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Zhang Z, Leng Z, Kang L, Yan X, Shi J, Ji Y, Guo C, Fang K, Wang Z, Li Z, Sun M, Zhao Z, Feng A, Chen Z, Zhang S, Wan D, Chen T, Xu M. Alcohol inducing macrophage M2b polarization in colitis by modulating the TRPV1-MAPK/NF-κB pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155580. [PMID: 38810558 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages exhibit different phenotypes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and promote inflammation or tissue repair depending on their polarization state. Alcohol is a widely used solvent in pharmaceutical formulations, and its consumption is associated with an increased risk of colitis; however, its effects on macrophages in IBD remain poorly understood. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of alcohol on macrophages in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and understand the underlying mechanisms. METHODS DSS-treated C57BL/6 mice were exposed to varying concentrations of alcohol, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, and 5-aminosalicylic acid. The distal colon was resected, fixed, stained, and histologically analyzed, through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunofluorescence staining. Ratio [Ca2+]i measurements, western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, cytokine measurements, and RNA sequencing analyses were also performed. Peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells were used for in vitro experiments, and various assays were performed to evaluate cellular responses, gene expression, and signaling pathways. RESULTS Alcohol exacerbated DSS-treated mice colitis and promoted the secretion of various inflammatory cytokines from colonic macrophages. Alcohol enhances the calcium ion influx induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in peritoneal macrophages, while the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) inhibits LPS- and/or alcohol- induced calcium influx in macrophages. Alcohol and LPS activate the MAPK/P38, MAPK/ERK, and NF-κB signaling pathways and induce the macrophage M2b polarization, resulting in the increased expression level of inflammatory cytokines such as Tnf, Il1b, and Il10. Additionally, CPZ can inhibit the facilitatory effects of alcohol or LPS on the abovementioned pathways and inflammatory factors, reversing macrophage M2b polarization and promoting alcohol-induced colitis. The inhibition of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) partially suppressed the alcohol and LPS effects on macrophages. CONCLUSION Alcohol exacerbates experimental colitis and induces M2b polarization of macrophage via TRPV1-MAPK/NF-κB. Our study provides new insights into the potential therapeutic targets for IBD treatment by elucidating the role of TRPV1 in alcohol-exacerbated colitis, using CPZ as a potential therapeutic option. The identification of transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1 (TRPA1) as a therapeutic target expands the scope of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuyun Leng
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Yan
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Shi
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Ji
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Fang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingchuang Sun
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Zhao
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anqi Feng
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhukai Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Meidong Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Handforth A, Singh RP, Kosoyan HP, Kadam PA. A Role for GABA A Receptor β3 Subunits in Mediating Harmaline Tremor Suppression by Alcohol: Implications for Essential Tremor Therapy. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2024; 14:20. [PMID: 38681506 PMCID: PMC11049614 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Essential tremor patients may find that low alcohol amounts suppress tremor. A candidate mechanism is modulation of α6β3δ extra-synaptic GABAA receptors, that in vitro respond to non-intoxicating alcohol levels. We previously found that low-dose alcohol reduces harmaline tremor in wild-type mice, but not in littermates lacking δ or α6 subunits. Here we addressed whether low-dose alcohol requires the β3 subunit for tremor suppression. Methods We tested whether low-dose alcohol suppresses tremor in cre-negative mice with intact β3 exon 3 flanked by loxP, and in littermates in which this region was excised by cre expressed under the α6 subunit promotor. Tremor in the harmaline model was measured as a percentage of motion power in the tremor bandwidth divided by overall motion power. Results Alcohol, 0.500 and 0.575 g/kg, reduced harmaline tremor compared to vehicle-treated controls in floxed β3 cre- mice, but had no effect on tremor in floxed β3 cre+ littermates that have β3 knocked out. This was not due to potential interference of α6 expression by the insertion of the cre gene into the α6 gene since non-floxed β3 cre+ and cre- littermates exhibited similar tremor suppression by alcohol. Discussion As α6β3δ GABAA receptors are sensitive to low-dose alcohol, and cerebellar granule cells express β3 and are the predominant brain site for α6 and δ expression together, our overall findings suggest alcohol acts to suppress tremor by modulating α6β3δ GABAA receptors on these cells. Novel drugs that target this receptor may potentially be effective and well-tolerated for essential tremor. Highlights We previously found with the harmaline essential tremor model that GABAA receptors containing α6 and δ subunits mediate tremor suppression by alcohol. We now show that β3 subunits in α6-expressing cells, likely cerebellar granule cells, are also required, indicating that alcohol suppresses tremor by modulating α6β3δ extra-synaptic GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Handforth
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ram P. Singh
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hovsep P. Kosoyan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pournima A. Kadam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Söderpalm B, Ericson M. Alcohol and the dopamine system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 175:21-73. [PMID: 38555117 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The mesolimbic dopamine pathway plays a major role in drug reinforcement and is likely involved also in the development of drug addiction. Ethanol, like most addictive drugs, acutely activates the mesolimbic dopamine system and releases dopamine, and ethanol-associated stimuli also appear to trigger dopamine release. In addition, chronic exposure to ethanol reduces the baseline function of the mesolimbic dopamine system. The molecular mechanisms underlying ethanol´s interaction with this system remain, however, to be unveiled. Here research on the actions of ethanol in the mesolimbic dopamine system, focusing on the involvement of cystein-loop ligand-gated ion channels, opiate receptors, gastric peptides and acetaldehyde is briefly reviewed. In summary, a great complexity as regards ethanol´s mechanism(s) of action along the mesolimbic dopamine system has been revealed. Consequently, several new targets and possibilities for pharmacotherapies for alcohol use disorder have emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Söderpalm
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Addiction and Dependency, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mia Ericson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Taylor A, Adank DN, Young PA, Quan Y, Nabit BP, Winder DG. Forced Abstinence from Volitional Ethanol Intake Drives a Vulnerable Period of Hyperexcitability in BNST-Projecting Insular Cortex Neurons. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1121232023. [PMID: 38050120 PMCID: PMC10860622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1121-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) integrates sensory and interoceptive cues to inform downstream circuitry executing adaptive behavioral responses. The IC communicates with areas involved canonically in stress and motivation. IC projections govern stress and ethanol recruitment of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) activity necessary for the emergence of negative affective behaviors during alcohol abstinence. Here, we assess the impact of the chronic drinking forced abstinence (CDFA) volitional home cage ethanol intake paradigm on synaptic and excitable properties of IC neurons that project to the BNST (IC→BNST). Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, we investigated IC→BNST circuitry 24 h or 2 weeks following forced abstinence (FA) in female C57BL6/J mice. We find that IC→BNST cells are transiently more excitable following acute ethanol withdrawal. In contrast, in vivo ethanol exposure via intraperitoneal injection, ex vivo via ethanol wash, and acute FA from a natural reward (sucrose) all failed to alter excitability. In situ hybridization studies revealed that at 24 h post FA BK channel mRNA expression is reduced in IC. Further, pharmacological inhibition of BK channels mimicked the 24 h FA phenotype, while BK activation was able to decrease AP firing in control and 24 h FA subjects. All together these data suggest a novel mechanism of homeostatic plasticity that occurs in the IC→BNST circuitry following chronic drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Taylor
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Danielle N Adank
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Phoebe A Young
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Yizhen Quan
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Brett P Nabit
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
| | - Danny G Winder
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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Handforth A, Kosoyan HP, Kadam PA, Singh RP. Alcohol and Ganaxolone Suppress Tremor via Extra-Synaptic GABA A Receptors in the Harmaline Model of Essential Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2023; 13:18. [PMID: 37214542 PMCID: PMC10198231 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A long-standing question is why essential tremor often responds to non-intoxicating amounts of alcohol. Blood flow imaging and high-density electroencephalography have indicated that alcohol acts on tremor within the cerebellum. As extra-synaptic δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors are sensitive to low alcohol levels, we wondered whether these receptors mediate alcohol's anti-tremor effect and, moreover, whether the δ-associated GABAA receptor α6 subunit, found abundantly in the cerebellum, is required. Methods We tested the hypotheses that low-dose alcohol will suppress harmaline-induced tremor in wild-type mice, but not in littermates lacking GABAA receptor δ subunits, nor in littermates lacking α6 subunits. As the neurosteroid ganaxolone also activates extra-synaptic GABAA receptors, we similarly assessed this compound. The harmaline mouse model of essential tremor was utilized to generate tremor, measured as a percentage of motion power in the tremor bandwidth (9-16 Hz) divided by background motion power at 0.25-32 Hz. Results Ethanol, 0.500 and 0.575 g/kg, and ganaxolone, 7 and 10 mg/kg, doses that do not impair performance in a sensitive psychomotor task, reduced harmaline tremor compared to vehicle-treated controls in wild-type mice but failed to suppress tremor in littermates lacking the δ or the α6 GABAA receptor subunit. Discussion As cerebellar granule cells are the predominant brain site intensely expressing GABAA receptors containing both α6 and δ subunits, these findings suggest that this is where alcohol acts to suppress tremor. It is anticipated that medications designed specifically to target α6βδ-containing GABAA receptors may be effective and well-tolerated for treating essential tremor. Highlights How does alcohol temporarily ameliorate essential tremor? This study with a mouse model found that two specific kinds of GABA receptor subunits were needed for alcohol to work. As receptors with both these subunits are found mainly in cerebellum, this work suggests this is where alcohol acts to suppress tremor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Handforth
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hovsep P. Kosoyan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pournima A. Kadam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ram P. Singh
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Fluyau D, Kailasam VK, Pierre CG. A Bayesian meta-analysis of topiramate's effectiveness for individuals with alcohol use disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:155-163. [PMID: 36648091 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221149643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topiramate (TPM) has the potential to become one of the most prominent treatment options for alcohol use disorder (AUD). We investigated the efficacy of TPM for AUD treatment, considering new randomized controlled trials carried out since the publication of four prior investigations. METHODS We searched six major databases, comparing TPM to placebo for AUD treatment. We performed a Bayesian meta-analysis. We conducted a meta-regression, analyzing the effect of age, TPM dosage, duration of treatment, gender, and attrition rate on the outcomes measured. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO: CRD42021286266. RESULTS TPM reduced heavy drinking days (d = 0.401, Bayes factor (BF) = 23.088) and weeks (d = 0.461, BF = 3.784), lowered alcohol craving (d = 0.477, BF = 107.749), prolonged abstinence throughout the duration of trials (d = 0.505, BF = 54.998), and decreased the amount of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the blood (d = 0.345, BF = 39.048). The analysis pointed out that TPM could reduce anxiety (d = 0.517, BF = 5.993). TPM's efficacy in relieving alcohol withdrawal, minimizing relapse, and decreasing depressive symptoms was inconclusive. There was evidence of a meta-regression effect of attrition rate on heavy drinking days and craving and length of treatment on abstinence. CONCLUSION TPM has the potential to become a key pharmacological agent in the treatment of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimy Fluyau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Olasore HSA, Osuntoki AA, Magbagbeola OA, Awesu ARB, Olashore AA. Association of Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) 40 bp 3′ UTR VNTR Polymorphism (rs28363170) and Cannabis Use Disorder. SUBSTANCE ABUSE: RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2023; 17:11782218231163696. [PMID: 37020726 PMCID: PMC10068503 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231163696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis remains the most widely used illicit drug among Nigerians, often associated with psychiatric disorders. Since genetic predisposition has been implicated in substance use disorders, we, therefore, aimed at finding out the relationship between dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) polymorphism and cannabis use disorder. Methods: We recruited 104 patients from a tertiary psychiatric facility in Lagos, Nigeria, who were diagnosed with cannabis use disorder according to ICD-10 and 96 non-smokers as a comparative group. The smokers were screened with Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test (CUDIT), and cannabis dependence was assessed with the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS). Genotyping was carried out for the 40 bp 3′ UTR VNTR of the DAT1 (rs28363170). Results: The frequencies of 9R/9R, 9R/10R, 10R/10R among non-smokers and smokers were 14 (14.3%), 25 (26.2%), 57 (59.5%) and 17 (16.3%), 54 (51.9%), 33 (31.7%) respectively. The genotype distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) only in the smokers’ population (χ² = 1.896, P = .166). Individuals with the 10R allele were almost twice as likely as the 9R carriers to smoke cannabis (OR = 1.915, 95% CI: 1.225-2.995). However, this polymorphism was not associated with the quantity of cannabis smoked, age at onset of smoking, CUDIT, and SDS scores. Conclusion: The DAT VNTR polymorphism was associated with cannabis smoking but not cannabis use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holiness SA Olasore
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akinniyi A Osuntoki
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi A Magbagbeola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Anthony A Olashore
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Yu W, Lin Z, Woo CM, Baskin JM. A Chemoproteomics Approach to Profile Phospholipase D-Derived Phosphatidyl Alcohol Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3276-3283. [PMID: 34908404 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption leads to formation of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) via the transphosphatidylation activity of phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes. Though this non-natural phospholipid routinely serves as a biomarker of chronic alcoholism, its pathophysiological roles remain unknown. We use a minimalist diazirine alkyne alcohol as an ethanol surrogate to generate clickable, photoaffinity lipid reporters of PEth localization and lipid-protein interactions via PLD-mediated transphosphatidylation. We use these tools to visualize phosphatidyl alcohols in a manner compatible with standard permeabilization and immunofluorescence methods. We also use click chemistry tagging, enrichment, and proteomics analysis to define the phosphatidyl alcohol interactome. Our analysis reveals an enrichment of putative interactors at various membrane locations, and we validate one such interaction with the single-pass transmembrane protein basigin/CD147. This study provides a comprehensive view of the molecular interactions of phosphatidyl alcohols with the cellular proteome and points to future work to connect such interactions to potential pathophysiological roles of PEth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeremy M Baskin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Munier JJ, Marty VN, Spigelman I. Sex differences in α-adrenergic receptor function contribute to impaired hypothalamic metaplasticity following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1384-1396. [PMID: 35791038 PMCID: PMC9612407 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) exhibit maladaptive responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to stress, which has been linked to high rates of relapse to drinking among abstinent individuals. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) parvocellular neuroendocrine cells (PNCs) within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) are critical to stress-induced HPA axis activation. Here, we investigate sex differences in synaptic transmission and plasticity in PNCs following the application of the stress-associated neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in a rat model of AUD. METHODS Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 40 days of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor and 30 to 108 days of protracted withdrawal. We measured changes in holding current, evoked synaptic currents, and short-term glutamatergic plasticity (STP) in putative PNCs following the application of NE (10 μM) with and without the selective α1 adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist prazosin (10 μM) or the α2AR antagonist atipamezole (10 μM). The experiments were performed using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in slices from CIE rats and air-exposed controls. RESULTS NE application caused two distinct effects: a depolarizing, inward, postsynaptic current and a reduction in amplitude of an evoked glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic current (eEPSC). Both effects were sex- and CIE-specific. Prazosin blocked the postsynaptic inward current, while atipamezole blocked the NE-mediated suppression of eEPSCs. Additionally, STP formation was facilitated following NE application only in stress-naïve males and this response was lost in stressed animals exposed to a 30-min restraint stress following CIE exposure. Furthermore, NE + prazosin restored STP formation in stressed CIE males. CONCLUSIONS NE exerts excitatory and inhibitory effects on CRF PVN PNCs, and both effects are influenced by sex and CIE. Behavioral and hormonal responses to stress are influenced by STP formation within the PVN, which is lost following CIE and restored with the preapplication of prazosin. The selective blockade of α1AR may, therefore, ameliorate CIE-induced deficits in HPA responses to stress in a sex-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Munier
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent N. Marty
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Section of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Agues-Barbosa T, da Silva Junior FC, Gomes-de-Lima JN, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR, Luchiari AC. Behavioral genetics of alcohol's effects in three zebrafish (Danio rerio) populations. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110495. [PMID: 34915060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is one of the most dangerous and serious problems for patients and society. Interpopulation studies are important in understanding how genetic background contributes to the effects of alcohol. In this study, we applied a chronic alcohol exposure protocol in three zebrafish populations (Danio rerio; both sexes; AB, TU, and outbred fish - OB). We analyzed the behavioral responses and mRNA expression involved in neurotransmitter metabolism - th1, tph1, ache, ada1, gaba1, gad1b, and bdnf. Locomotion patterns were similar between populations (increased speed after acute alcohol and unaltered locomotion after chronic and withdrawal treatments). All populations exhibited increased expression of genes associated with locomotion (th1, gad1b, and gaba1) after acute alcohol exposure. Anxiety-like responses increased in AB and TU fish during withdrawal and decreased in AB fish after acute alcohol exposure. Genes related to anxiety-like behavior (tph1 and ada1) were overexpressed in AB and TU fish after acute and withdrawal treatments, while OB fish exhibited unaltered responses. Bdnf levels decreased during withdrawal in AB and OB fish, while TU showed upregulated levels in both chronic and withdrawal treatments. Our results suggest that zebrafish populations respond differently to alcohol exposure, which may contribute to understanding the mechanisms underlying alcohol use and dependence. Moreover, we found that a more diverse genetic background (OB) was related to higher variability in behavioral and mRNA expression, demonstrating that inbred populations (AB and TU) may be useful tools in identifying alcohol use and abuse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Agues-Barbosa
- Department of Physiology & Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Luchiari
- Department of Physiology & Behavior, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Bayassi-Jakowicka M, Lietzau G, Czuba E, Patrone C, Kowiański P. More than Addiction—The Nucleus Accumbens Contribution to Development of Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052618. [PMID: 35269761 PMCID: PMC8910774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and negative emotions evoked by social relationships and working conditions, frequently accompanied by the consumption of addictive substances, and metabolic and/or genetic predispositions, negatively affect brain function. One of the affected structures is nucleus accumbens (NAc). Although its function is commonly known to be associated with brain reword responses and addiction, a growing body of evidence also suggests its role in some mental disorders, such as depression and schizophrenia, as well as neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s. This may result from disintegration of the extensive connections based on numerous neurotransmitter systems, as well as impairment of some neuroplasticity mechanisms in the NAc. The consequences of NAc lesions are both morphological and functional. They include changes in the NAc’s volume, cell number, modifications of the neuronal dendritic tree and dendritic spines, and changes in the number of synapses. Alterations in the synaptic plasticity affect the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Modification of the number and structure of the receptors affects signaling pathways, the content of neuromodulators (e.g., BDNF) and transcription factors (e.g., pCREB, DeltaFosB, NFκB), and gene expression. Interestingly, changes in the NAc often have a different character and intensity compared to the changes observed in the other parts of the basal ganglia, in particular the dorsal striatum. In this review, we highlight the role of the NAc in various pathological processes in the context of its structural and functional damage, impaired connections with the other brain areas cooperating within functional systems, and progression of the pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Bayassi-Jakowicka
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (E.C.)
| | - Grazyna Lietzau
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-01 (G.L. & P.K.)
| | - Ewelina Czuba
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (E.C.)
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sjukhusbacken 17, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (M.B.-J.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (P.K.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-01 (G.L. & P.K.)
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12
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Sieghart W, Chiou LC, Ernst M, Fabjan J, M Savić M, Lee MT. α6-Containing GABA A Receptors: Functional Roles and Therapeutic Potentials. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:238-270. [PMID: 35017178 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAA receptors containing the α6 subunit are highly expressed in cerebellar granule cells and less abundantly in many other neuronal and peripheral tissues. Here, we for the first time summarize their importance for the functions of the cerebellum and the nervous system. The cerebellum is not only involved in motor control but also in cognitive, emotional, and social behaviors. α6βγ2 GABAA receptors located at cerebellar Golgi cell/granule cell synapses enhance the precision of inputs required for cerebellar timing of motor activity and are thus involved in cognitive processing and adequate responses to our environment. Extrasynaptic α6βδ GABAA receptors regulate the amount of information entering the cerebellum by their tonic inhibition of granule cells, and their optimal functioning enhances input filtering or contrast. The complex roles of the cerebellum in multiple brain functions can be compromised by genetic or neurodevelopmental causes that lead to a hypofunction of cerebellar α6-containing GABAA receptors. Animal models mimicking neuropsychiatric phenotypes suggest that compounds selectively activating or positively modulating cerebellar α6-containing GABAA receptors can alleviate essential tremor and motor disturbances in Angelman and Down syndrome as well as impaired prepulse inhibition in neuropsychiatric disorders and reduce migraine and trigeminal-related pain via α6-containing GABAA receptors in trigeminal ganglia. Genetic studies in humans suggest an association of the human GABAA receptor α6 subunit gene with stress-associated disorders. Animal studies support this conclusion. Neuroimaging and post-mortem studies in humans further support an involvement of α6-containing GABAA receptors in various neuropsychiatric disorders, pointing to a broad therapeutic potential of drugs modulating α6-containing GABAA receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: α6-Containing GABAA receptors are abundantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells, but their pathophysiological roles are widely unknown, and they are thus out of the mainstream of GABAA receptor research. Anatomical and electrophysiological evidence indicates that these receptors have a crucial function in neuronal circuits of the cerebellum and the nervous system, and experimental, genetic, post-mortem, and pharmacological studies indicate that selective modulation of these receptors offers therapeutic prospects for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders and for stress and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences (W.S.), and Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System (M.E., J.F.), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology (L.-C.C., M.T.L.), and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (L.-C.C., M.T.L.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (M.M.S.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (M.T.L.); and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (L.-C.C.)
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences (W.S.), and Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System (M.E., J.F.), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology (L.-C.C., M.T.L.), and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (L.-C.C., M.T.L.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (M.M.S.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (M.T.L.); and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (L.-C.C.)
| | - Margot Ernst
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences (W.S.), and Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System (M.E., J.F.), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology (L.-C.C., M.T.L.), and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (L.-C.C., M.T.L.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (M.M.S.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (M.T.L.); and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (L.-C.C.)
| | - Jure Fabjan
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences (W.S.), and Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System (M.E., J.F.), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology (L.-C.C., M.T.L.), and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (L.-C.C., M.T.L.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (M.M.S.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (M.T.L.); and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (L.-C.C.)
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences (W.S.), and Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System (M.E., J.F.), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology (L.-C.C., M.T.L.), and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (L.-C.C., M.T.L.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (M.M.S.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (M.T.L.); and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (L.-C.C.)
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences (W.S.), and Center for Brain Research, Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System (M.E., J.F.), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology (L.-C.C., M.T.L.), and Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (L.-C.C., M.T.L.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (M.M.S.); Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (M.T.L.); and Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (L.-C.C.)
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13
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Grubb AF, Greene SJ, Fudim M, Dewald T, Mentz RJ. Drugs of Abuse and Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2021; 27:1260-1275. [PMID: 34133967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance use is common among those with heart failure (HF) and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine are commonly abused substances that can contribute to the development and worsening of HF. Heavy alcohol consumption can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy, whereas moderate intake may decrease incident HF. Tobacco increases the risk of HF through coronary artery disease and coronary artery disease-independent mechanisms. Continued smoking worsens outcomes for those with HF and cessation is associated with an improved risk of major adverse cardiac events. Cannabis has complex interactions on the cardiovascular system depending on the method of consumption, amount consumed, and content of cannabinoids. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol can increase sympathetic tone, cause vascular dysfunction, and may increase the risk of myocardial infarction. Cannabidiol is cardioprotective in preclinical studies and is a potential therapeutic target. Cocaine increases sympathetic tone and is a potent proarrhythmogenic agent. It increases the risk of myocardial infarction and can also lead to a dilated cardiomyopathy. The use of beta-blockers in those with HF and cocaine use is likely safe and effective. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the impact of these substances both on the development of HF and their effects on those who have HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex F Grubb
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Stephen J Greene
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marat Fudim
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tracy Dewald
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert J Mentz
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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14
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Alcohol. Alcohol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816793-9.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Xu JF, Lu JJ, Cao Y, Wang W, Li HH, Chen JG, Wang F, Wu PF. Sulforaphane alleviates ethanol-mediated central inhibition and reverses chronic stress-induced aggravation of acute alcoholism via targeting Nrf2-regulated catalase expression. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108235. [PMID: 32710977 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acute ethanol intoxication by excessive drinking is an important cause of alcohol-induced death. Stress exposure has been identified as one risk factor for alcohol abuse. Previous reports indicated that stressors may augment inhibitory effects of alcohol, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we reported that chronic unpredictable stress increased the sensitivity to the acute ethanol intoxication in mice via impairing nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-catalase signaling. Nrf2 activity regulates the expression of catalase, a key antioxidant enzyme that mediates ethanol oxidation in the brain. Pharmacological blockade of catalase or Nrf2 activity significantly aggravated acute ethanol intoxication. Sulforaphane, a cruciferous vegetable-derived activator of Nrf2, significantly attenuated acute ethanol intoxication. Furthermore, the stress-induced aggravation of acute alcoholism was rapidly reversed by sulforaphane. Our findings suggest that Nrf2 may function as a novel drug target for the prevention of acute alcoholism, especially in psychiatric patients, by controlling catalase-mediated ethanol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia-Jing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hou-Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Guo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases (HUST), Ministry of Education of China, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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16
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Czermainski FR, Lopes FM, Ornell F, Pinto Guimarães LS, Von Diemen L, Kessler F, Martins de Almeida RM. Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Crack Cocaine is Associated with High Levels of Anger and Liability to Aggression. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1660-1666. [PMID: 32519554 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1756850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate aggressiveness in individuals receiving treatment for alcohol and crack cocaine use, both alone and in combination with one another, in order to compare them to control subjects with no history of drug problems, using the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Method: The sample consisted of 67 men aged 18-65 years, divided into four groups: alcohol (n = 13); crack cocaine (n = 25); crack cocaine + alcohol (n = 16) and controls (n = 13). Participants completed the following instruments: socioeconomic questionnaire, the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Results: Individuals with alcohol dependence alone, or comorbid with crack cocaine dependence, showed elevated levels of aggression and anger, though these varied according to the drug of abuse. Concurrent users of alcohol and crack cocaine had the highest levels of aggression, followed by isolated alcohol users, suggesting an association between alcohol consumption and aggression. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that alcohol and aggression levels may be associated with violent behavior. Concurrent use of alcohol and crack cocaine was related to higher levels of aggression, which may be associated with more severe alterations in behavior and impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Ornell
- Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Lisia Von Diemen
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix Kessler
- Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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17
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Fontana BD, Duarte T, Müller TE, Canzian J, Ziani PR, Mezzomo NJ, Parker MO, Rosemberg DB. Concomitant taurine exposure counteracts ethanol-induced changes in locomotor and anxiety-like responses in zebrafish. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:735-743. [PMID: 31786647 PMCID: PMC7036063 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Taurine (TAU) is a β-amino sulfonic acid with pleiotropic roles in the brain, including the neuromodulatory activity via GABAergic and glycinergic agonism. This molecule is found at high concentrations in energy drinks and is often mixed with alcohol in beverages. Although TAU has a neuroprotective role in the brain, the putative risks of mixing TAU and EtOH are not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether TAU modulates locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish by using the novel tank and light-dark tests following acute EtOH exposure at anxiogenic and anxiolytic concentrations. Zebrafish were individually exposed to water (control), TAU (42, 150, and 400 mg/L), and EtOH (0.25% (v/v) and 1% (v/v)) both independently and cotreated for 1 h. EtOH 0.25% and TAU produced U-shape anxiolytic-like behavior in the light-dark test, TAU 42 and 400 positively modulated EtOH effects, and TAU 150 exerted a protective effect. All TAU concentrations counteracted EtOH 1%-induced locomotion impairment, as well as the anxiogenic-like behavior. Finally, all TAU concentrations when given independently or cotreated with EtOH 0.25% and 1% decreased the risk assessment of the lit compartment. Principal component analyses revealed that exploration and anxiety-like responses were the main behaviors that contribute to the effects of TAU and EtOH. Overall, we demonstrate that TAU differently modulates EtOH-induced anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like behaviors depending on the concentration, suggesting a complex mechanism underlying TAU and EtOH interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, England, UK.
| | - Tamie Duarte
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Paola R Ziani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Nathana J Mezzomo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, England, UK
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA, 70458, USA
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
- The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA, 70458, USA.
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18
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Gao F, Chen D, Ma X, Sudweeks S, Yorgason JT, Gao M, Turner D, Eaton JB, McIntosh JM, Lukas RJ, Whiteaker P, Chang Y, Steffensen SC, Wu J. Alpha6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a highly sensitive target of alcohol. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:45-54. [PMID: 30710570 PMCID: PMC7323585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious public health problem that results in tremendous social, legal and medical costs to society. Unlike other addictive drugs, there is no specific molecular target for ethanol (EtOH). Here, we report a novel molecular target that mediates EtOH effects at concentrations below those that cause legally-defined inebriation. Using patch-clamp recording of human α6*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α6*-nAChR) function when heterologously expressed in SH-EP1 human epithelial cells, we found that 0.1-5 mM EtOH significantly enhances α6*-nAChR-mediated currents with effects that are dependent on both EtOH and nicotine concentrations. EtOH exposure increased both whole-cell current rising slope and decay constants. This EtOH modulation was selective for α6*-nAChRs since it did not affect α3β4-, α4β2-, or α7-nAChRs. In addition, 5 mM EtOH also increased the frequency and amplitude of dopaminergic neuron transients in mouse brain nucleus accumbens slices, that were blocked by the α6*-nAChR antagonist, α-conotoxin MII, suggesting a role for native α6*-nAChRs in low-dose EtOH effects. Collectively, our data suggest that α6*-nAChRs are sensitive targets mediating low-dose EtOH effects through a positive allosteric mechanism, which provides new insight into mechanisms involved in pharmacologically-relevant alcohol effects contributing to AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 51504, China; Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Dejie Chen
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA; Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527300, China
| | - Xiaokuang Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 51504, China; Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sterling Sudweeks
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jordan T Yorgason
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Dharshaun Turner
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Jason Brek Eaton
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA 84108, USA
| | - Ronald J Lukas
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Paul Whiteaker
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Scott C Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 51504, China; Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA; Department of Neurology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527300, China.
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19
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Golovko AI, Ivanov MB, Golovko ES, Dolgo-Saburov VB, Zatsepin EP. The Neurochemical Mechanisms of the Pharmacological Activities of Inverse Agonists of the Benzodiazepine Binding Site. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Olsen RW. GABA A receptor: Positive and negative allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:10-22. [PMID: 29407219 PMCID: PMC6027637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission and the gene products involved were discovered during the mid-twentieth century. Historically, myriad existing nervous system drugs act as positive and negative allosteric modulators of these proteins, making GABA a major component of modern neuropharmacology, and suggesting that many potential drugs will be found that share these targets. Although some of these drugs act on proteins involved in synthesis, degradation, and membrane transport of GABA, the GABA receptors Type A (GABAAR) and Type B (GABABR) are the targets of the great majority of GABAergic drugs. This discovery is due in no small part to Professor Norman Bowery. Whereas the topic of GABABR is appropriately emphasized in this special issue, Norman Bowery also made many insights into GABAAR pharmacology, the topic of this article. GABAAR are members of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily, a chloride channel family of a dozen or more heteropentameric subtypes containing 19 possible different subunits. These subtypes show different brain regional and subcellular localization, age-dependent expression, and potential for plastic changes with experience including drug exposure. Not only are GABAAR the targets of agonist depressants and antagonist convulsants, but most GABAAR drugs act at other (allosteric) binding sites on the GABAAR proteins. Some anxiolytic and sedative drugs, like benzodiazepine and related drugs, act on GABAAR subtype-dependent extracellular domain sites. General anesthetics including alcohols and neurosteroids act at GABAAR subunit-interface trans-membrane sites. Ethanol at high anesthetic doses acts on GABAAR subtype-dependent trans-membrane domain sites. Ethanol at low intoxicating doses acts at GABAAR subtype-dependent extracellular domain sites. Thus GABAAR subtypes possess pharmacologically specific receptor binding sites for a large group of different chemical classes of clinically important neuropharmacological agents. This article is part of the "Special Issue Dedicated to Norman G. Bowery".
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Olsen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Olsen RW, Liang J. Role of GABA A receptors in alcohol use disorders suggested by chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) rodent model. Mol Brain 2017; 10:45. [PMID: 28931433 PMCID: PMC5605989 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory transmission is involved in the acute and chronic effects of ethanol on the brain and behavior. One-dose ethanol exposure induces transient plastic changes in GABAA receptor subunit levels, composition, and regional and subcellular localization. Rapid down-regulation of early responder δ subunit-containing GABAA receptor subtypes mediating ethanol-sensitive tonic inhibitory currents in critical neuronal circuits corresponds to rapid tolerance to ethanol's behavioral responses. Slightly slower, α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptor subtypes mediating ethanol-insensitive synaptic inhibition are down-regulated, corresponding to tolerance to additional ethanol behaviors plus cross-tolerance to other GABAergic drugs including benzodiazepines, anesthetics, and neurosteroids, especially sedative-hypnotic effects. Compensatory up-regulation of synaptically localized α4 and α2 subunit-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, mediating ethanol-sensitive synaptic inhibitory currents follow, but exhibit altered physio-pharmacology, seizure susceptibility, hyperexcitability, anxiety, and tolerance to GABAergic positive allosteric modulators, corresponding to heightened alcohol withdrawal syndrome. All these changes (behavioral, physiological, and biochemical) induced by ethanol administration are transient and return to normal in a few days. After chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) treatment the same changes are observed but they become persistent after 30 or more doses, lasting for at least 120 days in the rat, and probably for life. We conclude that the ethanol-induced changes in GABAA receptors represent aberrant plasticity contributing critically to ethanol dependence and increased voluntary consumption. We suggest that the craving, drug-seeking, and increased consumption in the rat model are tied to ethanol-induced plastic changes in GABAA receptors, importantly the development of ethanol-sensitive synaptic GABAA receptor-mediating inhibitory currents that participate in maintained positive reward actions of ethanol on critical neuronal circuits. These probably disinhibit nerve endings of inhibitory GABAergic neurons on dopamine reward circuit cells, and limbic system circuits mediating anxiolysis in hippocampus and amygdala. We further suggest that the GABAA receptors contributing to alcohol dependence in the rat and presumably in human alcohol use disorders (AUD) are the ethanol-induced up-regulated subtypes containing α4 and most importantly α2 subunits. These mediate critical aspects of the positive reinforcement of ethanol in the dependent chronic user while alleviating heightened withdrawal symptoms experienced whenever ethanol is absent. The speculative conclusions based on firm observations are readily testable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W. Olsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA
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Are we justified in suggesting change to caffeine, alcohol, and carbonated drink intake in lower urinary tract disease? Report from the ICI-RS 2015. Neurourol Urodyn 2017; 36:876-881. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Albers HE, Walton JC, Gamble KL, McNeill JK, Hummer DL. The dynamics of GABA signaling: Revelations from the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 44:35-82. [PMID: 27894927 PMCID: PMC5225159 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Virtually every neuron within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) communicates via GABAergic signaling. The extracellular levels of GABA within the SCN are determined by a complex interaction of synthesis and transport, as well as synaptic and non-synaptic release. The response to GABA is mediated by GABAA receptors that respond to both phasic and tonic GABA release and that can produce excitatory as well as inhibitory cellular responses. GABA also influences circadian control through the exclusively inhibitory effects of GABAB receptors. Both GABA and neuropeptide signaling occur within the SCN, although the functional consequences of the interactions of these signals are not well understood. This review considers the role of GABA in the circadian pacemaker, in the mechanisms responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms, in the ability of non-photic stimuli to reset the phase of the pacemaker, and in the ability of the day-night cycle to entrain the pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elliott Albers
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States.
| | - James C Walton
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - John K McNeill
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States
| | - Daniel L Hummer
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, GA 30302, United States; Department of Psychology, Morehouse College, Atlanta, GA 30314, United States
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Olsen RW. Allosteric ligands and their binding sites define γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor subtypes. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2015; 73:167-202. [PMID: 25637441 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GABAA receptors (GABA(A)Rs) mediate rapid inhibitory transmission in the brain. GABA(A)Rs are ligand-gated chloride ion channel proteins and exist in about a dozen or more heteropentameric subtypes exhibiting variable age and brain regional localization and thus participation in differing brain functions and diseases. GABA(A)Rs are also subject to modulation by several chemotypes of allosteric ligands that help define structure and function, including subtype definition. The channel blocker picrotoxin identified a noncompetitive channel blocker site in GABA(A)Rs. This ligand site is located in the transmembrane channel pore, whereas the GABA agonist site is in the extracellular domain at subunit interfaces, a site useful for low energy coupled conformational changes of the functional channel domain. Two classes of pharmacologically important allosteric modulatory ligand binding sites reside in the extracellular domain at modified agonist sites at other subunit interfaces: the benzodiazepine site and the high-affinity, relevant to intoxication, ethanol site. The benzodiazepine site is specific for certain GABA(A)R subtypes, mainly synaptic, while the ethanol site is found at a modified benzodiazepine site on different, extrasynaptic, subtypes. In the transmembrane domain are allosteric modulatory ligand sites for diverse chemotypes of general anesthetics: the volatile and intravenous agents, barbiturates, etomidate, propofol, long-chain alcohols, and neurosteroids. The last are endogenous positive allosteric modulators. X-ray crystal structures of prokaryotic and invertebrate pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, and the mammalian GABA(A)R protein, allow homology modeling of GABA(A)R subtypes with the various ligand sites located to suggest the structure and function of these proteins and their pharmacological modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Olsen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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25
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Seo D. Neuroplasticity and Predictors of Alcohol Recovery. Alcohol Res 2015; 37:143-52. [PMID: 26259094 PMCID: PMC4476600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol-related neuroadaptations in key neural circuits of emotional and cognitive control play a critical role in the development of, and recovery from, alcoholism. Converging evidence in the neurobiological literature indicates that neuroplastic changes in the prefrontal-striatal-limbic circuit, which governs emotion regulation and decisionmaking and controls physiological responses in the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis system, contribute to chronic alcoholism and also are significant predictors of relapse and recovery. This paper reviews recent evidence on the neuroplasticity associated with alcoholism in humans, including acute and chronic effects, and how these neurobiological adaptations contribute to alcohol recovery, along with the discussion of relevant clinical implications and future research directions.
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Liang J, Olsen RW. Alcohol use disorders and current pharmacological therapies: the role of GABA(A) receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:981-93. [PMID: 25066321 PMCID: PMC4125717 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are defined as alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, which create large problems both for society and for the drinkers themselves. To date, no therapeutic can effectively solve these problems. Understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to AUD is critically important for developing effective and safe pharmacological therapies. Benzodiazepines (BZs) are used to reduce the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. However, frequent use of BZs causes cross-tolerance, dependence, and cross-addiction to alcohol. The FDA-approved naltrexone and acamprosate have shown mixed results in clinical trials. Naltrexone is effective to treat alcohol dependence (decreased length and frequency of drinking bouts), but its severe side effects, including withdrawal symptoms, are difficult to overcome. Acamprosate showed efficacy for treating alcohol dependence in European trials, but two large US trials have failed to confirm the efficacy. Another FDA-approved medication, disulfiram, does not diminish craving, and it causes a peripheral neuropathy. Kudzu is the only natural medication mentioned by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, but its mechanisms of action are not yet established. It has been recently shown that dihydromyricetin, a flavonoid purified from Hovenia, has unique effects on GABAA receptors and blocks ethanol intoxication and withdrawal in alcoholic animal models. In this article, we review the role of GABAA receptors in the treatment of AUD and currently available and potentially novel pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard W Olsen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Olsen RW. Analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor subtypes using isosteric and allosteric ligands. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1924-41. [PMID: 25015397 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The GABAA receptors (GABAARs) play an important role in inhibitory transmission in the brain. The GABAARs could be identified using a medicinal chemistry approach to characterize with a series of chemical structural analogues, some identified in nature, some synthesized, to control the structural conformational rigidity/flexibility so as to define the 'receptor-specific' GABA agonist ligand structure. In addition to the isosteric site ligands, these ligand-gated chloride ion channel proteins exhibited modulation by several chemotypes of allosteric ligands, that help define structure and function. The channel blocker picrotoxin identified a noncompetitive channel blocker site in GABAARs. This ligand site is located in the transmembrane channel pore, whereas the GABA agonist site is in the extracellular domain at subunit interfaces, a site useful for low energy coupled conformational changes of the functional channel domain. Also in the trans-membrane domain are allosteric modulatory ligand sites, mostly positive, for diverse chemotypes with general anesthetic efficacy, namely, the volatile and intravenous agents: barbiturates, etomidate, propofol, long-chain alcohols, and neurosteroids. The last are apparent endogenous positive allosteric modulators of GABAARs. These binding sites depend on the GABAAR heteropentameric subunit composition, i.e., subtypes. Two classes of pharmacologically very important allosteric modulatory ligand binding site reside in the extracellular domain at modified agonist sites at other subunit interfaces: the benzodiazepine site, and the low-dose ethanol site. The benzodiazepine site is specific for certain subunit combination subtypes, mainly synaptically localized. In contrast, the low-dose (high affinity) ethanol site(s) is found at a modified benzodiazepine site on different, extrasynaptic, subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Olsen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Room CHS 23-120, 650 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA,
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Synthesis of 1,4-benzodiazepinones via palladium-catalysed allene carbopalladation/amination domino sequence. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of 4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,4]diazepin-6-ones via a post-Ugi copper-catalyzed intramolecular Ullmann coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Wallner M, Hanchar HJ, Olsen RW. Alcohol selectivity of β3-containing GABAA receptors: evidence for a unique extracellular alcohol/imidazobenzodiazepine Ro15-4513 binding site at the α+β- subunit interface in αβ3δ GABAA receptors. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1118-26. [PMID: 24500446 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GABAA receptors (GABARs) have long been the focus for acute alcohol actions with evidence for behaviorally relevant low millimolar alcohol actions on tonic GABA currents and extrasynaptic α4/6, δ, and β3 subunit-containing GABARs. Using recombinant expression in oocytes combined with two electrode voltage clamp, we show with chimeric β2/β3 subunits that differences in alcohol sensitivity among β subunits are determined by the extracellular N-terminal part of the protein. Furthermore, by using point mutations, we show that the β3 alcohol selectivity is determined by a single amino acid residue in the N-terminus that differs between GABAR β subunits (β3Y66, β2A66, β1S66). The β3Y66 residue is located in a region called "loop D" which in γ subunits contributes to the imidazobenzodiazepine (iBZ) binding site at the classical α+γ2- subunit interface. In structural homology models β3Y66 is the equivalent of γ2T81 which is one of three critical residues lining the benzodiazepine binding site in the γ2 subunit loop D, opposite to the "100H/R-site" benzodiazepine binding residue in GABAR α subunits. We have shown that the α6R100Q mutation at this site leads to increased alcohol-induced motor in-coordination in alcohol non-tolerant rats carrying the α6R100Q mutated allele. Based on the identification of these two amino acid residues α6R100 and β66 we propose a model in which β3 and δ containing GABA receptors contain a unique ethanol site at the α4/6+β3- subunit interface. This site is homologous to the classical benzodiazepine binding site and we propose that it not only binds ethanol at relevant concentrations (EC50-17 mM), but also has high affinity for a few selected benzodiazepine site ligands including alcohol antagonistic iBZs (Ro15-4513, RY023, RY024, RY80) which have in common a large moiety at the C7 position of the benzodiazepine ring. We suggest that large moieties at the C7-BZ ring compete with alcohol for its binding pocket at a α4/6+β3- EtOH/Ro15-4513 site. This model reconciles many years of alcohol research on GABARs and provides a plausible explanation for the competitive relationship between ethanol and iBZ alcohol antagonists in which bulky moieties at the C7 position compete with ethanol for its binding site. We conclude with a critical discussion to suggest that much of the controversy surrounding this issue might be due to fundamental species differences in alcohol and alcohol antagonist responses in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wallner
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Room 23-338 CHS, Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1735, USA,
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Tabakoff B, Hoffman PL. The neurobiology of alcohol consumption and alcoholism: an integrative history. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 113:20-37. [PMID: 24141171 PMCID: PMC3867277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the neurobiological predisposition to consume alcohol (ethanol) and to transition to uncontrolled drinking behavior (alcoholism), as well as studies of the effects of alcohol on brain function, started a logarithmic growth phase after the repeal of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution. Although the early studies were primitive by current technological standards, they clearly demonstrated the effects of alcohol on brain structure and function, and by the end of the 20th century left little doubt that alcoholism is a "disease" of the brain. This review traces the history of developments in the understanding of ethanol's effects on the most prominent inhibitory and excitatory systems of brain (GABA and glutamate neurotransmission). This neurobiological information is integrated with knowledge of ethanol's actions on other neurotransmitter systems to produce an anatomical and functional map of ethanol's properties. Our intent is limited in scope, but is meant to provide context and integration of the actions of ethanol on the major neurobiologic systems which produce reinforcement for alcohol consumption and changes in brain chemistry that lead to addiction. The developmental history of neurobehavioral theories of the transition from alcohol drinking to alcohol addiction is presented and juxtaposed to the neurobiological findings. Depending on one's point of view, we may, at this point in history, know more, or less, than we think we know about the neurobiology of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Tabakoff
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8303, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
| | - Paula L. Hoffman
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8303, 12800 E. 19 Ave., Aurora, CO 80045 U.S.A
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32
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Structural basis for potentiation by alcohols and anaesthetics in a ligand-gated ion channel. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1697. [PMID: 23591864 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol alters nerve signalling by interacting with proteins in the central nervous system, particularly pentameric ligand-gated ion channels. A recent series of mutagenesis experiments on Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel, a prokaryotic member of this family, identified a single-site variant that is potentiated by pharmacologically relevant concentrations of ethanol. Here we determine crystal structures of the ethanol-sensitized variant in the absence and presence of ethanol and related modulators, which bind in a transmembrane cavity between channel subunits and may stabilize the open form of the channel. Structural and mutagenesis studies defined overlapping mechanisms of potentiation by alcohols and anaesthetics via the inter-subunit cavity. Furthermore, homology modelling show this cavity to be conserved in human ethanol-sensitive glycine and GABA(A) receptors, and to involve residues previously shown to influence alcohol and anaesthetic action on these proteins. These results suggest a common structural basis for ethanol potentiation of an important class of targets for neurological actions of ethanol.
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Fukumori R, Takarada T, Nakazato R, Fujikawa K, Kou M, Hinoi E, Yoneda Y. Selective inhibition by ethanol of mitochondrial calcium influx mediated by uncoupling protein-2 in relation to N-methyl-D-aspartate cytotoxicity in cultured neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69718. [PMID: 23874988 PMCID: PMC3713054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown the involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in the cytotoxicity by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) through a mechanism relevant to the increased mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels in HEK293 cells with acquired NMDAR channels. Here, we evaluated pharmacological profiles of ethanol on the NMDA-induced increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels in cultured murine neocortical neurons. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In neurons exposed to glutamate or NMDA, a significant increase was seen in mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels determined by Rhod-2 at concentrations of 0.1 to 100 µM. Further addition of 250 mM ethanol significantly inhibited the increase by glutamate and NMDA in Rhod-2 fluorescence, while similarly potent inhibition of the NMDA-induced increase was seen after exposure to ethanol at 50 to 250 mM in cultured neurons. Lentiviral overexpression of UCP2 significantly accelerated the increase by NMDA in Rhod-2 fluorescence in neurons, without affecting Fluo-3 fluorescence for intracellular Ca(2+) levels. In neurons overexpressing UCP2, exposure to ethanol resulted in significantly more effective inhibition of the NMDA-induced increase in mitochondrial free Ca(2+) levels than in those without UCP2 overexpression, despite a similarly efficient increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels irrespective of UCP2 overexpression. Overexpression of UCP2 significantly increased the number of dead cells in a manner prevented by ethanol in neurons exposed to glutamate. In HEK293 cells with NMDAR containing GluN2B subunit, more efficient inhibition was similarly induced by ethanol at 50 and 250 mM on the NMDA-induced increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels than in those with GluN2A subunit. Decreased protein levels of GluN2B, but not GluN2A, subunit were seen in immunoprecipitates with UCP2 from neurons with brief exposure to ethanol at concentrations over 50 mM. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Ethanol could inhibit the interaction between UCP2 and NMDAR channels to prevent the mitochondrial Ca(2+) incorporation and cell death after NMDAR activation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Fukumori
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakazato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miki Kou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Takarada T, Fukumori R, Yoneda Y. [Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 in glutamate neurotoxicity]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 142:13-16. [PMID: 23842222 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.142.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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35
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Taylor BE, Brundage CM, McLane LH. Chronic nicotine and ethanol exposure both disrupt central ventilatory responses to hypoxia in bullfrog tadpoles. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 187:234-43. [PMID: 23590824 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The central hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) comprises a reduction in ventilatory activity that follows a peripherally mediated ventilatory augmentation. Chronic early developmental exposure to nicotine or ethanol are both known to impair the peripherally mediated HVR, and nicotine impairs the central HVR, but the effect of ethanol on the central HVR has not been investigated. Additionally, chronic nicotine and ethanol exposure are known to impair ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in bullfrog tadpoles but HVRs have not been tested. Here early and late metamorphic tadpoles were exposed to either 30 μg/L nicotine or 0.15-0.05 g/dL ethanol for 10 wk. Tadpole brainstems were then isolated and the neurocorrelates of ventilation were monitored in vitro over 180 min of hypoxia (PO2=5.05±1.04 kPa). Both nicotine and ethanol exposure disrupted central HVRs. Nicotine impairments were dependent on development. Central HVRs were impaired only in early metamorphic nicotine-exposed tadpoles. Both early and late metamorphic ethanol-exposed tadpoles failed to exhibit central HVRs. Thus, central HVRs are impaired following both nicotine and ethanol exposure. Such failure to decrease ventilatory activity during hypoxia indicates that central hypoxic ventilatory depression is an active suppression of neural activity in response to hypoxia rather than a metabolic consequence of O2 limitation, and that exposure to ethanol (across development) or nicotine (during early development) disrupts mechanisms that normally induce active ventilatory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Taylor
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA.
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36
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Spurny R, Billen B, Howard RJ, Brams M, Debaveye S, Price KL, Weston DA, Strelkov SV, Tytgat J, Bertrand S, Bertrand D, Lummis SCR, Ulens C. Multisite binding of a general anesthetic to the prokaryotic pentameric Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8355-8364. [PMID: 23364792 PMCID: PMC3605653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.424507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs), such as nicotinic acetylcholine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid GABAA/C receptors, and the Gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC), are receptors that contain multiple allosteric binding sites for a variety of therapeutics, including general anesthetics. Here, we report the x-ray crystal structure of the Erwinia chrysanthemi ligand-gated ion channel (ELIC) in complex with a derivative of chloroform, which reveals important features of anesthetic recognition, involving multiple binding at three different sites. One site is located in the channel pore and equates with a noncompetitive inhibitor site found in many pLGICs. A second transmembrane site is novel and is located in the lower part of the transmembrane domain, at an interface formed between adjacent subunits. A third site is also novel and is located in the extracellular domain in a hydrophobic pocket between the β7–β10 strands. Together, these results extend our understanding of pLGIC modulation and reveal several specific binding interactions that may contribute to modulator recognition, further substantiating a multisite model of allosteric modulation in this family of ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Spurny
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Billen
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rebecca J Howard
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Marijke Brams
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Debaveye
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kerry L Price
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - David A Weston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei V Strelkov
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 822, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratory of Toxicology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sonia Bertrand
- HiQScreen Sàrl, 15 rue de l'Athénée, Case Postale 209, CH-1211 Geneva 12, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bertrand
- HiQScreen Sàrl, 15 rue de l'Athénée, Case Postale 209, CH-1211 Geneva 12, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C R Lummis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Ulens
- Laboratory of Structural Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, PB 601, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Jones AW, Holmgren A. Concentrations of zolpidem and zopiclone in venous blood samples from impaired drivers compared with femoral blood from forensic autopsies. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
A large segment of the population suffers from addiction to alcohol, smoking, or illicit drugs. Not only do substance abuse and addiction pose a threat to health, but the consequences of addiction also impose a social and economic burden on families, communities, and nations. Genome-wide linkage and association studies have been used for addiction research with varying degrees of success. The most well-established genetic factors associated with alcohol dependence are in the genes encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which oxidizes alcohol to acetaldehyde, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), which oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate. Recently emerging genetic studies have linked variants in the genes encoding the α3, α5, and β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits to smoking risk. However, the influence of these well-established genetic variants accounts for only a small portion of the heritability of alcohol and nicotine addiction, and it is likely that there are both common and rare risk variants yet to be identified. Newly developed DNA sequencing technologies could potentially advance the detection of rare variants with a larger impact on addiction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chyong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) constitute the most common form of substance abuse. The development of AUDs involves repeated alcohol use leading to tolerance, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and physical and psychological dependence, with loss of ability to control excessive drinking. Currently there is no effective therapeutic agent for AUDs without major side effects. Dihydromyricetin (DHM; 1 mg/kg, i.p. injection), a flavonoid component of herbal medicines, counteracted acute alcohol (EtOH) intoxication, and also withdrawal signs in rats including tolerance, increased anxiety, and seizure susceptibility; DHM greatly reduced EtOH consumption in an intermittent voluntary EtOH intake paradigm in rats. GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are major targets of acute and chronic EtOH actions on the brain. At the cellular levels, DHM (1 μM) antagonized both acute EtOH-induced potentiation of GABA(A)Rs and EtOH exposure/withdrawal-induced GABA(A)R plasticity, including alterations in responsiveness of extrasynaptic and postsynaptic GABA(A)Rs to acute EtOH and, most importantly, increases in GABA(A)R α4 subunit expression in hippocampus and cultured neurons. DHM anti-alcohol effects on both behavior and CNS neurons were antagonized by flumazenil (10 mg/kg in vivo; 10 μM in vitro), the benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist. DHM competitively inhibited BZ-site [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding (IC(50), 4.36 μM), suggesting DHM interaction with EtOH involves the BZ sites on GABA(A)Rs. In summary, we determined DHM anti-alcoholic effects on animal models and determined a major molecular target and cellular mechanism of DHM for counteracting alcohol intoxication and dependence. We demonstrated pharmacological properties of DHM consistent with those expected to underlie successful medical treatment of AUDs; therefore DHM is a therapeutic candidate.
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Helms CM, Rossi DJ, Grant KA. Neurosteroid influences on sensitivity to ethanol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:10. [PMID: 22654852 PMCID: PMC3356014 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will highlight a variety of mechanisms by which neurosteroids affect sensitivity to ethanol, including physiological states associated with activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes, and the effects of chronic exposure to ethanol, in addition to behavioral implications. To date, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor mechanisms are a major focus of the modulation of ethanol effects by neuroactive steroids. While NMDA receptor mechanisms are gaining prominence in the literature, these complex data would be best discussed separately. Accordingly, GABA(A) receptor mechanisms are emphasized in this review with brief mention of some NMDA receptor mechanisms to point out contrasting neuroactive steroid pharmacology. Overall, the data suggest that neurosteroids are virtually ubiquitous modulators of inhibitory neurotransmission. Neurosteroids appear to affect sensitivity to ethanol in specific brain regions and, consequently, specific behavioral tests, possibly related to the efficacy and potency of ethanol to potentiate the release of GABA and increase neurosteroid concentrations. Although direct interaction of ethanol and neuroactive steroids at common receptor binding sites has been suggested in some studies, this proposition is still controversial. It is currently difficult to assign a specific mechanism by which neuroactive steroids could modulate the effects of ethanol in particular behavioral tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M. Helms
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeaverton, OR, USA
- *Correspondence: Christa M. Helms, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, L-584, 505 North-West 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. e-mail:
| | - David J. Rossi
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeaverton, OR, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR, USA
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Cushman JD, Moore MD, Jacobs NS, Olsen RW, Fanselow MS. Behavioral pharmacogenetic analysis on the role of the α4 GABA(A) receptor subunit in the ethanol-mediated impairment of hippocampus-dependent contextual learning. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1948-59. [PMID: 21943327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major effect of low-dose ethanol is impairment of hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. α4/δ -containing GABA(A) Rs are highly expressed within the dentate gyrus region of the hippocampus where they mediate a tonic inhibitory current that is sensitive to the enhancement by low ethanol concentrations. These receptors are also powerful modulators of learning and memory, suggesting that they could play an important role in ethanol's cognitive impairing effects. The goal of this study was to develop a high-throughput cognitive ethanol assay, amenable to use in genetically modified mice that could be used to test this hypothesis. METHODS We developed a procedure where preexposure to a conditioning chamber is used to rescue the "immediate shock deficit." Using this task, ethanol can be specifically targeted at the hippocampus-dependent process of contextual learning without interfering with pain sensitivity or behavioral performance. RESULTS Validation of this task in C57BL/6 mice indicated that 1.0 g/kg ethanol and 10 mg/kg allopregnanolone disrupt contextual learning. Ro15-4513 reversed the effects of ethanol but not allopregnanolone, whereas it produced an impairment when given alone. The high-throughput nature of this task allowed for its application in a large cohort of α4 GABA(A) R KO mice. Loss of the α4 GABA(A) R subunit produced an enhanced sensitivity to the cognitive impairing effects of ethanol. This is consistent with the enhanced ethanol sensitivity of synaptic GABA(A) Rs that has been previously observed in the dentate gyrus in these mice, but inconsistent with the reduced ethanol sensitivity of extrasynaptic GABA(A) Rs observed in the same cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings are consistent with our hypothesis that ethanol acts directly at GABA(A) receptors to impair hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. Furthermore, validation of this high-throughput assay will allow for future studies to use anatomically and temporally restricted genetic manipulations to probe more deeply into the neural mechanisms of ethanol action on learning and memory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Cushman
- Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Iyer SV, Benavides RA, Chandra D, Cook JM, Rallapalli S, June HL, Homanics GE. α4-Containing GABA(A) Receptors are Required for Antagonism of Ethanol-Induced Motor Incoordination and Hypnosis by the Imidazobenzodiazepine Ro15-4513. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:18. [PMID: 21779248 PMCID: PMC3132666 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol (ethanol) is widely consumed for its desirable effects but unfortunately has strong addiction potential. Some imidazobenzodiazepines such as Ro15-4513 are able to antagonize many ethanol-induced behaviors. Controversial biochemical and pharmacological evidence suggest that the effects of these ethanol antagonists and ethanol are mediated specifically via overlapping binding sites on α4/δ-containing GABAA-Rs. To investigate the requirement of α4-containing GABAA-Rs in the mechanism of action of Ro15-4513 on behavior, wildtype (WT) and α4 knockout (KO) mice were compared for antagonism of ethanol-induced motor incoordination and hypnosis. Motor effects of ethanol were tested in two different fixed speed rotarod assays. In the first experiment, mice were injected with 2.0 g/kg ethanol followed 5 min later by 10 mg/kg Ro15-4513 (or vehicle) and tested on a rotarod at 8 rpm. In the second experiment, mice received a single injection of 1.5 g/kg ethanol ± 3 mg/kg Ro15-4513 and were tested on a rotarod at 12 rpm. In both experiments, the robust Ro15-4513 antagonism of ethanol-induced motor ataxia that was observed in WT mice was absent in KO mice. A loss of righting reflex (LORR) assay was used to test Ro15-4513 (20 mg/kg) antagonism of ethanol (3.5 g/kg)-induced hypnosis. An effect of sex was observed on the LORR assay, so males and females were analyzed separately. In male mice, Ro15-4513 markedly reduced ethanol-induced LORR in WT controls, but α4 KO mice were insensitive to this effect of Ro15-4513. In contrast, female KO mice did not differ from WT controls in the antagonistic effects of Ro15-4513 on ethanol-induced LORR. We conclude that Ro15-4513 requires α4-containing receptors for antagonism of ethanol-induced LORR (in males) and motor ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha V Iyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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43
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Melón LC, Boehm SL. GABAA receptors in the posterior, but not anterior, ventral tegmental area mediate Ro15-4513-induced attenuation of binge-like ethanol consumption in C57BL/6J female mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:230-7. [PMID: 21320533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors have been shown to modulate dopaminergic output from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in studies of both natural and drug rewards, including alcohol. Ro15-4513, the imidazobenzodiazepine derivative and allosteric modulator at the GABA(A) receptor, reliably antagonizes the behavioral effects of alcohol. Various models of alcohol consumption show a decrease in consummatory behaviors, specific to ethanol, following acute administration of the drug. In the present study, Ro15-4513 was systemically administered, or microinjected into the anterior or posterior VTA, to explore the role of GABA(A) receptors at this region in modulating the high pattern of alcohol consumption by C57BL/6J inbred mice in the Drinking in the Dark (DID) model. Animals had 2h access to ethanol for 6 days prior to drug manipulations. Immediately before the seventh day of access, mice were systemically (I.P.) or site-specifically administered Ro15-4513. Systemic Ro15-4513 (at 10mg/kg) decreased binge-like ethanol intake in the DID paradigm. Additionally, there was a stepwise decrease in consumption following Ro15-4513 microinjection into the posterior VTA, with the highest dose significantly decreasing ethanol intake. There was no effect found following microinjection into the anterior VTA, nor was there an effect of systemic or intra-posterior VTA Ro15-4513 on consumption of a 5% sucrose solution or water. The present findings support a role for Ro15-4513 sensitive VTA-GABA(A) receptors in modulating binge-like ethanol consumption. Moreover, the work here adds to the growing body of literature suggesting regional heterogeneity in the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laverne C Melón
- Psychobiology of Addictions, Department of Psychology, Indiana University/Purdue University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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44
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Cosgrove KP, Esterlis I, Mason GF, Bois F, O'Malley SS, Krystal JH. Neuroimaging insights into the role of cortical GABA systems and the influence of nicotine on the recovery from alcohol dependence. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60:1318-25. [PMID: 21276806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews evidence suggesting that nicotine and tobacco smoke profoundly modulate the effects of alcohol on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neuronal function, specifically at the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor (GABA(A)-BZR). The focus of this paper is on recent neuroimaging evidence in preclinical models as well as clinical experiments. First, we review findings implicating the role of alcohol at the GABA(A)-BZR and discuss the changes in GABA(A)-BZR availability during acute and prolonged alcohol withdrawal. Second, we discuss preclinical evidence that suggests nicotine affects GABA neuronal function indirectly by a primary action at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Third, we show how this evidence converges in studies that examine GABA levels and GABA(A)-BZRs in alcohol-dependent smokers and nonsmokers, suggesting that tobacco smoking attenuates the chemical changes that occur during alcohol withdrawal. Based on a comprehensive review of literature, we hypothesize that tobacco smoking minimizes the changes in GABA levels that typically occur during the acute cycles of drinking in alcohol-dependent individuals. Thus, during alcohol withdrawal, the continued tobacco smoking decreases the severity of the withdrawal-related changes in GABA chemistry. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly P Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and the VACHS, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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45
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Searl TJ, Silinsky EM. Post-junctional interactions between neuromuscular blocking agents and ethanol at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:659-67. [PMID: 20880403 PMCID: PMC2990162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ethanol is known to have both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic effects at a range of loci in the mammalian nervous system, including the neuromuscular junction. However, the effects of ethanol on evoked synaptic transmission have not been previously studied at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Here, we report on the effects of ethanol on evoked neuromuscular transmission and the interaction of ethanol with non-depolarizing blocking drugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Electrophysiological techniques to measure synaptic potentials and synaptic currents were employed in this study. KEY RESULTS Ethanol (≥100 mM) produced increases in the amplitudes of both spontaneous and evoked synaptic events. Under conditions in which neuromuscular transmission was blocked by (+)-tubocurarine, ethanol (12-100 mM) produced greater increases in evoked response amplitude than in spontaneous response amplitude recorded in the absence of (+)-tubocurarine. Ethanol (100 mM) did not affect evoked neurotransmitter release in low-calcium/high-magnesium solutions. With respect to the clinically used neuromuscular blocking drugs, ethanol (100 mM) interfered with the blocking action of vecuronium, but not cisatracurium. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Under these conditions, the stimulant effect of ethanol on neuromuscular transmission is exclusively on the post-junctional elements, both to enhance transmission through nicotinic receptors and also via interactions with neuromuscular blocking agents. These actions of ethanol on neuromuscular transmission may affect the dosage of neuromuscular blockers required in patients who have imbibed significant amounts of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Searl
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA.
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46
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Meera P, Olsen RW, Otis TS, Wallner M. Alcohol- and alcohol antagonist-sensitive human GABAA receptors: tracking δ subunit incorporation into functional receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:918-24. [PMID: 20699325 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.062687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) have long been a focus as targets for alcohol actions. Recent work suggests that tonic GABAergic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic δ subunit-containing GABA(A)Rs is uniquely sensitive to ethanol and enhanced at concentrations relevant for human alcohol consumption. Ethanol enhancement of recombinant α4β3δ receptors is blocked by the behavioral alcohol antagonist 8-azido-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (Ro15-4513), suggesting that EtOH/Ro15-4513-sensitive receptors mediate important behavioral alcohol actions. Here we confirm alcohol/alcohol antagonist sensitivity of α4β3δ receptors using human clones expressed in a human cell line and test the hypothesis that discrepant findings concerning the high alcohol sensitivity of these receptors are due to difficulties incorporating δ subunits into functional receptors. To track δ subunit incorporation, we used a functional tag, a single amino acid change (H68A) in a benzodiazepine binding residue in which a histidine in the δ subunit is replaced by an alanine residue found at the homologous position in γ subunits. We demonstrate that the δH68A substitution confers diazepam sensitivity to otherwise diazepam-insensitive α4β3δ receptors. The extent of enhancement of α4β3δH68A receptors by 1 μM diazepam, 30 mM EtOH, and 1 μM β-carboline-3-carboxy ethyl ester (but not 1 μM Zn(2+) block) is correlated in individual recordings, suggesting that δ subunit incorporation into recombinant GABA(A)Rs varies from cell to cell and that this variation accounts for the variable pharmacological profile. These data are consistent with the notion that δ subunit-incorporation is often incomplete in recombinant systems yet is necessary for high ethanol sensitivity, one of the features of native δ subunit-containing GABA(A)Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Meera
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
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47
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Abstract
Molecular neurobiological studies have yielded enormous amounts of valuable information about neuronal response mechanisms and their adaptive changes. However, in relation to addiction this information is of limited value because almost every cell function appears to be involved. Thus it tells us only that neurons adapt to 'addictive drugs' as they do to all sorts of other functional disturbances. This information may be of limited help in the development of potential auxiliary agents for treatment of addiction. However, a reductionist approach which attempts to analyse addiction at ever finer levels of structure and function, is inherently incapable of explaining what causes these mechanisms to be brought into play in some cases and not in others, or by self-administration of a drug but not by passive exposure. There is abundant evidence that psychological, social, economic and specific situational factors play important roles in initiating addiction, in addition to genetic and other biological factors. Therefore, if we hope to be able to make predictions at any but a statistical level, or to develop effective means of prevention, it is necessary to devise appropriate integrative approaches to the study of addiction, rather than pursue an ever-finer reductive approach which leads steadily farther away from the complex interaction of drug, user, environment and specific situations that characterizes the problem in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Kalant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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48
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Jupp B, Lawrence AJ. New horizons for therapeutics in drug and alcohol abuse. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 125:138-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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The complexity of the GABAA receptor shapes unique pharmacological profiles. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:866-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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McElroy B, Zakaria A, Glass JD, Prosser RA. Ethanol modulates mammalian circadian clock phase resetting through extrasynaptic GABA receptor activation. Neuroscience 2009; 164:842-8. [PMID: 19695310 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol modulates the actions of multiple neurotransmitter systems, including GABA. However, its enhancing effects on GABA signaling typically are seen only at high concentrations. In contrast, although GABA is a prominent neurotransmitter in the circadian clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), we see ethanol modulation of clock phase resetting at low concentrations (<50 mM). A possible explanation is that ethanol enhances GABAergic signaling in the SCN through activating GABA(A) receptors that contain the delta subunit (GABA(Adelta) receptors), which are sensitive to low ethanol concentrations. Therefore, we investigated whether ethanol acts on GABA(Adelta) receptors in the SCN. Here we show that acute application of the GABA(Adelta) receptor antagonist, RO15-4513, to mouse hypothalamic slices containing the SCN prevents ethanol inhibition of nighttime glutamate-induced (photic-like) phase delays of the circadian clock. Diazepam, which enhances activity of GABA(A) receptors containing the gamma subunit (GABA(Agamma) receptors), does not modulate these phase shifts. Moreover, we find that RO15-4513 prevents ethanol enhancement of daytime serotonergic (non-photic) phase advances of the circadian clock. Furthermore, diazepam phase-advances the SCN circadian clock when applied alone in the daytime, while ethanol has no effect by itself at that time. These data support the hypothesis that ethanol acts on GABA(Adelta) receptors in the SCN to modulate photic and non-photic circadian clock phase resetting. They also reveal distinct modulatory roles of different GABA(A) receptor subtypes in circadian clock phase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McElroy
- Department Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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