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Binding site identification of G protein-coupled receptors through a 3D Zernike polynomials-based method: application to C. elegans olfactory receptors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2022; 36:11-24. [PMID: 34977999 PMCID: PMC8831295 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Studying the binding processes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) proteins is of particular interest both to better understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the signaling between the extracellular and intracellular environment and for drug design purposes. In this study, we propose a new computational approach for the identification of the binding site for a specific ligand on a GPCR. The method is based on the Zernike polynomials and performs the ligand-GPCR association through a shape complementarity analysis of the local molecular surfaces. The method is parameter-free and it can distinguish, working on hundreds of experimentally GPCR-ligand complexes, binding pockets from randomly sampled regions on the receptor surface, obtaining an Area Under ROC curve of 0.77. Given its importance both as a model organism and in terms of applications, we thus investigated the olfactory receptors of the C. elegans, building a list of associations between 21 GPCRs belonging to its olfactory neurons and a set of possible ligands. Thus, we can not only carry out rapid and efficient screenings of drugs proposed for GPCRs, key targets in many pathologies, but also we laid the groundwork for computational mutagenesis processes, aimed at increasing or decreasing the binding affinity between ligands and receptors.
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2
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Krishna Deepak RNV, Verma RK, Hartono YD, Yew WS, Fan H. Recent Advances in Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Class A Lipid GPCRs: Opportunities and Challenges for Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:12. [PMID: 35056070 PMCID: PMC8779880 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made over the past decade in understanding the structural, functional, and pharmacological diversity of lipid GPCRs. From the first determination of the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin in 2000, much progress has been made in the field of GPCR structural biology. The extraordinary progress in structural biology and pharmacology of GPCRs, coupled with rapid advances in computational approaches to study receptor dynamics and receptor-ligand interactions, has broadened our comprehension of the structural and functional facets of the receptor family members and has helped usher in a modern age of structure-based drug design and development. First, we provide a primer on lipid mediators and lipid GPCRs and their role in physiology and diseases as well as their value as drug targets. Second, we summarize the current advancements in the understanding of structural features of lipid GPCRs, such as the structural variation of their extracellular domains, diversity of their orthosteric and allosteric ligand binding sites, and molecular mechanisms of ligand binding. Third, we close by collating the emerging paradigms and opportunities in targeting lipid GPCRs, including a brief discussion on current strategies, challenges, and the future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. N. V. Krishna Deepak
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
| | - Yossa Dwi Hartono
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (R.K.V.); (Y.D.H.)
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
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3
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GPR87 Promotes Metastasis through the AKT-eNOS-NO Axis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010019. [PMID: 35008182 PMCID: PMC8750422 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite the availability of advanced anticancer drugs for lung cancer treatment, the prognosis of patients still remains poor. There is a need to explore novel oncogenic mechanisms to overcome these therapeutic limitations. The functional experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to evaluate the role of GPR87 expression on lung adenocarcinoma metastasis. The public lung adenocarcinoma dataset was used to determine the clinical relevance of GPR87 expression in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. GPR87 is upregulated in various cancer; however, the biological function of GPR87 has not yet been established in lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we found that GPR87 expression is upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and is associated with poor patient prognosis. Additionally, we showed that GPR87 overexpression promotes invasiveness and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AKT-eNOS-NO signaling is a novel downstream pathway of GPR87 in lung adenocarcinoma. Conversely, we confirmed that silencing of GPR87 expression suppressed these phenotypes. Our results reveal the oncogenic function of GPR87 in cancer progression and metastasis through the activation of eNOS as a key mediator. Therefore, we propose that targeting eNOS could be a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the clinical treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.
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4
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Elgeti M, Hubbell WL. DEER Analysis of GPCR Conformational Heterogeneity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:778. [PMID: 34067265 PMCID: PMC8224605 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a large class of transmembrane helical proteins which are involved in numerous physiological signaling pathways and therefore represent crucial pharmacological targets. GPCR function and the action of therapeutic molecules are defined by only a few parameters, including receptor basal activity, ligand affinity, intrinsic efficacy and signal bias. These parameters are encoded in characteristic receptor conformations existing in equilibrium and their populations, which are thus of paramount interest for the understanding of receptor (mal-)functions and rational design of improved therapeutics. To this end, the combination of site-directed spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy, in particular double electron-electron resonance (DEER), is exceedingly valuable as it has access to sub-Angstrom spatial resolution and provides a detailed picture of the number and populations of conformations in equilibrium. This review gives an overview of existing DEER studies on GPCRs with a focus on the delineation of structure/function frameworks, highlighting recent developments in data analysis and visualization. We introduce "conformational efficacy" as a parameter to describe ligand-specific shifts in the conformational equilibrium, taking into account the loose coupling between receptor segments observed for different GPCRs using DEER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Elgeti
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wayne L. Hubbell
- Jules Stein Eye Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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5
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Zhu S, Wu M, Huang Z, An J. Trends in application of advancing computational approaches in GPCR ligand discovery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1011-1024. [PMID: 33641446 PMCID: PMC8113737 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221993422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the most important superfamily of protein targets in current ligand discovery and drug development. GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that play key roles in various cellular signaling processes. Therefore, GPCR signaling pathways are closely associated with numerous diseases, including cancer and several neurological, immunological, and hematological disorders. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) can expedite the process of GPCR drug discovery and potentially reduce the actual cost of research and development. Increasing knowledge of biological structures, as well as improvements on computer power and algorithms, have led to unprecedented use of CADD for the discovery of novel GPCR modulators. Similarly, machine learning approaches are now widely applied in various fields of drug target research. This review briefly summarizes the application of rising CADD methodologies, as well as novel machine learning techniques, in GPCR structural studies and bioligand discovery in the past few years. Recent novel computational strategies and feasible workflows are updated, and representative cases addressing challenging issues on olfactory receptors, biased agonism, and drug-induced cardiotoxic effects are highlighted to provide insights into future GPCR drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Meixian Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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6
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The discovery of a new antibody for BRIL-fused GPCR structure determination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11669. [PMID: 32669569 PMCID: PMC7363855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)—the largest family of cell-surface membrane proteins—mediate the intracellular signal transduction of many external ligands. Thus, GPCRs have become important drug targets. X-ray crystal structures of GPCRs are very useful for structure-based drug design (SBDD). Herein, we produced a new antibody (SRP2070) targeting the thermostabilised apocytochrome b562 from Escherichia coli M7W/H102I/R106L (BRIL). We found that a fragment of this antibody (SRP2070Fab) facilitated the crystallisation of the BRIL-tagged, ligand bound GPCRs, 5HT1B and AT2R. Furthermore, the electron densities of the ligands were resolved, suggesting that SPR2070Fab is versatile and adaptable for GPCR SBDD. We anticipate that this new tool will significantly accelerate structure determination of other GPCRs and the design of small molecular drugs targeting them.
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7
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Jiang J, Yu C, Guo X, Zhang H, Tian S, Cai K, He Z, Sun C. G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR87 Promotes the Expansion of PDA Stem Cells through Activating JAK2/STAT3. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:384-393. [PMID: 32405536 PMCID: PMC7210383 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are the main reason for drug resistance and tumor relapse, and screening the targets for cancer stem cells is essential for tumor therapy. Here, we studied the role and regulatory mechanism of a G protein-coupled receptor named as G protein-coupled receptor 87 (GPR87) in the expansion of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) stem cells. We found that GPR87 was an independent prognostic factor for PDA patients: patients with high GPR87 had a poor outcome. GPR87 significantly promoted the sphere formation ability, increased side population (SP) cell number, increased the expression of PDA stem cell markers, and increased the tumor initiation ability, suggesting that GPR87 promotes the expansion of PDA stem cells. Mechanism analysis suggested that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) directly bound to the promoter of GPR87 to increase GPR87 expression; inversely, GPR87 also activated STAT3. Further analysis suggested that GPR87 activated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), which can activate STAT3, inhibiting JAK2 activation in GPR87-overexpressing PDA cells, which significantly inhibited the expansion of PDA stem cells; these findings suggested that GPR87, JAK2, and STAT3 formed a positive feedback loop increasing PDA stem cell population. In PDA specimens, GPR87 expression is positively correlated with the phosphorylation level of STAT3 and JAK2, confirming GPR87 promoted PDA stem cell expansion through activating JAK2/STAT3. In summary, we found that GPR87, together with JAK2 and STAT3, formed a positive feedback loop to promote the expansion of PDA stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Ziyang Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28 Guiyi Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingjun Guo
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, Hubei 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28 Guiyi Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - She Tian
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28 Guiyi Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cai
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28 Guiyi Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28 Guiyi Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Sun
- Department of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28 Guiyi Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
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8
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Ghamari N, Zarei O, Reiner D, Dastmalchi S, Stark H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Histamine H 3 receptor ligands by hybrid virtual screening, docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and investigation of their biological effects. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 93:832-843. [PMID: 30586225 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptors (H3 R), belonging to G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) class A superfamily, are responsible for modulating the release of histamine as well as of other neurotransmitters by a negative feedback mechanism mainly in the central nervous system (CNS). These receptors have gained increased attention as therapeutic target for several CNS related neurological diseases. In the current study, we aimed to identify novel H3 R ligands using in silico virtual screening methods. To this end, a combination of ligand- and structure-based approaches was utilized for screening of ZINC database on the homology model of human H3 R. Structural similarity- and pharmacophore-based approaches were employed to generate compound libraries. Various molecular modeling methodologies such as molecular docking and dynamics simulation along with different drug likeness filtering criteria were applied to select anti-H3 R ligands as promising candidate molecules based on different known parent lead compounds. In vitro binding assays of the selected molecules demonstrated three of them being active within the micromolar and submicromolar Ki range. The current integrated computational and experimental methods used in this work can provide new general insights for systematic hit identification for novel anti-H3 R agents from large compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Ghamari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Neurosciences Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - David Reiner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Yin W, Zhou XE, Yang D, de Waal PW, Wang M, Dai A, Cai X, Huang CY, Liu P, Wang X, Yin Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Wang J, Liu H, Caffrey M, Melcher K, Xu Y, Wang MW, Xu HE, Jiang Y. Crystal structure of the human 5-HT 1B serotonin receptor bound to an inverse agonist. Cell Discov 2018; 4:12. [PMID: 29560272 PMCID: PMC5847559 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-018-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, also known as serotonin) regulates many physiological processes through the 5-HT receptor family. Here we report the crystal structure of 5-HT1B subtype receptor (5-HT1BR) bound to the psychotropic serotonin receptor inverse agonist methiothepin (MT). Crystallization was facilitated by replacing ICL3 with a novel optimized variant of BRIL (OB1) that enhances the formation of intermolecular polar interactions, making OB1 a potential useful tool for structural studies of membrane proteins. Unlike the agonist ergotamine (ERG), MT occupies only the conserved orthosteric binding pocket, explaining the wide spectrum effect of MT on serotonin receptors. Compared with ERG, MT shifts toward TM6 and sterically pushes residues W3276.48, F3306.50 and F3316.51 from inside the orthosteric binding pocket, leading to an outward movement of the extracellular end and a corresponding inward shift of the intracellular end of TM6, a feature shared by other reported inactive G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures. Together with the previous agonist-bound serotonin receptor structures, the inverse agonist-bound 5-HT1BR structure identifies a basis for the ligand-mediated switch of 5-HT1BR activity and provides a structural understanding of the inactivation mechanism of 5-HT1BR and some other class A GPCRs, characterized by ligand-induced outward movement of the extracellular end of TM6 that is coupled with inward movement of the cytoplasmic end of this helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchao Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049 China
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - X. Edward Zhou
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Parker W. de Waal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Meitian Wang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232 Switzerland
| | - Antao Dai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Chia-Ying Huang
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232 Switzerland
| | - Ping Liu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yanting Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Bo Liu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, CAS, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Martin Caffrey
- Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group, Schools of Medicine and Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Yechun Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203 China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai 201203 China
| | - H. Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 USA
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10
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Wang D. The essential role of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in regulating T cell immunity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:187-192. [PMID: 29433403 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1434792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this paper is to clarify the critical role of GPCR signaling in T cell immunity. METHODS The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets in current pharmaceutical industry, and represent the largest and most versatile family of cell surface communicating molecules. GPCRs can be activated by a diverse array of ligands including neurotransmitters, chemokines as well as sensory stimuli. Therefore, GPCRs are involved in many key cellular and physiological processes, such as sense of light, taste and smell, neurotransmission, metabolism, endocrine and exocrine secretion. In recent years, GPCRs have been found to play an important role in immune system. T cell is an important type of immune cell, which plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. A variety of GPCRs and their signaling mediators (RGS proteins, GRKs and β-arrestin) have been found to express in T cells and involved T cell-mediated immunity. We will summarize the role of GPCR signaling and their regulatory molecules in T cell activation, homeostasis and function in this article. RESULTS GPCR signaling plays an important role in T cell activation, homeostasis and function. CONCLUSION GPCR signaling is critical in regulating T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashan Wang
- a Molecular Biology Research Center, Key Medical Health Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Shandong Medical College , Linyi , Shandong , China
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11
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Newly characterized crystal structures: further insights into the architecture of GPCRs. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 61:593-596. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Vidigal J, Fernandes B, Dias MM, Patrone M, Roldão A, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Teixeira AP. RMCE-based insect cell platform to produce membrane proteins captured on HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:655-666. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Template selection and refinement considerations for modelling aminergic GPCR-ligand complexes. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:488-503. [PMID: 28818718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important targets for development of drugs for the treatment of many diseases. However, crystal structures are available for only a small fraction of these membrane bound proteins. Accurate homology models will provide opportunities for effective drug design targeting GPCRs. Recently, several serotonin receptor crystal structures were solved and needed to be evaluated as potential templates. In the first part of this work different measures of similarity in template selection were explored and methods for homology modelling, docking and refinement of aminergic GPCR-ligand complexes were developed and evaluated by comparing models of the D3-R/eticlopride complex with the crystal structure. Homology models of the three α1 adrenergic receptor subtypes and of a serotonin receptor subtype were then constructed using these methods These models were evaluated by docking a range of antagonists into them.
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14
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Lu M, Wu B. Structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:894-903. [PMID: 27766738 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest membrane protein family. These receptors sense a variety of signaling molecules, activate multiple intracellular signal pathways, and act as the targets of over 40% of marketed drugs. Recent progress on GPCR structural studies provides invaluable insights into the structure-function relationship of the GPCR superfamily, deepening our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of GPCR signal transduction. Here, we review recent breakthroughs on GPCR structure determination and the structural features of GPCRs, and take the structures of chemokine receptor CCR5 and purinergic receptors P2Y1 R and P2Y12 R as examples to discuss the importance of GPCR structures on functional studies and drug discovery. In addition, we discuss the prospect of GPCR structure-based drug discovery. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):894-903, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Lu
- CAS Key laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Kleinau G, Müller A, Biebermann H. Oligomerization of GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R59-80. [PMID: 27151573 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 800 different human membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve as signal transducers at biological barriers. These receptors are activated by a wide variety of ligands such as peptides, ions and hormones, and are able to activate a diverse set of intracellular signaling pathways. GPCRs are of central importance in endocrine regulation, which underpins the significance of comprehensively studying these receptors and interrelated systems. During the last decade, the capacity for multimerization of GPCRs was found to be a common and functionally relevant property. The interaction between GPCR monomers results in higher order complexes such as homomers (identical receptor subtype) or heteromers (different receptor subtypes), which may be present in a specific and dynamic monomer/oligomer equilibrium. It is widely accepted that the oligomerization of GPCRs is a mechanism for determining the fine-tuning and expansion of cellular processes by modification of ligand action, expression levels, and related signaling outcome. Accordingly, oligomerization provides exciting opportunities to optimize pharmacological treatment with respect to receptor target and tissue selectivity or for the development of diagnostic tools. On the other hand, GPCR heteromerization may be a potential reason for the undesired side effects of pharmacological interventions, faced with numerous and common mutual signaling modifications in heteromeric constellations. Finally, detailed deciphering of the physiological occurrence and relevance of specific GPCR/GPCR-ligand interactions poses a future challenge. This review will tackle the aspects of GPCR oligomerization with specific emphasis on family A GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation, whereby only a subset of these receptors will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Milligan G, Shimpukade B, Ulven T, Hudson BD. Complex Pharmacology of Free Fatty Acid Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:67-110. [PMID: 27299848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are historically the most successful family of drug targets. In recent times it has become clear that the pharmacology of these receptors is far more complex than previously imagined. Understanding of the pharmacological regulation of GPCRs now extends beyond simple competitive agonism or antagonism by ligands interacting with the orthosteric binding site of the receptor to incorporate concepts of allosteric agonism, allosteric modulation, signaling bias, constitutive activity, and inverse agonism. Herein, we consider how evolving concepts of GPCR pharmacology have shaped understanding of the complex pharmacology of receptors that recognize and are activated by nonesterified or "free" fatty acids (FFAs). The FFA family of receptors is a recently deorphanized set of GPCRs, the members of which are now receiving substantial interest as novel targets for the treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Further understanding of the complex pharmacology of these receptors will be critical to unlocking their ultimate therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Bharat Shimpukade
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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17
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Naranjo AN, McNeely PM, Katsaras J, Robinson AS. Impact of purification conditions and history on A2A adenosine receptor activity: The role of CHAPS and lipids. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 124:62-7. [PMID: 27241126 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a much-studied class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). For biophysical studies, A2AR is commonly purified in a detergent mixture of dodecylmaltoside (DDM), 3-(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammoniopropane sulfonate (CHAPS), and cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS). Here we studied the effects of CHAPS on the ligand binding activity and stability of wild type, full-length human A2AR. We also tested the cholesterol requirement for maintaining the active conformation of the receptor when solubilized in detergent micelles. To this end, the receptor was purified using DDM, DDM/CHAPS, or the short hydrocarbon chain lipid 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC, di-6:0PC). After solubilization in DDM, DDM/CHAPS, or DHPC micelles, although A2AR was found to retain its native-like fold, its binding ability was significantly compromised compared to DDM or DDM/CHAPS with CHS. It therefore appears that although cholesterol is not needed for A2AR to retain a native-like, α-helical conformation, it may be a critical component for high affinity ligand binding. Further, this result suggests that the conformational differences between the active and inactive protein may be so subtle that commonly used spectroscopic methods are unable to differentiate between the two forms, highlighting the need for activity measurements. The studies presented in this paper also underline the importance of the protein's purification history; i.e., detergents that interact with the protein during purification affect the ligand binding properties of the receptor in an irreversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Naranjo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, United States
| | - Patrick M McNeely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, United States
| | - John Katsaras
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6100, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1200, United States; Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6453, United States
| | - Anne Skaja Robinson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 300 Lindy Boggs Laboratory, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, United States.
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18
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Lv X, Liu J, Shi Q, Tan Q, Wu D, Skinner JJ, Walker AL, Zhao L, Gu X, Chen N, Xue L, Si P, Zhang L, Wang Z, Katritch V, Liu ZJ, Stevens RC. In vitro expression and analysis of the 826 human G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Cell 2016; 7:325-37. [PMID: 27085723 PMCID: PMC4853319 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in all human physiological systems where they are responsible for transducing extracellular signals into cells. GPCRs signal in response to a diverse array of stimuli including light, hormones, and lipids, where these signals affect downstream cascades to impact both health and disease states. Yet, despite their importance as therapeutic targets, detailed molecular structures of only 30 GPCRs have been determined to date. A key challenge to their structure determination is adequate protein expression. Here we report the quantification of protein expression in an insect cell expression system for all 826 human GPCRs using two different fusion constructs. Expression characteristics are analyzed in aggregate and among each of the five distinct subfamilies. These data can be used to identify trends related to GPCR expression between different fusion constructs and between different GPCR families, and to prioritize lead candidates for future structure determination feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Lv
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiaoyun Shi
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiwen Tan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Dong Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - John J Skinner
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Angela L Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lixia Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiangxiang Gu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Na Chen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lu Xue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Pei Si
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zeshi Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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19
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Parravicini C, Daniele S, Palazzolo L, Trincavelli ML, Martini C, Zaratin P, Primi R, Coppolino G, Gianazza E, Abbracchio MP, Eberini I. A promiscuous recognition mechanism between GPR17 and SDF-1: Molecular insights. Cell Signal 2016; 28:631-42. [PMID: 26971834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent data and publications suggest a promiscuous behaviour for GPR17, a class-A GPCR operated by different classes of ligands, such as uracil nucleotides, cysteinyl-leukotrienes and oxysterols. This observation, together with the ability of several class-A GPCRs to form homo- and hetero-dimers, is likely to unveil new pathophysiological roles and novel emerging pharmacological properties for some of these GPCRs, including GPR17. This receptor shares structural, phylogenetic and functional properties with some chemokine receptors, CXCRs. Both GPR17 and CXCR2 are operated by oxysterols, and both GPR17 and CXCR ligands have been demonstrated to have a role in orchestrating inflammatory responses and oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation to myelinating cells in acute and chronic diseases of the central nervous system. Here, by combining in silico modelling data with in vitro validation in (i) a classical reference pharmacological assay for GPCR activity and (ii) a model of maturation of primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells, we demonstrate that GPR17 can be activated by SDF-1, a ligand of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7, and investigate the underlying molecular recognition mechanism. We also demonstrate that cangrelor, a GPR17 orthosteric antagonist, can block the SDF-1-mediated activation of GPR17 in a concentration-dependent manner. The ability of GPR17 to respond to different classes of GPCR ligands suggests that this receptor modifies its function depending on the extracellular mileu changes occurring under specific pathophysiological conditions and advocates it as a strategic target for neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory/immune component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Parravicini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Simona Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Zaratin
- Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, Via Operai 40, 16149 Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberto Primi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giusy Coppolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Gian Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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20
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Rossant CJ, Carroll D, Huang L, Elvin J, Neal F, Walker E, Benschop JJ, Kim EE, Barry ST, Vaughan TJ. Phage display and hybridoma generation of antibodies to human CXCR2 yields antibodies with distinct mechanisms and epitopes. MAbs 2015; 6:1425-38. [PMID: 25484064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.34376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of functional antibodies against integral membrane proteins such as the G-protein coupled receptor CXCR2 is technically challenging for several reasons, including limited epitope accessibility, the requirement for a lipid environment to maintain structure and their existence in dynamic conformational states. Antibodies to human CXCR2 were generated by immunization in vivo and by in vitro selection methods. Whole cell immunization of transgenic mice and screening of phage display libraries using CXCR2 magnetic proteoliposomes resulted in the isolation of antibodies with distinct modes of action. The hybridoma-derived antibody fully inhibited IL-8 and Gro-α responses in calcium flux and β-arrestin recruitment assays. The phage-display derived antibodies were allosteric antagonists that showed ligand dependent differences in functional assays. The hybridoma and phage display antibodies did not cross-compete in epitope competition assays and mapping using linear and CLIPS peptides confirmed that they recognized distinct epitopes of human CXCR2. This illustrates the benefits of using parallel antibody isolation approaches with different antigen presentation methods to successfully generate functionally and mechanistically diverse antagonistic antibodies to human CXCR2. The method is likely to be broadly applicable to other complex membrane proteins.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CDR, complementarity determining region
- CXCR2
- CXCR2, C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 2
- ECL, extracellular loops
- ENA-78, epithelial derived -neutrophil activating protein
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FMAT, Fluorescence Microvolume Assay Technology
- GCP-2, granulocyte activating protein
- GPCR
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- Gro-α, growth related oncogene- α
- Gro-β, growth related oncogene- β
- Gro-γ, growth related oncogene- γ
- IL-8, Interleukin-8
- Ig, Immunoglobulin
- NAP-2, neutrophil activating protein-2, CLIPS, Chemical Linkage of Peptides onto Scaffolds
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- epitope mapping
- human antibody
- immunization
- phage display
- proteoliposomes
- scFv, single chain Fv fragments
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21
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Duc NM, Du Y, Zhang C, Lee SY, Thorsen TS, Kobilka BK, Chung KY. Effective application of bicelles for conformational analysis of G protein-coupled receptors by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:808-817. [PMID: 25740347 PMCID: PMC4727453 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important roles in physiology and pathology, and 40% of drugs currently on the market target GPCRs for the treatment of various diseases. Because of their therapeutic importance, the structural mechanism of GPCR signaling is of great interest in the field of drug discovery. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a useful tool for analyzing ligand binding sites, the protein-protein interaction interface, and conformational changes of proteins. However, its application to GPCRs has been limited for various reasons, including the hydrophobic nature of GPCRs and the use of detergents in their preparation. In the present study, we tested the application of bicelles as a means of solubilizing GPCRs for HDX-MS studies. GPCRs (e.g., β2-adrenergic receptor [β2AR], μ-opioid receptor, and protease-activated receptor 1) solubilized in bicelles produced better sequence coverage (greater than 90%) than GPCRs solubilized in n-dodecyl-β-D-maltopyranoside (DDM), suggesting that bicelles are a more effective method of solubilization for HDX-MS studies. The HDX-MS profile of β2AR in bicelles showed that transmembrane domains (TMs) undergo lower deuterium uptake than intracellular or extracellular regions, which is consistent with the fact that the TMs are highly ordered and embedded in bicelles. The overall HDX-MS profiles of β2AR solubilized in bicelles and in DDM were similar except for intracellular loop 3. Interestingly, we detected EX1 kinetics, an important phenomenon in protein dynamics, at the C-terminus of TM6 in β2AR. In conclusion, we suggest the application of bicelles as a useful method for solubilizing GPCRs for conformational analysis by HDX-MS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Detergents/chemistry
- Deuterium Exchange Measurement
- Feasibility Studies
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lipid Bilayers/chemistry
- Lipid Bilayers/metabolism
- Maltose/analogs & derivatives
- Maltose/chemistry
- Micelles
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptor, PAR-1/chemistry
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/chemistry
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Solubility
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Duc
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Su Youn Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Thor S. Thorsen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Medical School, 297 Campus Drive, Beckman Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, South Korea
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22
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Li S, Lee SY, Chung KY. Conformational analysis of g protein-coupled receptor signaling by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 2015; 557:261-78. [PMID: 25950969 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Conformational change and protein-protein interactions are two major mechanisms of membrane protein signal transduction, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Upon agonist binding, GPCRs change conformation, resulting in interaction with downstream signaling molecules such as G proteins. To understand the precise signaling mechanism, studies have investigated the structural mechanism of GPCR signaling using X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or electron paramagnetic resonance. In addition to these techniques, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has recently been used in GPCR studies. HDX-MS measures the rate at which peptide amide hydrogens exchange with deuterium in the solvent. Exposed or flexible regions have higher exchange rates and excluded or ordered regions have lower exchange rates. Therefore, HDX-MS is a useful tool for studying protein-protein interfaces and conformational changes after protein activation or protein-protein interactions. Although HDX-MS does not give high-resolution structures, it analyzes protein conformations that are difficult to study with X-ray crystallography or NMR. Furthermore, conformational information from HDX-MS can help in the crystallization of X-ray crystallography by suggesting highly flexible regions. Interactions between GPCRs and downstream signaling molecules are not easily analyzed by X-ray crystallography or NMR because of the large size of the GPCR-signaling molecule complexes, hydrophobicity, and flexibility of GPCRs. HDX-MS could be useful for analyzing the conformational mechanism of GPCR signaling. In this chapter, we discuss details of HDX-MS for analyzing GPCRs using the β2AR-G protein complex as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Su Youn Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Ge B, Wang M, Li J, Liu J, Huang F. Maltose binding protein facilitates functional production of engineered human chemokine receptor 3 in Escherichia coli. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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The importance of ligands for G protein-coupled receptor stability. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:79-87. [PMID: 25601764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activity has been characterized by ligand properties including affinity (Ki), potency (IC50/EC50), efficacy (Emax), and kinetics (Kon/Koff). These properties are related to ligand residence time, a general index of drug-target interaction in vivo. Recent GPCR structure-function breakthroughs have all required ligand stabilization of the receptor in some manner, highlighting the natural instability of these important cell surface receptors. This research has initiated a new era of discovery that highlights the importance of ligand-receptor interactions beyond the traditional mindset. We propose that receptor stability is related to receptor folding and residence in the cell membrane, affording a new dimension that should be considered when studying receptor function.
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25
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Nikaido Y, Koyama Y, Yoshikawa Y, Furuya T, Takeda S. Mutation analysis and molecular modeling for the investigation of ligand-binding modes of GPR84. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 157:311-20. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Agonist-bound structure of the human P2Y12 receptor. Nature 2014; 509:119-22. [PMID: 24784220 PMCID: PMC4128917 DOI: 10.1038/nature13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R), one of eight members of the P2YR family expressed in humans, has been identified as one of the most prominent clinical drug targets for inhibition of platelet aggregation. Consequently, extensive mutagenesis and modeling studies of the P2Y12R have revealed many aspects of agonist/antagonist binding1-4. However, the details of agonist and antagonist recognition and function at the P2Y12R remain poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we report the structures of the human P2Y12R in complex with a full agonist 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-diphosphate (2MeSADP, a close analogue of endogenous agonist ADP) at 2.5 Å resolution, and the corresponding ATP derivative 2-methylthio-adenosine-5′-triphosphate (2MeSATP) at 3.1 Å resolution. Analysis of these structures, together with the structure of the P2Y12R with antagonist ethyl 6-(4-((benzylsulfonyl)carbamoyl)piperidin-1-yl)-5-cyano-2-methylnicotinate (AZD1283)5, reveals dramatic conformational changes between nucleotide and non-nucleotide ligand complexes in the extracellular regions, providing the first insight into a different ligand binding landscape in the δ-group of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Agonist and non-nucleotide antagonist adopt different orientations in the P2Y12R, with only partially overlapped binding pockets. The agonist-bound P2Y12R structure answers long-standing ambiguities surrounding P2Y12R-agonist recognition, and reveals interactions with several residues that had not been reported to be involved in agonist binding. As a first example of a GPCR where agonist access to the binding pocket requires large scale rearrangements in the highly malleable extracellular region, the structural studies therefore will provide invaluable insight into the pharmacology and mechanisms of action of agonists and different classes of antagonists for the P2Y12R and potentially for other closely related P2YRs.
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27
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Pandey A, Sarker M, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. Small expression tags enhance bacterial expression of the first three transmembrane segments of the apelin receptor. Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 92:269-78. [PMID: 24943103 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2014-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are inherently dynamic membrane protein modulators of various important cellular signaling cascades. The apelin receptor (AR or APJ) is a class A GPCR involved in numerous physiological processes, implicated in angiogenesis during tumour formation and as a CD4 co-receptor for entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to cells. Due to the lack of efficient methods to produce full-length GPCRs enriched with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) active (15)N, (13)C, and (or) (2)H isotopes, small GPCR fragments typically comprising 1-2 transmembrane segments are frequently studied using NMR spectroscopy. Here, we report successful overexpression of transmembrane segments 1-3 of AR (AR_TM1-3) in the C41(DE3) strain of Escherichia coli using an AT-rich gene tag previously reported to enhance cell-free expression yields. The resulting protein, with 6 additional N-terminal residues due to the expression tag, was purified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Far UV circular dichroism spectropolarimetry demonstrates that AR_TM1-3 has the predicted ~40% α-helical character in membrane-mimetic environments. (1)H-(15)N HSQC NMR experiments imply amenability to high-resolution NMR structural characterization and stability in solution for weeks. Notably, this small expression tag approach may also be generally applicable to other membrane proteins that are difficult to express in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Pandey
- a Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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28
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Xia J, Jin H, Liu Z, Zhang L, Wang XS. An unbiased method to build benchmarking sets for ligand-based virtual screening and its application to GPCRs. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1433-50. [PMID: 24749745 PMCID: PMC4038372 DOI: 10.1021/ci500062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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Benchmarking data
sets have become common in recent years for the
purpose of virtual screening, though the main focus had been placed
on the structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) approaches. Due to
the lack of crystal structures, there is great need for unbiased benchmarking
sets to evaluate various ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) methods
for important drug targets such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
To date these ready-to-apply data sets for LBVS are fairly limited,
and the direct usage of benchmarking sets designed for SBVS could
bring the biases to the evaluation of LBVS. Herein, we propose an
unbiased method to build benchmarking sets for LBVS and validate it
on a multitude of GPCRs targets. To be more specific, our methods
can (1) ensure chemical diversity of ligands, (2) maintain the physicochemical
similarity between ligands and decoys, (3) make the decoys dissimilar
in chemical topology to all ligands to avoid false negatives, and
(4) maximize spatial random distribution of ligands and decoys. We
evaluated the quality of our Unbiased Ligand Set (ULS) and Unbiased
Decoy Set (UDS) using three common LBVS approaches, with Leave-One-Out
(LOO) Cross-Validation (CV) and a metric of average AUC of the ROC
curves. Our method has greatly reduced the “artificial enrichment”
and “analogue bias” of a published GPCRs benchmarking
set, i.e., GPCR Ligand Library (GLL)/GPCR Decoy Database (GDD). In
addition, we addressed an important issue about the ratio of decoys
per ligand and found that for a range of 30 to 100 it does not affect
the quality of the benchmarking set, so we kept the original ratio
of 39 from the GLL/GDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, China
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29
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Kleinau G, Biebermann H. Constitutive activities in the thyrotropin receptor: regulation and significance. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 70:81-119. [PMID: 24931193 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417197-8.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR, or thyrotropin receptor) is a family A G protein-coupled receptor. It not only binds thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin) but also interacts with autoantibodies under pathological conditions. The TSHR and TSH are essential for thyroid growth and function and thus for all thyroid hormone-associated physiological superordinated processes, including metabolism and development of the central nervous system. In vitro studies have found that the TSHR permanently stimulates ligand-independent (constitutive) activation of Gs, which ultimately leads to intracellular cAMP accumulation. Furthermore, a vast variety of constitutively activating mutations of TSHR-at more than 50 different amino acid positions-have been reported to enhance basal signaling. These lead in vivo to a "gain-of-function" phenotype of nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism or toxic adenomas. Moreover, many naturally occurring inactivating mutations are known to cause a "loss-of-function" phenotype, resulting in resistance to thyroid hormone or hyperthyrotropinemia. Several of these mutations are also characterized by impaired basal signaling, and these are designated here as "constitutively inactivating mutations" (CIMs). More than 30 amino acid positions with CIMs have been identified so far. Moreover, the permanent TSHR signaling capacity can also be blocked by inverse agonistic antibodies or small drug-like molecules, which both have a potential for clinical usage. In this chapter, information on constitutive activity in the TSHR is described, including up- and downregulation, linked protein conformations, physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and related intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Kleinau G, Neumann S, Grüters A, Krude H, Biebermann H. Novel insights on thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor signal transduction. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:691-724. [PMID: 23645907 PMCID: PMC3785642 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) is a member of the glycoprotein hormone receptors, a subfamily of family A G protein-coupled receptors. The TSHR is of great importance for the growth and function of the thyroid gland. The TSHR and its endogenous ligand TSH are pivotal proteins with respect to a variety of physiological functions and malfunctions. The molecular events of TSHR regulation can be summarized as a process of signal transduction, including signal reception, conversion, and amplification. The steps during signal transduction from the extra- to the intracellular sites of the cell are not yet comprehensively understood. However, essential new insights have been achieved in recent years on the interrelated mechanisms at the extracellular region, the transmembrane domain, and intracellular components. This review contains a critical summary of available knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction at the TSHR, for example, the key amino acids involved in hormone binding or in the structural conformational changes that lead to G protein activation or signaling regulation. Aspects of TSHR oligomerization, signaling promiscuity, signaling selectivity, phenotypes of genetic variations, and potential extrathyroidal receptor activity are also considered, because these are relevant to an understanding of the overall function of the TSHR, including physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological perspectives. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Ostring 3, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Kogan M, Nordén B, Beke-Somfai T. High anisotropy of flow-aligned bicellar membrane systems. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 175-176:105-15. [PMID: 23999012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, multi-lipid bicellar systems have emerged as promising membrane models. The fast orientational diffusion and magnetic alignability made these systems very attractive for NMR investigations. However, their alignment was so far achieved with a strong magnetic field, which limited their use with other methods that require macroscopic orientation. Recently, it was shown that bicelles could be aligned also by shear flow in a Couette flow cell, making it applicable to structural and biophysical studies by polarized light spectroscopy. Considering the sensitivity of this lipid system to small variations in composition and physicochemical parameters, efficient use of such a flow-cell method with coupled techniques will critically depend on the detailed understanding of how the lipid systems behave under flow conditions. In the present study we have characterized the flow alignment behavior of the commonly used dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine/dicaproyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC/DHPC) bicelle system, for various temperatures, lipid compositions, and lipid concentrations. We conclude that at optimal flow conditions the selected bicellar systems can produce the most efficient flow alignment out of any lipid systems used so far. The highest degree of orientation of DMPC/DHPC samples is noticed in a narrow temperature interval, at a practical temperature around 25 °C, most likely in the phase transition region characterized by maximum sample viscosity. The change of macroscopic orientation factor as function of the above conditions is now described in detail. The increase in macroscopic alignment observed for bicelles will most likely allow recording of higher resolution spectra on membrane systems, which provide deeper structural insight and analysis into properties of biomolecules interacting with solution phase lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Kogan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Physical Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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32
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Busnelli M, Bulgheroni E, Manning M, Kleinau G, Chini B. Selective and potent agonists and antagonists for investigating the role of mouse oxytocin receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:318-27. [PMID: 23723434 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.202994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) have been shown to play a central role in social behaviors; as a consequence, they have been recognized as potential drugs to treat neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders characterized by impaired social interactions. However, despite the basic and preclinical relevance of mouse strains carrying genetic alterations in the OT/AVP systems to basic and preclinical translational neuroscience, the pharmacological profile of mouse OT/AVP receptor subtypes has not been fully characterized. To fill in this gap, we have characterized a number of OT and AVP agonists and antagonists at three murine OT/AVP receptors expressed in the nervous system as follows: the oxytocin (mOTR) and vasopressin V1a (mV1aR) and V1b (mV1bR) subtypes. These three receptors were transiently expressed in vitro for binding and intracellular signaling assays, and then a homology model of the mOTR structure was constructed to investigate how its molecular features compare with human and rat OTR orthologs. Our data indicate that the selectivity profile of the natural ligands, OT and AVP, is conserved in humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, we found that the synthetic peptide [Thr(4)Gly(7)]OT (TGOT) is remarkably selective for the mOTR and, like the endogenous OT ligand, activates Gq and Gi and recruits β-arrestins. Finally, we report three antagonists that exhibit remarkably high affinities and selectivities at mOTRs. These highly selective pharmacological tools will contribute to the investigation of the specific physiologic and pathologic roles of mOTR for the development of selective OT-based therapeutics.
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33
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Müller A, Kleinau G, Piechowski CL, Müller TD, Finan B, Pratzka J, Grüters A, Krude H, Tschöp M, Biebermann H. G-protein coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) signaling determined by constitutive and zinc(II)-induced activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53347. [PMID: 23335960 PMCID: PMC3546042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor for which the natural ligand(s) and signaling pathway(s) remain to be identified. Previous studies suggest a role of GPR83 in the regulation of thermogenesis and the control of circulating adiponectin. The aim of this study was to gain insights into the molecular underpinnings underlying GPR83 signaling. In particular, we aimed to assess the underlying G-protein activated signaling pathway of GPR83 and how this pathway is affected by mutational activation and zinc(II) challenge. Finally, we assessed the capacity of GPR83 for homodimerization. Our results show for the first time that mouse (m) GPR83 has high basal Gq/11 activity without affecting Gi or Gs signaling. Furthermore, we found that, under physiological conditions, zinc(II) (but not calcium(II) and magnesium(II)) potently activates mGPR83, thus identifying zinc(II) as an endogenous molecule with agonistic capability to activate mGPR83. In line with the observation that zinc(II)-ions activate mGPR83, we identified a cluster of ion-binding sensitive amino acids (e.g. His145, His204, Cys207, Glu217) in an activation sensitive receptor region of mGPR83. The occurrence of a constitutive activating mutant and a zinc(II)-binding residue at the N-terminal part corroborate the importance of this region in mGPR83 signal regulation. Finally, our results indicate that mGPR83 forms homodimers, which extend the current knowledge and molecular facets of GPR83 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Müller
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin L. Piechowski
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Brian Finan
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Juliane Pratzka
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Grüters
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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34
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Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy proved to be a versatile tool for characterization of structure and dynamics of complex biochemical systems. In particular, magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR came to maturity for application towards structural elucidation of biological macromolecules. Current challenges in applying solid-state NMR as well as progress achieved recently will be discussed in the following chapter focusing on conceptual aspects important for structural elucidation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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35
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Andrews SP, Tehan B. Stabilised G protein-coupled receptors in structure-based drug design: a case study with adenosine A2A receptor. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The first example of structure-based drug design with stabilised GPCRs has enabled the identification of a preclinical candidate for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Tehan
- Heptares Therapeutics Limited
- BioPark
- Welwyn Garden City
- UK
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36
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Translational CNS medicines research. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1068-78. [PMID: 22580061 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The major imperative of the pharmaceutical industry is to effectively translate insights gained from basic research into new medicines. This task is toughest for CNS disorders. Compared with non-CNS drugs, CNS drugs take longer to get to market and their attrition rate is greater. This is principally because of the complexity of the human brain (the cause of many brain disorders remains unknown), the liability of CNS drugs to cause CNS side effects (which limits their use) and the requirement of CNS medicines to cross the blood-CNS barrier (BCNSB) (which restricts their ability to interact with their CNS target). In this review we consider the factors that are important in translating neuroscience research into CNS medicines.
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37
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A new era for GPCR research: structures, biology and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:289-90. [PMID: 22388110 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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