Protective effect of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside on cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide and long-term survival is not guaranteed in metastatic disease despite current multidisciplinary therapies. A new compound 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), derived from THSG (2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside), has been developed, and its anticancer ability against CRC is verified in this study.

METHODS

HCT116, HT-29, and DLD-1 were treated with TG1 and the IC₅₀ was measured using a sulforhodamine B assay. A Xenograft mouse model was used to monitor tumor growth. Apoptosis and autophagy, induced by TG1 in CRC cells, were examined. RNA-sequencing analysis of CRC cells treated with TG1 was performed to discover underlying pathways and mechanisms.

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that treatment with TG1 inhibited CRC proliferation in vitro and in vivo and induced apoptotic cell death, which was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and Western blotting. Additionally, TG1 treatment increased the level of autophagy in cells. RNA-sequencing and GSEA analyses revealed that TG1 was associated with MYC and the induction of ferroptosis. Furthermore, the ferroptosis inhibitor Bardoxolone abrogated the cytotoxic effect of TG1 in CRC cells, indicating that ferroptosis played a crucial role in TG1-induced cytotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that TG1 might be a potential and potent compound for clinical use in the treatment of CRC by inhibiting proliferation and inducing ferroptosis through the MYC pathway.

The beneficial role of exercise in preventing doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat a variety of cancers. However, the clinical application of doxorubicin is limited due to its adverse effects on several tissues. One of the most serious side effects of doxorubicin is cardiotoxicity, which results in life-threatening heart damage, leading to reduced cancer treatment success and survival rate. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity results from cellular toxicity, including increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and activated proteolytic systems. Exercise training has emerged as a non-pharmacological intervention to prevent cardiotoxicity during and after chemotherapy. Exercise training stimulates numerous physiological adaptations in the heart that promote cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced cardioprotection is important to develop therapeutic approaches for cancer patients and survivors. In this report, we review the cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin and discuss the current understanding of exercise-induced cardioprotection in hearts from doxorubicin-treated animals.

Bio-Pulsed Stimulation Effectively Improves the Production of Avian Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles That Enhance the Bioactivity of Skin Fibroblasts and Hair Follicle Cells

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (exosomes) possess regeneration, cell proliferation, wound healing, and anti-senescence capabilities. The functions of exosomes can be modified by preconditioning MSCs through treatment with bio-pulsed reagents (Polygonum multiflorum Thunb extract). However, the beneficial effects of bio-pulsed small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) on the skin or hair remain unknown. This study investigated the in vitro mechanistic basis through which bio-pulsed sEVs enhance the bioactivity of the skin fibroblasts and hair follicle cells. Avian-derived MSCs (AMSCs) were isolated, characterized, and bio-pulsed to produce AMSC-sEVs, which were isolated, lyophilized, characterized, and analyzed. The effects of bio-pulsed AMSC-sEVs on cell proliferation, wound healing, and gene expression associated with skin and hair bioactivity were examined using human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs). Bio-pulsed treatment significantly enhanced sEVs production by possibly upregulating RAB27A expression in AMSCs. Bio-pulsed AMSC-sEVs contained more exosomal proteins and RNAs than the control. Bio-pulsed AMSC-sEVs significantly augmented cell proliferation, wound healing, and gene expression in HSFs and HFDPCs. The present study investigated the role of bio-pulsed AMSC-sEVs in the bioactivity of the skin fibroblasts and hair follicle cells as mediators to offer potential health benefits for skin and hair.

A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Reynoutria genus

Objectives

The genus Reynoutria belonging to the family Polygonaceae is widely distributed in the north temperate zone and used in folk medicine. It is administered as a sedative, tonic and digestive, also as a treatment for canities and alopecia. Herein, we reported a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology reported from 1985 up to early 2022. All the information and studies concerning Reynoutria plants were summarized from the library and digital databases (e.g. ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Medline PubMed, Google Scholar, and CNKI).

Key findings

A total of 185 articles on the genus Reynoutria have been collected. The phytochemical investigations of Reynoutria species revealed the presence of more than 277 chemical components, including stilbenoids, quinones, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phospholipids, lactones, phenolics and phenolic acids. Moreover, the compounds isolated from the genus Reynoutria possess a wide spectrum of pharmacology such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-virus and heart protection.

Summary

In this paper, the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Reynoutria were reviewed. As a source of traditional folk medicine, the Reynoutria genus have high medicinal value and they are widely used in medicine. Therefore, we hope our review can help genus Reynoutria get better development and utilization.

2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside Attenuates Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Inflammation and Apoptosis in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Infected Brain Endothelial Cells

We recently reported that the periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) initiates an inflammatory cascade that disrupts the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells. An extract from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (THSG) has been well-reported to diminish the inflammation in many disease models. However, the effects of THSG in the area of the brain–oral axis is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of THSG in P. gingivalis-stimulated inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death in brain endothelial cells. THSG treatment remarkably lessened the upregulation of IL-1β and TNF-α proteins in bEnd.3 cells infected with P. gingivalis. Treatment of THSG further ameliorated brain endothelial cell death, including apoptosis caused by P. gingivalis. Moreover, the present study showed that the inhibitory effects on NF-κB p65 and antiapoptotic properties of THSG is through inhibiting the ROS pathway. Importantly, the ROS inhibitory potency of THSG is similar to a ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. Furthermore, the protective effect of THSG from P. gingivalis infection was further confirmed in primary mouse brain endothelial cells. Taken together, this study indicates that THSG attenuates an ROS-dependent inflammatory response and cell apoptosis in P. gingivalis-infected brain endothelial cells. Our results also suggest that THSG could be a potential herbal medicine to prevent the risk of developing cerebrovascular diseases from infection of periodontal bacteria.

A Review of Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (He-shou-wu in Chinese), a Chinese botanical drug with a long history, is widely used to treat a variety of chronic diseases in clinic, and has been given the reputation of “rejuvenating and prolonging life” in many places. 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG, C₂₀H₂₂O₉) is the main and unique active ingredient isolated from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which has extensive pharmacological activities. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that TSG exhibits significant activities in treating various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic steatosis, osteoporosis, depression and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of TSG up to 2021 by searching the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CNKI. According to the data, TSG shows remarkable anti-inflammation, antioxidation, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, hepatoprotection, anti-osteoporosis, enhancement of memory and anti-aging activities through regulating multiple molecular mechanisms, such as NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K-AKT, JNK, ROS-NO, Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3, ERK1/2, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2, eNOS/NO and SIRT1. In addition, the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of TSG are also discussed in this review, which provided direction and basis for the further development and clinical application of TSG.

Apocynum venetum leaf extract alleviated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through the AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad-spectrum anti-tumor drug that has been associated with cardiotoxicity. Plant extracts have been shown to confer protection against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Apocynum venetum L. belongs to the Apocynaceae family. Flavonoid extracted from Apocynum venetum L. possess various biological effects, such as lowering blood pressure levels, sedation, diuresis, anti-aging, and improving immunity.

PURPOSE

This study investigated the mechanism by which dry leaf extract of Apocynum venetum L. (AVLE) alleviates DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

METHODS

HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC methods were used to analyze the components of AVLE. The effects of DOX and AVLE on apoptosis of H9c2 and HMC cells were assessed using the MTT assay. Calcein AM/PI, TUNEL, and flow cytometry were carried out to determine the effects of AVLE on DOX-induced apoptosis. The effect of AVLE on DOX-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes was investigated using ELISA test. Mito-Tracker Red CMXRos, JC-1, and RT-qPCR assays were performed to evaluate the impact of AVLE on DOX-induced cardiomyocyte mitochondrial activity and membrane permeability. Western blot assay was carried out to determine the activation of multiple signaling molecules, including phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-AKT), Cytochrome c, Bcl-2 family, and caspase family in the apoptosis pathway. The AKT inhibitor was used to block AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway to investigate the role of AKT in the protection conferred by AVLE against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

RESULTS

A total of 8 compounds, including rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetin, unidentified compounds, myricetin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide and kaempferol, were detected in AVLE. Of note, DOX suppressed lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, aggravated oxidative stress, and promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis. It also upregulated the mRNA expression levels of voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), adenosine nucleotide transporter 1 (ANT1), and cyclophilin D (CYPD), while suppressing mitochondrial activity and mitochondrial membrane permeability. Treatment with DOX altered the expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax. However, AVLE treatment alleviated DOX-induced effects on cardiomyocytes. In addition, application of AKT inhibitors promoted DOX-induced apoptosis and reversed the inhibitory effects of AVLE on DOX-induced apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

AVLE confer cardio protection by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes via AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathway.

The Protective Effect of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside on High Glucose-Induced Injury in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells through the PI3K/Akt/eNOS Pathway and Regulation of Bcl-2/Bax

Endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the patho-genesis of diabetic vascular complications. 2,3,5,4'-tetra-hydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), an active component extracted from the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, has been shown to have strong antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of TSG on apoptosis induced by high glucose in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the possible mechanisms. Our data demonstrated that TSG significantly reversed the high glucose-induced decrease in cell viability, suppressed high glucose-induced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activity of caspase-3, and decreased the percentage of apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, we found that TSG not only increased the expression of Bcl-2, while decreasing Bax expression, but also activated phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) with subsequent nitric oxide production and ultimately reduced high glucose-induced apoptosis. However, the antiapoptotic effects of TSG were abrogated by pretreatment of the cells with PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) or eNOS inhibitor NG-L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, respectively. These results suggest that TSG inhibits high glucose-induced apoptosis in HUVECs through inhibition of ROS production, activation of the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway, and upregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and thus may demonstrate significant potential for preventing diabetic cardiovascular complications.

Nephroprotective activity of natural products against chemical toxicants: The role of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway

Nephropathy can occur following exposure of the kidneys to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is the result of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation due to intracellular catabolism or exogenous toxicant exposure. Many natural products (NPs) with antioxidant properties have been used to demonstrate that oxidative damage-induced nephrotoxicity can be ameliorated or at least reduced through stimulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a basic leucine zipper (bZip) transcription factor that regulates gene expression of the antioxidant response elements (ARE). Nrf2 is involved in the cellular antioxidant-detoxification machinery. Nrf2 activation is a major mechanism of nephroprotective activity for these NPs, which facilitates its entry into the nucleus, primarily by inhibiting Kelch like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). The purpose of this article was to review the peer-reviewed literature of NPs that have shown mitigating effects on renal disorder by stimulating Nrf2 and thereby suggesting potential new therapeutic or prophylactic strategies against kidney-damaging xenobiotics.

Tranilast prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial hypertrophy and angiotensin II synthesis in rats

An increase in oxidative stress is an important pathological mechanism of heart injury induced by doxorubicin (DOX). Tranilast is an anti-allergy drug that has been shown to possess good antioxidant activity in previous studies. The overexpression and secretion of chymase by mast cells (MCs) increase the pathological overexpression of angiotensin II (Ang II), which plays a crucial role in myocardial hypertrophy and the deterioration of heart disease. The MC stabilizer tranilast (N-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid; tran) prevents mast cells from degranulating, which may reduce DOX-induced Ang II synthesis. Therefore, in the present study, we hypothesized that tranilast will protect rats from DOX-induced myocardial damage via its antioxidant activity, thereby inhibiting Ang II expression. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n = 10 in each group) that received DOX, a combination of DOX and tranilast or saline (the control group) to test this hypothesis. Tranilast suppressed chymase expression, reduced Ang II levels and prevented the myocardial hypertrophy and the deterioration of heart function induced by DOX. Based on the findings of the present study, the suppression of chymase-dependent Ang-II production and the direct effect of tranilast on the inhibition of apoptosis and fibrosis because of its antioxidant stress capacity may contribute to the protective effect of tranilast against DOX-induced myocardial hypertrophy.

2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside (THSG) Activates the Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway and Attenuates Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death in Mouse Cochlear UB/OC-2 Cells

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hearing loss, and 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) exerts antioxidant effects by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. With the aim of developing new therapeutic strategies for oxidative stress, this study investigated the protective mechanism of THSG in vitro using a normal mouse cochlear cell line (UB/OC-2). The THSG and ascorbic acid have similar free radical scavenger capacities. H₂O₂, but not THSG, reduced the UB/OC-2 cell viability. Moreover, H₂O₂ might induce apoptosis and autophagy by inducing morphological changes, as visualized by microscopy. As evidenced by Western blot analysis and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, THSG might decrease H₂O₂-induced autophagy. According to a Western blotting analysis and Annexin V/PI and JC-1 staining, THSG might protect cells from H₂O₂-induced apoptosis and stabilize the mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, THSG enhanced the translocation of nucleus factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) into the nucleus and increased the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes under H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress conditions. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that THSG, as a scavenging agent, can directly attenuate free radicals and upregulate antioxidant/detoxifying enzymes to protect against oxidative damage and show that THSG protects UB/OC-2 cells from H₂O₂-induced autophagy and apoptosis in vitro.

Neonatal murine engineered cardiac tissue toxicology model: Impact of dexrazoxane on doxorubicin induced injury

Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity is a life-threatening side effect of chemotherapy and decreased cardiac function can present years after treatment. Despite the investigation of a broad range of pharmacologic interventions, to date the only drug shown to reduce DOX-related cardiotoxicity in preclinical studies and limited clinical trials is the iron chelating agent, dexrazoxane (DRZ), although the mechanisms responsible for DRZ mediated protection from DOX related cardiotoxicity remain unclear. Engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) can be used for tissue repair strategies and as in vitro surrogate models to test cardiac toxicities and preventative countermeasures. Neonatal murine ECTs display cardiotoxicity in response to the environmental toxin, cadmium, and reduced cadmium toxicity with Zinc co-treatment, in part via the induction of the anti-oxidant Metallothionein (MT). We adapted our in vitro ECT model to determine the feasibility of using the ECT approach to investigate DOX-related cardiac injury and DRZ prevention. We found: (1) DOX induced dose and time dependent cell death in ECTs; (2) Zinc did not show protection from DOX cardiotoxicity; (3) MT overexpression induced by Zinc, low dose Cd pretreatment, or MT-overexpression (MT-TG) did not reduce ECT DOX cardiotoxicity; (4) DRZ reduced ECT DOX induced cell death; and (5) The mechanism of DRZ ECT protection from DOX cardiotoxicity was topoisomerase 2B (TOP2B) inhibition rather than reduced reactive oxygen species. Our data support the feasibility of ECTs as an in vitro platform technology for the investigation of drug induced cardiotoxicities including the role of TOP2B in DOX toxicity and DRZ mediated DOX toxicity prevention.

The synergistic effect of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside combined with Adriamycin on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Objective

Breast cancer has been reported to be a serious disease and a threat to women's health. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) is a bioactive natural compound originating from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Adriamycin (ADM) is a chemotherapy agent used in tumor therapy that is limited by its side effects. However, little is known about the synergistic effect of THSG combined with ADM on breast cancer. This study seeks to investigate the effects of the combination of THSG plus ADM on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and to test the mechanisms involved.

Materials and methods

MTT assay was detected to determine cell viability. Furthermore, cell apoptosis was tested by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. In addition, protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis.

Results

The individual treatment of THSG and ADM induced cell injury. Moreover, cotreatment further increased it, which the effect may be associated with the elevation of the apoptotic-related protein expression such as Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3. Lastly, our results also show the reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt protein expression in the individual or synergistic treatment.

Conclusion

Taken together, cotreatment of THSG and ADM may exert a synergistic reduction of cell injury via the inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Thus, THSG might possess potent anti-breast cancer effect with ADM.

Mitochondria-Targeting Small Molecules Effectively Prevent Cardiotoxicity Induced by Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used for the treatment of numerous cancers. However, the clinical use of Dox is limited by its unwanted cardiotoxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. To mitigate Dox-related cardiotoxicity, considerable successful examples of a variety of small molecules that target mitochondria to modulate Dox-induced cardiotoxicity have appeared in recent years. Here, we review the related literatures and discuss the evidence showing that mitochondria-targeting small molecules are promising cardioprotective agents against Dox-induced cardiac events.

Recent progress in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and protective potential of natural products

BACKGROUND

As an anthracycline antibiotic, doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most potent and widely used chemotherapeutic agents for various types of solid tumors. Unfortunately, clinical application of this drug results in severe side effects of cardiotoxicity.

PURPOSE

We aim to review the research focused on elimination or reduction of DOX cardiotoxicity without affecting its anticancer efficacy by natural products.

METHODS

This study is based on pertinent papers that were retrieved by a selective search using relevant keywords in PubMed and ScienceDirect. The literature mainly focusing on natural products and herb extracts with therapeutic efficacies against experimental models both in vitro and in vivo was identified.

RESULTS

Current evidence revealed that multiple molecules and signaling pathways, such as oxidative stress, iron metabolism, and inflammation, are associated with DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Based on these knowledge, various strategies were proposed, and thousands of compounds were screened. A number of natural products and herb extracts demonstrated potency in limiting DOX cardiotoxicity toward cultured cells and experimental animal models.

CONCLUSIONS

Though a panel of natural products and herb extracts demonstrate protective effects on DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.

The natural compound 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d glucoside protects against adriamycin-induced nephropathy through activating the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) is an active compound extracted from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. This herb and radix Polygoni Multiflori preparata have been used to treat arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes for thousands of years. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of THSG in an Adriamycin (AD)-induced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) mouse model and the underlying mechanisms in an in vitro system. Mice were treated with THSG (2.5 and 10 mg/kg, oral gavage) for 24 consecutive days. On the third day, mice were intravenously given a single dose of AD (10 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, plasma and kidney samples were harvested to evaluate the therapeutic effects of THSG. The potential mechanisms of THSG in protecting against AD-induced cytotoxicity were examined using a real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, lactate dehydrogenase assay, and a cellular oxidized-thiol detection system in a mouse mesangial cell line. In this study, THSG showed concentration-dependent protective effects in ameliorating the progression of AD-induced FSGS. THSG suppressed albuminuria and hypercholesterolemia and reduced the status of lipid peroxidation in urine, plasma, and kidney tissue samples. Furthermore, THSG protected against podocyte damage, reduced renal fibrotic gene expressions, and alleviated the severity of glomerulosclerosis. Treatment of mouse mesangial cells with THSG induced nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation, increased heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO)-1 gene expressions, and reduced cellular thiol oxidation and resistance to AD-induced cytotoxicity. Silencing Nrf2 and its repressor protein, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), abolished these protective effects of THSG. In conclusion, THSG can play a protective role in ameliorating the progression of FSGS in a mouse model through activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 antioxidant pathway. Although a well-designed therapeutic study is needed, THSG may be applied to manage chronic kidney disease.

Sertoli Cells Loaded with Doxorubicin in Lipid Micelles Reduced Tumor Burden and Dox-Induced Toxicity

The toxic side effects of doxorubicin (Dox) limit its long-term use as a lung cancer chemotherapeutic. Additionally, drug delivery to the deep lung is challenging. To address these challenges, isolated rat Sertoli cells (SCs) were preloaded with Dox conjugated to lipid micelle nanoparticles (SC-DLMNs) and delivered to mouse lungs. These immunocompetent cells, when injected intravenously, travel to the lung, deliver the payload, and get cleared by the system quickly without causing any adverse reaction. We observed that SC-DLMNs effectively treated Lewis lung carcinoma 1-induced lung tumors in mice and the drug efficacy was comparable to SC-Dox treatment. Mice treated with SC-DLMNs also showed significantly less toxicity compared to those treated with SC-Dox. The encapsulation of Dox in lipid micelle nanoparticles reduced the toxicity of Dox and the SC-based delivery method ensured drug delivery to the deep lung without evoking any immune response. Taken together, these results provide a novel SC-based nanoparticle drug delivery method for improved therapeutic outcome of cardiotoxic antilung cancer drugs.

Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside isolated from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. demonstrates osteoblast differentiation promoting activity

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that has been widely used to treat age-associated diseases. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG), also known as 2,3,5,4-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, is a major component of this herb. The present study was designed to investigate the osteogenic differentiation promoting activity of TSG in rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and in zebrafish. Preliminary experiments using MTT assay and ALP methods indicate that the high potential activity for promoting osteogenic differentiation was observed when 50% ethanol eluate was used. Further isolation and purification of TSG from the 50% ethanol eluate was performed by bioassay-guided fractionation, and its structure was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analyses. In addition, the relative content of TSG with the highest potential activity in the promotion of osteogenic differentiation was identified as 14.34% by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Subsequently, the osteogenic differentiation promoting abilities of TSG in MSCs were examined. The results demonstrated that TSG promoted the alkaline phosphatase activity at concentrations of 1.56–25 µg/ml, while it increased the content of osteocalcin 7 days after treatment with 6.25–25 µg/ml in MSCs. Furthermore, experiments in zebrafish indicated that different concentrations of TSG (3.12–12.5 µg/ml) protected against further bone loss induced by 10 µmol/l dexamethasone (Dex), simulating an osteoporosis (OP) model. TSG treatment (12.5 µg/ml) in Dex-induced zebrafish significantly increased the area of nodules by 50.14% compared with the untreated model group. In conclusion, TSG, as a major component of P. multiflorum Thunb. exhibited an osteogenic promoting activity in MSCs and in zebrafish. The results provided scientific evidence to support the potential use of TSG for protecting the bone in degenerative diseases, such as OP.

Current pharmacological developments in 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG)

2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), a resveratrol analog with glucoside, is purified from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine polygonum multiflorum. It has been extensively studied in last decade and known to exert strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and free radical scavenging activities, and therefore has been listed as a potential agent for disease therapies. Recent studies extend well-beyond effects of TSG on the injury of neurons, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, and report important functions of TSG in a lot of pathophysiological conditions. For example, TSG has been shown to prevent the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia and macrophages in vitro, and ameliorate pro-inflammatory responses in animal models with neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and rat paw or ear oedema. TSG can prevent the proliferation of vascular smooth cells, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, platelet aggregation, osteoblastic injury, diabetic nephropathy and melanogenesis. TSG is also indicated to facilitate long-term potentiation and learning and memory in both normal and pathological conditions. These effects to some extent enrich the understanding about the role of TSG in disease prevention and therapy. However, to date, we still have no outlined knowledges about the pharmacological effects of TSG, though the role of TSG in aging and Alzheimer's disease has been reviewed in recent years. Here, we summarize the current pharmacological developments of TSG as well as its possible mechanisms in disease prevention and therapy, aiming to push the understanding about the protective role of TSG as well as its preclinical assessment of novel applications.

Cardioprotective mechanisms of phytochemicals against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic, which is effectively used in the treatment of different malignancies, such as leukemias and lymphomas. Its most serious side effect is dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which occurs through inducing oxidative stress apoptosis. Due to the myelosuppressive effect of dexrazoxane, a commonly-used drug to alleviate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, researchers investigated the potential of phytochemicals for prophylaxis and treatment of this condition. Phytochemicals are plant chemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties. Preclinical trials have shown antioxidant properties for several plant extracts, such as those of Aerva lanata, Aronia melanocarpa, Astragalus polysaccharide, and Bombyx mori plants. Other plant extracts showed an ability to inhibit apoptosis, such as those of Astragalus polysaccharide, Azadirachta indica, Bombyx mori, and Allium stavium plants. Unlike synthetic agents, phytochemicals do not impair the clinical activity of DOX and they are particularly safe for long-term use. In this review, we summarized the results of preclinical trials that investigated the cardioprotective effects of phytochemicals against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Future human trials are required to translate these cardioprotective mechanisms into practical clinical implications.

Prevention Mechanism of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside on Lipid Accumulation in Steatosis Hepatic L-02 Cell

AIM

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG), a natural stilbene, shows great activities in hepatic lipid regulation, especially for hepatic triglyceride lowering. However, information about its mechanisms on biosynthesis and degradation of triglyceride is still limited. This research pays close attention to clarify the mechanism of TSG on prevention of hepatic lipid accumulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TSG was given to steatosis hepatocyte L-02 cell induced by fat emulsion incubation. The contents of free fatty acid, triglyceride, rate-controlling enzymes, and transcriptional regulatory factors, which play key role in biosynthesis and decomposition of triglyceride, were determined with or without TSG exposure.

RESULTS

TSG could reduce the free fatty acid material supply for the synthesis of endogenous triglyceride and it did so by reducing the expression of liver type fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid transport protein 4. TS Ginhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and then reduce the contents of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase. Therefore, TSG prevented biosynthesis of triglyceride. Mean while, TSG also promoted the decomposition of triglyceride by the activation of peroxisome proliferators activator receptors alpha.

CONCLUSION

TSG could effective intervene the accumulation of triglyceride in hepatic cell. Thus, TSG could be considered as a promising drug candidate in prevention and treatment of lipid metabolic disorders, especially nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Abbreviations Used: ACACA: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, Apo-B100: Apo lipoprotein B100, FASN: Fatty acid synthase, FATP4: Fatty acid transport protein 4, FBS: Fetal bovine serum; FEN: Fenofibrate, FFA: Free fatty acid, L-FABP: Liver type fatty acid binding protein, LPL: Lipoprotein lipase, MTTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PBS: Phosphate buffer saline, PPAR-α: Peroxisome proliferators activator receptors alpha, RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute, SIM: Simvastatin, SREBF1c: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, TG: Triglyceride, TSG: 2, 3, 5, 4-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-Dglucoside, VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein.

Cardioprotective effects of traditional Chinese medicine Guanmaitong on acute myocardial infarction

Guanmaitong (GMT) is a traditional Chinese herbal compound that has been used for the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) and other cardiovascular diseases. However, the efficacy of GMT in treating cardiovascular diseases remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective mechanisms and identify the targeted proteins and signaling networks associated with the physiological activity of GMT in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five groups: Control group (sham-operated), the model group, and small, medium, and large dosage GMT groups. The rat model of AMI was established via ligation of the coronary artery. The results indicate that GMT was able to reduce myocardial infarction size and improve the activities of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and interleukin-1. Furthermore, the reduced apoptotic index of the GMT-treated cardiocytes (P<0.05 vs. model group) was in accordance with the downregulated expression of Bax and the upregulated expression of Bcl-2. In conclusion, GMT may exert a protective potential against myocardial infarction injury by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation of cardiomyocytes, and may offer a promising adjunct treatment for CHD.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside Promotes Expression of the Longevity Gene Klotho

The longevity gene klotho has numerous physiological functions, such as regulating calcium and phosphorus levels, delaying senescence, improving cognition, reducing oxidative stress, and protecting vascular endothelial cells. This study tested whether 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), a small molecule with antiaging effects, regulates the expression and physiological effects of klotho. Our results showed that THSG dose-dependently increased the luciferase reporter activity of the klotho gene, reversed the decrease in mRNA and protein expression of klotho which was induced by angiotensin II in NRK-52E renal tubular epithelial cells, and increased klotho mRNA expression in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, testis, and kidney medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats. THSG also reduced the number of senescent cells induced by angiotensin II and improved the antioxidant capacity and enhanced the bone strength in vivo. Based on klotho's role in promoting cognition, regulating bone metabolism, and improving renal function, the effect of THSG on klotho expression will be beneficial to the functional improvement or enhancement of the expressed organs or tissues.

PPAR-γ is involved in the protective effect of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside against cardiac fibrosis in pressure-overloaded rats

2, 3, 4', 5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-0-β-D glucoside (TSG) could inhibit cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) has been recognized as a potent, endogenous antifibrotic factor and maintaining a proper expression level in myocardium is necessary for assuring that structure and function of heart adapt to pressure overload stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PPAR-γ is involved in the beneficial effect of TSG on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. TSG (120mg/kg/day) or TSG (120mg/kg/day) plus the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 (1mg/kg/day) was administered to rats with pressure overload induced by abdominal aortic banding. 30 days later, pressure overload-induced hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis were significantly inhibited by TSG. TSG also significantly reduced collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression, as makers of myocardial fibrosis. Theses anti-fibrotic effects of TSG in pressure overloaded hearts could be abrogated by co-treatment with GW9662. Accordingly, upregulated PPAR-γ protein expression by TSG in pressure overloaded hearts was also reversed by co-treatment with GW9662. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of TSG on angiotensin II induced cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, differentiation and expression of collagen I and III, fibronectin and PAI-1 were abrogated by PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 and PPAR-γ silencing. Furthermore, TSG directly increased PPAR-γ gene expression at gene promoter, mRNA and protein level in angiotensin II-treated cardiac fibroblats in vitro. Our results suggested that upregualtion of endogenous PPAR-γ expression by TSG may be involved in its beneficial effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucoside Isolated from Polygoni Multiflori Ameliorates the Development of Periodontitis

Periodontitis, a chronic infection by periodontopathic bacteria, induces uncontrolled inflammation, which leads to periodontal tissue destruction. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-glucoside (THSG), a polyphenol extracted from Polygoni Multiflori, reportedly has anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of THSG on the Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammatory responses in human gingival fibroblasts and animal modeling of ligature-induced periodontitis. Human gingival fibroblast cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from P. gingivalis in the presence of resveratrol or THSG to analyze the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes. Increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and SirT1 expression were induced by THSG. Treatment of THSG decreased the expression of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines, enhanced AMPK activation, and increased the expression of SirT1. In addition, it suppressed the activation of NF-κB when cells were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS. The anti-inflammatory effect of THSG and P. Multiflori crude extracts was reproduced in ligature-induced periodontitis animal modeling. In conclusion, THSG inhibited the inflammatory responses of P. gingivalis-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts and ameliorated ligature-induced periodontitis in animal model.

The Protective Role of Phenolic Compounds Against Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review

Although doxorubicin (DOX) is among the most widely used anticancer agents, its clinical application is hampered owing to its cardiotoxicity. Adjuvant therapy with an antioxidant has been suggested as a promising strategy to reduce DOX-induced adverse effects. In this context, many phenolic compounds have been reported to protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The cardioprotective effects of phenolic compounds are exerted via multiple mechanisms including inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, NF-κB, p53, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. In this review, we present a summary of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical findings on the protective mechanisms of phenolic compounds against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Biological Activities of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside in Antiaging and Antiaging-Related Disease Treatments

2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) is active component of the Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (THSG). Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that THSG exhibits numerous biological functions in treating atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, vascular and cardiac remodeling, vascular fibrosis, cardiac-cerebral ischemia, learning and memory disorders, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, diabetic complications, hair growth problems, and numerous other conditions. This review focuses on the biological effects of THSG in antiaging and antiaging-related disease treatments and discusses its molecular mechanisms.

2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside suppresses human colorectal cancer cell metastasis through inhibiting NF-κB activation

2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), a major component of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (He-Shou-Wu), has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its anti-metastatic effect against colorectal cancer is still unclear. In this study, cell migration, invasion and adhesion abilities as well as metastasis-associated protein and NF-κB pathway signaling factor expression were analyzed after treating HT-29 cells with THSG. According to the results, the migration and invasiveness of HT-29 cells were reduced after treatment with 5 or 10 mM THSG (p<0.05). Additionally, the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and phosphorylated VE-cadherin in HT-29 cells were reduced and the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of EA.hy926 endothelial cell monolayers was increased after incubation in THSG for 24 h (p<0.05). Cell adhesion ability and the E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein levels were reduced when EA.hy926 endothelial cells were treated with THSG (p<0.05). In addition, the cytoplasmic phosphorylation of IκB, the nuclear p65 level and the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB were reduced after treating HT-29 or EA.hy926 cells with 5 or 10 mM THSG (p<0.05). These results suggest that THSG inhibits HT-29 cell metastasis by suppressing cell migration, invasion and adhesion. Furthermore, THSG inhibits metastasis-associated protein expression by suppressing NF-κB pathway activation.

Cardioprotective Potentials of Plant-Derived Small Molecules against Doxorubicin Associated Cardiotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent and widely used anthracycline antibiotic for the treatment of several malignancies. Unfortunately, the clinical utility of DOX is often restricted due to the elicitation of organ toxicity. Particularly, the increased risk for the development of dilated cardiomyopathy by DOX among the cancer survivors warrants major attention from the physicians as well as researchers to develop adjuvant agents to neutralize the noxious effects of DOX on the healthy myocardium. Despite these pitfalls, the use of traditional cytotoxic drugs continues to be the mainstay treatment for several types of cancer. Recently, phytochemicals have gained attention for their anticancer, chemopreventive, and cardioprotective activities. The ideal cardioprotective agents should not compromise the clinical efficacy of DOX and should be devoid of cumulative or irreversible toxicity on the naïve tissues. Furthermore, adjuvants possessing synergistic anticancer activity and quelling of chemoresistance would significantly enhance the clinical utility in combating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The present review renders an overview of cardioprotective effects of plant-derived small molecules and their purported mechanisms against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Phytochemicals serve as the reservoirs of pharmacophore which can be utilized as templates for developing safe and potential novel cardioprotective agents in combating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Naturally Occurring Stilbenoid TSG Reverses Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases via Gut-Liver Axis

The gut-liver axis is largely involved in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated whether 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) could reverse NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether it did so via the gut-liver axis. Results showed that TSG could reduce the accumulation of FFA and it did so by reducing the expression of L-FABP and FATP4. TSG regulated gut microbiota balanced and increased the protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin, which could improve the function of the intestinal mucosal barrier and reduce serum LPS content by about 25%. TSG reduced TL4 levels by 56% and NF-κB expression by 23% relative to the NAFLD model group. This suggests that prevention of NAFLD by TSG in HFD-fed rats is mediated by modulation of the gut microbiota and TLR4/NF-κB pathway, which may alleviate chronic low-grade inflammation by reducing the exogenous antigen load on the host.

Proliferation of rat cardiac stem cells is induced by 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside in vitro

AIM

To study the effects of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) on proliferation of rat cardiac stem cells (CSCs) in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

C-kit(+) cells were isolated from neonatal (1 day old) Sprague-Dawley rats by using flow cytometry. Optimal THSG treatment times and doses for growth of CSCs were analyzed. CSCs were treated with various THSG doses (0, 1, 10, and 100 μM) for 12h.

RESULTS

Sorted c-kit(+) cells exhibited self-renewing and clonogenic capabilities. Cell Counting Kit (CCK-8) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) ELISA test positive cells were significantly increased in THSG-treated groups compared with untreated controls. The percentage of S-phase cells also increased after THSG treatment. Moreover, we show that some c-kit(+) cells spontaneously express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), T-box transcription factor (Tbx5), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 (HCN2), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide gated 4 (HCN4), alpha myosin heavy chain (αMHC), and beta myosin heavy chain (βMHC) mRNA, and stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1), cardiac troponin-I, GATA-4, Nkx2.5, and connexin 43 protein were also assessed in CSCs. However, their expression was significantly increased with THSG treatment when compared to untreated controls.

CONCLUSION

THSG can increase proliferation of rat CSCs in vitro and thus, shows promise as a potential treatment strategy for stimulating endogenous stem cells to help repair the injured heart after myocardial infarction in patients.

Efficacy of antioxidants as a Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin

INTRODUCTION

Although doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiac toxicity and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD)-induced hand-foot syndrome (HFS) were reported to be correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, there is no effective preventive treatment at present. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether antioxidants-resveratrol (RSVL), tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (THSG), curcumin, and the ethanolic extract of Antrodia cinnamomea (EEAC)-have the ability to reduce Dox-induced ROS and have a synergistic anticancer effect with Dox that could prevent those side effects and enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.

METHODS

3T3 normal cells were used as a model to evaluate the effects of these antioxidants in reducing ROS accumulation. Furthermore, the synergistic anticancer effect of antioxidants with Dox on the MCF-7 breast cancer model was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Pretreatment of cells with RSVL, curcumin, and EEAC increased the cell antioxidant ability by improving the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), prevented or limited intracellular damage, and ameliorated the harmful effects of ROS. Additionally, RSVL, curcumin, and EEAC had synergistic effects with Dox against MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

RSVL, curcumin, and EEAC have the potential to be clinically applied to prevent cardiac toxicity and HFS and enhance the anticancer efficiency of Dox.

Activation of mitochondrial function and Hb expression in non-haematopoietic cells by an EPO inducer ameliorates ischaemic diseases in mice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Many organs suffer from ischaemic injuries that reduce their ability to generate sufficient energy, which is required for functional maintenance and repair. Erythropoietin (EPO) ameliorates ischaemic injuries by pleiotropic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of a small molecule EH-201, and found it as a potent EPO inducer and its effect in non-haematopoietic cells for therapeutic potential in ischemic disorders.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Mice kidney slices, primary hepatocytes, primary cardiomyocytes and C2C12 myoblasts were treated with EH-201. The effects of this treatment on EPO, Hb expression and mitochondrial biogenesis were analysed. In vivo, doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathic mice were treated with EH-201. The mice were subjected to an endurance test, electrocardiography and echocardiography, and a histological examination of the isolated hearts was performed. EH-201 was also administered to cisplatin-induced nephropathic mice.

KEY RESULTS

In non-haematopoietic cells, EH-201 was potent at inducing EPO. EH-201 also stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced the expression of Hb by a mechanism dependent on EPO-mediated signalling. In mechanistic studies, using EPO and EPO receptor-neutralizing antibodies, we confirmed that EH-201 enhances EPO-EPOR autocrine activity. EH-201 robustly increased the endurance performance activity of healthy and cardiomyopathic mice during hypoxic stress, enhanced myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis and Hb expression, and also improved cardiac function. EH-201 ameliorated anaemia and renal dysfunction in nephropathic mice.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The enhancement and recovery of cellular functions through the stimulation of mitochondrial activity and Hb production in non-haematopoietic cells by an inducer of endogenous EPO has potential as a therapeutic strategy for ischaemic diseases.

2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) attenuates human platelet aggregation, secretion and spreading in vitro

INTRODUCTION

2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside(THSG) is a water-soluble component of the rhizome extract from the traditional Chinese herb Polygonum multiflorum. Recent studies have demonstrated that THSG has potent anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the anti-platelet aggregation, secretion and spreading of THSG with different methods. The purpose was to explore the anti-platelet effect of THSG and the underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated the anti-platelet activity of THSG on platelet aggregation induced by collagen (2 μg/mL), thrombin(0.04U/mL), U46619 (3 μM) and ADP (2 μM). ATP secretion induced by collagen (2 μg/mL) was also investigated. P-selectin expression and PAC-1 binding were measured by flow cytometry. In addition, human platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen and immunoblotting were also tested.

RESULTS

THSG dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation and ATP secretion induced by collagen. It inhibited platelet P-selectin expression and PAC-1 binding induced by thrombin(0.1U/mL). THSG also inhibited human platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen, a process mediated by platelet outside-in signaling. Western blot analysis showed that THSG could inhibit platelet Fc γ RIIa, Akt(Ser473)and GSK3β(Ser9) phosphorylation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that THSG has potent anti-platelet activity to collagen induced aggregation. THSG is likely to exert protective effects in platelet-associated thromboembolic disorders by modulating human platelet.

TSG (2,3,4' ,5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside) suppresses induction of pro-inflammatory factors by attenuating the binding activity of nuclear factor-κB in microglia

BACKGROUND

Induction of pro-inflammatory factors is one of the characteristics of microglia activation and can be regulated by numerous active components of Chinese traditional herbs. Suppression of pro-inflammatory factors is beneficial to alleviate microglia-mediated cell injury. The present study aims to investigate the effect and possible mechanism of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) on LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia.

METHODS

Western blot, ELISA, and Hoechst 33258 were used to measure the protein expression, TNF-α/IL-6 content, and apoptotic nuclei, respectively. The mRNA level was measured by real time-PCR. Nitric oxide (NO) content, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, and NF-κB binding activity were assayed by commercial kits.

RESULTS

TSG reduced iNOS protein expression as well as TNF-α, IL-6, and NO content in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. TSG attenuated the increase in apoptotic nuclei, caspase-3 cleavage, and LDH content induced by BV-2 cell-derived conditioned medium in primary hippocampal neurons. Mechanistic studies showed that TSG reduced the mRNA level of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-6. TSG failed to suppress IκB-α degradation, NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 phosphorylation. TSG, however, markedly reduced the binding of NF-κB to its DNA element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays confirmed that TSG reduced NF-κB binding to the iNOS promoter. These findings were ascertained in primary microglia where the LPS-induced increase in iNOS expression, NO content, apoptotic nuclei, and NF-κB binding to its DNA element were diminished by TSG.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies demonstrate that TSG attenuates LPS-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory factors in microglia through reducing the binding activity of NF-κB. This might help us to further understand the pharmacological role of TSG in inflammatory response in the central nervous system.

2, 3, 5, 4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside improves gastrointestinal motility disorders in STZ-induced diabetic mice

Oxidative stress has recently been considered as a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of diabetic gastrointestinal dysfunction. We therefore investigated the role of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (THSG) that has a strong anti-oxidant property, in diabetic gastrointestinal dysmotility as well as the underlying protective mechanisms. THSG restored the delayed gastric emptying and the increased intestinal transit in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and impaired nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) relaxations in diabetic mice were relieved by long-term preventive treatment with THSG. Meanwhile, THSG (10(-7)~10(-4) mol/L) enhanced concentration-dependently NANC relaxations of isolated colons in diabetic mice. Diabetic mice displayed a significant increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), which were ameliorated by THSG. Inhibition of caspase-3 and activation of ERK phosphorylation related MAPK pathway were involved in prevention of enhanced apoptosis in diabetes afforded by THSG. Moreover, THSG prevented the significant decrease in PPAR-γ and SIRT1 expression in diabetic ileum. Our study indicates that THSG improves diabetic gastrointestinal disorders through activation of MAPK pathway and upregulation of PPAR-γ and SIRT1.

Comparison of safety and toxicity of liposomal doxorubicin vs. conventional anthracyclines: a meta-analysis

Background

Liposomal formulations of anthracyclines appear to have favorable toxicity profile when compared with conventional anthracyclines in elderly, high risk cardiac patients and patients with prior use of anthracyclines. Randomized controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety profile of liposomal formulations with conventional anthracyclines. Our aim is to evaluate the adverse effects and quantify the relative safety profile of the liposomal and conventional anthracyclines through meta-analysis of the published randomized trials.

Methods

We conducted a broad search strategy of major electronic databases. We performed a meta- analysis of adverse effects on randomized controlled trials comparing liposomal formulation and conventional anthracyclines on different tumors. The primary outcome was the adverse effects including congestive heart failure (CHF), hematological toxicity, palmar-plantar erythrodysthesias (PPE), alopecia, nausea and vomiting. The odds ratios of the adverse effects were calculated separately and the overall odds ratio of the pooled data was calculated.

Results

We identified nine randomized controlled trials comparing liposomal formulations and conventional anthracyclines. The study included 2220 patients, of which1112 patients were treated with liposomal formulations and 1108 were treated with conventional anthracyclines. We found that the liposomal formulations have low incidence of CHF(OR 0.34, 95% CI, 0.24–0.47), alopecia (OR 0.0.25, 95% CI, 0.0.10-0.62), neutropenia (OR 0.62, 95% CI, 0.45- 0.85),(OR 0.89, 95% CI, 0.71-1.125), and thrombocytopenia (OR 0.87, 95% CI, 0.61-1.25). The incidence of PPE was similar in both arms (OR 1.08, 95% CI, 0.11- 10.30).

Conclusions

Liposomal doxorubicin and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin demonstrated favorable toxicity profiles with better cardiac safety and less myelosuppression, alopecia, nausea and vomiting compared with the conventional anthracyclines. The better therapeutic index of liposomal anthracyclines without compromising the efficacy makes it a favorable choice over conventional anthracyclines in elderly patients, patients with risk factors for cardiac disease and patients with prior use of anthracyclines.

Baicalein protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by attenuation of mitochondrial oxidant injury and JNK activation

The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin limits its clinical use in the treatment of a variety of malignancies. Previous studies suggest that doxorubicin-associated cardiotoxicity is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis. We therefore investigated if baicalein, a natural antioxidant component of Scutellaria baicalensis, could attenuate ROS generation and cell death induced by doxorubicin. Using an established chick cardiomyocyte model, doxorubicin (10 µM) increased cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. ROS generation was increased in a dose-response fashion and associated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Doxorubicin also augmented DNA fragmentation and increased the phosphorylation of ROS-sensitive pro-apoptotic kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Adjunct treatment of baicalein (25 µM) and doxorubicin for 24 h significantly reduced both ROS generation (587 ± 89 a.u. vs. 932 a.u. ± 121 a.u., P < 0.01) and cell death (30.6 ± 5.1% vs. 46.8 ± 8.3%, P < 0.01). The dissipated mitochondrial potential and increased DNA fragmentation were also ameliorated. Along with the reduction of ROS and apoptosis, baicalein attenuated phosphorylation of JNK induced by doxorubicin (1.7 ± 0.3 vs. 3.0 ± 0.4-fold, P < 0.05). Co-treatment of cardiomyocytes with doxorubicin and JNK inhibitor SP600125 (10 µM; 24 h) reduced JNK phosphorylation and enhanced cell survival, suggesting that the baicalein protection against doxorubicin cardiotoxicity was mediated by JNK activation. Importantly, concurrent baicalein treatment did not interfere with the anti-proliferative effects of doxorubicin in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, baicalein adjunct treatment confers anti-apoptotic protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity without compromising its anti-cancer efficacy.

The protective effect of 17β-estradiol against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis on mesenchymal stem cell

This study was designed to investigate the function of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2) against oxidative stress on the cell death of mice bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). BMSCs were treated with 17β-E2 for 24h and then treated with 100μM H₂O₂ for 1h. Cell viability, apoptosis, caspase-9 mRNA, JNKs (Jun N-terminal kinases) and c-Jun protein expression in BMSCs were evaluated. Cell apoptosis of BMSCs were increased in a dose-dependent manner after treated with H₂O₂ compared to control group. But pretreatment with 17β-E2 can inhibit apoptosis of BMSCs, preserve the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, decrease caspase-9 mRNA, JNK1/2 and c-Jun protein expression. In conclusion, 17β-E₂ exerts antiapoptotic effects in BMSCs which related to the mitochondria death pathway and JNKs pathway. The study revealed that 17β-E₂ can reduce the donor stem cells damage.

Beneficial effects of THSG on acetic acid-induced experimental colitis: involvement of upregulation of PPAR-γ and inhibition of the Nf-Κb inflammatory pathway

The polyphenolic compound 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside (THSG) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects. Here, we examined the effects of THSG on experimental mice with colitis induced by acetic acid and whether the underlying mechanisms were associated with the PPAR-γ and NF-κB pathways. Mice were randomized into six equal groups: normal, colitis model, THSG (10, 30, 60 mg·kg⁻¹) and mesalazine. The mice were administered 10, 30, 60 mg·kg⁻¹ THSG or 100 mg·kg⁻¹ mesalazine or saline once daily by intragastric administration for 7 days after induction of colitis by acetic acid irrigation. THSG dramatically attenuated acetic acid-induced colon lesions, including reversing the body weight loss and improving histopathological changes. THSG apparently decreased the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) which is a marker of lipid peroxidation. THSG appears to exert its beneficial effects on acetic acid-induced experimental colitis through upregulation of PPAR-γ mRNA and protein levels and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, which in turn decreases the protein overexpression of the downstream inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6 and COX-2. The effect of THSG 60 mg·kg⁻¹ on PPAR-γ mRNA expression was higher than that of mesalazine. THSG may thus be a promising new candidate or lead compound for the treatment of IBD.

Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, has been widely used as a neurotoxin for inducing a cell model of Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), an active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum, on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The results from the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that incubating cells with 500 μM MPP+ for 24 h decreased cell viability and increased LDH leakage, whereas preincubating cells with 3.125 to 50 μM TSG for 24 h protected the cells against MPP+-induced cell damage. Using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) and rhodamine 123, respectively, we found that TSG inhibited both the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by MPP+. In addition, TSG suppressed both the upregulation of the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-3 induced by MPP+, and TSG inhibited apoptosis as detected by flow cytometric analysis using Annexin-V and propidium (PI) label. These results suggest that TSG may protect neurons against MPP+-induced cell death through improving mitochondrial function, decreasing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis, and this may provide a potentially new strategy for preventing and treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

ZAK is required for doxorubicin, a novel ribotoxic stressor, to induce SAPK activation and apoptosis in HaCaT cells

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline drug that is one of the most effective and widely used anticancer agents for the treatment of both hematologic and solid tumors. The stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) are frequently activated by a number of cancer chemotherapeutics. When phosphorylated, the SAPKs initiate a cascade that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Some inhibitors of protein synthesis, known as ribotoxic stressors, coordinately activate SAPKs and lead to apoptotic cell death. We demonstrate that doxorubicin effectively inhibits protein synthesis, activates SAPKs, and causes apoptosis. Ribotoxic stressors share a common mechanism in that they require ZAK, an upstream MAP3K, to activate the pro-apoptotic and proinflammatory signaling pathways that lie downstream of SAPKs. By employing siRNA mediated knockdown of ZAK or administration of sorafenib and nilotinib, kinase inhibitors that have a high affinity for ZAK, we provide evidence that ZAK is required for doxorubicin-induced proinflammatory and apoptotic responses in HaCaT cells, a pseudo-normal keratinocyte cell line, but not in HeLa cells, a cancerous cell line. ZAK has two different isoforms, ZAK-α (91 kDa) and ZAK-β (51 kDa). HaCaT or HeLa cells treated with doxorubicin and immunoblotted for ZAK displayed a progressive decrease in the ZAK-α band and the appearance of ZAK-β bands of larger size. Abrogation of these changes after exposure of cells to sorafenib and nilotinib suggests that these alterations occur following stimulation of ZAK. We suggest that ZAK inhibitors such as sorafenib or nilotinib may be effective when combined with doxorubicin to treat cancer patients.

The protective effects of Polygonum multiflorum stilbeneglycoside preconditioning in an ischemia/reperfusion model of HUVECs

AIM

To investigate the protective effects of preconditioning human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with Polygonum multiflorum stilbeneglycoside (PMS) under anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R), and the mechanism of protection.

METHODS

Prior to A/R, HUVECs were incubated with PMS (0.6 x 10(-11), 1.2 x 10(-11), or 2.4 x 10(-11) mol/L) for 3 h. Cell injury was subsequently evaluated by measuring cell viability with an MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, whereas lipid peroxidation was assayed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Antioxidant capacity was quantified by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity. Nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by nitrite accumulation. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Guanylate cyclase activity and cyclic GMP (cGMP) activity were assessed by an enzyme immunoassay kit.

RESULTS

PMS incubation attenuated A/R-induced injury in a concentration-dependent manner, as evidenced by a decrease in LDH activity and an increase in cell viability. PMS exerted its protective effect by inhibiting the A/R-mediated elevation of MDA content, as well as by promoting the recovery of SOD and GSH-Px activities. Additionally, PMS incubation enhanced NO and cGMP formation by increasing iNOS expression and guanylate cyclase activity. The protective effects of PMS were markedly attenuated by NOS inhibitor L-NAME, soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ or PKG inhibitor KT5823.

CONCLUSION

PMS preincubation resulted in the enhancement of antioxidant activity and anti-lipid peroxidation. The NO/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway was involved in the effect of PMS on HUVECs.