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Xu R, Shen S, Wang D, Ye J, Song S, Wang Z, Yue Z. The role of HIF-1α-mediated autophagy in ionizing radiation-induced testicular injury. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:439-451. [PMID: 37728670 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10153-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Testis, as a key organ for maintaining male fertility, are extremely sensitive to ionizing radiation (IR). IR-induced testicular dysfunction and infertility are common adverse effects of radiation therapy in patients with pelvic cancer. To study the phenotype and mechanism of IR-induced testicular injury, the mice were irradiated with different radiation doses (0, 2 and 5 Gy) below the semi-lethal dose for one month. Our present results showed that testicular weight and the serum testosterone levels significantly decreased with the structural injury of the testis in an IR dose-dependent manner, indicating that IR caused not only the structural damage of the testis, but also the functional damage. Further analysis by TUNEL staining and Western blotting found that IR induced the apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as indicated by increased expressions of cleaved caspase3, p53 and Bax on Day 15 after IR treatment. Combined with significantly increased oxidative stress, these results indicated that IR-induced testicular damage may be a long-term, progressively aggravated process, accompanied by apoptosis. Given the role of autophagy in apoptosis, the present study also detected and analyzed the localization and expressions of autophagy-related proteins LC-3I/II, beclin1, p62 and Atg12 in testicular cells, and found that LC-3II, beclin1 and Atg12 expressions significantly increased in the testicular cells of mice irradiated with 2 Gy and 5 Gy, while p62 expression significantly decreased with 5 Gy, implying autophagy was involved in the apoptosis of testicular cells induced by IR. Furthermore, the expressions of HIF-1α and BNIP3 were significantly enhanced in the testis cells of mice irradiated with 2 Gy and 5 Gy, suggesting the potential role of HIF-1α/BNIP3-mediated autophagy in the apoptosis of testicular cells induced by IR. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that HIF-1α/BNIP3-mediated autophagy not only plays a protective effect on the testicular cells of mice irradiated with 2 Gy, but also induces the apoptosis of the testicular cells of mice irradiated with 5 Gy, indicating the double effects on apoptosis, which will help us further understanding the molecular mechanisms of IR-induced testicular injury, and will facilitate us further studies on testicular radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Carson International Cancer Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Siting Shen
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Carson International Cancer Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Defan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jianqing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Shiting Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Carson International Cancer Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Zhicao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Carson International Cancer Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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2
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ALMisned G, Baykal DS, Kilic G, Ilik E, Rabaa E, Susoy G, Zakaly HM, Ene A, Tekin H. Comparative analysis on application conditions of indium (III) oxide-reinforced glasses in nuclear waste management and source transportation: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14274. [PMID: 36950638 PMCID: PMC10025019 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study's primary objective is to provide the preliminary findings of novel research on the design of Indium (III) oxide-reinforced glass container that were thoroughly developed for the purpose of a nuclear material container for transportation and waste management applications. The shielding characteristics of an Indium (III) oxide-reinforced glass container with a certain elemental composition against the 60Co radioisotope was thoroughly evaluated. The energy deposition in the air surrounding the designed portable glass containers is measured using MCNPX general-purpose Monte Carlo code. Simulation studies were carried out using Lenovo-P620 workstation and the number of tracks was defined as 108 in each simulation phase. According to results, the indium oxide-doped C6 (TZI8) container exhibits superior protective properties compared to other conventional container materials such as 0.5Bitumen-0.5 Cement, Pb Glass composite, Steel-Magnetite concrete. In addition to its superiority in terms of nuclear safety, it is proposed that the source's simultaneous observation and monitoring, as well as the C6 (TZI8) glass structure's transparency, be underlined as significant advantages. High-density glasses, which may replace undesirable materials such as concrete and lead, provide several advantages in terms of production ease, non-toxic properties, and resource monitoring. In conclusion, the use of Indium (III) oxide-reinforced glass with its high transparency and outstanding protection properties may be a substantial choice in places where concrete is required to ensure the safety of nuclear materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada ALMisned
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Duygu Sen Baykal
- Istanbul Kent University, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Medical Imaging Techniques, Istanbul, 34433, Turkiye
| | - G. Kilic
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Eskisehir, 26040, Turkiye
| | - E. Ilik
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Eskisehir, 26040, Turkiye
| | - Elaf Rabaa
- Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - G. Susoy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hesham M.H. Zakaly
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, 620002, Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Antoaneta Ene
- INPOLDE Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008, Galati, Romania
- Corresponding author. INPOLDE Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 47 Domneasca Street, 800008, Galati, Romania.
| | - H.O. Tekin
- Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Istinye University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Computer Engineering Department, Istanbul, 34396, Turkiye
- Corresponding author. Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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3
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Fukunaga H, Yokoya A, Prise KM. A Brief Overview of Radiation-Induced Effects on Spermatogenesis and Oncofertility. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030805. [PMID: 35159072 PMCID: PMC8834293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spermatogenesis is one of the most important processes for the propagation of life; however, the testes’ ability to form sperm via this differentiation process is highly radiosensitive and easily impacted by exposure to environmental, occupational, or therapeutic radiation. Furthermore, the possibility that radiation effects on the gonads can be passed on from generation to generation should not be overlooked. This review focuses on the radiation-induced effects on spermatogenesis and the transgenerational effects. We also explore the potential of novel radiobiological approaches to improve male fertility preservation during radiotherapy. Abstract The genotoxicity of radiation on germ cells may be passed on to the next generation, thus its elucidation is not only a scientific issue but also an ethical, legal, and social issue in modern society. In this article, we briefly overview the effects of radiation on spermatogenesis and its associated genotoxicity, including the latest findings in the field of radiobiology. The potential role of transgenerational effects is still poorly understood, and further research in this area is desirable. Furthermore, from the perspective of oncofertility, we discuss the historical background and clinical importance of preserving male fertility during radiation treatment and the potential of microbeam radiotherapy. We hope that this review will contribute to stimulating further discussions and investigations for therapies for pediatric and adolescent/young adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Patrick G Johnstone Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK;
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Wu Y, Li Y, Han C, Chong Y, Kang K, Liu Z, Zhang F. Risk of second primary malignancies associated with radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients: competing risk analysis. Future Oncol 2022; 18:445-455. [PMID: 35018785 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effect of radiotherapy (RT) for second primary malignancies (SPMs) among prostate cancer survivors is controversial. Methods: Applying logistic regression, competing risk analysis and propensity score matching method, this study analyzed clinical data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to compare the risk for SPMs between patients receiving RT and non-RT. Results: In this study, prostate cancer patients treated with RT developed more SPMs in the anus, bladder, rectum, liver, lung and bronchus and lymphoma than non-RT groups. Conclusion: More intensive surveillance should be adopted for these cancers among prostate cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Chang Han
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yuming Chong
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhikai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fuquan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
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5
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Lee D, Lim WY, Park S, Jin YW, Lee WJ, Park S, Seo S. Reliability and Validity of a Nationwide Survey (the Korean Radiation Workers Study). Saf Health Work 2021; 12:445-451. [PMID: 34900363 PMCID: PMC8640590 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the self-administered questionnaire for Korean radiation workers. Methods From May 24, 2016, to June 30, 2017, 20,608 participants completed the questionnaire, providing information on sociodemographics, lifestyle, work history and practices, medical radiation exposure, and medical history, which was linked to the National Dose Registry and the National Cancer Registry. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using the responses of 20,608 workers, and reliability was evaluated using the responses of 3043 workers who responded to the survey twice. Results Responses concerning demographic characteristics and lifestyle showed reliability with a moderate-to-high agreement (kappa: 0.43–0.99), whereas responses concerning occupation and medical radiation exposure had a wide range of agreement (kappa: 0.05–0.95), possibly owing to temporal variability during employment. Regarding validity, responses to the question about the first year of employment had an excellent agreement with the national registry (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.9); however, responses on cancer history had a wide range of agreement (kappa: 0.22–0.85). Conclusion Although the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were not distinguished by demographic characteristics, they tended to be low among participants whose occupational radiation exposure was minimal. Overall, the information collected can be reliable for epidemiological studies; however, caution must be exercised when using information such as medical exposure and work practices, which are prone to temporal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalnim Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Young Lim
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Songwon Seo
- Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, 01812, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Radiation Epidemiology, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowongu, 01812, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ernst T, Rinke J, Hagen J, Dmytrenko I, Hochhaus A, Dyagil I. Molecular-defined clonal evolution in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who were exposed to ionizing radiation following the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Leukemia 2019; 34:645-650. [PMID: 31836850 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ernst
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jenny Rinke
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Hagen
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iryna Dmytrenko
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Iryna Dyagil
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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7
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Wang C, Kishan AU, Yu JB, Raldow A, King CR, Iwamoto KS, Chu FI, Steinberg ML, Kupelian PA. Association between Long-Term Second Malignancy Risk and Radiation: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Entire Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database (1973-2014). Adv Radiat Oncol 2019; 4:738-747. [PMID: 31673667 PMCID: PMC6817555 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Second malignancies (SMs) after radiation therapy are rare but serious sequelae of treatment. This study investigates whether radiation therapy use is associated with changes in baseline SM risk. Methods and Materials We extracted all patients with cancer, with or without SM, in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1973 to 2014. Cumulative incidence of SM for patients stratified by radiation therapy status was calculated using a competing risk model, both for the entire cohort and for subgroups based on the primary tumor's anatomic location. Results We identified 2,872,063 patients with cancer, including 761,289 patients who received radiation therapy and 2,110,774 who did not. The SM rate at 20 years for patients receiving radiation therapy versus no radiation therapy was 21.4% versus 18.8%. The relative risk for SM associated with radiation therapy for the overall group was 1.138 at 20 years. The relative risks for SM associated with radiation therapy to malignancies arising from central nervous system and orbits, head and neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis at 20 years were 0.704, 1.011, 0.559, 0.646, and 1.106 for men and 0.792, 1.298, 1.265, 0.780, and 0.988 for women, respectively. Conclusions The association between SM and radiation therapy varies with both sex and disease anatomic location, with the largest increase in SM seen in females irradiated to the head and neck region. Overall, the absolute change in SM rates associated with radiation therapy remains small, with differences in various clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amar U Kishan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James B Yu
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ann Raldow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christopher R King
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Keisuke S Iwamoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fang-I Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L Steinberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Patrick A Kupelian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Krstev S, Knutsson A. Occupational Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:91-111. [PMID: 31360689 PMCID: PMC6619854 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. There are many occupational factors that have been suggested to cause prostate cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the evidence for causality by a literature review of occupational factors. We searched literature in Medline and SCOPUS from 1966 to June 30, 2015 to identify occupational risk factors for prostate cancer. The following risk factors were selected: farmers/agricultural workers, pesticides - whole group, and separately organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides, carbamates and triazines, cadmium, chromium, cutting fluids, acrylonitrile, rubber manufacturing, whole body vibration, shift work, flight personnel, ionizing radiation, and occupational physical activity. For each factor a literature search was performed and presented as meta-analysis of relative risk and heterogeneity (Q and I2 index). A total of 168 original studies met the inclusion criteria with 90,688 prostate cancer cases. Significantly increased risks were observed for the following occupational exposures: pesticides (metaRR = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.32; I2 = 84%), and specifically group of organochlorine pesticides (meta relative risk [metaRR] = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03-1.14; I2 = 0%), chromium (metaRR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07-1.34; I2 = 31%), shift work (metaRR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05-1.49; I2 = 78%) and pilots (metaRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.02-1.94; I2 = 63%) and occupational physical activity in cohort studies (metaRR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.94; I2 = 0%). The literature review supports a causal association for a few of the previously suggested factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srmena Krstev
- Serbian Institute of Occupational Health, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - Anders Knutsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall,
Sweden
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9
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Guyader E, Savéan J, Clodic C, Letellier P, Meriot P, Marianowski R. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the temporal bone: Comparison of in situ, CT, and CBCT measurements. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2018; 135:393-398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Fukunaga H, Butterworth KT, Yokoya A, Ogawa T, Prise KM. Low-dose radiation-induced risk in spermatogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:1291-1298. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1355579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Fukunaga
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karl T. Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Tokai Quantum Beam Science Center, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Tokai, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ogawa
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Life Science, Yokohama City University Association of Medical Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kevin M. Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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11
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Kamran SC, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Ng A, Haas-Kogan D, Viswanathan AN. Therapeutic radiation and the potential risk of second malignancies. Cancer 2016; 122:1809-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Kamran
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Amy Berrington de Gonzalez
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; National Cancer Institute; Bethesda Maryland
| | - Andrea Ng
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Daphne Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Akila N. Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
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12
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Barrett HH, Myers KJ, Hoeschen C, Kupinski MA, Little MP. Task-based measures of image quality and their relation to radiation dose and patient risk. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:R1-75. [PMID: 25564960 PMCID: PMC4318357 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/2/r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The theory of task-based assessment of image quality is reviewed in the context of imaging with ionizing radiation, and objective figures of merit (FOMs) for image quality are summarized. The variation of the FOMs with the task, the observer and especially with the mean number of photons recorded in the image is discussed. Then various standard methods for specifying radiation dose are reviewed and related to the mean number of photons in the image and hence to image quality. Current knowledge of the relation between local radiation dose and the risk of various adverse effects is summarized, and some graphical depictions of the tradeoffs between image quality and risk are introduced. Then various dose-reduction strategies are discussed in terms of their effect on task-based measures of image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison H. Barrett
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Center for Gamma-Ray Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kyle J. Myers
- Division of Imaging and Applied Mathematics, Office of Scientific and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthew A. Kupinski
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
- Center for Gamma-Ray Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mark P. Little
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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13
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Rengasamy P. Critical Periods of Development in Teratology. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7653_2015_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Guo L, Xiao Y, Fan M, Li JJ, Wang Y. Profiling global kinome signatures of the radioresistant MCF-7/C6 breast cancer cells using MRM-based targeted proteomics. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:193-201. [PMID: 25341124 PMCID: PMC4286165 DOI: 10.1021/pr500919w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Ionizing
radiation is widely used in cancer therapy; however, cancer
cells often develop radioresistance, which compromises the efficacy
of cancer radiation therapy. Quantitative assessment of the alteration
of the entire kinome in radioresistant cancer cells relative to their
radiosensitive counterparts may provide important knowledge to define
the mechanism(s) underlying tumor adaptive radioresistance and uncover
novel target(s) for effective prevention and treatment of tumor radioresistance.
By employing a scheduled multiple-reaction monitoring analysis in
conjunction with isotope-coded ATP affinity probes, we assessed the
global kinome of radioresistant MCF-7/C6 cells and their parental
MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. We rigorously quantified 120 kinases,
of which 1/3 exhibited significant differences
in expression levels or ATP binding affinities. Several kinases involved
in cell cycle progression and DNA damage response were found to be
overexpressed or hyperactivated, including checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1),
cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2 (CDK1 and CDK2), and the catalytic
subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase. The elevated expression of
CHK1, CDK1, and CDK2 in MCF-7/C6 cells was further validated by Western
blot analysis. Thus, the altered kinome profile of radioresistant
MCF-7/C6 cells suggests the involvement of kinases on cell cycle progression
and DNA repair in tumor adaptive radioresistance. The unique kinome
profiling results also afforded potential effective targets for resensitizing
radioresistant cancer cells and counteracting deleterious effects
of ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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Szumiel I. Ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress, epigenetic changes and genomic instability: The pivotal role of mitochondria. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 91:1-12. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.934929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Osteosarcoma: A Comparison of Jaw versus Nonjaw Localizations and Review of the Literature. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:316123. [PMID: 23956680 PMCID: PMC3727198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/316123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. It is assumed that osteosarcomas of the jaws mainly occur at older ages, whereas the most prominent sites, that is, the long bones, are more affected at ages <20. Jaw-localized tumors are less malignant and have lower metastatic spread rates. Patients and Methods. This study analyses the nationwide data of the Dutch Cancer Registry on osteosarcoma during the period from 1991 to 2010. Age-corrected incidence rates were calculated. Results. In 949, 38 patients had tumors in the maxilla and in 58 in the mandible. Median age for maxilla, mandible, and other localizations was 45.5, 49, and 23 years, respectively. Age-corrected incidence for osteosarcomas increased after a steep decline for the age cohorts from 20 to 60 years to nearly the same level as the younger patients. The incidence for maxillary lesions showed a steady increase from 0.46 to 1.60 per million over all age ranges; the highest incidence for mandibular lesions was found in the age cohort from 60 to 79 years. In respect to histology, no shifts for age were found, except for Paget's disease-related osteosarcoma. In older patients, chemotherapy was omitted more often. Overall survival was similar for all age groups, except for extragnatic tumor patients in the age range of 60-79 years. Conclusions. Osteosarcomas have comparable incidences below the age of 20 as compared with ages >60 years. Poorer outcome in older people is likely due to refraining from chemotherapy.
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Queisser-Luft A, Wiesel A, Stolz G, Mergenthaler A, Kaiser M, Schlaefer K, Wahrendorf J, Blettner M, Spix C. Birth defects in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:313-323. [PMID: 21213111 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Living in the vicinity of nuclear power plants (NPP) is discussed here in terms of adverse health effects. A prospective population-based cohort study was conducted to evaluate whether the prevalence of birth defects in the vicinity of NPPs is elevated and scrutinize a possible distance correlation. A birth cohort born to mothers living within 10 km of two selected NPPs (study region) was compared to a region without NPP (comparison region), and an active surveillance of all live births, stillbirths, and induced abortions in the defined regions was performed. Between 01/2007 and 02/2008, all newborns were examined by specially trained study paediatricians according to the protocols of the Birth Registry Mainz Model. The cohort consisted of 5,273 infants (90% completeness). The outcome measure was an infant with birth defect(s). The prevalence of infants with birth defects was 4.5% in the study region and 4.7% in the comparison region, which corresponds to a relative risk (RR) of 0.94 (lower 95% confidence level (CL): 0.76). Thus, the prevalence of birth defects in the regions surrounding NPPs was not increased compared to those of the comparison region. Adjustment for potential confounders did not substantially change the result (RR 0.90, lower 95% CL 0.73). The adjusted and unadjusted distance approach (1/distance in km) did not show any correlation to vicinity to a NPP (p = 0.38). Specifically, within the study region, the prevalence of birth defects showed no upward trend with decreasing distance. Birth defect prevalence and most descriptive parameters in the comparison region were identical to those in the Birth Registry Mainz Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Queisser-Luft
- Birth Registry Mainz Model, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr.1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Sonoda S, Li HC, Tajima K. Ethnoepidemiology of HTLV-1 related diseases: ethnic determinants of HTLV-1 susceptibility and its worldwide dispersal. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:295-301. [PMID: 21205073 PMCID: PMC11159984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is vertically transmitted in neonatal life and is causatively associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in adults. Persistence of HTLV-1 in host T cells, clonal expansion of the HTLV-1 carrying T cells, and emergence of malignantly transformed T cells are in accord with the multistep model of human cancer and roles for continuous interaction between host genes and environmental factors. This article reviews two lines of HTLV-1 investigation, one regarding worldwide surveillance of HTLV-1 infection foci by serological testing and molecular analysis of HTLV-1 isolates, and the other focusing on genetics of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that determines the ethnic background of HTLV-1 permissiveness and susceptibility to ATL or HAM/TSP. The serological surveillance revealed transcontinental dispersal of HTLV-1 in the prehistoric era that started out of Africa, spread to Austro-Melanesia and the Asian continent, then moved to North America and through to the southern edge of South America. This was highlighted by an Andean mummy study that proved ancient migration of paleo-mongoloid HTLV-1 from Asia to South America. Phylogenetic analysis of HLA alleles provided a basis for ethnic susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection and associated diseases, both ATL and HAM/TSP. Ethnicity-based sampling of peripheral blood lymphocytes has great potential for genome-wide association studies to illuminate ethnically defined host factors for viral oncogenesis with reference to HTLV-1 and other pathogenic elements causatively associated with chronic disease and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunro Sonoda
- Department of Virology International Island and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Hypopharyngeal carcinoma after radiation for tuberculosis: radiation-induced carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:672-7. [PMID: 20656544 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiation may cause radiation-induced cancers after a long latency period. In a group of 111 patients surgically treated for hypopharyngeal carcinoma, patients previously treated with radiotherapy for tuberculosis in the neck were compared to patients without previous radiotherapy. Seven patients (7.4%) underwent radiotherapy (median age 15 years) and developed a hypopharyngeal carcinoma (median age 70 years, median latency period 54.4 year). Considering this long latency period and the localisation in the previous radiation field these tumours can be classified as potentially radiation-induced carcinomas. Patients with potentially radiation-induced carcinomas were significantly older when the hypopharyngeal carcinoma was diagnosed (p=0.048), were more frequently females (p=0.05) and had a worse 5-year regional control rate (p=0.048). When radiotherapy is considered in young patients the risk of induction of tumours has to be kept in mind.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to ionising radiation offer a wealth of information on cancer risks in humans. The Life Span Study cohort of Japanese A-bomb survivors, a large cohort that includes all ages and both sexes with a wide range of well-characterised doses, is the primary resource for estimating carcinogenic risks from low linear energy transfer external exposure. Extensive data on persons exposed for therapeutic or diagnostic medical reasons offer the opportunity to study fractionated exposure, risks at high therapeutic doses, and risks of site-specific cancers in non-Japanese populations. Studies of persons exposed for occupational and environmental reasons allow a direct evaluation of exposure at low doses and dose rates, and also provide information on different types of radiation such as radon and iodine-131. This article summarises the findings from these studies with emphasis on studies with well-characterised doses. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiologic studies provide the necessary data for quantifying cancer risks as a function of dose and for setting radiation protection standards. Leukaemia and most solid cancers have been linked with radiation. Most solid cancer data are reasonably well described by linear-dose response functions although there may be a downturn in risks at very high doses. Persons exposed early in life have especially high relative risks for many cancers, and radiation-related risk of solid cancers appears to persist throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel S Gilbert
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Rubin CS, Holmes AK, Belson MG, Jones RL, Flanders WD, Kieszak SM, Osterloh J, Luber GE, Blount BC, Barr DB, Steinberg KK, Satten GA, McGeehin MA, Todd RL. Investigating childhood leukemia in Churchill County, Nevada. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:151-7. [PMID: 17366836 PMCID: PMC1797848 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sixteen children diagnosed with acute leukemia between 1997 and 2002 lived in Churchill County, Nevada, at the time of or before their illness. Considering the county population and statewide cancer rate, fewer than two cases would be expected. OBJECTIVES In March 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention led federal, state, and local agencies in a cross-sectional, case-comparison study to determine if ongoing environmental exposures posed a health risk to residents and to compare levels of contaminants in environmental and biologic samples collected from participating families. METHODS Surveys with more than 500 variables were administered to 205 people in 69 families. Blood, urine, and cheek cell samples were collected and analyzed for 139 chemicals, eight viral markers, and several genetic polymorphisms. Air, water, soil, and dust samples were collected from almost 80 homes to measure more than 200 chemicals. RESULTS The scope of this cancer cluster investigation exceeded any previous study of pediatric leukemia. Nonetheless, no exposure consistent with leukemia risk was identified. Overall, tungsten and arsenic levels in urine and water samples were significantly higher than national comparison values; however, levels were similar among case and comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS Although the cases in this cancer cluster may in fact have a common etiology, their small number and the length of time between diagnosis and our exposure assessment lessen the ability to find an association between leukemia and environmental exposures. Given the limitations of individual cancer cluster investigations, it may prove more efficient to pool laboratory and questionnaire data from similar leukemia clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S Rubin
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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Klymenko S, Trott K, Atkinson M, Bink K, Bebeshko V, Bazyka D, Dmytrenko I, Abramenko I, Bilous N, Misurin A, Zitzelsberger H, Rosemann M. Aml1 gene rearrangements and mutations in radiation-associated acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2005; 46:249-55. [PMID: 15988144 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.46.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggested a causal link between AML1 gene rearrangements and both radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Fifty-three AML samples were analyzed for the presence of AML1 abnormalities using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of these patients, 24 had experienced radiation exposure due to the Chernobyl accident, and 29 were non-irradiated spontaneous AML cases and served as controls. AML1/ETO translocations were found in 9 of 29 spontaneous AML but only in 1 of 24 radiation-associated AML cases. This difference between translocation frequencies is statistically significant in the age-unstratified cohorts (p=0.015). Following age stratification, the difference becomes less pronounced but remains on borderline significance (p=0.053). AML1 mutation status was assessed in 5 clean-up workers at Chernobyl NPP with MDS, or AML following MDS, by direct sequencing of genomic DNA from the coding region (exon 3 through 8). In one patient who developed MDS following an acute radiation syndrome, a hexanucleotide duplication of CGGCAT in exon 8 was found, inserted after base position 1502. Our results suggest that AML1 gene translocations are infrequent in radiation-induced leukemogenesis but are consistent with the idea that radiation may contribute to the development of MDS through AML1 gene mutation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Causality
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Humans
- Incidence
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/epidemiology
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/metabolism
- Power Plants
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Radioactive Hazard Release
- Risk Assessment/methods
- Risk Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic/radiation effects
- Ukraine/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Klymenko
- Department of Haematology, Research Centre for Radiation Medicine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Sadetzki S, Chetrit A, Freedman L, Stovall M, Modan B, Novikov I. Long-term follow-up for brain tumor development after childhood exposure to ionizing radiation for tinea capitis. Radiat Res 2005; 163:424-32. [PMID: 15799699 DOI: 10.1667/rr3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is an established risk factor for brain tumors, yet quantitative information on the long-term risk of different types of brain tumors is sparse. Our aims were to assess the risk of radiation-induced malignant brain tumors and benign meningiomas after childhood exposure and to investigate the role of potential modifiers of that risk. The study population included 10,834 individuals who were treated for tinea capitis with X rays in the 1950s and two matched nonirradiated groups, comprising population and sibling comparison groups. The mean estimated radiation dose to the brain was 1.5 Gy. Survival analysis using Poisson regression was performed to estimate the excess relative and absolute risks (ERR, EAR) for brain tumors. After a median follow-up of 40 years, an ERR/Gy of 4.63 and 1.98 (95% CI = 2.43-9.12 and 0.73-4.69) and an EAR/Gy per 10(4) PY of 0.48 and 0.31 (95% CI = 0.28-0.73 and 0.12-0.53) were observed for benign meningiomas and malignant brain tumors, respectively. The risk of both types of tumors was positively associated with dose. The estimated ERR/Gy for malignant brain tumors decreased with increasing age at irradiation from 3.56 to 0.47 (P = 0.037), while no trend with age was seen for benign meningiomas. The ERR for both types of tumor remains elevated at 30-plus years after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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Doll R. Mortality of british radiologists: a lecture note. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2005; 46:123-129. [PMID: 15802868 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.46.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The precautions introduced after the first 23 years experience of the use of x-rays for medical diagnosis proved adequate to eliminate the acute hazards of exposure, but it was much longer before it was realized that small doses that did not produce any acute effect could increase the risk of cancer. British radiologists who took up the specialty at different periods have, therefore, been studied to see if the risk has now been adequately controlled. Four groups have been studied starting respectively before 1921, in 1921-34, 1935-54, and 1955-77, corresponding approximately to periods when different limits of exposure were applied. Altogether 2698 male radiologists have been identified and all but 27 followed successfully to emigration, death, or survival to January 1st 1997. Of the 1198 who had died, 228 are known to have died of cancer. Two problems arise in evaluating the carcinogenic hazard to which they were exposed: the assessment of the doses received and the selection of an appropriate control group with which to compare their mortality. The most appropriate comparison group would seem to be medical practitioners in general. In comparison with them, radiologists entering in the first 3 periods had increased risks of death from cancer though appreciably less than would have been predicted from the expected effect of the radiation they had received. Those who joined in the latest period had a relatively reduced risk, irrespective of any effect of the small dose of radiation they are likely to have received. Independent evidence suggests, however, that since 1951 radiologists have smoked less than other doctors and the lower than predicted risk in the groups exposed since 1920 is limited to smoking related cancers, the mortality from other cancers being higher than in doctors generally. In assessing the risk of occupational exposure to radiation, life-style has to be taken into consideration, as well as dose of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Doll
- University of Oxford, CTSU, Radcliffe Infirmary Oxford, UK.
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Lahm R, Iaizzo PA. Physiologic responses during rest on a sleep system at varied degrees of firmness in a normal population. ERGONOMICS 2002; 45:798-815. [PMID: 12487692 DOI: 10.1080/00140130210159968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the hypothesis that a high degree of sustained muscle activity associated with a sub-optimal spinal orientation may compromise an individual's ability to relax or initiate sleep. Data from 22 participants who were considered to be part of a normal, back-pain-free population were used in these studies. Participants laid down on a mattress in a foetal position (i.e. on their sides) at three varying bed pressures while EMG activities, heart rates, blood pressures, subjective comfort levels and spinal alignment data were recorded. Minor effects of mattress inflation pressures were associated with changes in EMG activity, heart rate, blood pressure and/or subjective comfort. In contrast, spinal alignment assessment revealed significant differences between the three different inflation pressures studied (827.4, 2413.2 and 3999.0 Pa). It was concluded that in a population of normal participants, although mattress inflation pressure induced significant changes in spinal alignment, these changes were of little physiological consequence. Nevertheless, this data provides baseline information needed to assess similar correlations in a symptomatic population (e.g. those with either acute or chronic neck or back pain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Lahm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, MN 55455, USA
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Malard O, Toquet C, Gayet-Delacroix M, Bordure P, Beauvillain de Montreuil C, Bardet E. Radiation-induced cancers of the pharynx and larynx: a study of five clinical cases. CLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND ALLIED SCIENCES 2002; 27:68-74. [PMID: 11903376 DOI: 10.1046/j.0307-7772.2001.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced cancer, a rare clinical entity, is often difficult to diagnose and manage. This study reports a series of five cases of radiocarcinogenesis of the pharynx and/or larynx that developed after external radiotherapy. The primary lesion was diagnosed at a mean age of 50 years (+/-12.9) and the radiation-induced cancer at a mean age of 59 years (+/-13.1), giving a latent period of 9 years (+/-3.7). Analysis of gammagraphic records indicated that four of the patients had developed a secondary tumour in the penumbra of irradiation fields. In these zones, the delivered dose was between 20 and 80% of the prescribed dose, corresponding to an estimated cumulative mean dose of 14.1-56.3 Gy. These results are compared with data in the literature to determine the diagnostic criteria for radiation-induced cancer, possible predisposition (genetic or acquired) and the dose effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Malard
- Service de clinique O.R.L. et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, CHU de Nantes, Hotel-Dieu, Place A. Ricordeau, BP 1005, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France.
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Abstract
When a pregnant patient presents with a urinary calculus, the customary investigations and management must change in order to take into account the well-being of the developing fetus. Transabdominal or endovaginal ultrasound should be the initial imaging modality used in order to establish the diagnosis. A plain abdominal X-ray, limited intravenous pyelography, or retrograde pyelography is used secondarily if a definitive diagnosis is lacking. The treatment of first choice for urolithiasis in pregnancy is conservative, because 70-80% of stones will pass spontaneously. If conservative management fails, or in cases of sepsis, obstruction of a solitary kidney, or bilateral ureteric obstruction, then surgical intervention is indicated. Traditional surgical management consists of draining the obstructed collecting system with a ureteral stent or percutaneous nephrostomy tube with definitive treatment of the stone in the post-partum period. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy and stone extraction is another option that has been used safely and reliably with increasing frequency in many centers. Despite recent reports of using extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, this treatment is still considered contraindicated in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Evans
- Division of Urology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Boudreau R, St-Pierre Y, Beauchemin C, Potworowski EF. TL antigen is not linked to radioinduced thymic lymphoma. Cell Immunol 1998; 184:161-7. [PMID: 9630842 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
X irradiation of C57BL/Ka mice induces thymic lymphoma after a period of 8 to 36 weeks. This latency period represents an ideal time window in which to follow the development of prelymphoma cells that give rise to overt thymic lymphoma. Several attempts have been made to identify an unequivocal prelymphoma cell marker but these efforts have so far been unsuccessful. We monitored the evolution of thymocyte populations containing prelymphoma cells during the latency period, using CD3 and TL as markers, in a transfer assay. We demonstrated that: (1) particular cell populations could appear or disappear; (2) there were at least two prelymphoma phenotypes: CD3loTL+ and CD3hiTL-; (3) TL could be present transiently; and (4) TL could be absent throughout the latency period. We conclude that split-dose irradiation may induce both TL gene expression and a prelymphoma state but that the two are not necessarily related.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- Gene Expression/radiation effects
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/immunology
- Precancerous Conditions/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boudreau
- Centre de Recherche en Immunologie, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Ionising radiation, in high dose and with acute exposure, is a factor that has been implicated in leukaemogenesis, but what is the evidence for leukaemogenesis and exposure to diagnostic X-rays, to natural terrestrial or cosmic ionising radiation, to electromagnetic fields, or to nuclear energy? Why is population mixing and infection a possible explanation for the clusters of childhood acute leukaemias around the nuclear processing plants of Sellafield and Dounreay? These questions, as well as how chemical agents, including therapeutic substances, might contribute to leukaemogenesis, are discussed in this last article in the leukaemia series.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Greaves
- Leukaemia Research Fund Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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