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Chung IC, Huang WC, Huang YT, Chen ML, Tsai AW, Wu PY, Yuan TT. Unrevealed roles of extracellular enolase‑1 (ENO1) in promoting glycolysis and pro‑cancer activities in multiple myeloma via hypoxia‑inducible factor 1α. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:205. [PMID: 37800625 PMCID: PMC10568254 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of enolase‑1 (ENO1), intracellularly or extracellularly, has been implicated in cancer development. Moreover, anticancer activities of an ENO1‑targeting antibody has demonstrated the pathological roles of extracellular ENO1 (surface or secreted forms). However, although ENO1 was first identified as a glycolytic enzyme in the cytosol, to the best of our knowledge, extracellular ENO1 has not been implicated in glycolysis thus far. In the present study, the effects of extracellular ENO1 on glycolysis and other related pro‑cancer activities were investigated in multiple myeloma (MM) cells in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of ENO1 expression reduced lactate production, cell viability, cell migration and surface ENO1 expression in MM cells. Notably, addition of extracellular ENO1 protein in cancer cell culture enhanced glycolytic activity, hypoxia‑inducible factor 1‑α (HIF‑1α) expression, glycolysis‑related gene (GRG) expression and pro‑cancer activities, such as cell migration, cell viability and tumor‑promoting cytokine secretion. Consistently, these extracellular ENO1‑induced cellular effects were inhibited by an ENO1‑specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). In addition, extracellular ENO1‑mediated glycolysis, GRG expression and pro‑cancer activities were also reduced by HIF‑1α silencing. Lastly, administration of an ENO1 mAb reduced tumor growth and serum lactate levels in an MM xenograft model. These results suggested that extracellular ENO1 (surface or secreted forms) enhanced a HIF‑1α‑mediated glycolytic pathway, in addition to its already identified roles. Therefore, the results of the present study highlighted the therapeutic potential of ENO1‑specific antibodies in treating MM, possibly via glycolysis inhibition, and warrant further studies in other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Che Chung
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology, Inc., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Ching Huang
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology, Inc., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Tsang Huang
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology, Inc., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mao-Lin Chen
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology, Inc., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - An-Wei Tsai
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology, Inc., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Yu Wu
- Department of Manufacturing, TFBS Bioscience, Inc., Taipei 221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Tung Yuan
- Department of Research and Development, HuniLife Biotechnology, Inc., Neihu, Taipei 114, Taiwan, R.O.C
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2
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Solimando AG, Malerba E, Leone P, Prete M, Terragna C, Cavo M, Racanelli V. Drug resistance in multiple myeloma: Soldiers and weapons in the bone marrow niche. Front Oncol 2022; 12:973836. [PMID: 36212502 PMCID: PMC9533079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.973836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable disease, despite considerable improvements in treatment strategies, as resistance to most currently available agents is not uncommon. In this study, data on drug resistance in MM were analyzed and led to the following conclusions: resistance occurs via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, including intraclonal heterogeneity, drug efflux pumps, alterations of drug targets, the inhibition of apoptosis, increased DNA repair and interactions with the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, cell adhesion, and the release of soluble factors. Since MM involves the BM, interactions in the MM-BM microenvironment were examined as well, with a focus on the cross-talk between BM stromal cells (BMSCs), adipocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Given the complex mechanisms that drive MM, next-generation treatment strategies that avoid drug resistance must target both the neoplastic clone and its non-malignant environment. Possible approaches based on recent evidence include: (i) proteasome and histone deacetylases inhibitors that not only target MM but also act on BMSCs and osteoclasts; (ii) novel peptide drug conjugates that target both the MM malignant clone and angiogenesis to unleash an effective anti-MM immune response. Finally, the role of cancer stem cells in MM is unknown but given their roles in the development of solid and hematological malignancies, cancer relapse, and drug resistance, their identification and description are of paramount importance for MM management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giovanni Solimando
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori ‘Giovanni Paolo II’ of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Malerba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carolina Terragna
- ’Seràgnoli’ Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Cavo
- ’Seràgnoli’ Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, School of Medicine, ‘Aldo Moro’ University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vito Racanelli,
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3
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Ren X, Li T, Zhang W, Yang X. Targeting Heat-Shock Protein 90 in Cancer: An Update on Combination Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162556. [PMID: 36010632 PMCID: PMC9406578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an important molecule chaperone associated with tumorigenesis and malignancy. HSP90 is involved in the folding and maturation of a wide range of oncogenic clients, including diverse kinases, transcription factors and oncogenic fusion proteins. Therefore, it could be argued that HSP90 facilitates the malignant behaviors of cancer cells, such as uncontrolled proliferation, chemo/radiotherapy resistance and immune evasion. The extensive associations between HSP90 and tumorigenesis indicate substantial therapeutic potential, and many HSP90 inhibitors have been developed. However, due to HSP90 inhibitor toxicity and limited efficiency, none have been approved for clinical use as single agents. Recent results suggest that combining HSP90 inhibitors with other anticancer therapies might be a more advisable strategy. This review illustrates the role of HSP90 in cancer biology and discusses the therapeutic value of Hsp90 inhibitors as complements to current anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiude Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Departments of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsinghua University Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (X.Y.)
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4
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Godinho-Pereira J, Lopes MD, Garcia AR, Botelho HM, Malhó R, Figueira I, Brito MA. A Drug Screening Reveals Minocycline Hydrochloride as a Therapeutic Option to Prevent Breast Cancer Cells Extravasation across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1988. [PMID: 36009536 PMCID: PMC9405959 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among breast cancer (BC) patients, 15-25% develop BC brain metastases (BCBM), a severe condition due to the limited therapeutic options, which points to the need for preventive strategies. We aimed to find a drug able to boost blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties and prevent BC cells (BCCs) extravasation, among PI3K, HSP90, and EGFR inhibitors and approved drugs. We used BCCs (4T1) and BBB endothelial cells (b.End5) to identify molecules with toxicity to 4T1 cells and safe for b.End5 cells. Moreover, we used those cells in mixed cultures to perform a high-throughput microscopy screening of drugs' ability to ameliorate BBB properties and prevent BCCs adhesion and migration across the endothelium, as well as to analyse miRNAs expression and release profiles. KW-2478, buparlisib, and minocycline hydrochloride (MH) promoted maximal expression of the junctional protein β-catenin and induced 4T1 cells nucleus changes. Buparlisib and MH further decreased 4T1 adhesion. MH was the most promising in preventing 4T1 migration and BBB disruption, tumour and endothelial cytoskeleton-associated proteins modifications, and miRNA deregulation. Our data revealed MH's ability to improve BBB properties, while compromising BCCs viability and interaction with BBB endothelial cells, besides restoring miRNAs' homeostasis, paving the way for MH repurposing for BCBM prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Godinho-Pereira
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Dionísio Lopes
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Garcia
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo M. Botelho
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1746-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Malhó
- BioISI—Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1746-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Figueira
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Farm-ID—Faculty of Pharmacy Association for Research and Development, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Alexandra Brito
- iMed—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Moscvin M, Ho M, Bianchi G. Overcoming drug resistance by targeting protein homeostasis in multiple myeloma. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:1028-1046. [PMID: 35265794 PMCID: PMC8903187 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell disorder typically characterized by abundant synthesis of clonal immunoglobulin or free light chains. Although incurable, a deeper understanding of MM pathobiology has fueled major therapeutical advances over the past two decades, significantly improving patient outcomes. Proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies are among the most effective anti-MM drugs, targeting not only the cancerous cells, but also the bone marrow microenvironment. However, de novo resistance has been reported, and acquired resistance is inevitable for most patients over time, leading to relapsed/refractory disease and poor outcomes. Sustained protein synthesis coupled with impaired/insufficient proteolytic mechanisms makes MM cells exquisitely sensitive to perturbations in protein homeostasis, offering us the opportunity to target this intrinsic vulnerability for therapeutic purposes. This review highlights the scientific rationale for the clinical use of FDA-approved and investigational agents targeting protein homeostasis in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moscvin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Ho
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 240010, USA
| | - Giada Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Shkedi A, Adkisson M, Schroeder A, Eckalbar WL, Kuo SY, Neckers L, Gestwicki JE. Inhibitor Combinations Reveal Wiring of the Proteostasis Network in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14809-14821. [PMID: 34606726 PMCID: PMC8806517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protein homeostasis (proteostasis) network is composed of multiple pathways that work together to balance protein folding, stability, and turnover. Cancer cells are particularly reliant on this network; however, it is hypothesized that inhibition of one node might lead to compensation. To better understand these connections, we dosed 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells with inhibitors of four proteostasis targets (Hsp70, Hsp90, proteasome, and p97), either alone or in binary combinations, and measured the effects on cell growth. The results reveal a series of additive, synergistic, and antagonistic relationships, including strong synergy between inhibitors of p97 and the proteasome and striking antagonism between inhibitors of Hsp90 and the proteasome. Based on RNA-seq, these relationships are associated, in part, with activation of stress pathways. Together, these results suggest that cocktails of proteostasis inhibitors might be a powerful way of treating some cancers, although antagonism that blunts the efficacy of both molecules is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Shkedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158
| | - Michael Adkisson
- Functional Genomics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Andrew Schroeder
- Functional Genomics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Walter L Eckalbar
- Functional Genomics Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Szu-Yu Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158
| | - Leonard Neckers
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158
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7
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Jernigan F, Branstrom A, Baird JD, Cao L, Dali M, Furia B, Kim MJ, O'Keefe K, Kong R, Laskin OL, Colacino JM, Pykett M, Mollin A, Sheedy J, Dumble M, Moon YC, Sheridan R, Mühlethaler T, Spiegel RJ, Prota AE, Steinmetz MO, Weetall M. Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of PTC596, a Novel Small-Molecule Tubulin-Binding Agent. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1846-1857. [PMID: 34315764 PMCID: PMC9398121 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PTC596 is an investigational small-molecule tubulin-binding agent. Unlike other tubulin-binding agents, PTC596 is orally bioavailable and is not a P-glycoprotein substrate. So as to characterize PTC596 to position the molecule for optimal clinical development, the interactions of PTC596 with tubulin using crystallography, its spectrum of preclinical in vitro anticancer activity, and its pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship were investigated for efficacy in multiple preclinical mouse models of leiomyosarcomas and glioblastoma. Using X-ray crystallography, it was determined that PTC596 binds to the colchicine site of tubulin with unique key interactions. PTC596 exhibited broad-spectrum anticancer activity. PTC596 showed efficacy as monotherapy and additive or synergistic efficacy in combinations in mouse models of leiomyosarcomas and glioblastoma. PTC596 demonstrated efficacy in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma under conditions where temozolomide was inactive. In a first-in-human phase I clinical trial in patients with cancer, PTC596 monotherapy drug exposures were compared with those predicted to be efficacious based on mouse models. PTC596 is currently being tested in combination with dacarbazine in a clinical trial in adults with leiomyosarcoma and in combination with radiation in a clinical trial in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D Baird
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Mandar Dali
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Bansri Furia
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Min Jung Kim
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Kylie O'Keefe
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Mark Pykett
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | - Anna Mollin
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey.
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8
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Ghai A, Fettig N, Fontana F, DiPersio J, Rettig M, Neal JO, Achilefu S, Shoghi KI, Shokeen M. In vivo quantitative assessment of therapeutic response to bortezomib therapy in disseminated animal models of multiple myeloma with [ 18F]FDG and [ 64Cu]Cu-LLP2A PET. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:97. [PMID: 34586539 PMCID: PMC8481408 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of cancerous plasma cells in the bone marrow. Imaging-based timely determination of therapeutic response is critical for improving outcomes in MM patients. Very late antigen-4 (VLA4, CD49d/CD29) is overexpressed in MM cells. Here, we evaluated [18F]FDG and VLA4 targeted [64Cu]Cu-LLP2A for quantitative PET imaging in disseminated MM models of variable VLA4 expression, following bortezomib therapy. Methods In vitro and ex vivo VLA4 expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. Human MM cells, MM.1S-CG and U266-CG (C: luciferase and G: green fluorescent protein), were injected intravenously in NOD-SCID gamma mice. Tumor progression was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Treatment group received bortezomib (1 mg/kg, twice/week) intraperitoneally. All cohorts (treated, untreated and no tumor) were longitudinally imaged with [18F]FDG (7.4–8.0 MBq) and [64Cu]Cu-LLP2A (2–3 MBq; Molar Activity: 44.14 ± 1.40 MBq/nmol) PET, respectively. Results Flow cytometry confirmed high expression of CD49d in U266 cells (> 99%) and moderate expression in MM.1S cells (~ 52%). BLI showed decrease in total body flux in treated mice. In MM.1S-CG untreated versus treated mice, [64Cu]Cu-LLP2A localized with a significantly higher SUVmean in spine (0.58 versus 0.31, p < 0.01) and femur (0.72 versus 0.39, p < 0.05) at week 4 post-tumor inoculation. There was a four-fold higher uptake of [64Cu]Cu-LLP2A (SUVmean) in untreated U266-CG mice compared to treated mice at 3 weeks post-treatment. Compared to [64Cu]Cu-LLP2A, [18F]FDG PET detected treatment-related changes at later time points. Conclusion [64Cu]Cu-LLP2A is a promising tracer for timely in vivo assessment of therapeutic response in disseminated models of MM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13550-021-00840-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Ghai
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, 2nd floor, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nikki Fettig
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, 2nd floor, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Francesca Fontana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John DiPersio
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mike Rettig
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie O Neal
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, 2nd floor, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kooresh I Shoghi
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, 2nd floor, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Department of Radiology, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4515 McKinley Avenue, 2nd floor, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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9
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Paradzik T, Bandini C, Mereu E, Labrador M, Taiana E, Amodio N, Neri A, Piva R. The Landscape of Signaling Pathways and Proteasome Inhibitors Combinations in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1235. [PMID: 33799793 PMCID: PMC8000754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells, characterized by an extreme genetic heterogeneity that poses great challenges for its successful treatment. Due to antibody overproduction, MM cells depend on the precise regulation of the protein degradation systems. Despite the success of PIs in MM treatment, resistance and adverse toxic effects such as peripheral neuropathy and cardiotoxicity could arise. To this end, the use of rational combinatorial treatments might allow lowering the dose of inhibitors and therefore, minimize their side-effects. Even though the suppression of different cellular pathways in combination with proteasome inhibitors have shown remarkable anti-myeloma activities in preclinical models, many of these promising combinations often failed in clinical trials. Substantial progress has been made by the simultaneous targeting of proteasome and different aspects of MM-associated immune dysfunctions. Moreover, targeting deranged metabolic hubs could represent a new avenue to identify effective therapeutic combinations with PIs. Finally, epigenetic drugs targeting either DNA methylation, histone modifiers/readers, or chromatin remodelers are showing pleiotropic anti-myeloma effects alone and in combination with PIs. We envisage that the positive outcome of patients will probably depend on the availability of more effective drug combinations and treatment of early MM stages. Therefore, the identification of sensitive targets and aberrant signaling pathways is instrumental for the development of new personalized therapies for MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Paradzik
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (T.P.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Cecilia Bandini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (T.P.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Mereu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (T.P.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Maria Labrador
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (T.P.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Elisa Taiana
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; (E.T.); (A.N.)
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy; (E.T.); (A.N.)
- Hematology Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Piva
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (T.P.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (M.L.)
- Città Della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, 10126 Torino, Italy
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10
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Li HJ, Wang QS, Han W, Zhou H, Li P, Zhou F, Qin W, Zhao D, Zhou X, He CX, Xing L, Li PQ, Jin X, Yu F, He JH, Cao HL. Anti-NSCLC activity in vitro of Hsp90 N inhibitor KW-2478 and complex crystal structure determination of Hsp90 N-KW-2478. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107710. [PMID: 33610655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
KW-2478 is a promising anti-cancer lead compound targeting to the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 N (Hsp90N). Absence of complex crystal structure of Hsp90N-KW-2478, however, hampered further structure optimization of KW-2478 and understanding on the molecular interaction mechanism. Herein, a high-resolution complex crystal structure of Hsp90N-KW-2478 was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD, resolution limit: 1.59 Å; PDB ID: 6LT8) and their molecular interaction was analyzed in detail, which suggested that KW-2478 perfectly bound in the N-terminal ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90 to disable its molecular chaperone function, therefore suppressed or killed cancer cells. The results from thermal shift assay (TSA, ΔTm, 18.82 ± 0.51 °C) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC, Kd, 7.30 ± 2.20 nM) suggested that there is an intense binding force and favorable thermodynamic changes during the process of KW-2478 binding with Hsp90N. Additionally, KW-2478 exhibited favorable anti-NSCLC activity in vitro, as it inhibited cell proliferation (IC50, 8.16 μM for A549; 14.29 μM for H1975) and migration, induced cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. Thirty-six novel KW-2478 derivatives were designed, based on the complex crystal structure and molecular interaction analysis of Hsp90N-KW-2478 complex. Among them, twenty-two derivatives exhibited increased binding force with Hsp90N evaluated by molecular docking assay. The results would provide new guidance for anti-NSCLC new drug development based on the lead compound KW-2478.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wen Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chun-Xia He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Lu Xing
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Peng-Quan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Hua He
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Hui-Ling Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic & Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China.
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11
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Chang X, Zhao X, Wang J, Ding S, Xiao L, Zhao E, Zheng X. Effect of Hsp90 Inhibitor KW-2478 on HepG2 Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:2231-2242. [PMID: 31642416 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191023094610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, and senescence of KW-2478 on HepG2 cells, and to explore the related mechanism of apoptosis and the cell cycle. METHODS HepG2 cells (hepatocellular carcinoma cells) were cultured with KW-2478, at different doses and for different times, in vitro. The MTT assay was used to detect the effect of KW-2478 on proliferation of HepG2 cells. Flow cytometry was used to determine the effects of KW-2478 on the cell cycle and apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The Transwell assay was used to determine the effect of KW-2478 on cell invasion. The β-galactosidase assay tested the effect of low-dose KW-2478 on the senescence of HepG2 cells. Western blotting and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used respectively to assess changes in protein and mRNA levels of related factors in HepG2 cells after the KW-2478 treatment. RESULTS KW-2478 significantly inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells. KW-2478 induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of HepG2 cells, and inhibited the invasion of HepG2 cells; low dose KW-2478 promoted HepG2 senescence. CONCLUSION KW-2478 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibited invasion, and promoted senescence. KW-2478 affected the expression of related factors in the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and cell cycle-related regulatory pathways. KW-2478 downregulated the expression of STAT3, which is a key factor in the JAK-STAT pathway, indicating that KW-2478 may affect the function of HepG2 cells by downregulating STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Chang
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
| | - Xuerong Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
| | - Shi Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
| | - Lijun Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
| | - Enhong Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde City, China
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12
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Huang DS, LeBlanc EV, Shekhar-Guturja T, Robbins N, Krysan DJ, Pizarro J, Whitesell L, Cowen LE, Brown LE. Design and Synthesis of Fungal-Selective Resorcylate Aminopyrazole Hsp90 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2139-2180. [PMID: 31513387 PMCID: PMC7069776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90, essential in all eukaryotes, plays a multifaceted role in promoting survival, virulence, and drug resistance across diverse pathogenic fungal species. The chaperone is also critically important, however, to the pathogen's human host, preventing the use of known clinical Hsp90 inhibitors in antifungal applications due to concomitant host toxicity issues. With the goal of developing Hsp90 inhibitors with acceptable therapeutic indices for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, we initiated a program to design and synthesize potent inhibitors with selective activity against fungal Hsp90 isoforms over their human counterparts. Building on our previously reported derivatization of resorcylate natural products to produce fungal-selective compounds, we have developed a series of synthetic aminopyrazole-substituted resorcylate amides with broad, potent, and fungal-selective Hsp90 inhibitory activity. Herein we describe the synthesis of this series, as well as biochemical structure-activity relationships driving selectivity for the Hsp90 isoforms expressed by Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, two pathogenic fungi of major clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Emmanuelle V. LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Tanvi Shekhar-Guturja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Damian J. Krysan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology/Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Juan Pizarro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine and Vector-Borne Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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13
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Pinto V, Bergantim R, Caires HR, Seca H, Guimarães JE, Vasconcelos MH. Multiple Myeloma: Available Therapies and Causes of Drug Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E407. [PMID: 32050631 PMCID: PMC7072128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common blood cancer. Treatments for MM include corticosteroids, alkylating agents, anthracyclines, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, histone deacetylase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. Survival outcomes have improved substantially due to the introduction of many of these drugs allied with their rational use. Nonetheless, MM patients successively relapse after one or more treatment regimens or become refractory, mostly due to drug resistance. This review focuses on the main drugs used in MM treatment and on causes of drug resistance, including cytogenetic, genetic and epigenetic alterations, abnormal drug transport and metabolism, dysregulation of apoptosis, autophagy activation and other intracellular signaling pathways, the presence of cancer stem cells, and the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we highlight the areas that need to be further clarified in an attempt to identify novel therapeutic targets to counteract drug resistance in MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pinto
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- FCTUC–Faculty of Science and Technology of the University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Bergantim
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Hospital São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo R. Caires
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Seca
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José E. Guimarães
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Hospital São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (R.B.); (H.R.C.); (H.S.); (J.E.G.)
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP–Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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14
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Tabata M, Tsubaki M, Takeda T, Tateishi K, Maekawa S, Tsurushima K, Imano M, Satou T, Ishizaka T, Nishida S. Inhibition of HSP90 overcomes melphalan resistance through downregulation of Src in multiple myeloma cells. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:63-71. [PMID: 31650359 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-019-00587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy. In spite of the development of new therapeutic agents, MM remains incurable due to multidrug resistance (MDR) and the 5-year survival rate is approximately 50%. Thus, further study is needed to investigate the mechanism of MDR and improve MM prognosis. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is responsible for the stability of a number of client proteins, most of which are involved in tumor progression. Therefore, HSP90 inhibitors represent potential new therapeutic agents for cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of HSP90 leads to degradation of client proteins, overcoming acquired anti-cancer drug resistance. In this study, we assessed the role of HSP90 in MDR using established melphalan-resistant MM cells. We found that expression of HSP90 was higher in melphalan-resistant MM cells than in parent cells and that HSP90 inhibitors KW-2478 and NUV-AUY922 restored drug sensitivity to the level observed in parent cells. Activation of the unfolded protein response is a hallmark of MM, and expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling molecules is reduced in melphalan-resistant cells; however, KW-2478 did not affect endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling. We demonstrated that treatment with KW-2478 decreased expression of Src, a client of HSP90, and suppressed the activity of ERK, Akt, and NF-κB. Our findings indicate that inhibition of HSP90 results in suppression of Src and its downstream effectors, including ERK, Akt, and NF-κB, and therefore that HSP90 inhibitors could be useful for treatment of MDR MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Tabata
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Saho Maekawa
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Tsurushima
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sakai City Medical Center, Sakai, Japan
| | - Motohiro Imano
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiōsaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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15
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Grosicki S, Bednarczyk M, Janikowska G. Heat shock proteins as a new, promising target of multiple myeloma therapy. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:117-126. [PMID: 31971027 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1711730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The results of therapy of the multiple myeloma (MM) patients remain unsatisfactory despite the constantly observed progress in treatment.Areas covered: It has been shown that mechanisms regulated by heat shock proteins (HSPs) play an important role in pathogenesis of MM and resistance developing to treatment, which constitute a protective shield against external damaging factors in healthy and cancerous cells.Expert opinion: Inhibiting these mechanisms seems to be the natural way of therapy in MM patients. In vitro studies have shown promising effects in the form of an increase in the apoptosis index of MM cells exposed to HSP inhibitors. The observations are very promising in the early stages of clinical trials with HSP inhibitors, such as tanespimycin, in the relapsed/refractory MM patients. Effects were more pronounced when combined with bortezomib. It seems that enriching the range of anti-myeloma drugs with HSP inhibitors may be the next step in the future of extending life of patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grosicki
- Department of Hematology and Cancer Prevention, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Martyna Bednarczyk
- Department of Hematology and Cancer Prevention, Faculty of Health Sciences in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grażyna Janikowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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16
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Nikesitch N, Lee JM, Ling S, Roberts TL. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the development of multiple myeloma and drug resistance. Clin Transl Immunology 2018; 7:e1007. [PMID: 29484184 PMCID: PMC5822402 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological malignancy of mature antibody‐secreting plasma cells. Currently, MM is incurable, but advances in drug treatments have increased patient lifespan. One of the characteristics of MM is the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin (also referred to as paraprotein). This high level of protein production induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and proteasomal degradation of the paraprotein is required to avoid ER stress‐induced cell death. Consequently, proteasomal inhibitors such as bortezomib have been particularly effective therapies. Unfortunately development of resistance to bortezomib is common. In this review, we address how control of endoplasmic reticulum stress is important in the development of MM and how the unfolded protein response and its associated stress response pathways are involved in the development of bortezomib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Nikesitch
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine Western Sydney University Liverpool NSW Australia
| | - James M Lee
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine Western Sydney University Liverpool NSW Australia
| | - Silvia Ling
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine Western Sydney University Liverpool NSW Australia.,Department of Haematology Sydney South West Pathology Service NSW Pathology Liverpool Hospital Liverpool NSW Australia.,School of Medicine SWS Clinical School University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Tara Laurine Roberts
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research and School of Medicine Western Sydney University Liverpool NSW Australia.,School of Medicine SWS Clinical School University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research University of Queensland Herston Qld Australia
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17
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Farrell ML, Reagan MR. Soluble and Cell-Cell-Mediated Drivers of Proteasome Inhibitor Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:218. [PMID: 29765356 PMCID: PMC5938346 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming clear that myeloma cell-induced disruption of the highly organized bone marrow components (both cellular and extracellular) results in destruction of the marrow and support for multiple myeloma (MM) cell proliferation, survival, migration, and drug resistance. Since the first phase I clinical trial on bortezomib was published 15 years ago, proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have become increasingly common for treatment of MM and are currently an essential part of any anti-myeloma combination therapy. PIs, either the first generation (bortezomib), second generation (carfilzomib) or oral agent (ixazomib), all take advantage of the heavy reliance of myeloma cells on the 26S proteasome for their degradation of excessive or misfolded proteins. Inhibiting the proteasome can create a crisis specifically for myeloma cells due to their rapid production of immunoglobulins. PIs have relatively few side effects and can be very effective, especially in combination therapy. If PI resistance can be overcome, these drugs may prove even more useful to a greater range of patients. Both soluble and insoluble (contact mediated) signals drive PI-resistance via activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. This review discusses the currently known mechanisms of non-autonomous (microenvironment dependent) mechanisms of PI resistance in myeloma cells. We also introduce briefly cell-autonomous and stress-mediated mechanisms of PI resistance. Our goal is to help researchers design better ways to study and overcome PI resistance, to ultimately design better combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah L. Farrell
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Reagan Laboratory, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Michaela R. Reagan,
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18
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Eugênio AIP, Fook-Alves VL, de Oliveira MB, Fernando RC, Zanatta DB, Strauss BE, Silva MRR, Porcionatto MA, Colleoni GWB. Proteasome and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) inhibitors as therapeutic alternative in multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114698-114709. [PMID: 29383113 PMCID: PMC5777725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP70 connects multiple signaling pathways that work synergistically to protect tumor cells from death by proteotoxic stress and represents a possible target to establish a new approach for multiple myeloma treatment. Therefore, bioluminescent cell lines RPMI8226-LUC-PURO and U266-LUC-PURO were treated with HSP70 (VER155008) and/or proteasome (bortezomib) inhibitors and immunodeficient mice were used for subcutaneous xenograft models to evaluate tumor growth reduction and tumor growth inhibition after treatment. Bioluminescence imaging was used to follow tumor response. Treatment with bortezomib showed ∼60% of late apoptosis in RPMI8226-LUC-PURO (without additional benefit of VER155008 in this cell line). However, U266-LUC-PURO showed ∼60% of cell death after treatment with VER155008 (alone or with bortezomib). RPMI8226-LUC-PURO xenograft presented tumor reduction by bioluminescence imaging after treatment with bortezomib, VER155008 or drug combination compared to controls. Treatment with bortezomib, alone or combined with VER155008, showed inhibition of tumor growth assessed by bioluminescence imaging after one week in both RPMI8226-LUC-PURO and U266-LUC-PURO cell lines when compared to controls. In conclusion, our study shows that the combination of proteasome and HSP70 inhibitors induced cell death in tumor cells in vitro (late apoptosis induction) and in vivo (inhibition of tumor growth) with special benefit in U266-LUC-PURO, bearing 17p deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Isabel Pereira Eugênio
- Discipline of Hematology e Hemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Veruska Lia Fook-Alves
- Discipline of Hematology e Hemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bleker de Oliveira
- Discipline of Hematology e Hemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Carlini Fernando
- Discipline of Hematology e Hemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela B Zanatta
- Center of Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bryan Eric Strauss
- Center of Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gisele Wally Braga Colleoni
- Discipline of Hematology e Hemotherapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Cavenagh J, Oakervee H, Baetiong-Caguioa P, Davies F, Gharibo M, Rabin N, Kurman M, Novak B, Shiraishi N, Nakashima D, Akinaga S, Yong K. A phase I/II study of KW-2478, an Hsp90 inhibitor, in combination with bortezomib in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1295-1302. [PMID: 28873084 PMCID: PMC5672925 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: KW-2478 is a novel non-ansamycin Hsp90 inhibitor with modest single-agent activity in relapsed/refractory myeloma but which shows synergistic antimyeloma activity with bortezomib (BTZ) in preclinical studies. This study determined the safety, preliminary clinical activity, and pharmacokinetics of KW-2478, an Hsp90 inhibitor, in combination with BTZ in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Methods: Phase I dose escalation determined the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of KW-2478 plus BTZ, which was then used during phase II. Results: The maximum tolerated dose was not reached during phase I and the RP2D was KW-2478 175 mg m−2 plus BTZ 1.3 mg m−2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every 3 weeks. In the efficacy evaluable phase I/II population treated at the RP2D (n=79), the objective response rate was 39.2% (95% confidence interval: 28.4–50.9%), clinical benefit rate 51.9% (40.4–63.3%), median progression-free survival 6.7 (5.9-not reached (NR)) months, and median duration of response 5.5 (4.9-NR) months. In the phase I/II safety population (n=95), the most frequently observed treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events were diarrhoea, fatigue, and neutropenia (each in 7.4% of patients), and nausea and thrombocytopenia (each in 5.3%). Conclusions: KW-2478 plus BTZ was well tolerated with no apparent overlapping toxicity in patients with relapsed/refractory MM. The antimyeloma activity of KW-2478 in combination with BTZ as scheduled in this trial appeared relatively modest; however, the good tolerability of the combination would support further exploration of alternate dosing schedules and combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cavenagh
- Department of Haematology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London SE24 9LG, UK
| | - H Oakervee
- Department of Haematology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London SE24 9LG, UK
| | - P Baetiong-Caguioa
- Benavides Cancer Institute, University of Santo Tomas Hospital, Manila and St Luke's Medical Center, Quezon City, The Philippines
| | - F Davies
- Myeloma Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - M Gharibo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - N Rabin
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - M Kurman
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - B Novak
- Kyowa Kirin Pharmaceutical Development, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - N Shiraishi
- R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - D Nakashima
- R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - S Akinaga
- R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd., Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - K Yong
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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20
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Belalcazar A, Shaib WL, Farren MR, Zhang C, Chen Z, Yang L, Lesinski GB, El-Rayes BF, Nagaraju GP. Inhibiting heat shock protein 90 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway impairs metabolic homeostasis and leads to cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer 2017; 123:4924-4933. [PMID: 28841232 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway play crucial roles in the homeostasis of pancreatic cancer cells. This study combined for the first time the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib (Gan) and the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib (Carf) to target key mechanisms of homeostasis in pancreatic cancer. It was hypothesized that Gan plus Carf would elicit potent antitumor activity by modulating complementary homeostatic processes. METHODS In vitro and in vivo effects of this combination on mechanisms of cell growth and viability were evaluated with human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2 and HPAC). RESULTS Combined treatment with Gan and Carf significantly decreased cell viability. The mechanism varied by cell line and involved G2 -M cell-cycle arrest accompanied by a consistent reduction in key cell-cycle regulatory proteins and concomitant upregulation of p27. Further studies revealed increased autophagy markers, including the upregulation of autophagy related 7 and light chain 3 cleavage, and evidence of apoptosis (increased Bax expression and processing of caspase 3). Immunoblot analyses confirmed the modulation of other pathways that influence cell viability, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and nuclear factor κB. Finally, the treatment of athymic mice bearing HPAC tumors with Gan and Carf significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo. An immunoblot analysis of freshly isolated tumors from animals at the end of the study confirmed in vivo modulation of key signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal Gan plus Carf to be a promising combination with synergistic antiproliferative, apoptotic, and pro-autophagy effects in preclinical studies of pancreatic cancer and will further the exploration of the utility of this treatment combination in clinical trials. Cancer 2017;123:4924-33. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Belalcazar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Walid L Shaib
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew R Farren
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chao Zhang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhengjia Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lily Yang
- Surgery, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Ben Younes K, Body S, Costé É, Viailly PJ, Miloudi H, Coudre C, Jardin F, Ben Aissa-Fennira F, Sola B. A lowered 26S proteasome activity correlates with mantle lymphoma cell lines resistance to genotoxic stress. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:538. [PMID: 28797244 PMCID: PMC5553741 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell hemopathy characterized by the t(11;14) translocation and the aberrant overexpression of cyclin D1. This results in an unrestrained cell proliferation. Other genetic alterations are common in MCL cells such as SOX11 expression, mutations of ATM and/or TP53 genes, activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and NOTCH receptors. These alterations lead to the deregulation of the apoptotic machinery and resistance to drugs. We observed that among a panel of MCL cell lines, REC1 cells were resistant towards genotoxic stress. We studied the molecular basis of this resistance. Methods We analyzed the cell response regarding apoptosis, senescence, cell cycle arrest, DNA damage response and finally the 26S proteasome activity following a genotoxic treatment that causes double strand DNA breaks. Results MCL cell lines displayed various sensitivity/resistance towards genotoxic stress and, in particular, REC1 cells did not enter apoptosis or senescence after an etoposide treatment. Moreover, the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint was deficient in REC1 cells. We observed that three main actors of apoptosis, senescence and cell cycle regulation (cyclin D1, MCL1 and CDC25A) failed to be degraded by the proteasome machinery in REC1 cells. We ruled out a default of the βTrCP E3-ubiquitine ligase but detected a lowered 26S proteasome activity in REC1 cells compared to other cell lines. Conclusion The resistance of MCL cells to genotoxic stress correlates with a low 26S proteasome activity. This could represent a relevant biomarker for a subtype of MCL patients with a poor response to therapies and a high risk of relapse. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3530-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Ben Younes
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Faculté de médecine, Laboratoire de Génétique, d'Immunologie et de Pathologie humaines, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Simon Body
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Élodie Costé
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Pierre-Julien Viailly
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Département d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Hadjer Miloudi
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Clémence Coudre
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Fabrice Jardin
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Département d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Henri Becquerel, Rouen, France
| | - Fatma Ben Aissa-Fennira
- Faculté de médecine, Laboratoire de Génétique, d'Immunologie et de Pathologie humaines, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Brigitte Sola
- Normandie Univ, INSERM UMR 1245, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, Caen, France. .,MICAH, UFR Santé, CHU Côte de Nacre, 14032, Caen Cedex, France.
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22
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Yu W, Chen Y, Xiang R, Xu W, Wang Y, Tong J, Zhang N, Wu Y, Yan H. Novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor BKM120 enhances the sensitivity of multiple myeloma to bortezomib and overcomes resistance. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:428-437. [PMID: 27439454 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1190968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has proven efficacy against multiple myeloma. However, bortezomib activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) pathway (which is essential to the development of myeloma), often resulting in drug resistance and disease recurrence. The addition of BKM120 significantly enhanced the apoptotic effects of bortezomib in both bortezomib-sensitive and bortezomib-resistant cells. Treatment with bortezomib alone increased the phosphorylation of AKT (P-AKT), whereas the addition of BKM120 markedly downregulated P-AKT in both bortezomib-sensitive and bortezomib-resistant cells. The clinical relevance of combined treatment with bortezomib and BKM120 was investigated in a xenograft mouse model and in myeloma patients, and the synergy of the combination was confirmed. In conclusion, the addition of BKM120 enhanced the sensitivity of myeloma cells to bortezomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yubao Chen
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Rufang Xiang
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yan Wang
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Jia Tong
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Nan Zhang
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yingli Wu
- b Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital , Shanghai , China.,c Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Hua Yan
- a Department of Hematology , Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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23
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Yong K, Cavet J, Johnson P, Morgan G, Williams C, Nakashima D, Akinaga S, Oakervee H, Cavenagh J. Phase I study of KW-2478, a novel Hsp90 inhibitor, in patients with B-cell malignancies. Br J Cancer 2015; 114:7-13. [PMID: 26695442 PMCID: PMC4716540 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KW-2478 is a novel, non-ansamycin, non-purine heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor. METHODS In this phase I, multicentre study, KW-2478 was administered intravenously over 1 h at doses ranging from 14 to 176 mg m(-2) once daily on days 1-5 of a 14-day cycle in a standard 3+3 design in 27 patients (22 with multiple myeloma and 5 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma). Patients enrolled had relapsed/refractory disease previously treated with ⩾2 regimens. RESULTS There were no dose-limiting toxicities, thus the maximum-tolerated dose was not reached. KW-2478 was well tolerated and did not manifest significant retinal or ocular toxicity. The most common treatment-related adverse events were diarrhoea (33.3%), fatigue (29.6%), headache (25.9%), hypertension (22.2%), nausea (14.8%), vomiting (7.4%), and dizziness (7.4%). Plasma concentrations peaked at the end of infusion and decayed in a biphasic manner with a terminal half-life of ∼6 h. Target inhibition was inferred from the increase in Hsp70 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at doses ⩾71 mg m(-2). Twenty-four of 25 (96%) evaluable patients showed stable disease, with five being free of disease progression for ⩾6 months. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary clinical response data were encouraging and warrant further investigation of KW-2478 in combination regimens for relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yong
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - J Cavet
- Department of Haematology, Christie Hospital/University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - P Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - G Morgan
- Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - C Williams
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Nottingham University Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - D Nakashima
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - S Akinaga
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co. Ltd, Tokyo Research Triangle Park, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
| | - H Oakervee
- Department of Haematology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London SE24 9LG, UK
| | - J Cavenagh
- Department of Haematology, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London SE24 9LG, UK
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24
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Srour N, Chemin G, Tinguely A, Ashi MO, Oruc Z, Péron S, Sirac C, Cogné M, Delpy L. A plasma cell differentiation quality control ablates B cell clones with biallelic Ig rearrangements and truncated Ig production. J Exp Med 2015; 213:109-22. [PMID: 26666261 PMCID: PMC4710196 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrantly rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) alleles are frequent. They are usually considered sterile and innocuous as a result of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. However, alternative splicing can yield internally deleted proteins from such nonproductively V(D)J-rearranged loci. We show that nonsense codons from variable (V) Igκ exons promote exon-skipping and synthesis of V domain-less κ light chains (ΔV-κLCs). Unexpectedly, such ΔV-κLCs inhibit plasma cell (PC) differentiation. Accordingly, in wild-type mice, rearrangements encoding ΔV-κLCs are rare in PCs, but frequent in B cells. Likewise, enforcing expression of ΔV-κLCs impaired PC differentiation and antibody responses without disturbing germinal center reactions. In addition, PCs expressing ΔV-κLCs synthesize low levels of Ig and are mostly found among short-lived plasmablasts. ΔV-κLCs have intrinsic toxic effects in PCs unrelated to Ig assembly, but mediated by ER stress-associated apoptosis, making PCs producing ΔV-κLCs highly sensitive to proteasome inhibitors. Altogether, these findings demonstrate a quality control checkpoint blunting terminal PC differentiation by eliminating those cells expressing nonfunctionally rearranged Igκ alleles. This truncated Ig exclusion (TIE) checkpoint ablates PC clones with ΔV-κLCs production and exacerbated ER stress response. The TIE checkpoint thus mediates selection of long-lived PCs with limited ER stress supporting high Ig secretion, but with a cost in terms of antigen-independent narrowing of the repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivine Srour
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Guillaume Chemin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Aurélien Tinguely
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Mohamad Omar Ashi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Zéliha Oruc
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Péron
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Christophe Sirac
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France Institut Universitaire de France, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Delpy
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7276, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
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25
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Grigoreva TA, Tribulovich VG, Garabadzhiu AV, Melino G, Barlev NA. The 26S proteasome is a multifaceted target for anti-cancer therapies. Oncotarget 2015; 6:24733-49. [PMID: 26295307 PMCID: PMC4694792 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes play a critical role in the fate of proteins that are involved in major cellular processes, including signal transduction, gene expression, cell cycle, replication, differentiation, immune response, cellular response to stress, etc. In contrast to non-specific degradation by lysosomes, proteasomes are highly selective and destroy only the proteins that are covalently labelled with small proteins, called ubiquitins. Importantly, many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, are intimately connected to the activity of proteasomes making them an important pharmacological target. Currently, the vast majority of inhibitors are aimed at blunting the proteolytic activities of proteasomes. However, recent achievements in solving structures of proteasomes at very high resolution provided opportunities to design new classes of small molecules that target other physiologically-important enzymatic activities of proteasomes, including the de-ubiquitinating one. This review attempts to catalog the information available to date about novel classes of proteasome inhibitors that may have important pharmacological ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Grigoreva
- St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), St. Petersburng, Russia
| | | | | | - Gerry Melino
- St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), St. Petersburng, Russia
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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26
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Acosta-Alvear D, Cho MY, Wild T, Buchholz TJ, Lerner AG, Simakova O, Hahn J, Korde N, Landgren O, Maric I, Choudhary C, Walter P, Weissman JS, Kampmann M. Paradoxical resistance of multiple myeloma to proteasome inhibitors by decreased levels of 19S proteasomal subunits. eLife 2015; 4:e08153. [PMID: 26327694 PMCID: PMC4602331 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of cancer, including rapid growth and aneuploidy, can result in non-oncogene addiction to the proteostasis network that can be exploited clinically. The defining example is the exquisite sensitivity of multiple myeloma (MM) to 20S proteasome inhibitors, such as carfilzomib. However, MM patients invariably acquire resistance to these drugs. Using a next-generation shRNA platform, we found that proteostasis factors, including chaperones and stress-response regulators, controlled the response to carfilzomib. Paradoxically, 19S proteasome regulator knockdown induced resistance to carfilzomib in MM and non-MM cells. 19S subunit knockdown did not affect the activity of the 20S subunits targeted by carfilzomib nor their inhibition by the drug, suggesting an alternative mechanism, such as the selective accumulation of protective factors. In MM patients, lower 19S levels predicted a diminished response to carfilzomib-based therapies. Together, our findings suggest that an understanding of network rewiring can inform development of new combination therapies to overcome drug resistance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08153.001 Cells have several mechanisms for removing proteins that have been damaged or are no longer needed. One of these mechanisms is carried out by a large protein complex called the proteasome. Drugs that block the proteasome are toxic to all cells, and a type of blood cancer called multiple myeloma is particularly sensitive to these ‘proteasome inhibitors’. However, tumors in patients with multiple myeloma can also become resistant to these drugs. Using a genetic approach, Acosta-Alvear et al. identified the factors that control the sensitivity of cells to proteasome inhibitors. In particular, reducing the levels of other factors that contribute to protein balance made the cells more sensitive. Using a combination of proteasome inhibitors and drugs that target these other factors could prove to be useful in the fight against multiple myeloma. The proteasome complex contains two types of subunits: regulatory subunits that recognize the proteins that need to be degraded, and catalytic subunits that degrade the proteins. The results of Acosta-Alvear et al. revealed how varying the levels of these two subunits influenced the sensitivity of cells to inhibitors. While decreasing the levels of catalytic subunits made the cells more sensitive, as expected, decreasing the level of regulatory subunits surprisingly made the cells resistant to the inhibitors. A possible explanation for this paradoxical result is that certain proteins are less effectively degraded by the proteasome in these cells, and that the buildup of these proteins protects the cells against the drugs. Acosta-Alvear et al. also found that lower levels of regulatory subunits desensitized multiple myeloma patients to therapy based on proteasome inhibition, suggesting that results from the genetic screen carried out in cells can predict clinical resistance mechanisms and guide the development of future therapies to increase patient survival. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08153.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, United States
| | - Min Y Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Thomas Wild
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tonia J Buchholz
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. an Amgen subsidiary, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Alana G Lerner
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. an Amgen subsidiary, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Olga Simakova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Jamie Hahn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Neha Korde
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Ola Landgren
- Multiple Myeloma Section, Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States.,Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Irina Maric
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, United States
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27
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NKG2D and DNAM-1 Ligands: Molecular Targets for NK Cell-Mediated Immunotherapeutic Intervention in Multiple Myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:178698. [PMID: 26161387 PMCID: PMC4486747 DOI: 10.1155/2015/178698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal strategy to improve NK cell-mediated antitumor activity involves the upregulation of activating ligands on tumor cells. Enhancement of NK cell-mediated recognition of multiple myeloma cells was reported by us and others showing increased surface expression of NKG2D and DNAM-1 ligands on tumor cells following treatment with a number of chemotherapeutic agents, such as genotoxic drugs or inhibitors of proteasome, histone deacetylases, GSK3, and HSP-90. These compounds have the capability to affect tumor survival but also to activate specific transduction pathways associated with the upregulation of different NK cell activating ligands on the tumor cells. Here, we will summarize and discuss the molecular pathways whereby these drugs can regulate the expression of NK cell activating ligands in multiple myeloma cells.
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28
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Shah SP, Lonial S, Boise LH. When Cancer Fights Back: Multiple Myeloma, Proteasome Inhibition, and the Heat-Shock Response. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1163-73. [PMID: 26013169 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy with an estimated 26,850 new cases and 11,240 deaths in 2015 in the United States. Two main classes of agents are the mainstays of therapy-proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD). Other new targets are emerging rapidly, including monoclonal antibodies and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. These therapeutic options have greatly improved overall survival, but currently only 15% to 20% of patients experience long-term progression-free survival or are cured. Therefore, improvement in treatment options is needed. One potential means of improving clinical options is to target resistance mechanisms for current agents. For example, eliminating the cytoprotective heat-shock response that protects myeloma cells from proteasome inhibition may enhance PI-based therapies. The transcription factor heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master regulator of the heat-shock response. HSF1 is vital in the proteotoxic stress response, and its activation is controlled by posttranslational modifications (PTM). This review details the mechanisms of HSF1 regulation and discusses leveraging that regulation to enhance PI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardule P Shah
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship, Cancer Institute of Emory University and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship, Cancer Institute of Emory University and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship, Cancer Institute of Emory University and the Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Abstract
The development of immunotherapies for multiple myeloma is critical to provide new treatment strategies to combat drug resistance. We report a bispecific antibody against B cell maturation antigen (BiFab-BCMA), which potently and specifically redirects T cells to lyse malignant multiple myeloma cells. BiFab-BCMA lysed target BCMA-positive cell lines up to 20-fold more potently than a CS1-targeting bispecific antibody (BiFab-CS1) developed in an analogous fashion. Further, BiFab-BCMA robustly activated T cells in vitro and mediated rapid tumor regression in an orthotopic xenograft model of multiple myeloma. The in vitro and in vivo activities of BiFab-BCMA are comparable to those of anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T-BCMA), for which two clinical trials have recently been initiated. A BCMA-targeted bispecific antibody presents a promising treatment option for multiple myeloma.
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones with a central role in protein folding and cellular protein homeostasis. They also play major roles in the development of cancer and in recent years have emerged as promising therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the known molecular mechanisms of various heat shock protein families and their involvement in cancer and in particular, multiple myeloma. In addition, we address the current progress and challenges in pharmacologically targeting these proteins as anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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31
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Contributions of co-chaperones and post-translational modifications towards Hsp90 drug sensitivity. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1059-71. [PMID: 23734688 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone and important driver of stabilization and activation of several oncogenic proteins that are involved in the malignant transformation of tumor cells. Therefore, it is not surprising that Hsp90 has been reported to be a promising target for the treatment of several neoplasias, such as non-small-cell lung cancer and HER2-positive breast cancer. Hsp90 chaperone function depends on its ability to bind and hydrolyze ATP and Hsp90 inhibitors have been shown to compete with nucleotides for binding to Hsp90. Multiple factors, such as co-chaperones and post-translational modification, are involved in regulating Hsp90 ATPase activity. Here, the impact of post-translational modifications and co-chaperones on the efficacy of Hsp90 inhibitors are reviewed.
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Born EJ, Hartman SV, Holstein SA. Targeting HSP90 and monoclonal protein trafficking modulates the unfolded protein response, chaperone regulation and apoptosis in myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e167. [PMID: 24317089 PMCID: PMC3877421 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is characterized by the production of substantial quantities of monoclonal protein. We have previously demonstrated that select inhibitors of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP) induce apoptosis of myeloma cells via inhibition of Rab geranylgeranylation, leading to disruption of monoclonal protein trafficking and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors disrupt protein folding and are currently under clinical investigation in myeloma. The effects of combining IBP and HSP90 inhibitors on cell death, monoclonal protein trafficking, the UPR and chaperone regulation were investigated in monoclonal protein-producing cells. An enhanced induction of cell death was observed following treatment with IBP and HSP90 inhibitors, which occurred through both ER stress and non-ER stress pathways. The HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG abrogated the effects of the IBP inhibitors on intracellular monoclonal protein levels and localization as well as induction of the UPR in myeloma cells. Disparate effects on chaperone expression were observed in myeloma vs amyloid light chain cells. Here we demonstrate that the novel strategy of targeting MP trafficking in concert with HSP90 enhances myeloma cell death via a complex modulation of ER stress, UPR, and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Born
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Khin ZP, Ribeiro MLC, Jacobson T, Hazlehurst L, Perez L, Baz R, Shain K, Silva AS. A preclinical assay for chemosensitivity in multiple myeloma. Cancer Res 2013; 74:56-67. [PMID: 24310398 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate preclinical predictions of the clinical efficacy of experimental cancer drugs are highly desired but often haphazard. Such predictions might be improved by incorporating elements of the tumor microenvironment in preclinical models by providing a more physiological setting. In generating improved xenograft models, it is generally accepted that the use of primary tumors from patients are preferable to clonal tumor cell lines. Here we describe an interdisciplinary platform to study drug response in multiple myeloma, an incurable cancer of the bone marrow. This platform uses microfluidic technology to minimize the number of cells per experiment, while incorporating three-dimensional extracellular matrix and mesenchymal cells derived from the tumor microenvironment. We used sequential imaging and a novel digital imaging analysis algorithm to quantify changes in cell viability. Computational models were used to convert experimental data into dose-exposure-response "surfaces," which offered predictive utility. Using this platform, we predicted chemosensitivity to bortezomib and melphalan, two clinical multiple myeloma treatments, in three multiple myeloma cell lines and seven patient-derived primary multiple myeloma cell populations. We also demonstrated how this system could be used to investigate environment-mediated drug resistance and drug combinations that target it. This interdisciplinary preclinical assay is capable of generating quantitative data that can be used in computational models of clinical response, demonstrating its utility as a tool to contribute to personalized oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayar P Khin
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Molecular Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation, and Department of Hematologic Malignancies, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Hua Y, White-Gilbertson S, Kellner J, Rachidi S, Usmani SZ, Chiosis G, Depinho R, Li Z, Liu B. Molecular chaperone gp96 is a novel therapeutic target of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6242-51. [PMID: 24077352 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE gp96 (grp94) is a key downstream chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to mediate unfolded protein response (UPR) and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma is closely linked to dysregulated UPR. In this study, we aimed to determine the roles of gp96 in the initiation and progression of multiple myeloma in vivo and in vitro. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated a mouse model with overexpression of XBP1s and conditional deletion of gp96 in B-cell compartment simultaneously to identify the roles of gp96 in the development of multiple myeloma in vivo. Using a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) system, we silenced gp96 in multiple human multiple myeloma cells and examined the effect of gp96 knockdown on multiple myeloma cells by cell proliferation, cell-cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, immunohistochemistry, and human myeloma xenograft model. The anticancer activity of gp96 selective inhibitor, WS13, was evaluated by apoptosis assay and MTT assay. RESULTS Genetic deletion of gp96 in XBP1s-Tg mice attenuates multiple myeloma. Silencing of gp96 causes severe compromise in human multiple myeloma cell growth through inhibiting Wnt-LRP-survivin pathway. We also confirmed that knockdown of gp96 decreased human multiple myeloma growth in a murine xenograft model. The targeted gp96 inhibitor induced apoptosis and blocked multiple myeloma cell growth, but did not induce apoptosis in pre-B leukemic cells. We have demonstrated that myeloma growth is dependent on gp96 both genetically and pharmacologically. CONCLUSIONS gp96 is essential for multiple myeloma cell proliferation and survival, suggesting that gp96 is a novel therapeutic target for multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6242-51. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Hua
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Texas
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35
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Vincenz L, Jäger R, O'Dwyer M, Samali A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response: targeting the Achilles heel of multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:831-43. [PMID: 23729400 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is characterized by the malignant proliferating antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow. Despite recent advances in therapy that improve the survival of patients, multiple myeloma remains incurable and therapy resistance is the major factor causing lethality. Clearly, more effective treatments are necessary. In recent years it has become apparent that, as highly secretory antibody-producing cells, multiple myeloma cells require an increased capacity to cope with unfolded proteins and are particularly sensitive to compounds targeting proteostasis such as proteasome inhibitors, which represent one of the most prominent new therapeutic strategies. Because of the increased requirement for dealing with secretory proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum, multiple myeloma cells are heavily reliant for survival on a set of signaling pathways, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Thus, directly targeting the UPR emerges as a new promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the UPR signaling in cancer, and outline its important role in myeloma pathogenesis and treatment. We discuss new therapeutic approaches based on targeting the protein quality control machinery and particularly the IRE1α/XBP1 axis of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Vincenz
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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36
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Heat shock proteins: pathogenic role in atherosclerosis and potential therapeutic implications. Autoimmune Dis 2012; 2012:502813. [PMID: 23304456 PMCID: PMC3530228 DOI: 10.1155/2012/502813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a highly conserved group of proteins that are constitutively expressed and function as molecular chaperones, aiding in protein folding and preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins. In the arterial wall, HSPs have a protective role under normal physiologic conditions. In disease states, however, HSPs expressed on the vascular endothelial cell surface can act as targets for detrimental autoimmunity due to their highly conserved sequences. Developing therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis based on HSPs is challenged by the need to balance such physiologic and pathologic roles of these proteins. This paper summarizes the role of HSPs in normal vascular wall processes as well as in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The potential implications of HSPs in clinical therapies for atherosclerosis are also discussed.
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37
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Peng K, Xu W, Zheng J, Huang K, Wang H, Tong J, Lin Z, Liu J, Cheng W, Fu D, Du P, Kibbe WA, Lin SM, Xia T. The Disease and Gene Annotations (DGA): an annotation resource for human disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2012. [PMID: 23197658 PMCID: PMC3531051 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease and Gene Annotations database (DGA, http://dga.nubic.northwestern.edu) is a collaborative effort aiming to provide a comprehensive and integrative annotation of the human genes in disease network context by integrating computable controlled vocabulary of the Disease Ontology (DO version 3 revision 2510, which has 8043 inherited, developmental and acquired human diseases), NCBI Gene Reference Into Function (GeneRIF) and molecular interaction network (MIN). DGA integrates these resources together using semantic mappings to build an integrative set of disease-to-gene and gene-to-gene relationships with excellent coverage based on current knowledge. DGA is kept current by periodically reparsing DO, GeneRIF, and MINs. DGA provides a user-friendly and interactive web interface system enabling users to efficiently query, download and visualize the DO tree structure and annotations as a tree, a network graph or a tabular list. To facilitate integrative analysis, DGA provides a web service Application Programming Interface for integration with external analytic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- The Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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