1
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Akasaka Y. The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Tissue Repair and Fibrosis. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:561-574. [PMID: 34841889 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: The present review covers an overview of the current understanding of biology of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and suggests an important role of their differential potential for clinical approaches associated with tissue repair and fibrosis. Recent Advances: Genetic lineage tracing technology has enabled the delineation of cellular hierarchies and examination of MSC cellular origins and myofibroblast sources. This technique has led to the characterization of perivascular MSC populations and suggests that pericytes might provide a local source of tissue-specific MSCs, which can differentiate into tissue-specific cells for tissue repair and fibrosis. Autologous adipose tissue MSCs led to the advance in tissue engineering for regeneration of damaged tissues. Critical Issues: Recent investigation has revealed that perivascular MSCs might be the origin of myofibroblasts during fibrosis development, and perivascular MSCs might be the major source of myofibroblasts in fibrogenic disease. Adipose tissue MSCs combined with cytokines and biomaterials are available in the treatment of soft tissue defect and skin wound healing. Future Directions: Further investigation of the roles of perivascular MSCs may enable new approaches in the treatment of fibrogenic disease; moreover, perivascular MSCs might have potential as an antifibrotic target for fibrogenic disease. Autologous adipose tissue MSCs combined with cytokines and biomaterials will be an alternative method for the treatment of soft tissue defect and skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Division of Research Promotion and Development, Advanced Research Center, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Japan
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2
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Cossu G, Tonlorenzi R, Brunelli S, Sampaolesi M, Messina G, Azzoni E, Benedetti S, Biressi S, Bonfanti C, Bragg L, Camps J, Cappellari O, Cassano M, Ciceri F, Coletta M, Covarello D, Crippa S, Cusella-De Angelis MG, De Angelis L, Dellavalle A, Diaz-Manera J, Galli D, Galli F, Gargioli C, Gerli MFM, Giacomazzi G, Galvez BG, Hoshiya H, Guttinger M, Innocenzi A, Minasi MG, Perani L, Previtali SC, Quattrocelli M, Ragazzi M, Roostalu U, Rossi G, Scardigli R, Sirabella D, Tedesco FS, Torrente Y, Ugarte G. Mesoangioblasts at 20: From the embryonic aorta to the patient bed. Front Genet 2022; 13:1056114. [PMID: 36685855 PMCID: PMC9845585 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1056114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2002 we published an article describing a population of vessel-associated progenitors that we termed mesoangioblasts (MABs). During the past decade evidence had accumulated that during muscle development and regeneration things may be more complex than a simple sequence of binary choices (e.g., dorsal vs. ventral somite). LacZ expressing fibroblasts could fuse with unlabelled myoblasts but not among themselves or with other cell types. Bone marrow derived, circulating progenitors were able to participate in muscle regeneration, though in very small percentage. Searching for the embryonic origin of these progenitors, we identified them as originating at least in part from the embryonic aorta and, at later stages, from the microvasculature of skeletal muscle. While continuing to investigate origin and fate of MABs, the fact that they could be expanded in vitro (also from human muscle) and cross the vessel wall, suggested a protocol for the cell therapy of muscular dystrophies. We tested this protocol in mice and dogs before proceeding to the first clinical trial on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients that showed safety but minimal efficacy. In the last years, we have worked to overcome the problem of low engraftment and tried to understand their role as auxiliary myogenic progenitors during development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine. University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Muscle Research Unit, Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Giulio Cossu, ; Rossana Tonlorenzi, ; Silvia Brunelli, ; Maurilio Sampaolesi, ; Graziella Messina,
| | - Rossana Tonlorenzi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulio Cossu, ; Rossana Tonlorenzi, ; Silvia Brunelli, ; Maurilio Sampaolesi, ; Graziella Messina,
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulio Cossu, ; Rossana Tonlorenzi, ; Silvia Brunelli, ; Maurilio Sampaolesi, ; Graziella Messina,
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulio Cossu, ; Rossana Tonlorenzi, ; Silvia Brunelli, ; Maurilio Sampaolesi, ; Graziella Messina,
| | - Graziella Messina
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulio Cossu, ; Rossana Tonlorenzi, ; Silvia Brunelli, ; Maurilio Sampaolesi, ; Graziella Messina,
| | - Emanuele Azzoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Benedetti
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and NIHR GOSH Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Biressi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) and Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonfanti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laricia Bragg
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine. University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Camps
- Bayer AG, Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ornella Cappellari
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Ciceri
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Coletta
- Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Crippa
- San Raffaele-Telethon Institute of Gene Theray, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luciana De Angelis
- Histology and Medical Embryology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jordi Diaz-Manera
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine. University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia F. M. Gerli
- UCL Department of Surgical Biotechnology and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Beatriz G. Galvez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Innocenzi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Giulia Minasi
- Lavitaminasi, Clinical Nutrition and Reproductive Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Perani
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Urmas Roostalu
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (ITB), pRED Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuliana Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scardigli
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Dario Sirabella
- University College London, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and the Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Saverio Tedesco
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yvan Torrente
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and NIHR GOSH Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Ugarte
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases top the list of fatal illnesses worldwide. Cardiac tissues is known to be one of te least proliferative in the human body, with very limited regenraive capacity. Stem cell therapy has shown great potential for treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the experimental setting, but success in human trials has been limited. Applications of stem cell therapy for cardiovascular regeneration necessitate understamding of the complex and unique structure of the heart unit, and the embryologic development of the heart muscles and vessels. This chapter aims to provide an insight into cardiac progenitor cells and their potential applications in regenerative medicine. It also provides an overview of the embryological development of cardiac tissue, and the major findings on the development of cardiac stem cells, their characterization, and differentiation, and their regenerative potential. It concludes with clinical applications in treating cardiac disease using different approaches, and concludes with areas for future research.
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4
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Biressi S, Filareto A, Rando TA. Stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5652-5664. [PMID: 32946430 DOI: 10.1172/jci142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases, characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Despite the intense investigation of different therapeutic options, a definitive treatment has not been developed for this debilitating class of pathologies. Cell-based therapies in muscular dystrophies have been pursued experimentally for the last three decades. Several cell types with different characteristics and tissues of origin, including myogenic stem and progenitor cells, stromal cells, and pluripotent stem cells, have been investigated over the years and have recently entered in the clinical arena with mixed results. In this Review, we do a roundup of the past attempts and describe the updated status of cell-based therapies aimed at counteracting the skeletal and cardiac myopathy present in dystrophic patients. We present current challenges, summarize recent progress, and make recommendations for future research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Antonio Filareto
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Conneticut, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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5
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Guide Cells Support Muscle Regeneration and Affect Neuro-Muscular Junction Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041939. [PMID: 33669272 PMCID: PMC7920023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular regeneration is a complex biological process that occurs during acute injury and chronic degeneration, implicating several cell types. One of the earliest events of muscle regeneration is the inflammatory response, followed by the activation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. However, the process of novel neuromuscular junction formation during muscle regeneration is still largely unexplored. Here, we identify by single-cell RNA sequencing and isolate a subset of vessel-associated cells able to improve myogenic differentiation. We termed them 'guide' cells because of their remarkable ability to improve myogenesis without fusing with the newly formed fibers. In vitro, these cells showed a marked mobility and ability to contact the forming myotubes. We found that these cells are characterized by CD44 and CD34 surface markers and the expression of Ng2 and Ncam2. In addition, in a murine model of acute muscle injury and regeneration, injection of guide cells correlated with increased numbers of newly formed neuromuscular junctions. Thus, we propose that guide cells modulate de novo generation of neuromuscular junctions in regenerating myofibers. Further studies are necessary to investigate the origin of those cells and the extent to which they are required for terminal specification of regenerating myofibers.
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Giacomazzi G, Giovannelli G, Rotini A, Costamagna D, Quattrocelli M, Sampaolesi M. Isolation of Mammalian Mesoangioblasts: A Subset of Pericytes with Myogenic Potential. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2235:155-167. [PMID: 33576976 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1056-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesoangioblasts (MABs) are vessel-associated stem cells that express pericyte markers and are originally isolated from the embryonic dorsal aorta. From postnatal small vessels of skeletal muscle and heart, it is possible to isolate cells with similar characteristics to embryonic MABs. Adult MABs have the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into cell types of mesodermal lineages upon proper culture conditions. To date, the origin of MABs and the relationship with other muscle stem cells are still debated. Recently, in a phase I-II clinical trial, intra-arterial HLA-matched MABs were proved to be relatively safe. Novel information on MAB pure populations is desirable, and implementation of their therapeutic potential is mandatory to approach efficacy in MAB-based treatments. This chapter provides an overview of the current techniques for isolation and characterization of rodent, canine, human, and equine adult MABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giacomazzi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaia Giovannelli
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessio Rotini
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domiziana Costamagna
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Laboratory, Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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7
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Pérez LM, de Lucas B, Gálvez BG. BMPER is upregulated in obesity and seems to have a role in pericardial adipose stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:132-145. [PMID: 32468615 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT), a visceral fat depot enveloping the heart, is an active endocrine organ and a source of free fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines. As in other fat adult tissues, PAT contains a population of adipose stem cells; however, whether these cells and/or their environment play a role in physiopathology is unknown. We analyzed several stem cell-related properties of pericardial adipose stem cells (PSCs) isolated from obese and ex-obese mice. We also performed RNA-sequencing to profile the transcriptional landscape of PSCs isolated from the different diet regimens. Finally, we tested whether these alterations impacted on the properties of cardiac mesoangioblasts isolated from the same mice. We found functional differences between PSCs depending on their source: specifically, PSCs from obese PSC (oPSC) and ex-obese PSC (dPSC) mice showed alterations in apoptosis and migratory capacity when compared with lean, control PSCs, with increased apoptosis in oPSCs and blunted migratory capacity in oPSCs and dPSCs. This was accompanied by different gene expression profiles across the cell types, where we identified some genes altered in obese conditions, such as BMP endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER), an important regulator of BMP-related signaling pathways for endothelial cell function. The importance of BMPER in PSCs was confirmed by loss- and gain-of-function studies. Finally, we found an altered production of BMPER and some important chemokines in cardiac mesoangioblasts in obese conditions. Our findings point to BMPER as a potential new regulator of PSC function and suggest that its dysregulation could be associated with obesity and may impact on cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pérez
- Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, European University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Lucas
- Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, European University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G Gálvez
- Health and Biomedical Sciences Faculty, European University, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Ronzoni FL, Lemeille S, Kuzyakiv R, Sampaolesi M, Jaconi ME. Human fetal mesoangioblasts reveal tissue-dependent transcriptional signatures. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:575-589. [PMID: 31975556 PMCID: PMC7180296 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoangioblasts (MABs) derived from adult skeletal muscles are well‐studied adult stem/progenitor cells that already entered clinical trials for muscle regeneration in genetic diseases; however, the transcriptional identity of human fetal MABs (fMABs) remains largely unknown. Herein we analyzed the transcriptome of MABs isolated according to canonical markers from fetal atrium, ventricle, aorta, and skeletal muscles (from 9.5 to 13 weeks of age) to uncover specific gene signatures correlating with their peculiar myogenic differentiation properties inherent to their tissue of origin. RNA‐seq analysis revealed for the first time that human MABs from fetal aorta, cardiac (atrial and ventricular), and skeletal muscles display subsets of differentially expressed genes likely representing distinct expression signatures indicative of their original tissue. Identified GO biological processes and KEGG pathways likely account for their distinct differentiation outcomes and provide a set of critical genes possibly predicting future specific differentiation outcomes. This study reveals novel information regarding the potential of human fMABs that may help to improve specific differentiation outcomes relevant for therapeutic muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio L Ronzoni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rostyslav Kuzyakiv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Public Health, Forensic and Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Center for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marisa E Jaconi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mekala SR, Wörsdörfer P, Bauer J, Stoll O, Wagner N, Reeh L, Loew K, Eckner G, Kwok CK, Wischmeyer E, Dickinson ME, Schulze H, Stegner D, Benndorf RA, Edenhofer F, Pfeiffer V, Kuerten S, Frantz S, Ergün S. Generation of Cardiomyocytes From Vascular Adventitia-Resident Stem Cells. Circ Res 2019; 123:686-699. [PMID: 30355234 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regeneration of lost cardiomyocytes is a fundamental unresolved problem leading to heart failure. Despite several strategies developed from intensive studies performed in the past decades, endogenous regeneration of heart tissue is still limited and presents a big challenge that needs to be overcome to serve as a successful therapeutic option for myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE One of the essential prerequisites for cardiac regeneration is the identification of endogenous cardiomyocyte progenitors and their niche that can be targeted by new therapeutic approaches. In this context, we hypothesized that the vascular wall, which was shown to harbor different types of stem and progenitor cells, might serve as a source for cardiac progenitors. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe generation of spontaneously beating mouse aortic wall-derived cardiomyocytes without any genetic manipulation. Using aortic wall-derived cells (AoCs) of WT (wild type), αMHC (α-myosin heavy chain), and Flk1 (fetal liver kinase 1)-reporter mice and magnetic bead-associated cell sorting sorting of Flk1+ AoCs from GFP (green fluorescent protein) mice, we identified Flk1+CD (cluster of differentiation) 34+Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1)-CD44- AoCs as the population that gives rise to aortic wall-derived cardiomyocytes. This AoC subpopulation delivered also endothelial cells and macrophages with a particular accumulation within the aortic wall-derived cardiomyocyte containing colonies. In vivo, cardiomyocyte differentiation capacity was studied by implantation of fluorescently labeled AoCs into chick embryonic heart. These cells acquired cardiomyocyte-like phenotype as shown by αSRA (α-sarcomeric actinin) expression. Furthermore, coronary adventitial Flk1+ and CD34+ cells proliferated, migrated into the myocardium after mouse myocardial infarction, and expressed Isl-1+ (insulin gene enhancer protein-1) indicative of cardiovascular progenitor potential. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest Flk1+CD34+ vascular adventitia-resident stem cells, including those of coronary adventitia, as a novel endogenous source for generating cardiomyocytes. This process is essentially supported by endothelial cells and macrophages. In summary, the therapeutic manipulation of coronary adventitia-resident cardiac stem and their supportive cells may open new avenues for promoting cardiac regeneration and repair after myocardial infarction and for preventing heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Rao Mekala
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Philipp Wörsdörfer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Jochen Bauer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Olga Stoll
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Nicole Wagner
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Laurens Reeh
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Kornelia Loew
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Georg Eckner
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Chee Keong Kwok
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Erhard Wischmeyer
- Institute of Physiology (E.W.).,University of Würzburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health (E.W.)
| | - Mary Eleanor Dickinson
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Germany; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (M.E.D.)
| | | | | | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany (R.A.B.)
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Verena Pfeiffer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
| | - Stefan Frantz
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.).,Department of Internal Medicine I, ZIM (Zentrum für Innere Medizin) (S.F.)
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II (S.R.M., P.W., J.B., O.S., N.W., L.R., K.L., G.E., C.K.K., F.E., V.P., S.K., S.E.)
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10
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Growth Factor Screening in Dystrophic Muscles Reveals PDGFB/PDGFRB-Mediated Migration of Interstitial Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051118. [PMID: 30841538 PMCID: PMC6429448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive muscle degeneration followed by dilated cardiomyopathy is a hallmark of muscular dystrophy. Stem cell therapy is suggested to replace diseased myofibers by healthy myofibers, although so far, we are faced by low efficiencies of migration and engraftment of stem cells. Chemokines are signalling proteins guiding cell migration and have been shown to tightly regulate muscle tissue repair. We sought to determine which chemokines are expressed in dystrophic muscles undergoing tissue remodelling. Therefore, we analysed the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in skeletal and cardiac muscles from Sarcoglycan-α null, Sarcoglycan-β null and immunodeficient Sgcβ-null mice. We found that several chemokines are dysregulated in dystrophic muscles. We further show that one of these, platelet-derived growth factor-B, promotes interstitial stem cell migration. This finding provides perspective to an approachable mechanism for improving stem cell homing towards dystrophic muscles.
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Sayed A, Valente M, Sassoon D. Does cardiac development provide heart research with novel therapeutic approaches? F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30450195 PMCID: PMC6221076 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15609.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic heart progenitors arise at specific spatiotemporal periods that contribute to the formation of distinct cardiac structures. In mammals, the embryonic and fetal heart is hypoxic by comparison to the adult heart. In parallel, the cellular metabolism of the cardiac tissue, including progenitors, undergoes a glycolytic to oxidative switch that contributes to cardiac maturation. While oxidative metabolism is energy efficient, the glycolytic-hypoxic state may serve to maintain cardiac progenitor potential. Consistent with this proposal, the adult epicardium has been shown to contain a reservoir of quiescent cardiac progenitors that are activated in response to heart injury and are hypoxic by comparison to adjacent cardiac tissues. In this review, we discuss the development and potential of the adult epicardium and how this knowledge may provide future therapeutic approaches for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliqua Sayed
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Valente
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Mechanisms of Heart Failure, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), European Georges Pompidou Hospital (HEGP), INSERM U970, F-75737 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
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12
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Colunga T, Dalton S. Building Blood Vessels with Vascular Progenitor Cells. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:630-641. [PMID: 29802036 PMCID: PMC6050017 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascular progenitor cells have been identified from perivascular cell fractions and peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear fractions. These vascular progenitors share the ability to generate some of the vascular lineages, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes. The potential therapeutic uses for vascular progenitor cells are broad and relate to stroke, ischemic disease, and to the engineering of whole organs and tissues that require a vascular component. This review summarizes the best-characterized sources of vascular progenitor cells and discusses advances in 3D printing and electrospinning using blended polymers for the creation of biomimetic vascular grafts. These advances are pushing the field of regenerative medicine closer to the creation of small-diameter vascular grafts with long-term clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Colunga
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 325 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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13
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Fakoya AOJ, Otohinoyi DA, Yusuf J. Current Trends in Biomaterial Utilization for Cardiopulmonary System Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:3123961. [PMID: 29853910 PMCID: PMC5949153 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary system is made up of the heart and the lungs, with the core function of one complementing the other. The unimpeded and optimal cycling of blood between these two systems is pivotal to the overall function of the entire human body. Although the function of the cardiopulmonary system appears uncomplicated, the tissues that make up this system are undoubtedly complex. Hence, damage to this system is undesirable as its capacity to self-regenerate is quite limited. The surge in the incidence and prevalence of cardiopulmonary diseases has reached a critical state for a top-notch response as it currently tops the mortality table. Several therapies currently being utilized can only sustain chronically ailing patients for a short period while they are awaiting a possible transplant, which is also not devoid of complications. Regenerative therapeutic techniques now appear to be a potential approach to solve this conundrum posed by these poorly self-regenerating tissues. Stem cell therapy alone appears not to be sufficient to provide the desired tissue regeneration and hence the drive for biomaterials that can support its transplantation and translation, providing not only physical support to seeded cells but also chemical and physiological cues to the cells to facilitate tissue regeneration. The cardiac and pulmonary systems, although literarily seen as just being functionally and spatially cooperative, as shown by their diverse and dissimilar adult cellular and tissue composition has been proven to share some common embryological codevelopment. However, necessitating their consideration for separate review is the immense adult architectural difference in these systems. This review also looks at details on new biological and synthetic biomaterials, tissue engineering, nanotechnology, and organ decellularization for cardiopulmonary regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua Yusuf
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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14
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Sasaki KI, Fukumoto Y. Mesoangioblasts - A Newcomer in Cell-Based Treatment Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease? Circ J 2018; 82:1260-1261. [PMID: 29459536 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Sasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine
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15
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Giovannelli G, Giacomazzi G, Grosemans H, Sampaolesi M. Morphological and functional analyses of skeletal muscles from an immunodeficient animal model of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:133-144. [PMID: 29476695 PMCID: PMC6099247 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2E (LGMD2E) is caused by mutations in the β-sarcoglycan gene, which is expressed in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. β-Sarcoglycan-deficient (Sgcb-null) mice develop severe muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy with focal areas of necrosis. METHODS In this study we performed morphological (histological and cellular characterization) and functional (isometric tetanic force and fatigue) analyses in dystrophic mice. Comparison studies were carried out in 1-month-old (clinical onset of the disease) and 7-month-old control mice (C57Bl/6J, Rag2/γc-null) and immunocompetent and immunodeficient dystrophic mice (Sgcb-null and Sgcb/Rag2/γc-null, respectively). RESULTS We found that the lack of an immunological system resulted in an increase of calcification in striated muscles without impairing extensor digitorum longus muscle performance. Sgcb/Rag2/γc-null muscles showed a significant reduction of alkaline phosphate-positive mesoangioblasts. DISCUSSION The immunological system counteracts skeletal muscle degeneration in the murine model of LGMD2E. Muscle Nerve, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Giovannelli
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging“G. d'Annunzio” UniversityChietiItaly
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research InstituteCatholic University of LeuvenHerestraat 49 O&N4–Bus 814LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Giorgia Giacomazzi
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research InstituteCatholic University of LeuvenHerestraat 49 O&N4–Bus 814LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Hanne Grosemans
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research InstituteCatholic University of LeuvenHerestraat 49 O&N4–Bus 814LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology, Stem Cell Research InstituteCatholic University of LeuvenHerestraat 49 O&N4–Bus 814LeuvenB‐3000Belgium
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
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16
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Brevini TAL, Pennarossa G, Maffei S, Gandolfi F. Phenotype switching through epigenetic conversion. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:776-83. [PMID: 25739562 DOI: 10.1071/rd14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different cell types have been suggested as candidates for use in regenerative medicine. Embryonic pluripotent stem cells can give rise to all cells of the body and possess unlimited self-renewal potential. However, they are unstable, difficult to control and have a risk of neoplastic transformation. Adult stem cells are safe but have limited proliferation and differentiation abilities and are usually not within easy access. In recent years, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have become a new promising tool in regenerative medicine. However, the use of transgene vectors, commonly required for the induction of iPS cells, seriously limits their use in therapy. The same problem arising from the use of retroviruses is associated with the use of cells obtained through transdifferentiation. Developing knowledge of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate has boosted the use of epigenetic modifiers that drive cells into a 'highly permissive' state. We recently set up a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature cell into another cell type. We increased cell plasticity using 5-aza-cytidine and took advantage of a brief window of epigenetic instability to redirect cells to a different lineage. This approach is termed 'epigenetic conversion'. It is a simple, direct and safe way to obtain both cells for therapy avoiding gene transfection and a stable pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A L Brevini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - G Pennarossa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S Maffei
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - F Gandolfi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, UniStem, Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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17
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The vascular adventitia: An endogenous, omnipresent source of stem cells in the body. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 171:13-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Vezzani B, Pierantozzi E, Sorrentino V. Not All Pericytes Are Born Equal: Pericytes from Human Adult Tissues Present Different Differentiation Properties. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1549-1558. [PMID: 27549576 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs) have been recognized for a long time only as structural cells of the blood vessels. The identification of tight contacts with endothelial cells and the ability to interact with surrounding cells through paracrine signaling revealed additional functions of PCs in maintaining the homeostasis of the perivascular environment. PCs got the front page, in the late 1990s, after the identification and characterization of a new embryonic cell population, the mesoangioblasts, from which PCs present in the adult organism are thought to derive. From these studies, it was clear that PCs were also endowed with multipotent mesodermal abilities. Furthermore, their ability to cross the vascular wall and to reconstitute skeletal muscle tissue after systemic injection opened the way to a number of studies aimed to develop therapeutic protocols for a cell therapy of muscular dystrophy. This has resulted in a major effort to characterize pericytic cell populations from skeletal muscle and other adult tissues. Additional studies also addressed their relationship with other cells of the perivascular compartment and with mesenchymal stem cells. These data have provided initial evidence that PCs from different adult tissues might be endowed with distinctive differentiation abilities. This would suggest that the multipotent mesenchymal ability of PCs might be restrained within different tissues, likely depending on the specific cell renewal and repair requirements of each tissue. This review presents current knowledge on human PCs and highlights recent data on the differentiation properties of PCs isolated from different adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Vezzani
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Enrico Pierantozzi
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Molecular Medicine Section, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena , Siena, Italy
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19
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Valiente-Alandi I, Albo-Castellanos C, Herrero D, Sanchez I, Bernad A. Bmi1 (+) cardiac progenitor cells contribute to myocardial repair following acute injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:100. [PMID: 27472922 PMCID: PMC4967328 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The inability of the adult mammalian heart to replace cells lost after severe cardiac injury compromises organ function. Although the heart is one of the least regenerative organs in the body, evidence accumulated in recent decades indicates a certain degree of renewal after injury. We have evaluated the role of cardiac Bmi1+ progenitor cells (Bmi1-CPC) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Bmi1Cre/+;Rosa26YFP/+ (Bmi1-YFP) mice were used for lineage tracing strategy. After tamoxifen (TM) induction, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is expressed under the control of Rosa26 regulatory sequences in Bmi1+ cells. YFP+ cells were tracked following myocardial infarction. Additionally, whole transcriptome analysis of isolated YFP+ cells was performed in unchallenged hearts and after myocardial infarction. Results Deep-sequencing analysis of Bmi1-CPC from unchallenged hearts suggests that this population expresses high levels of pluripotency markers. Conversely, transcriptome evaluation of Bmi1-CPC following AMI shows a rich representation of genes related to cell proliferation, movement, and cell cycle. Lineage-tracing studies after cardiac infarction show that the progeny of Bmi1-expressing cells contribute to de novo cardiomyocytes (CM) (13.8 ± 5 % new YFP+ CM compared to 4.7 ± 0.9 % in age-paired non-infarcted hearts). However, apical resection of TM-induced day 1 Bmi1-YFP pups indicated a very minor contribution of Bmi1-derived cells to de novo CM. Conclusions Cardiac Bmi1 progenitor cells respond to cardiac injury, contributing to the generation of de novo CM in the adult mouse heart. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0355-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Valiente-Alandi
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Current address: The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carmen Albo-Castellanos
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Current address: Vivebiotech, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Diego Herrero
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.,Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Sanchez
- Unidad de Medicina Comparada, Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Golpanian S, Wolf A, Hatzistergos KE, Hare JM. Rebuilding the Damaged Heart: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Cell-Based Therapy, and Engineered Heart Tissue. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1127-68. [PMID: 27335447 PMCID: PMC6345247 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are broadly distributed cells that retain postnatal capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. MSCs evade immune detection, secrete an array of anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic mediators, and very importantly activate resident precursors. These properties form the basis for the strategy of clinical application of cell-based therapeutics for inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. In cardiovascular medicine, administration of autologous or allogeneic MSCs in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy holds significant promise. Numerous preclinical studies of ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy employing MSC-based therapy have demonstrated that the properties of reducing fibrosis, stimulating angiogenesis, and cardiomyogenesis have led to improvements in the structure and function of remodeled ventricles. Further attempts have been made to augment MSCs' effects through genetic modification and cell preconditioning. Progression of MSC therapy to early clinical trials has supported their role in improving cardiac structure and function, functional capacity, and patient quality of life. Emerging data have supported larger clinical trials that have been either completed or are currently underway. Mechanistically, MSC therapy is thought to benefit the heart by stimulating innate anti-fibrotic and regenerative responses. The mechanisms of action involve paracrine signaling, cell-cell interactions, and fusion with resident cells. Trans-differentiation of MSCs to bona fide cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels is also thought to occur, although at a nonphysiological level. Recently, MSC-based tissue engineering for cardiovascular disease has been examined with quite encouraging results. This review discusses MSCs from their basic biological characteristics to their role as a promising therapeutic strategy for clinical cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Golpanian
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ariel Wolf
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Konstantinos E Hatzistergos
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, and Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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21
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de Lucas B, Bernal A, M. Pérez L, San Martín N, Gálvez BG. Membrane Blebbing Is Required for Mesenchymal Precursor Migration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150004. [PMID: 26930466 PMCID: PMC4773234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal precursors (MPs) present some advantageous features, such as differentiation and migration, which make them promising candidates for cell therapy. A better understanding of MP migration characteristics would aid the development of cell delivery protocols. Traditionally, cell migration is thought to occur only through the formation of lamellipodia. More recently, contractility-driven bleb formation has emerged as an alternative mechanism of motility. Here we report that MPs derived from different tissues present spontaneously dynamic cytoplasmic projections in sub-confluent culture, which appear as a combination of lamellipodia with blebs in the leading edge. Upon initial seeding, however, only bleb structures could be observed. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of pERM, RhoA and F-actin during the blebbing process. Results from migration assays in the presence of blebbistatin, a myosin II inhibitor, showed that bleb formation correlated with migratory capacity, suggesting a functional role for blebs in migration. Bleb formation might be a useful mechanism to improve cell migration in cellular therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Lucas
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea (UE), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria San Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Europea (UE), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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Harnessing the secretome of cardiac stem cells as therapy for ischemic heart disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 113:1-11. [PMID: 26903387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells continue to promise opportunities to repair damaged cardiac tissue. However, precisely how adult stem cells accomplish cardiac repair, especially after ischemic damage, remains controversial. It has been postulated that the clinical benefit of adult stem cells for cardiovascular disease results from the release of cytokines and growth factors by the transplanted cells. Studies in animal models of myocardial infarction have reported that such paracrine factors released from transplanted adult stem cells contribute to improved cardiac function by several processes. These include promoting neovascularization of damaged tissue, reducing inflammation, reducing fibrosis and scar formation, as well as protecting cardiomyocytes from apoptosis. In addition, these factors might also stimulate endogenous repair by activating cardiac stem cells. Interestingly, stem cells discovered to be resident in the heart appear to be functionally superior to extra-cardiac adult stem cells when transplanted for cardiac repair and regeneration. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of cardiac stem cells and how the proteins secreted from these cells might be harnessed to promote repair and regeneration of damaged cardiac tissue. We also highlight how recent controversies about the efficacy of adult stem cells in clinical trials of ischemic heart disease have not dampened enthusiasm for the application of cardiac stem cells and their paracrine factors for cardiac repair: the latter have proved superior to the mesenchymal stem cells used in most clinical trials in the past, some of which appear to have been conducted with sub-optimal rigor.
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Valiente-Alandi I, Albo-Castellanos C, Herrero D, Arza E, Garcia-Gomez M, Segovia JC, Capecchi M, Bernad A. Cardiac Bmi1(+) cells contribute to myocardial renewal in the murine adult heart. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:205. [PMID: 26503423 PMCID: PMC4620653 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mammalian adult heart maintains a continuous, low cardiomyocyte turnover rate throughout life. Although many cardiac stem cell populations have been studied, the natural source for homeostatic repair has not yet been defined. The Polycomb protein BMI1 is the most representative marker of mouse adult stem cell systems. We have evaluated the relevance and role of cardiac Bmi1+ cells in cardiac physiological homeostasis. Methods Bmi1CreER/+;Rosa26YFP/+ (Bmi1-YFP) mice were used for lineage tracing strategy. After tamoxifen (TM) induction, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is expressed under the control of Rosa26 regulatory sequences in Bmi1+ cells. These cells and their progeny were tracked by FACS, immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR techniques from 5 days to 1 year. Results FACS analysis of non-cardiomyocyte compartment from TM-induced Bmi1-YFP mice showed a Bmi1+-expressing cardiac progenitor cell (Bmi1-CPC: B-CPC) population, SCA-1 antigen-positive (95.9 ± 0.4 %) that expresses some stemness-associated genes. B-CPC were also able to differentiate in vitro to the three main cardiac lineages. Pulse-chase analysis showed that B-CPC remained quite stable for extended periods (up to 1 year), which suggests that this Bmi1+ population contains cardiac progenitors with substantial self-maintenance potential. Specific immunostaining of Bmi1-YFP hearts serial sections 5 days post-TM induction indicated broad distribution of B-CPC, which were detected in variably sized clusters, although no YFP+ cardiomyocytes (CM) were detected at this time. Between 2 to 12 months after TM induction, YFP+ CM were clearly identified (3 ± 0.6 % to 6.7 ± 1.3 %) by immunohistochemistry of serial sections and by flow cytometry of total freshly isolated CM. B-CPC also contributed to endothelial and smooth muscle (SM) lineages in vivo. Conclusions High Bmi1 expression identifies a non-cardiomyocyte resident cardiac population (B-CPC) that contributes to the main lineages of the heart in vitro and in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0196-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Valiente-Alandi
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Carmen Albo-Castellanos
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Vivebiotech, San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Diego Herrero
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elvira Arza
- Microscopy Unit, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Garcia-Gomez
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. .,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - José C Segovia
- Hematopoietic Innovative Therapies Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT)- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain. .,Advanced Therapies Mixed Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mario Capecchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Spanish National Cardiovascular Research Center (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Immunology and Oncology Department, Spanish National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Improves the Functional Properties of Cardiac Mesoangioblasts. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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The mesmiRizing complexity of microRNAs for striated muscle tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 88:37-52. [PMID: 25912658 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRs) are small non-protein-coding RNAs, able to post-transcriptionally regulate many genes and exert pleiotropic effects. Alteration of miR levels in tissues and in the circulation has been associated with various pathological and regenerative conditions. In this regard, tissue engineering of cardiac and skeletal muscles is a fascinating context for harnessing the complexity of miR-based circuitries and signals. In this review, we will focus on miR-driven regulation of cardiac and skeletal myogenic routes in homeostatic and challenging states. Furthermore, we will survey the intriguing perspective of exosomal and circulating miRs as novel paracrine players, potentially useful for current and future approaches of regenerative medicine for the striated muscles.
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Kim JT, Chung HJ, Seo JY, Yang YI, Choi MY, Kim HI, Yang TH, Lee WJ, Youn YC, Kim HJ, Kim YM, Lee H, Jang YS, Lee SJ. A fibrin-supported myocardial organ culture for isolation of cardiac stem cells via the recapitulation of cardiac homeostasis. Biomaterials 2015; 48:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Barbuti A, Robinson RB. Stem Cell–Derived Nodal-Like Cardiomyocytes as a Novel Pharmacologic Tool: Insights from Sinoatrial Node Development and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:368-88. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Noseda
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London
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29
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Berry SE. Concise review: mesoangioblast and mesenchymal stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophy: progress, challenges, and future directions. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:91-8. [PMID: 25391645 PMCID: PMC4275006 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and mesoangioblasts (MABs) are multipotent cells that differentiate into specialized cells of mesodermal origin, including skeletal muscle cells. Because of their potential to differentiate into the skeletal muscle lineage, these multipotent cells have been tested for their capacity to participate in regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle in animal models of muscular dystrophy. MSCs and MABs infiltrate dystrophic muscle from the circulation, engraft into host fibers, and bring with them proteins that replace the functions of those missing or truncated. The potential for systemic delivery of these cells increases the feasibility of stem cell therapy for the large numbers of affected skeletal muscles in patients with muscular dystrophy. The present review focused on the results of preclinical studies with MSCs and MABs in animal models of muscular dystrophy. The goals of the present report were to (a) summarize recent results, (b) compare the efficacy of MSCs and MABs derived from different tissues in restoration of protein expression and/or improvement in muscle function, and (c) discuss future directions for translating these discoveries to the clinic. In addition, although systemic delivery of MABs and MSCs is of great importance for reaching dystrophic muscles, the potential concerns related to this method of stem cell transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Berry
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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30
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Izarra A, Moscoso I, Levent E, Cañón S, Cerrada I, Díez-Juan A, Blanca V, Núñez-Gil IJ, Valiente I, Ruíz-Sauri A, Sepúlveda P, Tiburcy M, Zimmermann WH, Bernad A. miR-133a enhances the protective capacity of cardiac progenitors cells after myocardial infarction. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:1029-42. [PMID: 25465869 PMCID: PMC4264058 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-133a and miR-1 are known as muscle-specific microRNAs that are involved in cardiac development and pathophysiology. We have shown that both miR-1 and miR-133a are early and progressively upregulated during in vitro cardiac differentiation of adult cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), but only miR-133a expression was enhanced under in vitro oxidative stress. miR-1 was demonstrated to favor differentiation of CPCs, whereas miR-133a overexpression protected CPCs against cell death, targeting, among others, the proapoptotic genes Bim and Bmf. miR-133a-CPCs clearly improved cardiac function in a rat myocardial infarction model by reducing fibrosis and hypertrophy and increasing vascularization and cardiomyocyte proliferation. The beneficial effects of miR-133a-CPCs seem to correlate with the upregulated expression of several relevant paracrine factors and the plausible cooperative secretion of miR-133a via exosomal transport. Finally, an in vitro heart muscle model confirmed the antiapoptotic effects of miR-133a-CPCs, favoring the structuration and contractile functionality of the artificial tissue. miR-1 and miR-133a have a role in adult cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) miR-133a-CPCs protect cardiac function miR-133a-CPCs increase vascularization and protect against hypertrophy miR-133a is enriched in CPCs-derived exosomes
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Izarra
- Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moscoso
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Area, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elif Levent
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susana Cañón
- Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cerrada
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Unidad de Cardioregeneración, Hospital La Fe, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Díez-Juan
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Blanca
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván-J Núñez-Gil
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Valiente
- Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Ruíz-Sauri
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Sepúlveda
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Malte Tiburcy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram-H Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Bernad
- Immunology and Oncology Department, National Center for Biotechnology, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Chong JJ, Forte E, Harvey RP. Developmental origins and lineage descendants of endogenous adult cardiac progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:592-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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32
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Plaza GR, Marí N, Gálvez BG, Bernal A, Guinea GV, Daza R, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Solanas C, Elices M. Simple measurement of the apparent viscosity of a cell from only one picture: Application to cardiac stem cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:052715. [PMID: 25493824 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.052715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical deformability of cells is a key property that influences their ability to migrate and their contribution to tissue development and regeneration. We analyze here the possibility of characterizing the overall deformability of cells by their apparent viscosity, using a simplified method to estimate that parameter. The proposed method simplifies the quantitative analysis of micropipette-aspiration experiments. We have studied by this procedure the overall apparent viscosity of cardiac stem cells, which are considered a promising tool to regenerate damaged cardiac tissue. Comparison with the apparent viscosity of low-viscosity cells such as immune-system cells suggests that treatments to reduce the viscosity of these cells could enhance their ability to repair damaged cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Plaza
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Marí
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - B G Gálvez
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Bernal
- Department of Regenerative Cardiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - G V Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Daza
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Solanas
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Elices
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain and Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Bergmann O, Jovinge S. Cardiac regeneration in vivo: Mending the heart from within? Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Meilhac SM, Lescroart F, Blanpain C, Buckingham ME. Cardiac cell lineages that form the heart. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013888. [PMID: 25183852 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial cells ensure the contractility of the heart, which also depends on other mesodermal cell types for its function. Embryological experiments had identified the sources of cardiac precursor cells. With the advent of genetic engineering, novel tools have been used to reconstruct the lineage tree of cardiac cells that contribute to different parts of the heart, map the development of cardiac regions, and characterize their genetic signature. Such knowledge is of fundamental importance for our understanding of cardiogenesis and also for the diagnosis and treatment of heart malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Cédric Blanpain
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Margaret E Buckingham
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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35
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Abstract
Although the adult mammalian heart was once believed to be a post-mitotic organ without any capacity for regeneration, recent findings have challenged this dogma. A modified view assigns to the mammalian heart a measurable capacity for regeneration throughout life. The ultimate goals of the cardiac regeneration field have been pursued by multiple strategies, including understanding the developmental biology of cardiomyocytes and cardiac stem and progenitor cells, applying chemical genetics, and engineering biomaterials and delivery methods that facilitate cell transplantation. Successful stimulation of endogenous regenerative capacity in injured adult mammalian hearts can benefit from studies of natural cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), C/Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Shkumatov A, Baek K, Kong H. Matrix rigidity-modulated cardiovascular organoid formation from embryoid bodies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94764. [PMID: 24732893 PMCID: PMC3986240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell clusters, such as embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from embryonic stem cells, are extensively studied for creation of multicellular clusters and complex functional tissues. It is common to control phenotypes of ES cells with varying molecular compounds; however, there is still a need to improve the controllability of cell differentiation, and thus, the quality of created tissue. This study demonstrates a simple but effective strategy to promote formation of vascularized cardiac muscle - like tissue in EBs and form contracting cardiovascular organoids by modulating the stiffness of a cell adherent hydrogel. Using collagen-conjugated polyacrylamide hydrogels with controlled elastic moduli, we discovered that cellular organization in a form of vascularized cardiac muscle sheet was maximal on the gel with the stiffness similar to cardiac muscle. We envisage that the results of this study will greatly contribute to better understanding of emergent behavior of stem cells in developmental and regeneration process and will also expedite translation of EB studies to drug-screening device assembly and clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Shkumatov
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kwanghyun Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Costamagna D, Quattrocelli M, Duelen R, Sahakyan V, Perini I, Palazzolo G, Sampaolesi M. Fate choice of post-natal mesoderm progenitors: skeletal versus cardiac muscle plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:615-27. [PMID: 23949444 PMCID: PMC11113798 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for skeletal and cardiac muscles still constitutes a fascinating and ambitious frontier. In this perspective, understanding the possibilities of intrinsic cell plasticity, present in post-natal muscles, is vital to define and improve novel therapeutic strategies for acute and chronic diseases. In addition, many somatic stem cells are now crossing the boundaries of basic/translational research to enter the first clinical trials. However, it is still an open question whether a lineage switch between skeletal and cardiac adult myogenesis is possible. Therefore, this review focuses on resident somatic stem cells of post-natal skeletal and cardiac muscles and their plastic potential toward the two lineages. Furthermore, examples of myogenic lineage switch in adult stem cells are also reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domiziana Costamagna
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Duelen
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vardine Sahakyan
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giacomo Palazzolo
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Simon L, Cooke PS, Berry SE. Aorta-derived mesoangioblasts can be differentiated into functional uterine epithelium, but not prostatic epithelium or epidermis, by instructive mesenchymes. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:169-78. [PMID: 24192012 DOI: 10.1159/000354900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoangiobasts are blood vessel-derived stem cells that differentiate into smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. We have reported that postnatal aorta-derived mesoangioblasts (ADM) regenerate skeletal muscle and prevent onset of dilated cardiomyopathy in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. ADM also differentiate into myelinating glial cells, suggesting they are multipotent and capable of generating mesodermal or ectodermal derivatives. Mesenchyme of some fetal organs is a potent instructive inducer. Here we examined whether ADM can differentiate into prostatic, uterine, and skin epithelium by recombining ADM with fetal or neonatal mesenchyme from these organs and grafting them under the renal capsule of syngeneic hosts. In tissue recombinants of uterine mesenchyme (UtM) and ADM, ADM formed histologically normal simple columnar uterine epithelium that expressed estrogen receptor 1 and in response to estrogen showed increased mitogenesis and downregulation of progesterone receptor. In contrast, ADM did not differentiate into prostatic epithelium or epidermis when recombined with urogenital sinus mesenchyme or fetal dermis, respectively. These results indicate that ADM can respond to cues from neonatal UtM and differentiate into morphologically and functionally normal uterine epithelial cells, and support previous reports that ADM can differentiate into a variety of tissues of the mesodermal lineage. However, these data indicate that ADM are restricted in their capacity to differentiate into endodermal and ectodermal derivatives such as prostatic and skin epithelial cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La., USA
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39
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Sirabella D, De Angelis L, Berghella L. Sources for skeletal muscle repair: from satellite cells to reprogramming. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:125-36. [PMID: 23314905 PMCID: PMC3684700 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is the process that ensures tissue repair after damage by injury or in degenerative diseases such as muscular dystrophy. Satellite cells, the adult skeletal muscle progenitor cells, are commonly considered to be the main cell type involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Their mechanism of action in this process is extensively characterized. However, evidence accumulated in the last decade suggests that other cell types may participate in skeletal muscle regeneration. Although their actual contribution to muscle formation and regeneration is still not clear; if properly manipulated, these cells may become new suitable and powerful sources for cell therapy of skeletal muscle degenerative diseases. Mesoangioblasts, vessel associated stem/progenitor cells with high proliferative, migratory and myogenic potential, are very good candidates for clinical applications and are already in clinical experimentation. In addition, pluripotent stem cells are very promising sources for regeneration of most tissues, including skeletal muscle. Conditions such as muscle cachexia or aging that severely alter homeostasis may be counteracted by transplantation of donor and/or recruitment and activation of resident muscle stem/progenitor cells. Advantages and limitations of different cell therapy approaches will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Sirabella
- />Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 2920 Broadway, New York, NY 10027-7164 USA
| | - Luciana De Angelis
- />DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, University of Roma “La Sapienza”, Via Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Libera Berghella
- />IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
- />HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA
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40
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Human cardiospheres as a source of multipotent stem and progenitor cells. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:916837. [PMID: 23766771 PMCID: PMC3666231 DOI: 10.1155/2013/916837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiospheres (CSs) are self-assembling multicellular clusters from the cellular outgrowth from cardiac explants cultured in nonadhesive substrates. They contain a core of primitive, proliferating cells, and an outer layer of mesenchymal/stromal cells and differentiating cells that express cardiomyocyte proteins and connexin 43. Because CSs contain both primitive cells and committed progenitors for the three major cell types present in the heart, that is, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, and because they are derived from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsies, they represent an attractive cell source for cardiac regeneration. In preclinical studies, CS-derived cells (CDCs) delivered to infarcted hearts resulted in improved cardiac function. CDCs have been tested safely in an initial phase-1 clinical trial in patients after myocardial infarction. Whether or not CDCs are superior to purified populations, for example, c-kit(+) cardiac stem cells, or to gene therapy approaches for cardiac regeneration remains to be evaluated.
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41
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Wang M, Yu Q, Wang L, Gu H. Distinct patterns of histone modifications at cardiac-specific gene promoters between cardiac stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1080-90. [PMID: 23552285 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cardiac stem cells (CSCs) possess different potential to develop into cardiomyocytes. The mechanism underlying cardiomyogenic capacity of MSCs and CSCs remains elusive. It is well established that histone modifications correlate with gene expression and contribute to cell fate commitment. Here we hypothesize that specific histone modifications accompany cardiac-specific gene expression, thus determining the differentiation capacity of MSCs and CSCs toward heart cells. Our results indicate that, at the promoter regions of cardiac-specific genes (Myh6, Myl2, Actc1, Tnni3, and Tnnt2), the levels of histone acetylation of H3 (acH3) and H4 (acH4), as a mark indicative of gene activation, were higher in CSCs (Sca-1(+)CD29(+)) than MSCs. Additionally, lower binding levels of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and HDAC2 at promoter regions of cardiac-specific genes were noticed in CSCs than MSCs. Treatment with trichostatin A, an HDAC inhibitor, upregulated cardiac-specific gene expression in MSCs. Suppression of HDAC1 or HDAC2 expression by small interfering RNAs led to increased cardiac gene expression and was accompanied by enhanced acH3 and acH4 levels at gene loci. We conclude that greater levels of histone acetylation at cardiac-specific gene loci in CSCs than MSCs reflect a stronger potential for CSCs to develop into cardiomyocytes. These lineage-differential histone modifications are likely due to less HDAC recruitment at cardiac-specific gene promoters in CSCs than MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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42
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Altomare C, Barile L, Rocchetti M, Sala L, Crippa S, Sampaolesi M, Zaza A. Altered functional differentiation of mesoangioblasts in a genetic myopathy. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:419-28. [PMID: 23387296 PMCID: PMC3823023 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations underlying genetic cardiomyopathies might affect differentiation commitment of resident progenitor cells. Cardiac mesoangioblasts (cMabs) are multipotent progenitor cells resident in the myocardium. A switch from cardiac to skeletal muscle differentiation has been recently described in cMabs from β-sarcoglycan-null mice (βSG−/−), a murine model of genetic myopathy with early myocardial involvement. Although complementation with βSG gene was inconsequential, knock-in of miRNA669a (missing in βSG−/− cMabs) partially rescued the mutation-induced molecular phenotype. Here, we undertook a detailed evaluation of functional differentiation of βSG−/− cMabs and tested the effects of miRNA669a-induced rescue in vitro. To this end, cMabs were compared with neonatal cardiomyocytes (CMs) and skeletal muscle C2C12 cells, representative of cardiac and skeletal muscle respectively. Consistent with previous data on molecular patterns, electrophysiological and Ca2+-handling properties of βSG−/− cMabs were closer to C2C12 cells than to CM ones. Nevertheless, subtler aspects, including action potential contour, Ca2+-spark properties and RyR isoform expression, distinguished βSG−/− cMabs from C2C12 cells. Contrary to previous reports, wild-type cMabs failed to show functional differentiation towards either cell type. Knock-in of miRNA669a in βSG−/− cMabs rescued the wild-type functional phenotype, i.e. it completely prevented development of skeletal muscle functional responses. We conclude that miRNA669a expression, ablated by βSG deletion, may prevent functional differentiation of cMabs towards the skeletal muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Altomare
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Hoebaus J, Heher P, Gottschamel T, Scheinast M, Auner H, Walder D, Wiedner M, Taubenschmid J, Miksch M, Sauer T, Schultheis M, Kuzmenkin A, Seiser C, Hescheler J, Weitzer G. Embryonic stem cells facilitate the isolation of persistent clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines and leukemia inhibitor factor maintains their self-renewal and myocardial differentiation potential in vitro. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 197:249-68. [PMID: 23343517 PMCID: PMC7615845 DOI: 10.1159/000345804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence for the existence of somatic stem cells in the heart of different mammalian species has been provided by numerous groups; however, so far it has not been possible to maintain these cells as self-renewing and phenotypically stable clonal cell lines in vitro. Thus, we sought to identify a surrogate stem cell niche for the isolation and persistent maintenance of stable clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines, enabling us to study the mechanism of self-renewal and differentiation in these cells. Using postnatal murine hearts with a selectable marker as the stem cell source and embryonic stem cells and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-secreting fibroblasts as a surrogate niche, we succeeded in the isolation of stable clonal cardiovascular progenitor cell lines. These cell lines self-renew in an LIF-dependent manner. They express both stemness transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog and early myocardial transcription factors Nkx2.5, GATA4, and Isl-1 at the same time. Upon LIF deprivation, they exclusively differentiate to functional cardiomyocytes and endothelial and smooth muscle cells, suggesting that these cells are mesodermal intermediates already committed to the cardiogenic lineage. Cardiovascular progenitor cell lines can be maintained for at least 149 passages over 7 years without phenotypic changes, in the presence of LIF-secreting fibroblasts. Isolation of wild-type cardiovascular progenitor cell lines from adolescent and old mice has finally demonstrated the general feasibility of this strategy for the isolation of phenotypically stable somatic stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoebaus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teresa Gottschamel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Scheinast
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harmen Auner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana Walder
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Wiedner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Taubenschmid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Miksch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Sauer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Schultheis
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexey Kuzmenkin
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Seiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Weitzer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Chun JL, O'Brien R, Song MH, Wondrasch BF, Berry SE. Injection of vessel-derived stem cells prevents dilated cardiomyopathy and promotes angiogenesis and endogenous cardiac stem cell proliferation in mdx/utrn-/- but not aged mdx mouse models for duchenne muscular dystrophy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 2:68-80. [PMID: 23283493 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common form of muscular dystrophy. DMD patients lack dystrophin protein and develop skeletal muscle pathology and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Approximately 20% succumb to cardiac involvement. We hypothesized that mesoangioblast stem cells (aorta-derived mesoangioblasts [ADMs]) would restore dystrophin and alleviate or prevent DCM in animal models of DMD. ADMs can be induced to express cardiac markers, including Nkx2.5, cardiac tropomyosin, cardiac troponin I, and α-actinin, and adopt cardiomyocyte morphology. Transplantation of ADMs into the heart of mdx/utrn(-/-) mice prior to development of DCM prevented onset of cardiomyopathy, as measured by echocardiography, and resulted in significantly higher CD31 expression, consistent with new vessel formation. Dystrophin-positive cardiomyocytes and increased proliferation of endogenous Nestin(+) cardiac stem cells were detected in ADM-injected heart. Nestin(+) striated cells were also detected in four of five mdx/utrn(-/-) hearts injected with ADMs. In contrast, when ADMs were injected into the heart of aged mdx mice with advanced fibrosis, no functional improvement was detected by echocardiography. Instead, ADMs exacerbated some features of DCM. No dystrophin protein, increase in CD31 expression, or increase in Nestin(+) cell proliferation was detected following ADM injection in aged mdx heart. Dystrophin was observed following transplantation of ADMs into the hearts of young mdx mice, however, suggesting that pathology in aged mdx heart may alter the fate of donor stem cells. In summary, ADMs delay or prevent development of DCM in dystrophin-deficient heart, but timing of stem cell transplantation may be critical for achieving benefit with cell therapy in DMD cardiac muscle.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/prevention & control
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Humans
- Intermediate Filament Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred mdx
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nestin
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Utrophin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Lan Chun
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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45
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Isolation, characterization and differentiation potential of cardiac progenitor cells in adult pigs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:706-19. [PMID: 22228441 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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In vitro epigenetic reprogramming of human cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells into functionally competent cardiovascular precursors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51694. [PMID: 23284745 PMCID: PMC3524246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult human cardiac mesenchymal-like stromal cells (CStC) represent a relatively accessible cell type useful for therapy. In this light, their conversion into cardiovascular precursors represents a potential successful strategy for cardiac repair. The aim of the present work was to reprogram CStC into functionally competent cardiovascular precursors using epigenetically active small molecules. CStC were exposed to low serum (5% FBS) in the presence of 5 µM all-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA), 5 µM Phenyl Butyrate (PB), and 200 µM diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide (DETA/NO), to create a novel epigenetically active cocktail (EpiC). Upon treatment the expression of markers typical of cardiac resident stem cells such as c-Kit and MDR-1 were up-regulated, together with the expression of a number of cardiovascular-associated genes including KDR, GATA6, Nkx2.5, GATA4, HCN4, NaV1.5, and α-MHC. In addition, profiling analysis revealed that a significant number of microRNA involved in cardiomyocyte biology and cell differentiation/proliferation, including miR 133a, 210 and 34a, were up-regulated. Remarkably, almost 45% of EpiC-treated cells exhibited a TTX-sensitive sodium current and, to a lower extent in a few cells, also the pacemaker I(f) current. Mechanistically, the exposure to EpiC treatment introduced global histone modifications, characterized by increased levels of H3K4Me3 and H4K16Ac, as well as reduced H4K20Me3 and H3s10P, a pattern compatible with reduced proliferation and chromatin relaxation. Consistently, ChIP experiments performed with H3K4me3 or H3s10P histone modifications revealed the presence of a specific EpiC-dependent pattern in c-Kit, MDR-1, and Nkx2.5 promoter regions, possibly contributing to their modified expression. Taken together, these data indicate that CStC may be epigenetically reprogrammed to acquire molecular and biological properties associated with competent cardiovascular precursors.
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47
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Gómez-Gaviro MV, Lovell-Badge R, Fernández-Avilés F, Lara-Pezzi E. The vascular stem cell niche. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:618-30. [PMID: 22644724 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in adult organs reside in specialized niches that regulate their proliferation and differentiation. Investigations during the last few years have unveiled a regulatory role for blood vessels in these microenvironments. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are located surrounding capillaries in a variety of tissues and have the capacity to differentiate into different mesodermal lineages. Angiogenic progenitor cells have also been found in the adventitial layer of large vessels. In the bone marrow, endothelial cells control hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) release, and in the brain, blood vessels regulate neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal and neurogenesis. Similarly, perivascular progenitor cells have also been found in the heart. This intimate connection between stem cells and the vasculature contributes to tissue homeostasis and repair. In this review, we focus on the regulation of stem and progenitor cells in different adult niches by blood vessels and the few mechanisms that are known to mediate this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, Madrid, Spain.
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Chimenti I, Gaetani R, Barile L, Forte E, Ionta V, Angelini F, Frati G, Messina E, Giacomello A. Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem/progenitor cells in the form of cardiospheres from human cardiac biopsies and murine hearts. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 879:327-38. [PMID: 22610568 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-815-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The successful isolation and ex vivo expansion of resident cardiac stem/progenitor cells from human heart biopsies has allowed us to study their biological characteristics and their applications in therapeutic approaches for the repair of ischemic/infarcted heart, the preparation of tissue-engineered cardiac grafts and, possibly, the design of cellular kits for drug screening applications. From the first publication of the original method in 2004, several adjustments and slight changes have been introduced to optimize and adjust the procedure to the evolving experimental and translational needs. Moreover, due to the wide applicability of such a method (which is based on the exploitation of intrinsic functional properties of cells with regenerative properties that are present in most tissues), the key steps of this procedure have been used to derive several kinds of tissue-specific adult stem cells for preclinical or clinical purposes.In order to define the original procedure, complete with the up-to-date modifications introduced through the years, an exhaustive description of the current protocol is performed in this chapter, with particular attention in highlighting critical steps and troubleshoots. The procedure described here consists of modular steps, that could be employed to derive cells from any kind of tissue biopsy, and needs to be considered the gold standard of all the so-called "explant methods" or "cardiosphere methods," and it represents a milestone in the clinical translation of autologous cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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49
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Vono R, Spinetti G, Gubernator M, Madeddu P. What's new in regenerative medicine: split up of the mesenchymal stem cell family promises new hope for cardiovascular repair. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:689-99. [PMID: 22886691 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is exceedingly prevalent and requires care optimization. Regenerative medicine holds promise to improve the clinical outcome of CAD patients. Current approach consists in subsidizing the infarcted heart with boluses of autologous stem cells from the bone marrow. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are in the focus of intense research owing to an apparent superiority in plasticity and regenerative capacity compared with hematopoietic stem cells. In this review, we report recent findings indicating the presence, within the heterogeneous MSC population, of perivascular stem cells expressing typical pericyte markers. Moreover, we focus on recent research showing the presence of similar cells in the adventitia of large vessels. These discoveries were fundamental to shape a roadmap toward clinical application in patients with myocardial ischemia. Adventitial stem cells are ideal candidates for promotion of cardiac repair owing to their ease of accessibility and expandability and potent vasculogenic activity.
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50
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Nakamura Y, Asakura Y, Piras BA, Hirai H, Tastad CT, Verma M, Christ AJ, Zhang J, Yamazaki T, Yoshiyama M, Asakura A. Increased angiogenesis and improved left ventricular function after transplantation of myoblasts lacking the MyoD gene into infarcted myocardium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41736. [PMID: 22848585 PMCID: PMC3404994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal myoblast transplantation has therapeutic potential for repairing damaged heart. However, the optimal conditions for this transplantation are still unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that satellite cell-derived myoblasts lacking the MyoD gene (MyoD(-/-)), a master transcription factor for skeletal muscle myogenesis, display increased survival and engraftment compared to wild-type controls following transplantation into murine skeletal muscle. In this study, we compare cell survival between wild-type and MyoD(-/-) myoblasts after transplantation into infarcted heart. We demonstrate that MyoD(-/-) myoblasts display greater resistance to hypoxia, engraft with higher efficacy, and show a larger improvement in ejection fraction than wild-type controls. Following transplantation, the majority of MyoD(-/-) and wild-type myoblasts form skeletal muscle fibers while cardiomyocytes do not. Importantly, the transplantation of MyoD(-/-) myoblasts induces a high degree of angiogenesis in the area of injury. DNA microarray data demonstrate that paracrine angiogenic factors, such as stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), are up-regulated in MyoD(-/-) myoblasts. In addition, over-expression and gene knockdown experiments demonstrate that MyoD negatively regulates gene expression of these angiogenic factors. These results indicate that MyoD(-/-) myoblasts impart beneficial effects after transplantation into an infarcted heart, potentially due to the secretion of paracrine angiogenic factors and enhanced angiogenesis in the area of injury. Therefore, our data provide evidence that a genetically engineered myoblast cell type with suppressed MyoD function is useful for therapeutic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Cardiovascular Division Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bryan A. Piras
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Christopher T. Tastad
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mayank Verma
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Christ
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Takanori Yamazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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