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Xu Z, Zhang N, Shi L. Potential roles of UCH family deubiquitinases in tumorigenesis and chemical inhibitors developed against them. Am J Cancer Res 2024; 14:2666-2694. [PMID: 39005671 PMCID: PMC11236784 DOI: 10.62347/oege2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are a large group of proteases that reverse ubiquitination process and maintain protein homeostasis. The DUBs have been classified into seven subfamilies according to their primary sequence and structural similarity. As a small subfamily of DUBs, the ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) subfamily only contains four members including UCHL1, UCHL3, UCHL5, and BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1). Despite sharing the deubiquitinase activity with a similar catalysis mechanism, the UCHs exhibit distinctive biological functions which are mainly determined by their specific subcellular localization and partner substrates. Besides, growing evidence indicates that the UCH enzymes are involved in human malignancies. In this review, the structural information and biological functions of the UCHs are briefly described. Meanwhile, the roles of these enzymes in tumorigenesis and the discovered inhibitors against them are also summarized to give an insight into the cancer therapy with the potential alternative strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naixia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Analytical Research Center for Organic and Biological Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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2
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Gao H, Xi Z, Dai J, Xue J, Guan X, Zhao L, Chen Z, Xing F. Drug resistance mechanisms and treatment strategies mediated by Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases (USPs) in cancers: new directions and therapeutic options. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:88. [PMID: 38702734 PMCID: PMC11067278 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a significant obstacle in cancer treatment, underscoring the need for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), a subclass of deubiquitinating enzymes, play a pivotal role in protein deubiquitination. As scientific research advances, USPs have been recognized as key regulators of drug resistance across a spectrum of treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. This comprehensive review examines the complex relationship between USPs and drug resistance mechanisms, focusing on specific treatment strategies and highlighting the influence of USPs on DNA damage repair, apoptosis, characteristics of cancer stem cells, immune evasion, and other crucial biological functions. Additionally, the review highlights the potential clinical significance of USP inhibitors as a means to counter drug resistance in cancer treatment. By inhibiting particular USP, cancer cells can become more susceptible to a variety of anti-cancer drugs. The integration of USP inhibitors with current anti-cancer therapies offers a promising strategy to circumvent drug resistance. Therefore, this review emphasizes the importance of USPs as viable therapeutic targets and offers insight into fruitful directions for future research and drug development. Targeting USPs presents an effective method to combat drug resistance across various cancer types, leading to enhanced treatment strategies and better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhuo Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jingwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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3
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Ding W, Wang JX, Wu JZ, Liu AC, Jiang LL, Zhang HC, Meng Y, Liu BY, Peng GJ, Lou EZ, Mao Q, Zhou H, Tang DL, Chen X, Liu JB, Shi XP. Targeting proteasomal deubiquitinases USP14 and UCHL5 with b-AP15 reduces 5-fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2537-2548. [PMID: 37528233 PMCID: PMC10692219 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the first-line treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, but the development of acquired resistance to 5-FU remains a big challenge. Deubiquitinases play a key role in the protein degradation pathway, which is involved in cancer development and chemotherapy resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of targeted inhibition of the proteasomal deubiquitinases USP14 and UCHL5 on the development of CRC and resistance to 5-FU. By analyzing GEO datasets, we found that the mRNA expression levels of USP14 and UCHL5 in CRC tissues were significantly increased, and negatively correlated with the survival of CRC patients. Knockdown of both USP14 and UCHL5 led to increased 5-FU sensitivity in 5-FU-resistant CRC cell lines (RKO-R and HCT-15R), whereas overexpression of USP14 and UCHL5 in 5-FU-sensitive CRC cells decreased 5-FU sensitivity. B-AP15, a specific inhibitor of USP14 and UCHL5, (1-5 μM) dose-dependently inhibited the viability of RKO, RKO-R, HCT-15, and HCT-15R cells. Furthermore, treatment with b-AP15 reduced the malignant phenotype of CRC cells including cell proliferation and migration, and induced cell death in both 5-FU-sensitive and 5-FU-resistant CRC cells by impairing proteasome function and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, b-AP15 inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway, suppressing cell proliferation. In 5-FU-sensitive and 5-FU-resistant CRC xenografts nude mice, administration of b-AP15 (8 mg·kg-1·d-1, intraperitoneal injection) effectively suppressed the growth of both types of tumors. These results demonstrate that USP14 and UCHL5 play an important role in the development of CRC and resistance to 5-FU. Targeting USP14 and UCHL5 with b-AP15 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa Ding
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumour Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Jin-Xiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Precision Medicine Center, Department of Biobank, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jun-Zheng Wu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Ao-Chu Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Li-Ling Jiang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Hai-Chuan Zhang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Yi Meng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Guan-Jie Peng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - En-Zhe Lou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Qiong Mao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China
| | - Dao-Lin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
| | - Jin-Bao Liu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
| | - Xian-Ping Shi
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, 511500, China.
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4
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Wu T, Li C, Zhou C, Niu X, Li G, Zhou Y, Gu X, Cui H. Inhibition of USP14 enhances anti-tumor effect in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma by regulation of Skp2. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2381-2399. [PMID: 35648318 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mutation of BRAF V600E often occurred in melanoma and results in tumorigenesis. BRAF mutation drives hyperactivation of the RAF-MAPK-ERK pathway. The acquired drug resistance upon prolonged use of BRAF inhibitors (such as vemurafenib) still remains the main obstacle. Previously, we have found that E3 ligase Skp2 over-expresses vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells, and knockdown of Skp2 enhances the anti-tumor effect of vemurafenib. Interestingly, the literature has reported that the selective USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 displays great potential in melanoma therapy; however, the molecular mechanism still remains unknown. METHODS In vitro, the effect of the combination regimen of vemurafenib (Vem, PLX4032) and b-AP15 on vem-sensitive and vem-resistant melanoma has been investigated by wound healing, colony formation, transwell invasion assay, flow cytometry, lysosome staining, and ROS detection. In vivo, the combination effect on vem-resistant melanoma has been evaluated with a nude mice xenograft tumor model. GST-pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays have been applied to investigate the interactions between USP14, UCHL5, and Skp2. Cycloheximide (CHX) assay and ubiquitination assays have been used to explore the effect of USP14 on Skp2 protein half-life and ubiquitination status. RESULTS In the present study, we have revealed that repression of USP14 sensitizes vemurafenib resistance in melanoma through a previously unappreciated mechanism that USP14 but not UCHL5 stabilizes Skp2, blocking its ubiquitination. K119 on Skp2 is required for USP14-mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of Skp2. Furthermore, the mutated catalytic activity amino acid cysteine (C) 114 on USP14 abrogates stabilization of Skp2. Stabilization of Skp2 is required for USP14 to negatively regulate autophagy. The combination regimen of Skp2 inhibitor vemurafenib and USP14/UCHL5 inhibitor b-AP15 dramatically inhibits cell viability, migration, invasion, and colony formation in vemurafenib-sensitive and vemurafenib-resistant melanoma. Vemurafenib and b-AP15 hold cells in the S phase thus leading to apoptosis as well as the formation of the autophagic vacuole in vemurafenib-resistant SKMEL28 cells. The enhanced proliferation effect of USP14 and Skp2 is mainly due to a more effective reduction of cell apoptosis and autophagy. Further evaluation of various protein alterations has revealed that the increased expression of cleaved-PARP, LC3, and decreased Ki67 are more obvious in the combination of vemurafenib and b-AP15 treatment than those in single-drug treatment. Moreover, the co-treatment of vemurafenib and b-AP15 dramatically inhibits the growth of vemurafenib-resistant melanoma xenograft in vivo. Collectively, our findings have demonstrated that the combination of Skp2 inhibitor and USP14 inhibitor provides a new solution for the treatment of BRAF inhibitor resistance melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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5
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Srinivasan V, Asghar MY, Zafar S, Törnquist K, Lindholm D. Proliferation and migration of ML1 follicular thyroid cancer cells are inhibited by IU1 targeting USP14: role of proteasome and autophagy flux. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1234204. [PMID: 37711852 PMCID: PMC10499180 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1234204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
USP14 is a deubiquitinating enzyme involved in protein degradation by interacting with the proteasome and removal of poly-ubiquitin chains on target proteins. USP14 can influence cellular processes such as cell survival, DNA repair, ER stress, endocytosis, and the inflammatory response. USP14 further plays a role in tumor growth, and the inhibition of USP14 by compounds such as IU1 may affect cancer cell migration and invasion. Here we have studied the mechanisms for the action of IU1 in ML1 follicular thyroid cancer cells, comparing them with control, primary thyroid cells. Treatment with IU1 reduced proliferation of ML1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and more prominently than in control cells. IU1 decreased basal migration of ML1 cells, and after stimulation of cells with the bioactive compound, sphingosine-1-phosphate. The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 was increased in ML1 cells as compared with control thyroid cells, but this was not influenced by IU1. Further studies on the mechanism, revealed that IU1 enhanced the proteasome activity as well as LC3B-dependent autophagy flux in ML1 cells with an opposite effect on control thyroid cells. This indicates that IU1 elicits a cell-type dependent autophagy response, increasing it in ML1 cancer cells. The IU1-mediated stimulation of autophagy and proteasomes can likely contribute to the reduced cell proliferation and migration observed in ML1 cells. The precise set of proteins affected by IU1 in ML1 thyroid and other cancer cells warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Srinivasan
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Yasir Asghar
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kid Törnquist
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Ailawadhi S, Parrondo RD, Dutta N, Han B, Ciccio G, Cherukuri Y, Alegria VR, LaPlant BR, Roy V, Sher T, Edwards B, Lanier S, Manna A, Heslop K, Caulfield T, Maldosevic E, Storz P, Manochakian R, Asmann Y, Chanan-Khan AA, Paulus A. AT-101 Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Lenalidomide in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:477. [PMID: 36672426 PMCID: PMC9857228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins play a role in multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival, for which targeted inhibitors are being developed. AT-101 is an oral drug, which disrupts Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 function, impedes mitochondrial bioenergetic processes and induces apoptosis in MM cells. When combined with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Rd), AT-101 significantly reduced tumor burden in an in vivo xenograft model of MM. These data provided rationale for a phase I/II study to establish the effective dose of AT-101 in combination with Rd (ARd regimen) in relapsed/refractory MM. A total of 10 patients were enrolled, most with high-risk cytogenetics (80%) and prior stem cell transplant (70%). Three patients were lenalidomide-refractory, 2 were bortezomib-refractory and 3 were daratumumab-refractory. The ARd combination was well tolerated with most common grade 3/4 adverse events being cytopenia's. The overall response rate was 40% and clinical benefit rate was 90%. The median progression free survival was 14.9 months (95% CI 7.1-NE). Patients responsive to ARd showed a decrease in Bcl-2:Bim or Mcl-1:Noxa protein complexes, increased CD8+ T and NK cells and depletion of T and B-regulatory cells. The ARd regimen demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and promising efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory MM prompting further investigation in additional patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikander Ailawadhi
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Ricardo D. Parrondo
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Navnita Dutta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Gina Ciccio
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yesesri Cherukuri
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Victoria R. Alegria
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Betsy R. LaPlant
- Department of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Vivek Roy
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Taimur Sher
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Brett Edwards
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Stephanie Lanier
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Keisha Heslop
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Thomas Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Emir Maldosevic
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Rami Manochakian
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yan Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Asher A. Chanan-Khan
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Aneel Paulus
- Deparment of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Lu P, Jin S, Zhang J, Zhou Y. USP14 promotes the malignant progression and ibrutinib resistance of mantle cell lymphoma by stabilizing XPO1. Int J Med Sci 2023; 20:616-626. [PMID: 37082728 PMCID: PMC10110470 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.80467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogeneous disease belonging to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In recent years, the morbidity rate of MCL is ascending, and the prognosis remains unfavorable. Ubiquitin-specific proteases14 (USP14) has been evidenced to be engaged in the process of malignant tumors. In this article, the role of USP14 in the malignant process of MCL and the mechanism of ibrutinib resistance were discussed. Methods: Through qRT-PCR and western blot, the mRNA and protein expressions of USP14 in MCL cells were tested. USP14 interference plasmid was constructed by cell transfection technology, and then CCK8 and EdU assays were applied to appraise cell proliferation. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were estimated by flow cytometry and western blot. The sensitivity of MCL cells to ibrutinib was also investigated. Next, western blot, co-IP, Cycloheximide (CHX) assay and other techniques were used to detect the relationship between USP14 and XPO1. Finally, by simultaneously inhibiting USP14 and overexpressing XPO1, the impacts of USP14 on the malignant process of MCL and the regulatory mechanism of ibrutinib sensitivity in MCL were discussed. Results: USP14 expression was markedly fortified in MCL cell lines. Interference of USP14 suppressed MCL cell viability, potentiated cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and ibrutinib sensitivity. This process might be achieved by USP14 deubiquitination through enhancing XPO1 stability. Conclusion: USP14 can promote the malignant progression and ibrutinib sensitivity of MCL by stabilizing XPO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, PR. China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Ye Zhang, No.3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, PR. China. E-mail:
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, PR. China
| | - Shenhe Jin
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, PR. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, PR. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310016, PR. China
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8
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Deng J, Paulus A, Fang DD, Manna A, Wang G, Wang H, Zhu S, Chen J, Min P, Yin Y, Dutta N, Halder N, Ciccio G, Copland JA, Miller J, Han B, Bai L, Liu L, Wang M, McEachern D, Przybranowski S, Yang CY, Stuckey JA, Wu D, Li C, Ryan J, Letai A, Ailawadhi S, Yang D, Wang S, Chanan-Khan A, Zhai Y. Lisaftoclax (APG-2575) Is a Novel BCL-2 Inhibitor with Robust Antitumor Activity in Preclinical Models of Hematologic Malignancy. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:5455-5468. [PMID: 36048524 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Development of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2)-specific inhibitors poses unique challenges in drug design because of BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) shared homology between BCL-2 family members and the shallow surface of their protein-protein interactions. We report herein discovery and extensive preclinical investigation of lisaftoclax (APG-2575). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Computational modeling was used to design "lead" compounds. Biochemical binding, mitochondrial BH3 profiling, and cell-based viability or apoptosis assays were used to determine the selectivity and potency of BCL-2 inhibitor lisaftoclax. The antitumor effects of lisaftoclax were also evaluated in several xenograft models. RESULTS Lisaftoclax selectively binds BCL-2 (Ki < 0.1 nmol/L), disrupts BCL-2:BIM complexes, and compromises mitochondrial outer membrane potential, culminating in BAX/BAK-dependent, caspase-mediated apoptosis. Lisaftoclax exerted strong antitumor activity in hematologic cancer cell lines and tumor cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, or Waldenström macroglobulinemia. After lisaftoclax treatment, prodeath proteins BCL-2‒like protein 11 (BIM) and Noxa increased, and BIM translocated from cytosol to mitochondria. Consistent with these apoptotic activities, lisaftoclax entered malignant cells rapidly, reached plateau in 2 hours, and significantly downregulated mitochondrial respiratory function and ATP production. Furthermore, lisaftoclax inhibited tumor growth in xenograft models, correlating with caspase activation, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 cleavage, and pharmacokinetics of the compound. Lisaftoclax combined with rituximab or bendamustine/rituximab enhanced antitumor activity in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that lisaftoclax is a novel, orally bioavailable BH3 mimetic BCL-2-selective inhibitor with considerable potential for the treatment of certain hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Deng
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Douglas D Fang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Guangfeng Wang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengbang Wang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saijie Zhu
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianyong Chen
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Min
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Navnita Dutta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Nabanita Halder
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Gina Ciccio
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - James Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Longchuan Bai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donna McEachern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sally Przybranowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dajun Yang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Ascentage Pharma Group, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center at St. Vincent's Medical Center Riverside, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Ascentage Pharma Group, Rockville, Maryland
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9
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Zhang XW, Feng N, Liu YC, Guo Q, Wang JK, Bai YZ, Ye XM, Yang Z, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang MM, Wang YH, Shi XM, Liu D, Tu PF, Zeng KW. Neuroinflammation inhibition by small-molecule targeting USP7 noncatalytic domain for neurodegenerative disease therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0789. [PMID: 35947662 PMCID: PMC9365288 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a fundamental contributor to progressive neuronal damage, which arouses a heightened interest in neurodegenerative disease therapy. Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) has a crucial role in regulating protein stability in multiple biological processes; however, the potential role of USP7 in neurodegenerative progression is poorly understood. Here, we discover the natural small molecule eupalinolide B (EB), which targets USP7 to inhibit microglia activation. Cocrystal structure reveals a previously undisclosed covalent allosteric site, Cys576, in a unique noncatalytic HUBL domain. By selectively modifying Cys576, EB allosterically inhibits USP7 to cause a ubiquitination-dependent degradation of Keap1. Keap1 function loss further results in an Nrf2-dependent transcription activation of anti-neuroinflammation genes in microglia. In vivo, pharmacological USP7 inhibition attenuates microglia activation and resultant neuron injury, thereby notably improving behavioral deficits in dementia and Parkinson's disease mouse models. Collectively, our findings provide an attractive future direction for neurodegenerative disease therapy by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by targeting USP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Heng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mi-Mi Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan-Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (P.-F.T.); (K.-W.Z.)
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Corresponding author. (P.-F.T.); (K.-W.Z.)
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10
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Hazama Y, Tsujioka T, Kitanaka A, Tohyama K, Shimoya K. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat, exerts anti-proliferative effect with partial normalization from aberrant epigenetic states on granulosa cell tumor cell lines. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271245. [PMID: 35802681 PMCID: PMC9269920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of the patients with inoperable or advanced granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) is still poor, and therefore it is important to establish a novel treatment strategy. Here we investigated the in vitro effects of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, panobinostat (PS) on two GCT cell lines (KGN and COV434). GCT cell lines were found to be susceptible to PS treatment and it inhibited cell growth mainly by apoptosis. In cell cycle analysis, PS reduced only the ratio of S phase in GCT cell lines. Combined treatment of PS with a deubiquitinase inhibitor, VLX1570 enhanced the expression of p21, cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-9, heme oxygenase-1, and the acetylation of histone H4 and α-tubulin, leading to an additive anti-proliferative effect on KGN and COV434. The gene set enrichment analysis revealed that PS treatment suppressed DNA replication- or cell cycle-related gene expression which led to chemotherapeutic cell death and in addition, this treatment induced activation of the gene set of adherens junction towards a normalized direction as well as activation of neuron-related gene sets that might imply unexpected differentiation potential due to epigenetic modification by a HDAC inhibitor in KGN cells. Exposure of KGN and COV434 cells to PS increased the expression of E-cadherin, one of the principal regulators associated with adherens junction in quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. In the present study, we indicate a basis of a novel therapeutic availability of a HDAC inhibitor for the treatment of GCTs and further investigations will be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hazama
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsujioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akira Kitanaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tohyama
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shimoya
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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11
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Gubat J, Selvaraju K, Sjöstrand L, Kumar Singh D, Turkina MV, Schmierer B, Sabatier P, Zubarev RA, Linder S, D’Arcy P. Comprehensive Target Screening and Cellular Profiling of the Cancer-Active Compound b-AP15 Indicate Abrogation of Protein Homeostasis and Organelle Dysfunction as the Primary Mechanism of Action. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852980. [PMID: 35530310 PMCID: PMC9076133 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dienone compounds have been demonstrated to display tumor-selective anti-cancer activity independently of the mutational status of TP53. Previous studies have shown that cell death elicited by this class of compounds is associated with inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here we extend previous findings by showing that the dienone compound b-AP15 inhibits proteasomal degradation of long-lived proteins. We show that exposure to b-AP15 results in increased association of the chaperones VCP/p97/Cdc48 and BAG6 with proteasomes. Comparisons between the gene expression profile generated by b-AP15 to those elicited by siRNA showed that knock-down of the proteasome-associated deubiquitinase (DUB) USP14 is the closest related to drug response. USP14 is a validated target for b-AP15 and we show that b-AP15 binds covalently to two cysteines, Cys203 and Cys257, in the ubiquitin-binding pocket of the enzyme. Consistent with this, deletion of USP14 resulted in decreased sensitivity to b-AP15. Targeting of USP14 was, however, found to not fully account for the observed proteasome inhibition. In search for additional targets, we utilized genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening and Proteome Integral Solubility Alteration (PISA) to identify mechanistically essential genes and b-AP15 interacting proteins respectively. Deletion of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins decreased the sensitivity to b-AP15, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction is coupled to cell death induced by b-AP15. Enzymes known to be involved in Phase II detoxification such as aldo-ketoreductases and glutathione-S-transferases were identified as b-AP15-targets using PISA. The finding that different exploratory approaches yielded different results may be explained in terms of a “target” not necessarily connected to the “mechanism of action” thus highlighting the importance of a holistic approach in the identification of drug targets. We conclude that b-AP15, and likely also other dienone compounds of the same class, affect protein degradation and proteasome function at more than one level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gubat
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karthik Selvaraju
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda Sjöstrand
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dhananjay Kumar Singh
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, India
| | - Maria V. Turkina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bernhard Schmierer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemical Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre Sabatier
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacological and Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pádraig D’Arcy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Pádraig D’Arcy,
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12
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Hafez N, Modather El-Awadly Z, Arafa RK. UCH-L3 structure and function: Insights about a promising drug target. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113970. [PMID: 34752952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, researchers have shed light on the immense importance of ubiquitin in numerous regulatory pathways. The post-translational addition of mono or poly-ubiquitin molecules namely "ubiquitinoylation" is therefore pivotal to maintain the cell's vitality, maturation, differentiation, and division. Part of conserving homeostasis stems from maintaining the ubiquitin pool in the vicinity of the cell's intracellular environment; this crucial role is played by deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) that cleave ubiquitin molecules from target molecules. To date, they are categorized into 7 families with ubiquitin carboxyl c-terminal de-hydrolase family (UCH) as the most common and well-studied. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L (UCH-L3) is a significant protein in this family as it has been implicated in many molecular and cellular processes with its mRNA identified in a range of body tissues including the brain. It goes without saying that it manifests in maintaining health and when abnormally regulated in disease. As it is an attractive small molecule drug target, scientists have used high throughput screening (HTS) and other drug discovery methods to discover inhibitors for this enzyme for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we present an overview of UCH-L3 catalytic mechanism, structure, its role in DNA repair and cancer along with the inhibitors discovered so far to halt its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Hafez
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12578, Egypt
| | - Zahraa Modather El-Awadly
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12578, Egypt
| | - Reem K Arafa
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12578, Egypt; Drug Design and Discovery Laboratory, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12578, Egypt.
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13
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The role of ubiquitin-specific peptidases in glioma progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112585. [PMID: 34968923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination is crucial for protein stability, function and location under physiological conditions. Dysregulation of E1/E2/E3 ligases or deubiquitinases (DUBs) results in malfunction of the ubiquitin system and is involved in many diseases. Increasing reports have indicated that ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) play a part in the progression of many kinds of cancers and could be good targets for anticancer treatment. Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Clinical treatment for high-grade glioma is unsatisfactory thus far. Multiple USPs are dysregulated in glioma and have the potential to be therapeutic targets. In this review, we collected studies on the roles of USPs in glioma progression and summarized the mechanisms of USPs in glioma tumorigenesis, malignancy and chemoradiotherapy resistance.
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14
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Kurozumi N, Tsujioka T, Ouchida M, Sakakibara K, Nakahara T, Suemori SI, Takeuchi M, Kitanaka A, Shibakura M, Tohyama K. VLX1570 induces apoptosis through the generation of ROS and induction of ER stress on leukemia cell lines. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3302-3313. [PMID: 34032336 PMCID: PMC8353915 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel proteasome deubiquitinase inhibitor, VLX1570, has been highlighted as a promising therapeutic agent mainly for lymphoid neoplasms and solid tumors. We examined in vitro effects of VLX1570 on eight myeloid and three lymphoid leukemia cell lines. From cell culture studies, 10 out of 11 cell lines except K562 were found to be susceptible to VLX1570 treatment and it inhibited cell growth mainly by apoptosis. Next, to identify the signaling pathways associated with apoptosis, we performed gene expression profiling using HL‐60 with or without 50 nmol/L of VLX1570 for 3 hours and demonstrated that VLX1570 induced the genetic pathway involved in “heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) activation”, “HSF1 dependent transactivation”, and “Regulation of HSF1 mediated heat shock response”. VLX1570 increased the amount of high molecular weight polyubiquitinated proteins and the expression of HSP70 as the result of the suppression of ubiquitin proteasome system, the expression of heme oxygenase‐1, and the amount of phosphorylation in JNK and p38 associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced apoptosis and the amount of phosphorylation in eIF2α, inducing the expression of ATF4 and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress dependent apoptosis protein, CHOP, and the amount of phosphorylation slightly in IRE1α, leading to increased expression of XBP‐1s in leukemia cell lines. In the present study, we demonstrate that VLX1570 induces apoptosis and exerts a potential anti‐leukemic effect through the generation of ROS and induction of ER stress in leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Kurozumi
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan.,Field of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsujioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ouchida
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kanae Sakakibara
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takako Nakahara
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akira Kitanaka
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Misako Shibakura
- Field of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tohyama
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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15
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Guo JN, Xia BR, Deng SH, Yang C, Pi YN, Cui BB, Jin WL. Deubiquitinating Enzymes Orchestrate the Cancer Stem Cell-Immunosuppressive Niche Dialogue: New Perspectives and Therapeutic Potential. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680100. [PMID: 34179009 PMCID: PMC8220152 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are sparks for igniting tumor recurrence and the instigators of low response to immunotherapy and drug resistance. As one of the important components of tumor microenvironment, the tumor associated immune microenvironment (TAIM) is driving force for the heterogeneity, plasticity and evolution of CSCs. CSCs create the inhibitory TAIM (ITAIM) mainly through four stemness-related signals (SRSs), including Notch-nuclear factor-κB axis, Hedgehog, Wnt and signal transducer and activator of transcription. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination in proteins related to the specific stemness of the CSCs have a profound impact on the regulation of ITAIM. In regulating the balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination, it is crucial for deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) to cleave ubiquitin chains from substrates. Ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) comprise the largest family of DUBs. Growing evidence suggests that they play novel functions in contribution of ITAIM, including regulating tumor immunogenicity, activating stem cell factors, upregulating the SRSs, stabilizing anti-inflammatory receptors, and regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines. These overactive or abnormal signaling may dampen antitumor immune responses. The inhibition of USPs could play a regulatory role in SRSs and reversing ITAIM, and also have great potential in improving immune killing ability against tumor cells, including CSCs. In this review, we focus on the USPs involved in CSCs signaling pathways and regulating ITAIM, which are promising therapeutic targets in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Guo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shen-Hui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Bin-Bin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Proteasome-Associated Deubiquitinases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126213. [PMID: 34207520 PMCID: PMC8226605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is the principal protease for regulated intracellular proteolysis. This multi-subunit complex is also pivotal for clearance of harmful proteins that are produced throughout the lifetime of eukaryotes. Recent structural and kinetic studies have revealed a multitude of conformational states of the proteasome in substrate-free and substrate-engaged forms. These conformational transitions demonstrate that proteasome is a highly dynamic machinery during substrate processing that can be also controlled by a number of proteasome-associated factors. Essentially, three distinct family of deubiquitinases–USP14, RPN11, and UCH37–are associated with the 19S regulatory particle of human proteasome. USP14 and UCH37 are capable of editing ubiquitin conjugates during the process of their dynamic engagement into the proteasome prior to the catalytic commitment. In contrast, RPN11-mediated deubiquitination is directly coupled to substrate degradation by sensing the proteasome’s conformational switch into the commitment steps. Therefore, proteasome-bound deubiquitinases are likely to tailor the degradation events in accordance with substrate processing steps and for dynamic proteolysis outcomes. Recent chemical screening efforts have yielded highly selective small-molecule inhibitors for targeting proteasomal deubiquitinases, such as USP14 and RPN11. USP14 inhibitors, IU1 and its progeny, were found to promote the degradation of a subset of substrates probably by overriding USP14-imposed checkpoint on the proteasome. On the other hand, capzimin, a RPN11 inhibitor, stabilized the proteasome substrates and showed the anti-proliferative effects on cancer cells. It is highly conceivable that these specific inhibitors will aid to dissect the role of each deubiquitinase on the proteasome. Moreover, customized targeting of proteasome-associated deubiquitinases may also provide versatile therapeutic strategies for induced or repressed protein degradation depending on proteolytic demand and cellular context.
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17
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Advances in the Development Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase (USP) Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094546. [PMID: 33925279 PMCID: PMC8123678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation are reversible protein post-translational modification (PTM) processes involving the regulation of protein degradation under physiological conditions. Loss of balance in this regulatory system can lead to a wide range of diseases, such as cancer and inflammation. As the main members of the deubiquitinases (DUBs) family, ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) are closely related to biological processes through a variety of molecular signaling pathways, including DNA damage repair, p53 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been drawn to USPs as potential targets for the development of therapeutics across diverse therapeutic areas. In this review, we summarize the crucial roles of USPs in different signaling pathways and focus on advances in the development of USP inhibitors, as well as the methods of screening and identifying USP inhibitors.
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18
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Lee CS, Kim S, Hwang G, Song J. Deubiquitinases: Modulators of Different Types of Regulated Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4352. [PMID: 33919439 PMCID: PMC8122337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms and physiological implications of regulated cell death (RCD) have been extensively studied. Among the regulatory mechanisms of RCD, ubiquitination and deubiquitination enable post-translational regulation of signaling by modulating substrate degradation and signal transduction. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are involved in diverse molecular pathways of RCD. Some DUBs modulate multiple modalities of RCD by regulating various substrates and are powerful regulators of cell fate. However, the therapeutic targeting of DUB is limited, as the physiological consequences of modulating DUBs cannot be predicted. In this review, the mechanisms of DUBs that regulate multiple types of RCD are summarized. This comprehensive summary aims to improve our understanding of the complex DUB/RCD regulatory axis comprising various molecular mechanisms for diverse physiological processes. Additionally, this review will enable the understanding of the advantages of therapeutic targeting of DUBs and developing strategies to overcome the side effects associated with the therapeutic applications of DUB modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Sil Lee
- Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea;
| | - Seungyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; (S.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Gyuho Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; (S.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Jaewhan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea; (S.K.); (G.H.)
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19
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Wang Y, Gali VL, Xu-Monette ZY, Sano D, Thomas SK, Weber DM, Zhu F, Fang X, Deng M, Zhang M, Hagemeister FB, Li Y, Orlowski RZ, Lee HC, Young KH. Molecular and genetic biomarkers implemented from next-generation sequencing provide treatment insights in clinical practice for Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Neoplasia 2021; 23:361-374. [PMID: 33735664 PMCID: PMC7985670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a distinct type of indolent lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) with a high frequency of MYD88L265P mutation. Treatment for WM/LPL is highly variable in clinic and ibrutinib (a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, BTKi) has become a new treatment option for WM. To investigate the clinical impact of genetic alterations in WM, we assembled a large cohort of 219 WMs and 12 LPLs dividing into two subcohorts: a training cohort, patients sequenced by a same targeted 29-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, and a validation cohort, patients sequenced by allele specific-PCR or other targeted NGS panels. In both training and validation subcohorts, MYD88L265P and TP53 mutations showed favorable and adverse prognostic effects, respectively. CXCR4 nonsense/missense mutations (CXCR4NS/MS), cytogenetic complex karyotypes, and a family history of lymphoma/leukemia in first-degree relatives were associated with significantly worse clinical outcomes only or more in the validation subcohort. We further investigated the efficacy of various treatments and interaction with genetic factors in the entire cohort. Upfront dexamethasone usage was associated with poorer clinical outcomes in patients who received non-proteasome-containing chemotherapy as first-line treatment independent of genetic factors. Maintenance rituximab was associated with better survival. Ibrutinib/BTKi showed potential benefit in relapsed/refractory patients and patients without CXCR4NS/MS including those with TP53 mutations. In conclusion, genetic testing for MYD88L265P, TP53, and CXCR4 mutations and cytogenetic analysis provide important information for prognosis prediction and therapy selection. The findings in these study are valuable for improving treatment decisions on therapies available for WM/LPL patients with integration of NGS in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Wang
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Vasantha Lakshmi Gali
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dahlia Sano
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheeba K Thomas
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Weber
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Zhu
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaosheng Fang
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manman Deng
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fredrick B Hagemeister
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Z Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hans Chulhee Lee
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Medical Center and Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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20
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Abstract
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The biological responses to dienone compounds with a 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadienyl
pharmacophore have been studied extensively. Despite their expected
general thiol reactivity, these compounds display considerable degrees
of tumor cell selectivity. Here we review in vitro and preclinical studies of dienone compounds including b-AP15, VLX1570,
RA-9, RA-190, EF24, HO-3867, and MCB-613. A common property of these
compounds is their targeting of the ubiquitin–proteasome system
(UPS), known to be essential for the viability of tumor cells. Gene
expression profiling experiments have shown induction of responses
characteristic of UPS inhibition, and experiments using cellular reporter
proteins have shown that proteasome inhibition is associated with
cell death. Other mechanisms of action such as reactivation of mutant
p53, stimulation of steroid receptor coactivators, and induction of
protein cross-linking have also been described. Although unsuitable
as biological probes due to widespread reactivity, dienone compounds
are cytotoxic to apoptosis-resistant tumor cells and show activity
in animal tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Heath, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Caulfield TR, Hayes KE, Qiu Y, Coban M, Seok Oh J, Lane AL, Yoshimitsu T, Hazlehurst L, Copland JA, Tun HW. A Virtual Screening Platform Identifies Chloroethylagelastatin A as a Potential Ribosomal Inhibitor. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1407. [PMID: 33027969 PMCID: PMC7599554 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroethylagelastatin A (CEAA) is an analogue of agelastatin A (AA), a natural alkaloid derived from a marine sponge. It is under development for therapeutic use against brain tumors as it has excellent central nervous system (CNS) penetration and pre-clinical therapeutic activity against brain tumors. Recently, AA was shown to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the ribosomal A-site. In this study, we developed a novel virtual screening platform to perform a comprehensive screening of various AA analogues showing that AA analogues with proven therapeutic activity including CEAA have significant ribosomal binding capacity whereas therapeutically inactive analogues show poor ribosomal binding and revealing structural fingerprint features essential for drug-ribosome interactions. In particular, CEAA was found to have greater ribosomal binding capacity than AA. Biological tests showed that CEAA binds the ribosome and contributes to protein synthesis inhibition. Our findings suggest that CEAA may possess ribosomal inhibitor activity and that our virtual screening platform may be a useful tool in discovery and development of novel ribosomal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Caulfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (Y.Q.); (M.C.); (A.L.L.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Karen E. Hayes
- Modulation Therapeutics, Inc., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Yushi Qiu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (Y.Q.); (M.C.); (A.L.L.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Mathew Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (Y.Q.); (M.C.); (A.L.L.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Joon Seok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Amy L. Lane
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (Y.Q.); (M.C.); (A.L.L.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Takehiko Yoshimitsu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Lori Hazlehurst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - John A. Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (Y.Q.); (M.C.); (A.L.L.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Han W. Tun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (Y.Q.); (M.C.); (A.L.L.); (J.A.C.)
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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22
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Huang X, Zhang X, Xu J, Wang X, Zhang G, Tang T, Shen X, Liang T, Bai X. Deubiquitinating Enzyme: A Potential Secondary Checkpoint of Cancer Immunity. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1289. [PMID: 32850399 PMCID: PMC7426525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of cancer immunotherapy depends on the fine interplay between tumoral immune checkpoints and host immune system. However, the up-to-date clinical performance of checkpoint blockers in cancer therapy revealed that higher-level regulation should be further investigated for better therapeutic outcomes. It is becoming increasingly evident that the expression of immune checkpoints is largely associated to the immunotherapeutic response and consequent prognosis. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) with their role of cleaving ubiquitin from proteins and other molecules, thus reversing ubiquitination-mediated protein degradation, modulate multiple cellular processes, including, but not limited to, transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression, tissue development, and antiviral response. Accumulating evidence indicates that DUBs also have the critical influence on anticancer immunity, simply by stabilizing pivotal checkpoints or key regulators of T-cell functions. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge about DUBs, highlights the secondary checkpoint-like role of DUBs in cancer immunity, in particular their direct effects on the stability control of pivotal checkpoints and key regulators of T-cell functions, and suggests the therapeutic potential of DUBs-based strategy in targeted immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Madamsetty VS, Paulus A, Akhtar S, Manna A, Rachamalla HR, Banerjee R, Mukhopadhyay D, Chanan-Khan A. Novel tumor-targeted liposomes comprised of an MDM2 antagonist plus proteasome inhibitor display anti-tumor activity in a xenograft model of bortezomib-resistant Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:2399-2408. [PMID: 32558607 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1775204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery remains an active area of investigation in hematologic cancers. We have previously reported on a novel nanoparticle formulation (D1X) that can encapsulate drugs within a liposome whose lipid bilayer contains dexamethasone, which serves as a targeting ligand for drug delivery to tumor cells that express glucocorticoid receptors. We tested the activity of D1X-encapsulated bortezomib (D1XB) in combination with D1X-encapsulated nutlin (D1XN) in B-lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) cells. WM cells treated with D1XB + D1XN experienced cell cycle arrest, ER stress and apoptosis. In mice xenografted with bortezomib-resistant WM cells, D1XB + D1XN treatment resulted in significantly lower tumor burden compared to vehicle or nonliposomal parent drugs. In vivo biodistribution studies showed minimal uptake of D1X-based drugs in normal mice tissues. Our studies demonstrate that highly targeted delivery of both bortezomib and nutlin encapsulated in D1X nanoparticles are cytotoxic to and delay in vivo growth of bortezomib-resistant WM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sharoon Akhtar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Harikrishna Reddy Rachamalla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, CSIR - Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - RajKumar Banerjee
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR, CSIR - Human Resource Development Centre, (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center at St. Vincent's Medical Center Riverside, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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24
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Antao AM, Tyagi A, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. Advances in Deubiquitinating Enzyme Inhibition and Applications in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1579. [PMID: 32549302 PMCID: PMC7352412 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), the roles of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have been widely elucidated. The ubiquitination of proteins regulates many aspects of cellular functions such as protein degradation and localization, and also modifies protein-protein interactions. DUBs cleave the attached ubiquitin moieties from substrates and thereby reverse the process of ubiquitination. The dysregulation of these two paramount pathways has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer. Attempts are being made to identify inhibitors of ubiquitin E3 ligases and DUBs that potentially have clinical implications in cancer, making them an important target in the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, studies in medicine are currently focused on the pharmacological disruption of DUB activity as a rationale to specifically target cancer-causing protein aberrations. Here, we briefly discuss the pathophysiological and physiological roles of DUBs in key cancer-related pathways. We also discuss the clinical applications of promising DUB inhibitors that may contribute to the development of DUBs as key therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainsley Mike Antao
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (A.M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Apoorvi Tyagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (A.M.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (A.M.A.); (A.T.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (A.M.A.); (A.T.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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25
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Liu D, Song Z, Wang X, Ouyang L. Ubiquitin C-Terminal Hydrolase L5 (UCHL5) Accelerates the Growth of Endometrial Cancer via Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2020; 10:865. [PMID: 32596150 PMCID: PMC7300206 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy with high mortality. Chemotherapy plays a pivotal role both in an adjuvant setting and in exclusive treatment. However, current pharmacotherapies are limited and not ideal for improving the overall survival of EC patients. Thus, identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for initiation and progression of EC is imperative for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L5 (UCHL5) has been found to aggravate tumor growth and metastasis in several different types of tumor models such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian cancer. However, whether UCHL5 influences the growth of EC has not been elucidated. To expose the role of UCHL5 on EC, bioinformatics analysis was conducted, and it hinted that UCHL5 was overexpressed in EC tissues and associated with lower overall survival. Consistently, the overexpression of UCHL5 in EC tissues and cell lines was further confirmed by western blot (WB) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared with non-tumor control. Lentivirus vectors carrying UCHL5 shRNA or CD sequences were used to reduce or overexpress the UCHL5 gene, respectively. Cell proliferation and cycle were facilitated, and cell apoptosis was decreased when the UCHL5 gene was overexpressed in EC cell lines. These results were opposite in UCHL5 knockdown EC cells. Additionally, the expression of β-catenin is positively related to UCHL5 levels and the tumorigenic effects of UCHL5 overexpression were reversed by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor XAV939. Thus, Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation may be a partial mechanism responsible for the promoting effects of UCHL5 on EC growth. In conclusion, UCHL5 accelerated the growth of EC via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and was expected to be an attractive target for EC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zixuan Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Ouyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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26
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Sarodaya N, Karapurkar J, Kim KS, Hong SH, Ramakrishna S. The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1103. [PMID: 32354135 PMCID: PMC7281754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of blood cells throughout the human lifespan. Single HSCs can give rise to at least eight distinct blood-cell lineages. Together, hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis coordinate several biological processes, i.e., cellular interactions during development and proliferation, guided migration, lineage programming, and reprogramming by transcription factors. Any dysregulation of these processes can result in hematological disorders and/or malignancies. Several studies of the molecular mechanisms governing HSC maintenance have demonstrated that protein regulation by the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is crucial for normal HSC function. Recent studies have shown that reversal of ubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays an equally important role in hematopoiesis; however, information regarding the biological function of DUBs is limited. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries about the physiological roles of DUBs in hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis and discuss the DUBs associated with common hematological disorders and malignancies, which are potential therapeutic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Janardhan Karapurkar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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27
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Zhang X, Linder S, Bazzaro M. Drug Development Targeting the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) for the Treatment of Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040902. [PMID: 32272746 PMCID: PMC7226376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by a higher rate of protein turnover and greater demand for protein homeostasis compared to normal cells. In this scenario, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is responsible for the degradation of over 80% of cellular proteins within mammalian cells, becomes vital to cancer cells, making the UPS a critical target for the discovery of novel cancer therapeutics. This review systematically categorizes all current reported small molecule inhibitors of the various essential components of the UPS, including ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), ubiquitin ligases (E3s), the 20S proteasome catalytic core particle (20S CP) and the 19S proteasome regulatory particles (19S RP), as well as their mechanism/s of action and limitations. We also discuss the immunoproteasome which is considered as a prospective therapeutic target of the next generation of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence:
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28
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Gutierrez-Diaz BT, Gu W, Ntziachristos P. Deubiquitinases: Pro-oncogenic Activity and Therapeutic Targeting in Blood Malignancies. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:327-340. [PMID: 32139316 PMCID: PMC7258259 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinases are enzymes that remove ubiquitin moieties from the vast majority of cellular proteins, controlling their stability, interactions, and localization. The expression and activity of deubiquitinases are critical for physiology and can go awry in various diseases, including cancer. Based on recent findings in human blood cancers, we discuss the functions of selected deubiquitinases in acute leukemia and efforts to target these enzymes with the aim of blocking leukemia growth and improving disease outcomes. We focus on the emergence of the newest generation of preclinical inhibitors by discussing their modes of inhibition and their effects on leukemia biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca T Gutierrez-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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29
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Coban MA, Fraga S, Caulfield TR. Structural And Computational Perspectives of Selectively Targeting Mutant Proteins. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2020; 18:365-378. [PMID: 32160847 DOI: 10.2174/1570163817666200311114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diseases are often caused by mutant proteins. Many drugs have limited effectiveness and/or toxic side effects because of a failure to selectively target the disease-causing mutant variant, rather than the functional wild type protein. Otherwise, the drugs may even target different proteins with similar structural features. Designing drugs that successfully target mutant proteins selectively represents a major challenge. Decades of cancer research have led to an abundance of potential therapeutic targets, often touted to be "master regulators". For many of these proteins, there are no FDA-approved drugs available; for others, off-target effects result in dose-limiting toxicity. Cancer-related proteins are an excellent medium to carry the story of mutant-specific targeting, as the disease is both initiated and sustained by mutant proteins; furthermore, current chemotherapies generally fail at adequate selective distinction. This review discusses some of the challenges associated with selective targeting from a structural biology perspective, as well as some of the developments in algorithm approach and computational workflow that can be applied to address those issues. One of the most widely researched proteins in cancer biology is p53, a tumor suppressor. Here, p53 is discussed as a specific example of a challenging target, with contemporary drugs and methodologies used as examples of burgeoning successes. The oncogene KRAS, which has been described as "undruggable", is another extensively investigated protein in cancer biology. This review also examines KRAS to exemplify progress made towards selective targeting of diseasecausing mutant proteins. Finally, possible future directions relevant to the topic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew A Coban
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Sarah Fraga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
| | - Thomas R Caulfield
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States
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FAM111A protects replication forks from protein obstacles via its trypsin-like domain. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1318. [PMID: 32165630 PMCID: PMC7067828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent protein obstacles on genomic DNA, such as DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) and tight nucleoprotein complexes, can block replication forks. DPCs can be removed by the proteolytic activities of the metalloprotease SPRTN or the proteasome in a replication-coupled manner; however, additional proteolytic mechanisms may exist to cope with the diversity of protein obstacles. Here, we show that FAM111A, a PCNA-interacting protein, plays an important role in mitigating the effect of protein obstacles on replication forks. This function of FAM111A requires an intact trypsin-like protease domain, the PCNA interaction, and the DNA-binding domain that is necessary for protease activity in vivo. FAM111A, but not SPRTN, protects replication forks from stalling at poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-DNA complexes trapped by PARP inhibitors, thereby promoting cell survival after drug treatment. Altogether, our findings reveal a role of FAM111A in overcoming protein obstacles to replication forks, shedding light on cellular responses to anti-cancer therapies.
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31
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The role of deubiquitinating enzymes in cancer drug resistance. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:627-639. [PMID: 32146496 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a well-known phenomenon leading to a reduction in the effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments. Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can involve various intrinsic cellular processes including drug efflux, increased resistance to apoptosis, increased DNA damage repair capabilities in response to platinum salts or other DNA-damaging drugs, drug inactivation, drug target alteration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inherent cell heterogeneity, epigenetic effects, or any combination of these mechanisms. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse ubiquitination of target proteins, maintaining a balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination of proteins to maintain cell homeostasis. Increasing evidence supports an association of altered DUB activity with development of several cancers. Thus, DUBs are promising candidates for targeted drug development. In this review, we outline the involvement of DUBs, particularly ubiquitin-specific proteases, and their roles in drug resistance in different types of cancer. We also review potential small molecule DUB inhibitors that can be used as drugs for cancer treatment.
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32
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Functional analysis of deubiquitylating enzymes in tumorigenesis and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Liu B, Chen J, Zhang S. Emerging role of ubiquitin-specific protease 14 in oncogenesis and development of tumor: Therapeutic implication. Life Sci 2019; 239:116875. [PMID: 31676235 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) is a small protein that can be attached to substrate proteins to direct their degradation via the proteasome. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse this process by removing ubiquitin from its substrate protein. Over the past few decades, ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14), a member of the DUBs, has emerged as an important player in various types of cancers. In this article, we review and summarize biological function of USP14 in tumorigenesis and multiple signaling pathways. To determine its role in cancer, we analyzed USP14 gene expression across a panel of tumors, and discussed that it could serve as a novel bio-marker in several types of cancer. And recent contributions indicated that USP14 has been shown to act as a tumor-promoting gene via the AKT, NF-κB, MAPK pathways etc. Besides, drugs targeting USP14 have shown potential anti-tumor effect and clinical significance. We focus on recent studies that explore the link between USP14 and cancer, and further discuss USP14 as a novel target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Jiangping Chen
- School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Song Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Wang W, Wei R, Liu S, Qiao L, Hou J, Gu C, Yang Y. BTK induces CAM-DR through regulation of CXCR4 degradation in multiple myeloma. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4139-4150. [PMID: 31396324 PMCID: PMC6684885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) occurs frequently in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Elucidating the mechanism underlying CAM-DR and developing the corresponding treatment may prove to be promising for the clinical management of MM. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has been attracting attention in relation to MM progression and drug resistance. BTK was reported to be associated with cell surface CXCR4, a classic cell adhesion molecule and homing factor. However, the exact association between BTK and CAM-DR in MM remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that promoting BTK expression induced MM cell adherence to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells in vitro and in vivo, and that CAM-DR could be reversed by separating MM cells from ECM or stromal cells. Enhancing BTK expression levels increased CXCR4 expression in MM cells. In addition, BTK may bind directly with CXCR4 and prevent its ubiquitination-induced degradation. Finally, a BTK inhibitor exerted synergistic therapeutic effects with bortezomib in a 5TMM3VT MM mouse model. These findings revealed a novel role of BTK in CAM-DR and may provide a promising approach to MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Wang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongfang Wei
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Qiao
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhao Hou
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
- School of Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
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35
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Manna A, Aulakh S, Jani P, Ahmed S, Akhtar S, Coignet M, Heckman M, Meghji Z, Bhatia K, Sharma A, Sher T, Alegria V, Malavasi F, Chini EN, Chanan-Khan A, Ailawadhi S, Paulus A. Targeting CD38 Enhances the Antileukemic Activity of Ibrutinib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3974-3985. [PMID: 30940652 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CD38 has emerged as a high-impact therapeutic target in multiple myeloma, with the approval of daratumumab (anti-CD38 mAb). The clinical importance of CD38 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been known for over 2 decades, although it's relevance as a therapeutic target in CLL remains understudied. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the biological effects and antitumor mechanisms engaged by daratumumab in primary CLL cells. Besides its known immune-effector mechanisms (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent death, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis), we also measured direct apoptotic effects of daratumumab alone or in combination with ibrutinib. In vivo antileukemic activity was assessed in a partially humanized xenograft model. The influence of CD38 on B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling was measured via immunoblotting of Lyn, Syk, BTK, PLCγ2, ERK1/2, and AKT. RESULTS In addition to immune-effector mechanisms; daratumumab also induced direct apoptosis of primary CLL cells, which was partially dependent on FcγR cross-linking. For the first time, we demonstrated the influence of CD38 on BCR signaling where interference of CD38 downregulated Syk, BTK, PLCγ2, ERK1/2, and AKT; effects that were further enhanced by addition of ibrutinib. In comparison to single-agent treatment, the combination of ibrutinib and daratumumab resulted in significantly enhanced anti-CLL activity in vitro and significantly decreased tumor growth and prolonged survival in the in vivo CLL xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate the antitumor mechanisms of daratumumab in CLL; furthermore, we show how cotargeting BTK and CD38 lead to a robust anti-CLL effect, which has clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alak Manna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sonikpreet Aulakh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Prachi Jani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Salman Ahmed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sharoon Akhtar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Marie Coignet
- Department of Cancer Prevention & Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael Heckman
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Zahara Meghji
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Kirtipal Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Taimur Sher
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Victoria Alegria
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Lab of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. .,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center at St. Vincent's Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. .,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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36
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Hillert EK, Brnjic S, Zhang X, Mazurkiewicz M, Saei AA, Mofers A, Selvaraju K, Zubarev R, Linder S, D'Arcy P. Proteasome inhibitor b-AP15 induces enhanced proteotoxicity by inhibiting cytoprotective aggresome formation. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:70-83. [PMID: 30768956 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors have been shown to induce cell death in cancer cells by triggering an acute proteotoxic stress response characterized by accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, ER stress and the production of reactive oxygen species. The aggresome pathway has been described as an escape mechanism from proteotoxicity by sequestering toxic cellular aggregates. Here we show that b-AP15, a small-molecule inhibitor of proteasomal deubiquitinase activity, induces poly-ubiquitin accumulation in absence of aggresome formation. b-AP15 was found to affect organelle transport in treated cells, raising the possibility that microtubule-transport of toxic protein aggregates is inhibited, leading to enhanced cytotoxicity. In contrast to the antiproliferative effects of the clinically used proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, the effects of b-AP15 are not further enhanced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Our results suggest an inhibitory effect of b-AP15 on the transport of misfolded proteins, resulting in a lack of aggresome formation, and a strong proteotoxic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slavica Brnjic
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arjan Mofers
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karthik Selvaraju
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Roman Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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37
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Zhang X, Pellegrini P, Saei AA, Hillert EK, Mazurkiewicz M, Olofsson MH, Zubarev RA, D'Arcy P, Linder S. The deubiquitinase inhibitor b-AP15 induces strong proteotoxic stress and mitochondrial damage. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:291-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Patel K, Ahmed ZSO, Huang X, Yang Q, Ekinci E, Neslund-Dudas CM, Mitra B, Elnady FAEM, Ahn YH, Yang H, Liu J, Dou QP. Discovering proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme inhibitors for cancer therapy: lessons from rational design, nature and old drug reposition. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2087-2108. [PMID: 30066579 PMCID: PMC6123888 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system has been validated as a target of cancer therapies evident by the US FDA approval of anticancer 20S proteasome inhibitors. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), an essential component of the ubiquitin proteasome system, regulate cellular processes through the removal of ubiquitin from ubiquitinated-tagged proteins. The deubiquitination process has been linked with cancer and other pathologies. As such, the study of proteasomal DUBs and their inhibitors has garnered interest as a novel strategy to improve current cancer therapies, especially for cancers resistant to 20S proteasome inhibitors. This article reviews proteasomal DUB inhibitors in the context of: discovery through rational design approach, discovery from searching natural products and discovery from repurposing old drugs, and offers a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Patel
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zainab SO Ahmed
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- School of Life Science & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Protein Modification & Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Elmira Ekinci
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Christine M Neslund-Dudas
- Department of Public Health Sciences & Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Suite 5C, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Bharati Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fawzy AEM Elnady
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Huanjie Yang
- School of Life Science & Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification & Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Qing Ping Dou
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology & Pathology, School of Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Protein Modification & Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, PR China
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Paulus A, Manna A, Akhtar S, Paulus SM, Sharma M, Coignet MV, Jiang L, Roy V, Witzig TE, Ansell SM, Allan J, Furman R, Aulakh S, Manochakian R, Ailawadhi S, Chanan-Khan AA, Sher T. Targeting CD38 with daratumumab is lethal to Waldenström macroglobulinaemia cells. Br J Haematol 2018; 183:196-211. [PMID: 30080238 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is expressed on Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) cells, but its role as a therapeutic target remains undefined. With recent approval of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, daratumumab (Dara), we hypothesized that blocking CD38 would be lethal to WM cells. In vitro Dara treatment of WM cells (including ibrutinib-resistant lines) elicited antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) and direct apoptosis. In vivo, Dara treatment was well tolerated and delayed tumour growth in RPCI-WM1-xenografted mice. CD38 is reported to augment B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling; we noted that Dara significantly attenuated phosphorylated SYK, LYN, BTK, PLCγ2, ERK1/2, AKT, mTOR, and S6 levels, and this effect was augmented by cotreatment with ibrutinib. Indeed, WM cells, including ibrutinib-resistant WM cell lines treated with the ibrutinib + Dara combination, showed significantly more cell death through ADCC, CDC, ADCP and apoptosis relative to single-agent Dara or ibrutinib. In summary, we are the first to report the in vitro and in vivo anti-WM activity of Dara. Furthermore, we show a close connection between BCR and CD38 signalling, which can be co-targeted with ibrutinib + Dara to induce marked WM cell death, irrespective of acquired resistance to ibrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sharoon Akhtar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Shumail M Paulus
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marie V Coignet
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Liuyan Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Vivek Roy
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas E Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Division of Hematopathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - John Allan
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell, NY, USA
| | - Richard Furman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell, NY, USA
| | - Sonikpreet Aulakh
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rami Manochakian
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sikander Ailawadhi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Asher A Chanan-Khan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Taimur Sher
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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40
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Laali KK, Greves WJ, Zwarycz AT, Correa Smits SJ, Troendle FJ, Borosky GL, Akhtar S, Manna A, Paulus A, Chanan-Khan A, Nukaya M, Kennedy GD. Synthesis, Computational Docking Study, and Biological Evaluation of a Library of Heterocyclic Curcuminoids with Remarkable Antitumor Activity. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1895-1908. [PMID: 30079563 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing search for curcuminoid (CUR) compounds with antitumor activity, a novel series of heterocyclic CUR-BF2 adducts and CUR compounds based on indole, benzothiophene, and benzofuran along with their aryl pyrazoles were synthesized. Computational docking studies were performed to compare binding efficiency to target proteins involved in specific cancers, namely HER2, proteasome, VEGFR, BRAF, and Bcl-2, versus known inhibitor drugs. The majority presented very good binding affinities, similar to, and even more favorable than those of known inhibitors. The indole-based CUR-BF2 and CUR compounds and their bis-thiocyanato derivatives exhibited high anti-proliferative and apoptotic activity by in vitro bioassays against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines, more specifically against multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines (KMS11, MM1.S, and RPMI-8226) with significantly lower IC50 values versus healthy PBMC cells; they also exhibited higher anti-proliferative activity in human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116, HT29, DLD-1, RKO, SW837, and Caco2) than the parent curcumin, while showing notably lower cytotoxicity in normal colon cells (CCD112CoN and CCD841CoN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Laali
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - William J Greves
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Angela T Zwarycz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | - Frederick J Troendle
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Gabriela L Borosky
- INFIQC, CONICET and Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Sharoon Akhtar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alak Manna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Manabu Nukaya
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0016, USA
| | - Gregory D Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0016, USA
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41
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Kropp KN, Maurer S, Rothfelder K, Schmied BJ, Clar KL, Schmidt M, Strunz B, Kopp HG, Steinle A, Grünebach F, Rittig SM, Salih HR, Dörfel D. The novel deubiquitinase inhibitor b-AP15 induces direct and NK cell-mediated antitumor effects in human mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:935-947. [PMID: 29556699 PMCID: PMC11028140 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has clinical efficacy in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) which resulted in its incorporation in treatment algorithms for this disease. Impairment of proteasomal function by bortezomib is mediated via inhibition of the 20S core particle. However, proteasome function can also be modified by targeting upstream components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Recently, b-AP15 has been identified as a small molecule achieving proteasome inhibition by targeting the deubiquitinase (DUB) activity of the 19S regulatory subunit and was found to inhibit cancer cell growth in preclinical analyses. In the present study, both direct antitumor effects and the possibility to induce natural killer group 2 member D ligands (NKG2DL) to reinforce NK cell immunity with b-AP15 were investigated to provide a rational basis for clinical evaluation of this novel DUB inhibitor in MCL. Treatment with b-AP15 resulted in reduced viability as well as induction of apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which could be attributed to caspase activation in MCL cells. In addition, treatment with b-AP15 differentially induced NKG2DL expression and subsequent NK cell lysis of MCL cells. These results indicate that the DUB inhibitor b-AP15 displays substantial antitumor activity in human MCL and suggest that b-AP15 might be a novel therapeutic option in the treatment of MCL that warrants clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian N Kropp
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Maurer
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rothfelder
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bastian J Schmied
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kim L Clar
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Kopp
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Departments of Molecular Oncology and Thoracic Oncology, Robert-Bosch-Hospital Stuttgart, Auerbachstr. 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Grünebach
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne M Rittig
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut R Salih
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dörfel
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner site Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology and Pulmology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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42
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Didier R, Mallavialle A, Ben Jouira R, Domdom MA, Tichet M, Auberger P, Luciano F, Ohanna M, Tartare-Deckert S, Deckert M. Targeting the Proteasome-Associated Deubiquitinating Enzyme USP14 Impairs Melanoma Cell Survival and Overcomes Resistance to MAPK-Targeting Therapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1416-1429. [PMID: 29703842 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced cutaneous melanoma is one of the most challenging cancers to treat because of its high plasticity, metastatic potential, and resistance to treatment. New targeted therapies and immunotherapies have shown remarkable clinical efficacy. However, such treatments are limited to a subset of patients and relapses often occur, warranting validation of novel targeted therapies. Posttranslational modification of proteins by ubiquitin coordinates essential cellular functions, including ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) function and protein homeostasis. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB) have been associated to multiple diseases, including cancer. However, their exact involvement in melanoma development and therapeutic resistance remains poorly understood. Using a DUB trap assay to label cellular active DUBs, we have observed an increased activity of the proteasome-associated DUB, USP14 (Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14) in melanoma cells compared with melanocytes. Our survey of public gene expression databases indicates that high expression of USP14 correlates with melanoma progression and with a poorer survival rate in metastatic melanoma patients. Knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of USP14 dramatically impairs viability of melanoma cells irrespective of the mutational status of BRAF, NRAS, or TP53 and their transcriptional cell state, and overcomes resistance to MAPK-targeting therapies both in vitro and in human melanoma xenografted mice. At the molecular level, we find that inhibition of USP14 rapidly triggers accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins and chaperones, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, and a ROS production leading to a caspase-independent cell death. Our results provide a rationale for targeting the proteasome-associated DUB USP14 to treat and combat melanomas. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1416-29. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Didier
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
| | - Rania Ben Jouira
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
| | - Marie Angela Domdom
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
| | - Mélanie Tichet
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Tartare-Deckert
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
| | - Marcel Deckert
- Inserm, U1065, Team Microenvironment, Signaling and Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M) and Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. .,Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2016, Nice, France
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43
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Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Lim MS. New Insights into Lymphoma Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:193-217. [PMID: 29140757 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lymphomas represent clonal proliferations of lymphocytes that are broadly classified based upon their maturity (peripheral or mature versus precursor) and lineage (B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell). Insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in lymphoma impact the classification of lymphoma and have significant implications for the diagnosis and clinical management of patients. Serial scientific and technologic advances over the last 30 years in immunology, cytogenetics, molecular biology, gene expression profiling, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, and, more recently, next-generation sequencing have contributed to greatly enhance our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms in lymphoma. Novel and emerging concepts that challenge our previously accepted paradigms about lymphoma biology and how these impact diagnosis, molecular testing, disease monitoring, drug development, and personalized and precision medicine for lymphoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojo S J Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Megan S Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , .,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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44
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells are sensitive to disturbances in protein homeostasis induced by proteasome deubiquitinase inhibition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21115-21127. [PMID: 28423502 PMCID: PMC5400570 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-genotoxic nature of proteasome inhibition makes it an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of pediatric malignancies. We recently described the small molecule VLX1570 as an inhibitor of proteasome deubiquitinase (DUB) activity that induces proteotoxic stress and apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we show that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells are highly sensitive to treatment with VLX1570, resulting in the accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteasome substrates and loss of cell viability. VLX1570 treatment increased the levels of a number of proteins, including the chaperone HSP70B', the oxidative stress marker heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the cell cycle regulator p21Cip1. Unexpectedly, polybiquitin accumulation was found to be uncoupled from ER stress in ALL cells. Thus, increased phosphorylation of eIF2α occurred only at supra-pharmacological VLX1570 concentrations and did not correlate with polybiquitin accumulation. Total cellular protein synthesis was found to decrease in the absence of eIF2α phosphorylation. Furthermore, ISRIB (Integrated Stress Response inhibitor) did not overcome the inhibition of protein synthesis. We finally show that VLX1570 can be combined with L-asparaginase for additive or synergistic antiproliferative effects on ALL cells. We conclude that ALL cells are highly sensitive to the proteasome DUB inhibitor VLX1570 suggesting a novel therapeutic option for this disease.
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45
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Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells devoid of BTK C481S or CXCR4 WHIM-like mutations acquire resistance to ibrutinib through upregulation of Bcl-2 and AKT resulting in vulnerability towards venetoclax or MK2206 treatment. Blood Cancer J 2017; 7:e565. [PMID: 28548645 PMCID: PMC5518884 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ibrutinib is highly effective in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), no complete remissions in WM patients treated with ibrutinib have been reported to date. Moreover, ibrutinib-resistant disease is being steadily reported and is associated with dismal clinical outcome (overall survival of 2.9–3.1 months). To understand mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance in WM, we established ibrutinib-resistant in vitro models using validated WM cell lines. Characterization of these models revealed the absence of BTKC481S and CXCR4WHIM-like mutations. BTK-mediated signaling was found to be highly attenuated accompanied by a shift in PI3K/AKT and apoptosis regulation-associated genes/proteins. Cytotoxicity studies using the AKT inhibitor, MK2206±ibrutinib, and the Bcl-2-specific inhibitor, venetoclax±ibrutinib, demonstrated synergistic loss of cell viability when either MK22016 or venetoclax were used in combination with ibrutinib. Our findings demonstrate that induction of ibrutinib resistance in WM cells can arise independent of BTKC481S and CXCR4WHIM-like mutations and sustained pressure from ibrutinib appears to activate compensatory AKT signaling as well as reshuffling of Bcl-2 family proteins for maintenance of cell survival. Combination treatment demonstrated greater (and synergistic) antitumor effect and provides rationale for development of therapeutic strategies encompassing venetoclax+ibrutinib or PI3K/AKT inhibitors+ibrutinib in ibrutinib-resistant WM.
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46
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Yue X, Zuo Y, Ke H, Luo J, Lou L, Qin W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen D, Sun H, Zheng W, Zhu C, Wang R, Wen G, Du J, Zhou B, Bu X. Identification of 4-arylidene curcumin analogues as novel proteasome inhibitors for potential anticancer agents targeting 19S regulatory particle associated deubiquitinase. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 137:29-50. [PMID: 28476333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proteasomal 19S regulatory particle (RP) associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) have attracted much attention owing to their potential as a therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Identification of new entities against 19S RP associated DUBs and illustration of the underlying mechanisms is crucial for discovery of novel proteasome blockers. In this study, a series of 4-arylidene curcumin analogues were identified as potent proteasome inhibitor by preferentially blocking deubiquitinase function of proteasomal 19S RP with moderate 20S CP inhibition. The most active compound 33 exhibited a major inhibitory effect on 19S RP-associated ubiquitin-specific proteases 14, along with a minor effect on ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase 5, which resulted in dysfunction of proteasome, and subsequently accumulated ubiquitinated proteins (such as IκB) in several cancer cells. Remarkably, though both 19S RP and 20S CP inhibition induced significantly endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggered caspase-12/9 pathway activation to promote cancer cell apoptosis, the 19S RP inhibition by 33 avoided slow onset time, Bcl-2 overexpression, and PERK-phosphorylation, which contribute to the deficiencies of clinical drug Bortezomib. These systematic studies provided insights in the development of novel proteasome inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Key Words
- (1E,6E)-4-(3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzylidene)-1,7-bis(345-trimethoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (33: PubChem CID:123132175)
- (1E,6E)-4-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzylidene)-1,7-bis(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (34: PubChemCID:123132176)
- 19S regulatory particle
- 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde (PubChem CID:6858)
- Acetylacetone (PubChem CID: 31261)
- Anticancer
- Bortezomib (PubChem CID: 387447)
- Curcumin (PubChem CID: 969516)
- Curcumin analogues
- Deubiquitinase
- Proteasome
- n-Butylamine (PubChem CID: 8007)
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yinglin Zuo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Development (NO. 2015DQ780357), Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523871, China
| | - Hongpeng Ke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiaming Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lanlan Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenjing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Youqiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Daoyuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haixia Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuige Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gesi Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Binhua Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xianzhang Bu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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