevention and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Oncol 2022; 12:891652. [PMID: 35814435 PMCID: PMC9262248 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.891652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Several treatments are available for cancer treatment, but many treatment methods are ineffective against multidrug-resistant cancer. Multidrug resistance (MDR) represents a major obstacle to effective therapeutic interventions against cancer. This review describes the known MDR mechanisms in cancer cells and discusses ongoing laboratory approaches and novel therapeutic strategies that aim to inhibit, circumvent, or reverse MDR development in various cancer types. In this review, we discuss both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, in addition to highlighting hypoxia- and autophagy-mediated drug resistance mechanisms. Several factors, including individual genetic differences, such as mutations, altered epigenetics, enhanced drug efflux, cell death inhibition, and various other molecular and cellular mechanisms, are responsible for the development of resistance against anticancer agents. Drug resistance can also depend on cellular autophagic and hypoxic status. The expression of drug-resistant genes and the regulatory mechanisms that determine drug resistance are also discussed. Methods to circumvent MDR, including immunoprevention, the use of microparticles and nanomedicine might result in better strategies for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Shahriar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, United States
| | - Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjilur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mehedy Hasan Abir
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hossain Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nova Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Elly Wahyudin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mahmoud M Habiballah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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7
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Zhao R, Wen X. High expression of serum GST-π/CypA aids the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction and predicts short-term poor prognosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 220:107352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Vašková J, De Martino L, Caputo L, De Feo V. Two representatives of lamiaceae essential oils and their main components cause changes in glutathione related enzymatic activities. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36:680-686. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1797728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janka Vašková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University of Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Laura De Martino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Lucia Caputo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
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9
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Craig DJ, Bailey MM, Noe OB, Williams KK, Stanbery L, Hamouda DM, Nemunaitis JJ. Subclonal landscape of cancer drives resistance to immune therapy. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 30:100507. [PMID: 35007928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor mutation burden (TMB) is often used as a biomarker for immunogenicity and prerequisite for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that not all tumors with high TMB respond to ICIs as expected. It has been shown that the ability of T-cells to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and elicit a specific immune response is dependent not only on the TMB, but also on intra-tumor heterogeneity and the fraction of low-frequency subclonal mutations that make up the tumor. High intra-tumor heterogeneity leads to inefficient recognition of tumor neoantigens by T-cells due to their diluted frequency and spatial heterogeneity. Clinical studies have shown that tumors with a high degree of intra-tumor heterogeneity respond poorly to ICI therapy, and previous cytotoxic treatment may increase the intra-tumor heterogeneity and render second-line ICI therapy less effective. This paper reviews the role of ICI therapy when following chemotherapy or radiation to determine if they may be better suited as first-line therapy in patients with high TMB, low intra-tumor heterogeneity, and high PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Craig
- University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | | | - Olivia B Noe
- University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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10
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NIITSU Y, SATO Y, TAKAYAMA T. Implications of glutathione-S transferase P1 in MAPK signaling as a CRAF chaperone: In memory of Dr. Irving Listowsky. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:72-86. [PMID: 35153270 PMCID: PMC8890996 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S transferase P1 (GSTP1) is one of the glutathione-S transferase isozymes that belong to a family of phase II metabolic isozymes. The unique feature of GSTP1 compared with other GST isozymes is its relatively high expression in malignant tissues. Thus, clinically, GSTP1 serves as a tumor marker and as a refractory factor against certain types of anticancer drugs through its primary function as a detoxifying enzyme. Additionally, recent studies have identified a chaperone activity of GSTP1 involved in the regulation the function of various intracellular proteins, including factors of the growth signaling pathway. In this review, we will first describe the function of GSTP1 and then extend the details onto its role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway, referring to the results of our recent study that proposed a novel autocrine signal loop formed by the CRAF/GSTP1 complex in mutated KRAS and BRAF cancers. Finally, the possibilities of new therapeutic approaches for these cancers by targeting this complex will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro NIITSU
- Oncology Section, Center of Advanced Medicine, Shonan Kamakura Innovation Park, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital, Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
- Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasushi SATO
- Department of Community Medicine for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuji TAKAYAMA
- Department of Community Medicine for Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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11
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Gueiderikh A, Maczkowiak-Chartois F, Rosselli F. A new frontier in Fanconi anemia: From DNA repair to ribosome biogenesis. Blood Rev 2021; 52:100904. [PMID: 34750031 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Described by Guido Fanconi almost 100 years ago, Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease characterized by developmental abnormalities, bone marrow failure (BMF) and cancer predisposition. The proteins encoded by FA-mutated genes (FANC proteins) and assembled in the so-called FANC/BRCA pathway have key functions in DNA repair and replication safeguarding, which loss leads to chromosome structural aberrancies. Therefore, since the 1980s, FA has been considered a genomic instability and chromosome fragility syndrome. However, recent findings have demonstrated new and unexpected roles of FANC proteins in nucleolar homeostasis and ribosome biogenesis, the alteration of which impacts cellular proteostasis. Here, we review the different cellular, biochemical and molecular anomalies associated with the loss of function of FANC proteins and discuss how these anomalies contribute to BMF by comparing FA to other major inherited BMF syndromes. Our aim is to determine the extent to which alterations in the DNA damage response in FA contribute to BMF compared to the consequences of the loss of function of the FANC/BRCA pathway on the other roles of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gueiderikh
- CNRS - UMR9019, Équipe labellisée "La Ligue contre le Cancer", 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Frédérique Maczkowiak-Chartois
- CNRS - UMR9019, Équipe labellisée "La Ligue contre le Cancer", 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
| | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS - UMR9019, Équipe labellisée "La Ligue contre le Cancer", 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Saclay - Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
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12
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Lin B, Li H, Zhang T, Ye X, Yang H, Shen Y. Comprehensive analysis of macrophage-related multigene signature in the tumor microenvironment of head and neck squamous cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:5718-5747. [PMID: 33592580 PMCID: PMC7950226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are among the most abundant cells of the tumor microenvironment in head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC). Although the marker gene sets of macrophages have been found, the mechanism by which they affect macrophages and whether they further predict the clinical outcome is unclear. In this study, a univariate COX analysis and a random forest algorithm were used to construct a prognostic model. Differential expression of the key gene, methylation status, function, and signaling pathways were further analyzed. We cross-analyzed multiple databases to detect the relationship between the most critical gene and the infiltration of multiple immune cells, as well as its impact on the prognosis of pan-cancer. FANCE is recognized as hub gene by different algorithms. It was overexpressed in HNSC, and high expression was predictive of better prognosis. It might promote apoptosis through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The expression of FANCE is inversely proportional to the infiltration of CD4 + T cells and their subsets, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), M2 macrophages, but positively co-expressed with M1 macrophages. In summary, FANCE was identified as the hub gene from the macrophage marker gene set, and it may improve the prognosis of HNSC patients by inhibiting lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lin
- Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianwen Zhang
- Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuehong Shen
- Stomatological Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialty, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Oral Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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13
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Squirewell EJ, Mareus R, Horne LP, Stacpoole PW, James MO. Exposure of Rats to Multiple Oral Doses of Dichloroacetate Results in Upregulation of Hepatic Glutathione Transferases and NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase [Quinone] 1. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1224-1230. [PMID: 32873592 PMCID: PMC7589945 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an investigational drug that is used in the treatment of various congenital and acquired disorders of energy metabolism. Although DCA is generally well tolerated, some patients experience peripheral neuropathy, a side effect more common in adults than children. Repetitive DCA dosing causes downregulation of its metabolizing enzyme, glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1), which is also critical in the detoxification of maleylacetoacetate and maleylacetone. GSTZ1 (-/-) knockout mice show upregulation of glutathione transferases (GSTs) and antioxidant enzymes as well as an increase in the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH), suggesting GSTZ1 deficiency causes oxidative stress. We hypothesized that DCA-mediated depletion of GSTZ1 causes oxidative stress and used the rat to examine induction of GSTs and antioxidant enzymes after repeated DCA exposure. We determined the expression of alpha, mu, pi, and omega class GSTs, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase complex (GCLC), and glutathione synthetase (GSS). GSH and GSSG levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Enzyme activity was measured in hepatic cytosol using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, and 2,6-dichloroindophenol as substrates. In comparison with acetate-treated controls, DCA dosing increased the relative expression of GSTA1/A2 irrespective of rodent age, whereas only adults displayed higher levels of GSTM1 and GSTO1. NQO1 expression and activity were higher in juveniles after DCA dosing. GSH concentrations were increased by DCA in adults, but the GSH:GSSG ratio was not changed. Levels of GCLC and GSS were higher and lower, respectively, in adults treated with DCA. We conclude that DCA-mediated depletion of GSTZ1 causes oxidative stress and promotes the induction of antioxidant enzymes that may vary between age groups. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Treatment with the investigational drug, dichloroacetate (DCA), results in loss of glutathione transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1) and subsequent increases in body burden of the electrophilic tyrosine metabolites, maleylacetoacetate and maleylacetone. Loss of GSTZ1 in genetically modified mice is associated with induction of glutathione transferases and alteration of the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione. Therefore, we determined whether pharmacological depletion of GSTZ1 through repeat administration of DCA produced similar changes in the liver, which could affect responses to other drugs and toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Squirewell
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (E.J.S., R.M., M.O.J.), Medicine (L.P.H., P.W.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.W.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ricky Mareus
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (E.J.S., R.M., M.O.J.), Medicine (L.P.H., P.W.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.W.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lloyd P Horne
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (E.J.S., R.M., M.O.J.), Medicine (L.P.H., P.W.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.W.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (E.J.S., R.M., M.O.J.), Medicine (L.P.H., P.W.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.W.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Margaret O James
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry (E.J.S., R.M., M.O.J.), Medicine (L.P.H., P.W.S.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P.W.S.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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14
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Shah K, Rawal RM. Genetic and Epigenetic Modulation of Drug Resistance in Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1114-1131. [PMID: 31902353 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200103111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease that has the ability to develop resistance to traditional therapies. The current chemotherapeutic treatment has become increasingly sophisticated, yet it is not 100% effective against disseminated tumours. Anticancer drugs resistance is an intricate process that ascends from modifications in the drug targets suggesting the need for better targeted therapies in the therapeutic arsenal. Advances in the modern techniques such as DNA microarray, proteomics along with the development of newer targeted drug therapies might provide better strategies to overcome drug resistance. This drug resistance in tumours can be attributed to an individual's genetic differences, especially in tumoral somatic cells but acquired drug resistance is due to different mechanisms, such as cell death inhibition (apoptosis suppression) altered expression of drug transporters, alteration in drug metabolism epigenetic and drug targets, enhancing DNA repair and gene amplification. This review also focusses on the epigenetic modifications and microRNAs, which induce drug resistance and contributes to the formation of tumour progenitor cells that are not destroyed by conventional cancer therapies. Lastly, this review highlights different means to prevent the formation of drug resistant tumours and provides future directions for better treatment of these resistant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanisha Shah
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
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15
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Pan J, Attia SA, Subhan MA, Filipczak N, Mendes LP, Li X, Kishan Yalamarty SS, Torchilin VP. Monoclonal Antibody 2C5-Modified Mixed Dendrimer Micelles for Tumor-Targeted Codelivery of Chemotherapeutics and siRNA. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1638-1647. [PMID: 32233497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics to tumors has the potential to reach a high dose at the tumor while minimizing systemic exposure. Incorporation of antibody within a micellar platform represents a drug delivery system for tumor-targeted delivery of antitumor agents. Such modified immunomicelles can result in an increased accumulation of antitumor agents and enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Here, mixed dendrimer micelles (MDM) composed of PEG2k-DOPE-conjugated generation 4 polyamidoamine dendrimer G4-PAMAM-PEG2k-DOPE and PEG5k-DOPE were coloaded with doxorubicin and siMDR-1. This formulation was further modified with monoclonal antibodies 2C5 with nucleosome-restricted specificity that effectively recognized cancer cells via the cell-surface-bound nucleosomes. Micelles with attached 2C5 antibodies significantly enhanced cellular association and tumor killing in both monolayer and spheroid tumor models as well as in vivo in experimental animals compared to the nontargeted formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Pan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sara Aly Attia
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Md Abdus Subhan
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Shah Jalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Nina Filipczak
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Laboratory of Lipids and Liposomes, Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Livia Palmerston Mendes
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Xiang Li
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Satya Siva Kishan Yalamarty
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States.,Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia 119146
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16
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Heidemann S, Bursic B, Zandi S, Li H, Abelson S, Klaassen RJ, Abish S, Rayar M, Breakey VR, Moshiri H, Dhanraj S, de Borja R, Shlien A, Dick JE, Dror Y. Cellular and molecular architecture of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors in genetic models of bone marrow failure. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131018. [PMID: 31990679 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, such as Fanconi anemia (FA) and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS), feature progressive cytopenia and a risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using deep phenotypic analysis of early progenitors in FA/SDS bone marrow samples, we revealed selective survival of progenitors that phenotypically resembled granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMP). Whole-exome and targeted sequencing of GMP-like cells in leukemia-free patients revealed a higher mutation load than in healthy controls and molecular changes that are characteristic of AML: increased G>A/C>T variants, decreased A>G/T>C variants, increased trinucleotide mutations at Xp(C>T)pT, and decreased mutation rates at Xp(C>T)pG sites compared with other Xp(C>T)pX sites and enrichment for Cancer Signature 1 (X indicates any nucleotide). Potential preleukemic targets in the GMP-like cells from patients with FA/SDS included SYNE1, DST, HUWE1, LRP2, NOTCH2, and TP53. Serial analysis of GMPs from an SDS patient who progressed to leukemia revealed a gradual increase in mutational burden, enrichment of G>A/C>T signature, and emergence of new clones. Interestingly, the molecular signature of marrow cells from 2 FA/SDS patients with leukemia was similar to that of FA/SDS patients without transformation. The predicted founding clones in SDS-derived AML harbored mutations in several genes, including TP53, while in FA-derived AML the mutated genes included ARID1B and SFPQ. We describe an architectural change in the hematopoietic hierarchy of FA/SDS with remarkable preservation of GMP-like populations harboring unique mutation signatures. GMP-like cells might represent a cellular reservoir for clonal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Heidemann
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program and.,Marrow Failure and Myelodysplasia (Pre-leukemia) Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sasan Zandi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sagi Abelson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Klaassen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Abish
- Hematology-Oncology, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meera Rayar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplant, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vicky R Breakey
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Santhosh Dhanraj
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program and.,Institute of Medical Science and
| | | | | | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yigal Dror
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program and.,Marrow Failure and Myelodysplasia (Pre-leukemia) Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science and
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17
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Pagano G, Pallardó FV, Porto B, Fittipaldi MR, Lyakhovich A, Trifuoggi M. Mitoprotective Clinical Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes and Fanconi Anemia Patients: Suggestions for Clinical Management of Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010082. [PMID: 31963742 PMCID: PMC7023409 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) occur in a number of disorders, and several clinical studies have attempted to counteract OS and MDF by providing adjuvant treatments against disease progression. The present review is aimed at focusing on two apparently distant diseases, namely type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a rare genetic disease, Fanconi anemia (FA). The pathogenetic links between T2D and FA include the high T2D prevalence among FA patients and the recognized evidence for OS and MDF in both disorders. This latter phenotypic/pathogenetic feature-namely MDF-may be regarded as a mechanistic ground both accounting for the clinical outcomes in both diseases, and as a premise to clinical studies aimed at counteracting MDF. In the case for T2D, the working hypothesis is raised of evaluating any in vivo decrease of mitochondrial cofactors, or mitochondrial nutrients (MNs) such as α-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, and l-carnitine, with possibly combined MN-based treatments. As for FA, the established knowledge of MDF, as yet only obtained from in vitro or molecular studies, prompts the requirement to ascertain in vivo MDF, and to design clinical studies aimed at utilizing MNs toward mitigating or delaying FA's clinical progression. Altogether, this paper may contribute to building hypotheses for clinical studies in a number of OS/MDF-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, I-80126 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-335-790-7261
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, CIBERER, E-46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Porto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, ICBAS, University of Porto, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Maria Rosa Fittipaldi
- Internal Medicine Unit, San Francesco d’Assisi Hospital, I-84020 Oliveto Citra (SA), Italy;
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, E-08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics of the “Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine”, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II Naples University, I-80126 Naples, Italy;
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18
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Fujikawa Y, Terakado K, Nampo T, Mori M, Inoue H. 4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as fluorogenic substrates for live cell imaging of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Talanta 2019; 204:633-640. [PMID: 31357346 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic substrates are used to visualize the activity of cancer-associated enzymes and to interpret biological events. Certain types of glutathione S-transferase (GST), such as Pi class GST (referred to as GSTP1), are more highly expressed in a wide variety of human cancer tissues compared to their corresponding normal tissues. Pi class GST is thus a cancer cell molecular marker and potential target for overcoming resistance to chemotherapy. Here, we report that 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalimide (BrNaph) is a practical fluorogenic GST substrate. We have found that HE-BrNaph, an N-hydroxyethyl derivative, shows remarkable fluorescence enhancement upon GST-catalyzed SNAr replacement of the bromo group with a glutathionyl group. This substitution was highly selective and occurred only in the presence of GSH/GSTs; no non-enzymatic reaction was observed. We demonstrated that HE-BrNaph allows visualization of GST activity in living cells and enables to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Further, various N-substitutions in BrNaph retain susceptibility to enzymatic activity and isozyme selectivity, suggesting the applicability of BrNaph derivatives. Thus, BrNaph and its derivatives are GST substrates useful for fluorescence imaging and the intracellular detection of GSTP1 activity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Fujikawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Kenta Terakado
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Taiki Nampo
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masaya Mori
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hideshi Inoue
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
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19
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Bahar E, Kim JY, Yoon H. Chemotherapy Resistance Explained through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Dependent Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030338. [PMID: 30857233 PMCID: PMC6468910 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers cells have the ability to develop chemotherapy resistance, which is a persistent problem during cancer treatment. Chemotherapy resistance develops through different molecular mechanisms, which lead to modification of the cancer cells signals needed for cellular proliferation or for stimulating an immune response. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle involved in protein quality control, by promoting the correct folding of protein and ER-mediated degradation of unfolded or misfolded protein, namely, ER-associated degradation. Disturbances of the normal ER functions causes an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, resulting in a condition called “ER stress (ERS).” ERS triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR)—also called the ERS response (ERSR)—to restore homeostasis or activate cell death. Although the ERSR is one emerging potential target for chemotherapeutics to treat cancer, it is also critical for chemotherapeutics resistance, as well. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of the relationship between the ERSR and tumor survival or drug resistance remains to be fully understood. In this review, we aim to describe the most vital molecular mechanism of the relationship between the ERSR and chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, the review also discusses the molecular mechanism of ER stress-mediated apoptosis on cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entaz Bahar
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea.
| | - Ji-Ye Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, Goyang 10381, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Hyonok Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Gyeongnam, Korea.
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20
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Alharbi M, Zuñiga F, Elfeky O, Guanzon D, Lai A, Rice GE, Perrin L, Hooper J, Salomon C. The potential role of miRNAs and exosomes in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R663-R685. [PMID: 30400025 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of cancer patients. It poses a fundamental challenge to the effectiveness of chemotherapy and is often linked to relapse in patients. Chemoresistant cells can be identified in different types of cancers; however, ovarian cancer has one of the highest rates of chemoresistance-related relapse (50% of patients within 5 years). Resistance in cells can either develop through prolonged cycles of treatment or through intrinsic pathways. Mechanistically, the problem of drug resistance is complex mainly because numerous factors are involved, such as overexpression of drug efflux pumps, drug inactivation, DNA repair mechanisms and alterations to and/or mutations in the drug target. Additionally, there is strong evidence that circulating miRNAs participate in the development of chemoresistance. Recently, miRNAs have been identified in exosomes, where they are encapsulated and hence protected from degradation. These miRNAs within exosomes (exo-miRNAs) can regulate the gene expression of target cells both locally and systemically. Exo-miRNAs play an important role in disease progression and can potentially facilitate chemoresistance in cancer cells. In addition, and from a diagnostic perspective, exo-miRNAs profiles may contribute to the development of predictive models to identify responder and non-responder chemotherapy. Such model may also be used for monitoring treatment response and disease progression. Exo-miRNAs may ultimately serve as both a predictive biomarker for cancer response to therapy and as a prognostic marker for the development of chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, this review examines the potential role of exo-miRNAs in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alharbi
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Felipe Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Omar Elfeky
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lewis Perrin
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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21
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Kulanuwat S, Jungtrakoon P, Tangjittipokin W, Yenchitsomanus PT, Plengvidhya N. Fanconi anemia complementation group C protection against oxidative stress‑induced β‑cell apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2485-2491. [PMID: 29901137 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and other glucose metabolism abnormalities are commonly observed in individuals with Fanconi anemia (FA). FA causes an impaired response to DNA damage due to genetic defects in a cluster of genes encoded proteins involved in DNA repair. However, the mechanism by which FA is associated with DM has not been clearly elucidated. Fanconi anemia complementation group C (FANCC) is a component of FA nuclear clusters. Evidence suggests that cytoplasmic FANCC has a role in protection against oxidative stress‑induced apoptosis. As oxidative stress‑mediated β‑cell dysfunction is one of the contributors to DM pathogenesis, the present study aimed to investigate the role of FANCC in pancreatic β‑cell response to oxidative stress. Small interfering RNA‑mediated FANCC suppression caused a loss of protection against oxidative stress‑induced apoptosis, and that overexpression of FANCC reduced this effect in the human 1.1B4 β‑cell line. These findings were confirmed by Annexin V‑FITC/PI staining, caspase 3/7 activity assay, and expression levels of anti‑apoptotic and pro‑apoptotic genes. Insulin and glucokinase mRNA expression were also decreased in FANCC‑depleted 1.1B4 cells. The present study demonstrated the role of FANCC in protection against oxidative stress‑induced β‑cell apoptosis and established another mechanism that associates FANCC deficiency with β‑cell dysfunction. The finding that FANCC overexpression reduced β‑cell apoptosis advances the potential for an alternative approach to the treatment of DM caused by FANCC defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirikul Kulanuwat
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Jungtrakoon
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Watip Tangjittipokin
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nattachet Plengvidhya
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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22
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Drug metabolizing enzymes and their inhibitors' role in cancer resistance. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:53-65. [PMID: 29843045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous research on chemotherapeutic agents, different mechanisms of resistance have become a major pitfall in cancer chemotherapy. Although, exhaustive efforts are being made by several researchers to target resistance against chemotherapeutic agents, there is another class of resistance mechanism which is almost carrying on unattended. This class of resistance includes pharmacokinetics resistance such as efflux by ABC transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. ABC transporters are the membrane bound proteins which are responsible for the movement of substrates through the cell membrane. Drug metabolizing enzymes are an integral part of phase-II metabolism that helps in the detoxification of exogenous, endogenous and xenobiotics substrates. These include uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenases (DPDs) and thiopurine methyltransferases (TPMTs). These enzymes may affect the role of drugs in both positive as well negative manner, depending upon the type of tissue and cells present and when present in tumors, can result in drug resistance. However, the underlying mechanism of resistance by drug metabolizing enzymes is still not clear. Here, we have tried to cover various aspects of these enzymes in relation to anticancer drugs.
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23
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Sumpter R, Levine B. Emerging functions of the Fanconi anemia pathway at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:2657-2662. [PMID: 28811338 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.204909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disease, in which homozygous or compound heterozygous inactivating mutations in any of 21 genes lead to genomic instability, early-onset bone marrow failure and increased cancer risk. The FA pathway is essential for DNA damage response (DDR) to DNA interstrand crosslinks. However, proteins of the FA pathway have additional cytoprotective functions that may be independent of DDR. We have shown that many FA proteins participate in the selective autophagy pathway that is required for the destruction of unwanted intracellular constituents. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we briefly review the role of the FA pathway in DDR and recent findings that link proteins of the FA pathway to selective autophagy of viruses and mitochondria. Finally, we discuss how perturbations in FA protein-mediated selective autophagy may contribute to inflammatory as well as genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sumpter
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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24
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia is an inherited disease characterized by genomic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents, bone marrow failure, short stature, skeletal abnormalities, and a high relative risk of myeloid leukemia and epithelial malignancies. The 21 Fanconi anemia genes encode proteins involved in multiple nuclear biochemical pathways that effect DNA interstrand crosslink repair. In the past, bone marrow failure was attributed solely to the failure of stem cells to repair DNA. Recently, non-canonical functions of many of the Fanconi anemia proteins have been described, including modulating responses to oxidative stress, viral infection, and inflammation as well as facilitating mitophagic responses and enhancing signals that promote stem cell function and survival. Some of these functions take place in non-nuclear sites and do not depend on the DNA damage response functions of the proteins. Dysfunctions of the canonical and non-canonical pathways that drive stem cell exhaustion and neoplastic clonal selection are reviewed, and the potential therapeutic importance of fully investigating the scope and interdependences of the canonical and non-canonical pathways is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grover Bagby
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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25
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Measles virus envelope pseudotyped lentiviral vectors transduce quiescent human HSCs at an efficiency without precedent. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2088-2104. [PMID: 29296856 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-based gene therapy trials are now moving toward the use of lentiviral vectors (LVs) with success. However, one challenge in the field remains: efficient transduction of HSCs without compromising their stem cell potential. Here we showed that measles virus glycoprotein-displaying LVs (hemagglutinin and fusion protein LVs [H/F-LVs]) were capable of transducing 100% of early-acting cytokine-stimulated human CD34+ (hCD34+) progenitor cells upon a single application. Strikingly, these H/F-LVs also allowed transduction of up to 70% of nonstimulated quiescent hCD34+ cells, whereas conventional vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G)-LVs reached 5% at the most with H/F-LV entry occurring exclusively through the CD46 complement receptor. Importantly, reconstitution of NOD/SCIDγc-/- (NSG) mice with H/F-LV transduced prestimulated or resting hCD34+ cells confirmed these high transduction levels in all myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Remarkably, for resting CD34+ cells, secondary recipients exhibited increasing transduction levels of up to 100%, emphasizing that H/F-LVs efficiently gene-marked HSCs in the resting state. Because H/F-LVs promoted ex vivo gene modification of minimally manipulated CD34+ progenitors that maintained stemness, we assessed their applicability in Fanconi anemia, a bone marrow (BM) failure with chromosomal fragility. Notably, only H/F-LVs efficiently gene-corrected minimally stimulated hCD34+ cells in unfractionated BM from these patients. These H/F-LVs improved HSC gene delivery in the absence of cytokine stimulation while maintaining their stem cell potential. Thus, H/F-LVs will facilitate future clinical applications requiring HSC gene modification, including BM failure syndromes, for which treatment has been very challenging up to now.
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26
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Mansoori B, Mohammadi A, Davudian S, Shirjang S, Baradaran B. The Different Mechanisms of Cancer Drug Resistance: A Brief Review. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:339-348. [PMID: 29071215 PMCID: PMC5651054 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1025] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drugs resistance is a complex process that arises from altering in the drug targets. Advances in the DNA microarray, proteomics technology and the development of targeted therapies provide the new strategies to overcome the drug resistance. Although a design of the new chemotherapy agents is growing quickly, effective chemotherapy agent has not been discovered against the advanced stage of cancer (such as invasion and metastasis). The cancer cell resistance against the anticancer agents can be due to many factors such as the individual's genetic differences, especially in tumoral somatic cells. Also, the cancer drug resistance is acquired, the drug resistance can be occurred by different mechanisms, including multi-drug resistance, cell death inhibiting (apoptosis suppression), altering in the drug metabolism, epigenetic and drug targets, enhancing DNA repair and gene amplification. In this review, we outlined the mechanisms of cancer drug resistance and in following, the treatment failures by common chemotherapy agents in the different type of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sadaf Davudian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Solmaz Shirjang
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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27
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Wu CY, Hsu WL, Tsai MH, Liang JL, Lu JH, Yen CJ, Yu HS, Noda M, Lu CY, Chen CH, Yan SJ, Yoshioka T. Hydrogen gas protects IP3Rs by reducing disulfide bridges in human keratinocytes under oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3606. [PMID: 28620198 PMCID: PMC5472599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the oxidative stress theory, aging derives from the accumulation of oxidized proteins induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytoplasm. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) elicits ROS that induces skin aging through oxidation of proteins, forming disulfide bridges with cysteine or methionine sulfhydryl groups. Decreased Ca2+ signaling is observed in aged cells, probably secondary to the formation of disulfide bonds among Ca2+ signaling-related proteins. Skin aging processes are modeled by treating keratinocytes with H2O2. In the present study, H2O2 dose-dependently impaired the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-induced Ca2+ response, which was partially protected via co-treatment with β-mercaptoethanol, resulting in reduced disulfide bond formation in inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Molecular hydrogen (H2) was found to be more effectively protected H2O2-induced IP3R1 dysfunction by reducing disulfide bonds, rather than quenching ROS. In conclusion, skin aging processes may involve ROS-induced protein dysfunction due to disulfide bond formation, and H2 can protect oxidation of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ying Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 68, Jhonghua 3rd Rd, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Li Hsu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Lin Liang
- Chi Mei Medical Center, No. 201, Taikang, Taikang Vil., Liuying Dist., Tainan City, 736, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Yen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,National Health Research Institutes, Distinguished Investigator, National Environmental Health Research Center, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Shian-Jang Yan
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan. .,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Tohru Yoshioka
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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28
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Li Y, Amarachintha S, Wilson AF, Li X, Du W. Persistent response of Fanconi anemia haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to oxidative stress. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1201-1209. [PMID: 28475398 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1320627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered as an important pathogenic factor in many human diseases including Fanconi anemia (FA), an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome with extremely high risk of leukemic transformation. Members of the FA protein family are involved in DNA damage and other cellular stress responses. Loss of FA proteins renders cells hypersensitive to oxidative stress and cancer transformation. However, how FA cells respond to oxidative DNA damage remains unclear. By using an in vivo stress-response mouse strain expressing the Gadd45β-luciferase transgene, we show here that haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from mice deficient for the FA gene Fanca or Fancc persistently responded to oxidative stress. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, particularly in oxidative damage-sensitive genes, was responsible for the long-lasting response in FA HSPCs. Furthermore, genetic correction of Fanca deficiency almost completely abolished the persistent oxidative stress-induced G2/M arrest and DNA damage response in vivo. Our study suggests that FA pathway is an integral part of a versatile cellular mechanism by which HSPCs respond to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Li
- a College of Pharmacy, South China Normal University , Guangzhou , China.,b Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- b Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Andrew F Wilson
- b Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Xue Li
- a College of Pharmacy, South China Normal University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wei Du
- b Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA.,d West Virginia University Cancer Institute , Morgantown , WV , USA
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29
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Alabbas F, Weitzman S, Grant R, Bouffet E, Malkin D, Abla O, Dror Y. Underlying undiagnosed inherited marrow failure syndromes among children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:302-305. [PMID: 27577695 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To study the prevalence of pediatric cancer patients who have underlying inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS), we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of newly diagnosed pediatric cancer patients at The Hospital for Sick Children from June 2009 to May 2010, focusing on clinical, laboratory, and treatment-related findings which may indicate underlying IBMFS. We found five (1.8%) patients out of 276 who had two or more findings suggestive of IBMFS. We conclude that a small fraction of patients with cancer have clinical features that indicate investigations to rule out underlying IBMFSs. A prospective study is needed to determine their prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alabbas
- Marrow Failure and Myelodysplasia Program, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Weitzman
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Grant
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetic and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oussama Abla
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yigal Dror
- Marrow Failure and Myelodysplasia Program, Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetic and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Sousa R, Gonçalves C, Guerra IC, Costa E, Fernandes A, do Bom Sucesso M, Azevedo J, Rodriguez A, Rius R, Seabra C, Ferreira F, Ribeiro L, Ferrão A, Castedo S, Cleto E, Coutinho J, Carvalho F, Barbot J, Porto B. Increased red cell distribution width in Fanconi anemia: a novel marker of stress erythropoiesis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:102. [PMID: 27456001 PMCID: PMC4960735 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red cell distribution width (RDW), a classical parameter used in the differential diagnosis of anemia, has recently been recognized as a marker of chronic inflammation and high levels of oxidative stress (OS). Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder associated to redox imbalance and dysfunctional response to OS. Clinically, it is characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, which remains the primary cause of morbidity and mortality. Macrocytosis and increased fetal hemoglobin, two indicators of bone marrow stress erythropoiesis, are generally the first hematological manifestations to appear in FA. However, the significance of RDW and its possible relation to stress erythropoiesis have never been explored in FA. In the present study we analyzed routine complete blood counts from 34 FA patients and evaluated RDW, correlating with the hematological parameters most consistently associated with the FA phenotype. RESULTS We showed, for the first time, that RDW is significantly increased in FA. We also showed that increased RDW is correlated with thrombocytopenia, neutropenia and, most importantly, highly correlated with anemia. Analyzing sequential hemograms from 3 FA patients with different clinical outcomes, during 10 years follow-up, we confirmed a consistent association between increased RDW and decreased hemoglobin, which supports the postulated importance of RDW in the evaluation of hematological disease progression. CONCLUSIONS This study shows, for the first time, that RDW is significantly increased in FA, and this increment is correlated with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and highly correlated with anemia. According to the present results, it is suggested that increased RDW can be a novel marker of stress erythropoiesis in FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sousa
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS, UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Gonçalves
- Clinical Hematology Service, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Emília Costa
- Pediatric Hematology Unity, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Fernandes
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unity, Hospital Center of S. João, Porto (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria do Bom Sucesso
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unity, Hospital Center of S. João, Porto (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Hematology Service, Hospital and University Center of Coimbra (CHUC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ciudad de Mexico (INP), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocio Rius
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, National Institute of Pediatrics, Ciudad de Mexico (INP), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Seabra
- Clinical Pathology Service, Infante D. Pedro Hospital, Aveiro (CHBV), Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Hematology Service, Hospital Center of S. João, Porto (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal
| | - Letícia Ribeiro
- Hematology Service, Hospital and University Center of Coimbra (CHUC), Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Ferrão
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Center of Lisboa Norte (CHLN), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Castedo
- Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis Prof Doctor Sérgio Castedo, Porto (GDPN), Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Cleto
- Pediatric Hematology Unity, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Coutinho
- Clinical Hematology Service, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Barbot
- Pediatric Hematology Unity, Hospital Center of Porto (CHP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Porto
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS, UP), Porto, Portugal
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Renaudin X, Koch Lerner L, Menck CFM, Rosselli F. The ubiquitin family meets the Fanconi anemia proteins. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:36-46. [PMID: 27543315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a hereditary disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental defects, predisposition to cancer and chromosomal abnormalities. FA is caused by biallelic mutations that inactivate genes encoding proteins involved in replication stress-associated DNA damage responses. The 20 FANC proteins identified to date constitute the FANC pathway. A key event in this pathway involves the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the collective action of at least 10 different proteins assembled in the FANC core complex. The FANC core complex-mediated monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is essential to assemble the heterodimer in subnuclear, chromatin-associated, foci and to regulate the process of DNA repair as well as the rescue of stalled replication forks. Several recent works have demonstrated that the activity of the FANC pathway is linked to several other protein post-translational modifications from the ubiquitin-like family, including SUMO and NEDD8. These modifications are related to DNA damage responses but may also affect other cellular functions potentially related to the clinical phenotypes of the syndrome. This review summarizes the interplay between the ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins and the FANC proteins that constitute a major pathway for the surveillance of the genomic integrity and addresses the implications of their interactions in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Renaudin
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Leticia Koch Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
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32
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Bartolini D, Galli F. The functional interactome of GSTP: A regulatory biomolecular network at the interface with the Nrf2 adaption response to oxidative stress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:29-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat affects chromatin organization and gene transcription in normal B cells and in mantle cell lymphoma. Gene 2016; 580:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Hu X, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehmler HJ, Thorne PS. Toxicity Evaluation of Exposure to an Atmospheric Mixture of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Nose-Only and Whole-Body Inhalation Regimens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11875-83. [PMID: 26348937 PMCID: PMC4711378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The health risk of inhalation exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cannot be assessed with high confidence due to the lack of rigorous inhalation studies. One uncertainty rests on exposure regimen, as whole-body exposure systems allow oral PCB intake that confounds the exposure. We conducted contemporaneous PCB inhalation exposures with whole-body and nose-only exposure methods. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were concurrently exposed to vapor-phase PCBs (533 ± 93 μg/m(3)) generated from PCB11-supplemented Chicago Air Mixture resembling the Chicago airshed, 4 h/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Congener-specific analysis showed 1.5-fold higher ∑PCBs in the lungs of nose-only exposed than the whole-body exposed animals (p = 0.0024). Higher ∑PCB concentrations were also found in the sera, livers, brains, and adipose tissue of nose-only exposed animals (1.1-1.5-fold), but these increases were not statistically significant. Congener profiles of five tissue types were dominated by PCB 28/31 and higher-chlorinated congeners in both groups reflecting rapid metabolism of other lower-chlorinated PCBs. No toxicity was seen regarding metabolic enzyme expression, glutathione, or histopathology. However, diminished weight gain and reduced plasma total thyroxine levels were found in both groups compared with controls, after exposure to 76 μg/m(3) ∑PCBs as adjusted for continuous exposure. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was also elevated in the nose-only group. Our study shows that prolonged nose-only exposure was well-tolerated and eliminated the need for housing animals outside the vivarium, thus was preferred for long-term PCB inhalation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter S. Thorne
- Corresponding Author: Peter S. Thorne, PhD, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, College of Public Health, 145 N. Riverside Dr., S341A CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA, Tel: (319) 335-4216,
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35
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Garbati MR, Hays LE, Rathbun RK, Jillette N, Chin K, Al-Dhalimy M, Agarwal A, Newell AEH, Olson SB, Bagby GC. Cytokine overproduction and crosslinker hypersensitivity are unlinked in Fanconi anemia macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:455-65. [PMID: 26432900 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0515-201r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia proteins participate in a canonical pathway that repairs cross-linking agent-induced DNA damage. Cells with inactivated Fanconi anemia genes are universally hypersensitive to such agents. Fanconi anemia-deficient hematopoietic stem cells are also hypersensitive to inflammatory cytokines, and, as importantly, Fanconi anemia macrophages overproduce such cytokines in response to TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists. We questioned whether TLR-induced DNA damage is the primary cause of aberrantly regulated cytokine production in Fanconi anemia macrophages by quantifying TLR agonist-induced TNF-α production, DNA strand breaks, crosslinker-induced chromosomal breakage, and Fanconi anemia core complex function in Fanconi anemia complementation group C-deficient human and murine macrophages. Although both M1 and M2 polarized Fanconi anemia cells were predictably hypersensitive to mitomycin C, only M1 macrophages overproduced TNF-α in response to TLR-activating signals. DNA damaging agents alone did not induce TNF-α production in the absence of TLR agonists in wild-type or Fanconi anemia macrophages, and mitomycin C did not enhance TLR responses in either normal or Fanconi anemia cells. TLR4 and TLR7/8 activation induced cytokine overproduction in Fanconi anemia macrophages. Also, although TLR4 activation was associated with induced double strand breaks, TLR7/8 activation was not. That DNA strand breaks and chromosome breaks are neither necessary nor sufficient to account for the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines by Fanconi anemia cells suggests that noncanonical anti-inflammatory functions of Fanconi anemia complementation group C contribute to the aberrant macrophage phenotype and suggests that suppression of macrophage/TLR hyperreactivity might prevent cytokine-induced stem cell attrition in Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garbati
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Laura E Hays
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - R Keaney Rathbun
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Nathaniel Jillette
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kathy Chin
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Muhsen Al-Dhalimy
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amy E Hanlon Newell
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Susan B Olson
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Grover C Bagby
- *Northwest Veterans Affairs Cancer Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA; and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Alfarouk KO, Stock CM, Taylor S, Walsh M, Muddathir AK, Verduzco D, Bashir AHH, Mohammed OY, Elhassan GO, Harguindey S, Reshkin SJ, Ibrahim ME, Rauch C. Resistance to cancer chemotherapy: failure in drug response from ADME to P-gp. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:71. [PMID: 26180516 PMCID: PMC4502609 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy resistance (MDR) is the innate and/or acquired ability of cancer cells to evade the effects of chemotherapeutics and is one of the most pressing major dilemmas in cancer therapy. Chemotherapy resistance can arise due to several host or tumor-related factors. However, most current research is focused on tumor-specific factors and specifically genes that handle expression of pumps that efflux accumulated drugs inside malignantly transformed types of cells. In this work, we suggest a wider and alternative perspective that sets the stage for a future platform in modifying drug resistance with respect to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O Alfarouk
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Sophie Taylor
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Megan Walsh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Adil H H Bashir
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Gamal O Elhassan
- Uneizah Pharmacy College, Qassim University, AL-Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Pagano G, d'Ischia M, Pallardó FV. Fanconi anemia (FA) and crosslinker sensitivity: Re-appraising the origins of FA definition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1137-43. [PMID: 25732180 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The commonly accepted definition of Fanconi anemia (FA) relying on DNA repair deficiency is submitted to a critical review starting from the early reports pointing to mitomycin C bioactivation and to the toxicity mechanisms of diepoxybutane and a group of nitrogen mustards causing DNA crosslinks in FA cells. A critical analysis of the literature prompts revisiting the FA phenotype and crosslinker sensitivity in terms of an oxidative stress (OS) background, redox-related anomalies of FA (FANC) proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This re-appraisal of FA basic defect might lead to innovative approaches both in elucidating FA phenotypes and in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-Cancer Research Center at Mercogliano (CROM), Mercogliano (AV), Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II,", Naples, Italy
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- University of Valencia-INCLIVA, CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), Valencia, Spain
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Li X, Li L, Li J, Sipple J, Schick J, Mehta PA, Davies SM, Dasgupta B, Waclaw RR, Pang Q. Concomitant inactivation of foxo3a and fancc or fancd2 reveals a two-tier protection from oxidative stress-induced hydrocephalus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1675-92. [PMID: 24483844 PMCID: PMC4186827 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study seeks at investigating the cause of hydrocephalus, and at identifying therapeutic targets for the prevention of hydrocephalus. RESULTS In this study, we show that inactivation of the Foxo3a gene in two mouse models of Fanconi anemia (FA) leads to the development of hydrocephalus in late embryonic stage and after birth. More than 50% of Foxo3a(-/-) Fancc(-/-) or Foxo3a(-/-) Fancd2(-/-) mice die during embryonic development or within 6 months of life as a result of hydrocephalus characterized by cranial distortion, dilation of the ventricular system, reduced thickness of the cerebral cortex, and disorganization of the ependymal cilia and subcommissural organ. Combined deficiency of Foxo3a and Fancc or Fancd2 not only impairs the self-renewal capacity but also markedly increases the apoptosis of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), leading to defective neurogenesis. Increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently de-regulated mitosis and ultimately apoptosis in the neural stem or progenitor cells is identified as one of the potential mechanisms of congenital obstructive hydrocephalus. INNOVATION The work unravels a two-tier protective mechanism for preventing oxidative stress-induced hydrocephalus. CONCLUSION The deletion of Foxo3a in FA mice increased the accumulation of ROS and subsequently de-regulated mitosis and ultimately apoptosis in the NSPCs, leading to hydrocephalus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- 1 Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
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39
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Lok HC, Sahni S, Richardson V, Kalinowski DS, Kovacevic Z, Lane DJR, Richardson DR. Glutathione S-transferase and MRP1 form an integrated system involved in the storage and transport of dinitrosyl-dithiolato iron complexes in cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:14-29. [PMID: 25035074 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen monoxide (NO) is vital for many essential biological processes as a messenger and effector molecule. The physiological importance of NO is the result of its high affinity for iron in the active sites of proteins such as guanylate cyclase. Indeed, NO possesses a rich coordination chemistry with iron and the formation of dinitrosyl-dithiolato iron complexes (DNICs) is well documented. In mammals, NO generated by cytotoxic activated macrophages has been reported to play a role as a cytotoxic effector against tumor cells by binding and releasing intracellular iron. Studies from our laboratory have shown that two proteins traditionally involved in drug resistance, namely multidrug-resistance protein 1 and glutathione S-transferase, play critical roles in intracellular NO transport and storage through their interaction with DNICs (R.N. Watts et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:7670-7675, 2006; H. Lok et al., J. Biol. Chem. 287:607-618, 2012). Notably, DNICs are present at high concentrations in cells and are biologically available. These complexes have a markedly longer half-life than free NO, making them an ideal "common currency" for this messenger molecule. Considering the many critical roles NO plays in health and disease, a better understanding of its intracellular trafficking mechanisms will be vital for the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lok
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - S Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - V Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Z Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D J R Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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40
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Housman G, Byler S, Heerboth S, Lapinska K, Longacre M, Snyder N, Sarkar S. Drug Resistance in Cancer: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 78495111110.3390/cancers6031769' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.3390/cancers6031769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.3390/cancers6031769','', '10.1038/89937')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
78495111110.3390/cancers6031769" />
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41
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Housman G, Byler S, Heerboth S, Lapinska K, Longacre M, Snyder N, Sarkar S. Drug resistance in cancer: an overview. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1769-92. [PMID: 25198391 PMCID: PMC4190567 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1566] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers have the ability to develop resistance to traditional therapies, and the increasing prevalence of these drug resistant cancers necessitates further research and treatment development. This paper outlines the current knowledge of mechanisms that promote or enable drug resistance, such as drug inactivation, drug target alteration, drug efflux, DNA damage repair, cell death inhibition, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as how inherent tumor cell heterogeneity plays a role in drug resistance. It also describes the epigenetic modifications that can induce drug resistance and considers how such epigenetic factors may contribute to the development of cancer progenitor cells, which are not killed by conventional cancer therapies. Lastly, this review concludes with a discussion on the best treatment options for existing drug resistant cancers, ways to prevent the formation of drug resistant cancers and cancer progenitor cells, and future directions of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Housman
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Shannon Byler
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Sarah Heerboth
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Karolina Lapinska
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | - Nicole Snyder
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Sibaji Sarkar
- Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Singh S. Cytoprotective and regulatory functions of glutathione S-transferases in cancer cell proliferation and cell death. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 75:1-15. [PMID: 25143300 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) family of enzymes is best known for their cytoprotective role and their involvement in the development of anticancer drug resistance. Recently, emergence of non-detoxifying properties of GSTs has provided them with significant biological importance. Addressing the complex interactions of GSTs with regulatory kinases will help in understanding its precise role in tumor pathophysiology and in designing GST-centered anticancer strategies. METHODS We reviewed all published literature addressing the detoxification and regulatory roles of GSTs in the altered biology of cancer and evaluating novel agents targeting GSTs for cancer therapy. RESULTS The role of GSTs, especially glutathione S-transferase P1 isoform in tumoral drug resistance, has been the cause of intense debate. GSTs have been demonstrated to interact with different protein partners and modulate signaling pathways that control cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These specific functions of GSTs could lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches and to the identification of some interesting candidates for preclinical and clinical development. This review focuses on the crucial role played by GSTs in the development of resistance to anticancer agents and the major findings regarding the different modes of action of GSTs to regulate cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simendra Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, UP, India,
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43
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Larin M, Gallo D, Tamblyn L, Yang J, Liao H, Sabat N, Brown GW, McPherson JP. Fanconi anemia signaling and Mus81 cooperate to safeguard development and crosslink repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9807-20. [PMID: 25056314 PMCID: PMC4150781 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Fanconi anemia (FA) are susceptible to bone marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, cancer predisposition and exhibit defective DNA crosslink repair. The relationship of this repair defect to disease traits remains unclear, given that crosslink sensitivity is recapitulated in FA mouse models without most of the other disease-related features. Mice deficient in Mus81 are also defective in crosslink repair, yet MUS81 mutations have not been linked to FA. Using mice deficient in both Mus81 and the FA pathway protein FancC, we show both proteins cooperate in parallel pathways, as concomitant loss of FancC and Mus81 triggered cell-type-specific proliferation arrest, apoptosis and DNA damage accumulation in utero. Mice deficient in both FancC and Mus81 that survived to birth exhibited growth defects and an increased incidence of congenital abnormalities. This cooperativity of FancC and Mus81 in developmental outcome was also mirrored in response to crosslink damage and chromosomal integrity. Thus, our findings reveal that both pathways safeguard against DNA damage from exceeding a critical threshold that triggers proliferation arrest and apoptosis, leading to compromised in utero development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Larin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Gallo
- Department of Biochemistry, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Laura Tamblyn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jay Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hudson Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nestor Sabat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Grant W Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - J Peter McPherson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Li J, Pang Q. Oxidative stress-associated protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases in Fanconi anemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2290-301. [PMID: 24206276 PMCID: PMC3995293 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder featuring chromosomal instability, developmental defects, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. Besides the predominant role in DNA damage response and/or repair, many studies have linked FA proteins to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, defined as imbalance in pro-oxidant and antioxidant homeostasis, has been considered to contribute to disease development, including FA. RECENT ADVANCES A variety of signaling pathways may be influenced by oxidative stress, particularly the equilibrium between protein kinases and phosphatases, consequently leading to an aberrant phosphorylation state of cellular proteins. Dysfunction of kinases/phosphatases has been implicated in the pathophysiology of human diseases. In FA, evidence is emerging that links abnormal phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation of signaling molecules to clinical complications and malformations. CRITICAL ISSUES In this study, we review the recent findings on the oxidative stress-related kinases and phosphatases, particularly tyrosine phosphatases in FA. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of oxidative stress-related kinases and phosphatases in FA may provide unique and generic possibilities for the future development of therapeutic strategies by targeting the dysregulated protein kinases and phosphatases in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- 1 Division of Neurosurgery, Center for Theoretic and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
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45
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Pagano G, Shyamsunder P, Verma RS, Lyakhovich A. Damaged mitochondria in Fanconi anemia - an isolated event or a general phenomenon? Oncoscience 2014; 1:287-95. [PMID: 25594021 PMCID: PMC4278298 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is known as an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome associated with cancer predisposition and susceptibility to a number of DNA damaging stimuli, along with a number of clinical features such as upper limb malformations, increased diabetes incidence and typical anomalies in skin pigmentation. The proteins encoded by FA-defective genes (FANC proteins) display well-established roles in DNA damage and repair pathways. Moreover, some independent studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction (MDF) is also involved in FA phenotype. Unconfined to FA, we have shown that other syndromes featuring DNA damage and repair (such as ataxia-telangiectasia, AT, and Werner syndrome, WS) display MDF-related phenotypes, along with oxidative stress (OS) that, altogether, may play major roles in these diseases. Experimental and clinical studies are warranted in the prospect of future therapies to be focused on compounds scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as protecting mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Italian National Cancer Institute, G Pascale Foundation, CROM, Mercogliano, AV, Italy
| | - Pavithra Shyamsunder
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
| | - Rama S Verma
- Stem Cell and Molecular Biology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
| | - Alex Lyakhovich
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore ; Novosibirsk Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Russian Federation ; Queen's University Belfast, UK
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Huang F, Ben Aissa M, Magron A, Huard CC, Godin C, Lévesque G, Carreau M. The Fanconi anemia group C protein interacts with uncoordinated 5A and delays apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92811. [PMID: 24676280 PMCID: PMC3968024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia group C protein (FANCC) is one of the several proteins that comprise the Fanconi anemia (FA) network involved in genomic surveillance. FANCC is mainly cytoplasmic and has many functions, including apoptosis suppression through caspase-mediated proteolytic processing. Here, we examined the role of FANCC proteolytic fragments by identifying their binding partners. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen with caspase-mediated FANCC cleavage products and identified the dependence receptor uncoordinated-5A (UNC5A) protein. Here, we show that FANCC physically interacts with UNC5A, a pro-apoptotic dependence receptor. FANCC interaction occurs through the UNC5A intracellular domain, specifically via its death domain. FANCC modulates cell sensitivity to UNC5A-mediated apoptosis; we observed reduced UNC5A-mediated apoptosis in the presence of FANCC and increased apoptosis in FANCC-depleted cells. Our results show that FANCC interferes with UNC5A's functions in apoptosis and suggest that FANCC may participate in developmental processes through association with the dependence receptor UNC5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengFei Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Manel Ben Aissa
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Magron
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline C. Huard
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Godin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval, Cité Universitaire, Québec, Canada
| | - Georges Lévesque
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Université Laval, Cité Universitaire, Québec, Canada
| | - Madeleine Carreau
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Badave KD, Patil SS, Khan AA, Srinivas D, Butcher RJ, Gonnade RG, Puranik VG, Pinjari RV, Gejji SP, Rane SY. Cu( ii) conjugation along the transformation of a vitamin K 3derivative to a dinaphthoquinone methide radical. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Molecular pathogenesis may be elucidated for inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). The study and presentation of the details of their molecular biology and biochemistry is warranted for appropriate diagnosis and management of afflicted patients and to identify the physiology of the normal hematopoiesis and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Several themes have emerged within each subsection of IBMFS, including the ribosomopathies, which include ribosome assembly and ribosomal RNA processing. The Fanconi anemia pathway has become interdigitated with the familial breast cancer syndromes. In this article, the diseases that account for most IBMFS diagnoses are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Deborah Chirnomas
- Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, LMP 2073, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Shyamsunder P, Ganesh KS, Vidyasekar P, Mohan S, Verma RS. Identification of novel target genes involved in Indian Fanconi anemia patients using microarray. Gene 2013; 531:444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Ueda F, Sumi K, Tago K, Kasahara T, Funakoshi-Tago M. Critical role of FANCC in JAK2 V617F mutant-induced resistance to DNA cross-linking drugs. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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