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Wang L, Wang F, Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu D. GSK-3 β RNAi Lentivirus Affects Neuronal Damage and Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Expression in Cerebral Infarction Rats. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of GSK-3β RNAi lentivirus on neuronal damage and Nrf2 level in rats with cerebral infarction. 40 rats were assigned into sham group, CI group, Vector group and GSK-3β RNAi group followed by analysis of cell damage and oxidative stress,
neurological scores, cerebral infarction volume, and brain water content as well as brain morphology by H&E staining and Nrf2 protein level by Western blot. Compared with sham group, GSK-3β mRNA in neurons of CI group and Vector group was significantly elevated (P <
0.05) with reduced level in GSK-3β RNAi group (P < 0.05); 3 hours after surgery, there was no change in neuroethology scores of rats in CI group, Vector group and GSK-3β RNAi group (P > 0.05). While 1 and 3 days later, the scores of rats were significantly
improved (P < 0.05) and brain water content was reduced in GSK-3β RNAi group (P < 0.05) without difference between CI group and Vector group (P > 0.05). Compared with sham group, infarct size in CI group and Vector group was increased (P <
0.05) and reduced in GSK-3β RNAi group (P < 0.05) without difference between CI group and Vector group (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, CI group and Vector group showed significantly downregulated Nrf2, Srx1 and Trx1 proteins (P < 0.05), which were increased
in GSK-3β RNAi group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GSK-3β RNAi lentivirus can promote the expression of Nrf2 and exert an inhibitory effect on neurons of rats with cerebral infarction, therefore protecting brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
| | - Deshui Liu
- Qiqihar Medical University, Research Institute of Medicine & Pharmacy, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161000, China
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Sergio CM, Rolando CA. Erythropoietin regulates signaling pathways associated with neuroprotective events. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1303-1315. [PMID: 35234993 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin is a cytokine that binds to the Erythropoietin receptor and regulates the formation of erythroid cells during erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. However, many other organs and tissues express Erythropoietin and its receptor, such as the Nervous System, which principally regulates tissue protection. In the Central Nervous System, Erythropoietin is principally expressed by astrocytes, while neurons mainly express Erythropoietin receptors. Moreover, Erythropoietin acts as a pleiotropic molecule with neuroprotective effects, and its mechanisms of signal transduction pathways are defined, and there is a growing interest in its therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the role of Erythropoietin and its relationship with HIF1, PI3/Akt, GSK3B, JAK/STAT, and MAPKs signaling pathways that leads to cell survival after injury in the Central Nervous System. Knowledge of these signaling systems comprehensively could better guide EPO treatment to restoring different SNC alterations mediated by different insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelio-Martínez Sergio
- Universidad del Valle de México, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Zapopan, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Castañeda-Arellano Rolando
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Salud, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Nuevo Periférico No. 555, 45425, Tonalá, Mexico.
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Wang Y, Li JJ, Ba HJ, Wang KF, Wen XZ, Li DD, Zhu XF, Zhang XS. Down Regulation of c-FLIP L Enhance PD-1 Blockade Efficacy in B16 Melanoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:857. [PMID: 31552181 PMCID: PMC6738195 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) had an impressive long-lasting effect in a portion of advanced-stage melanoma patients, however, this therapy failed to induce responses in several patients; how to increase the objective response rate is very important. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) could inhibit apoptosis directly at the death-inducing signaling complex of death receptors and is also considered to be the main cause of immune escape. The overexpression of c-FLIPL occurs frequently in melanoma and its expression is associated with the prognosis. We found that the level of c-FLIPL expression was associated with the PD-1 blockade response rate in melanoma patients. Thus, we performed this research to investigate how c-FLIPL regulates immunotherapy in melanoma. We demonstrate that down regulation of c-FLIPL enhances the PD-1 blockade efficacy in B16 melanoma tumor model. Down regulation of c-FLIPL could increase the tumor apoptosis and enhance the antitumor response of T cells in the lymphocyte tumor cells co-culture system. Moreover, knockdown of c-FLIPL could decrease the expression of PD-L1 and recruit more effector T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Our results may provide a new combined therapeutic target for further improving the efficacy of PD-1 blockade in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Oncology Department, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jun Ba
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Heart Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Feng Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Wen
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Humphreys L, Espona-Fiedler M, Longley DB. FLIP as a therapeutic target in cancer. FEBS J 2018; 285:4104-4123. [PMID: 29806737 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the classic hallmarks of cancer is disruption of cell death signalling. Inhibition of cell death promotes tumour growth and metastasis, causes resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies as well as targeted agents, and is frequently due to overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins rather than loss of pro-apoptotic effectors. FLIP is a major apoptosis-regulatory protein frequently overexpressed in solid and haematological cancers, in which its high expression is often correlated with poor prognosis. FLIP, which is expressed as long (FLIP(L)) and short (FLIP(S)) splice forms, achieves its cell death regulatory functions by binding to FADD, a critical adaptor protein which links FLIP to the apical caspase in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, caspase-8, in a number of cell death regulating complexes, such as the death-inducing signalling complexes (DISCs) formed by death receptors. FLIP also plays a key role (together with caspase-8) in regulating another form of cell death termed programmed necrosis or 'necroptosis', as well as in other key cellular processes that impact cell survival, including autophagy. In addition, FLIP impacts activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic pathway by regulating caspase-8-mediated activation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bid. It has been demonstrated that FLIP can not only inhibit death receptor-mediated apoptosis, but also cell death induced by a range of clinically relevant chemotherapeutic and targeted agents as well as ionizing radiation. More recently, key roles for FLIP in promoting the survival of immunosuppressive tumour-promoting immune cells have been discovered. Thus, FLIP is of significant interest as an anticancer therapeutic target. In this article, we review FLIP's biology and potential ways of targeting this important tumour and immune cell death regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Humphreys
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Margarita Espona-Fiedler
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Drug Resistance Group, Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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hnRNP K plays a protective role in TNF-α-induced apoptosis in podocytes. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180288. [PMID: 29724888 PMCID: PMC5997802 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of podocytes contributes to proteinuria in many chronic kidney diseases. The cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is thought to be involved in podocyte apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism is not understood. In our study, we established a model of TNF-α-induced apoptosis by isolating primary podocytes from mice. After exposing cells to TNF-α, we determined the expression levels of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) and cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) and the phosphorylation levels of glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). We then knocked down or overexpressed the levels of hnRNP K and observed its effects on the expressions of c-FLIP, caspase-8, caspase-3, and the phosphorylation of GSK3β and ERK. In addition, we examined the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis and studied cell cycle distribution. We found that TNF-α induced apoptosis in podocytes and that the expressions of hnRNP K and c-FLIP were significantly decreased, whereas the phosphorylations of GSK3β and ERK were significantly increased. Both gene knockdown and overexpression of hnRPN K resulted in varied expressions/phosphorylations of c-FLIP, GSK3β, and ERK. Moreover, decreased hnRPN K expression contributed to increased levels of caspase-8 and capase-3, as well as an increase in cell apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest. In conclusion, down-regulated expression of hnRNP K by TNF-α resulted in a decrease in the expression of c-FLIP as well as increases in phosphorylated GSK3β, ERK, caspase-8, and caspase-3, and then critically contributed to the podocyte apoptosis.
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Wright C, Iyer AKV, Yakisich JS, Azad N. Anti-Tumorigenic Effects of Resveratrol in Lung Cancer Cells Through Modulation of c-FLIP. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2018; 17:669-680. [PMID: 28302032 DOI: 10.2174/1568009617666170315162932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties in multiple cancer types. Here we demonstrate that H460 lung cancer cells are more susceptible to resveratrol treatment in comparison to human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells. Resveratrol decreases cell viability and proliferation, and induces significant apoptosis in H460 cells. The apoptosis observed was accompanied by an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, Bid, PARP and caspase 8 activation, and downregulation of pEGFR, pAkt, c-FLIP and NFkB protein expression. Furthermore, treatment with HH2O2 scavenger catalase significantly inhibited resveratrol-induced c-FLIP downregulation, caspase-8 activation and apoptosis. Overexpression of c-FLIP in H460 cells (FLIP cells) resulted in the inhibition of resveratrol-induced HH2O2 production, and a significant increase in resveratrolinduced apoptosis in comparison to H460 cells. In FLIP cells, catalase treatment did not rescue cells from a decrease in cell viability and apoptosis induction by resveratrol as compared to H460 cells. Resveratrol treatment also led to VEGF downregulation in FLIP cells. Furthermore, inhibition of pEGFR or pAkt using erlotinib and LY294002 respectively, enhanced the negative effect of resveratrol on FLIP cell viability and apoptosis. The reverse was observed when FLIP cells were supplemented with EGF, or transfected with WT-AKT plasmid; resulting in a 20% decrease in resveratrol-induced apoptosis. In addition, transfection with WT-AKT plasmid resulted in the inhibition of pro-apoptotic protein activation, and c-FLIP and pAkt downregulation. CONCLUSION Overall, resveratrol induced apoptosis in H460 lung cancer cells by specifically targeting pAkt and c-FLIP dowregulation by proteasomal degradation in a EGFR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668. United States
| | - Anand Krishnan V Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668. United States
| | - Juan S Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668. United States
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668. United States
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Gates LT, Shisler JL. cFLIPL Interrupts IRF3-CBP-DNA Interactions To Inhibit IRF3-Driven Transcription. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:923-33. [PMID: 27342840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFN induction is critical for antiviral and anticancer defenses. Proper downregulation of type I IFN is equally important to avoid deleterious imbalances in the immune response. The cellular FLIP long isoform protein (cFLIPL) controls type I IFN production, but opposing publications show it as either an inhibitor or inducer of type I IFN synthesis. Regardless, the mechanistic basis for cFLIPL regulation is unknown. Because cFLIPL is important in immune cell development and proliferation, and is a target for cancer therapies, it is important to identify how cFLIPL regulates type I IFN production. Data in this study show that cFLIPL inhibits IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a transcription factor central for IFN-β and IFN-stimulated gene expression. This inhibition occurs during virus infection, cellular exposure to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, or TBK1 overexpression. This inhibition is independent of capase-8 activity. cFLIPL binds to IRF3 and disrupts IRF3 interaction with its IFN-β promoter and its coactivator protein (CREB-binding protein). Mutational analyses reveal that cFLIPL nuclear localization is necessary and sufficient for inhibitory function. This suggests that nuclear cFLIPL prevents IRF3 enhanceosome formation. Unlike other cellular IRF3 inhibitors, cFLIPL did not degrade or dephosphorylate IRF3. Thus, cFLIPL represents a different cellular strategy to inhibit type I IFN production. This new cFLIPL function must be considered to accurately understand how cFLIPL affects immune system development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T Gates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Conti S, Petrungaro S, Marini ES, Masciarelli S, Tomaipitinca L, Filippini A, Giampietri C, Ziparo E. A novel role of c-FLIP protein in regulation of ER stress response. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1262-1269. [PMID: 27267061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellular-Flice-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is an apoptosis modulator known to inhibit the extrinsic apoptotic pathway thus blocking Caspase-8 processing in the Death Inducing Signalling Complex (DISC). We previously demonstrated that c-FLIP localizes at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that c-FLIP-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) display an enlarged ER morphology. In the present study, we have addressed the consequences of c-FLIP ablation in the ER stress response by investigating the effects of pharmacologically-induced ER stress in Wild Type (WT) and c-FLIP-/- MEFs. Surprisingly, c-FLIP-/- MEFs were found to be strikingly more resistant than WT MEFs to ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Analysis of Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways revealed that Pancreatic ER Kinase (PERK) and Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) branch signalling is compromised in c-FLIP-/- cells when compared with WT cells. We found that c-FLIP modulates the PERK pathway by interfering with the activity of the serine threonine kinase AKT. Indeed, c-FLIP-/- MEFs display higher levels of active AKT than WT MEFs upon ER stress, while treatment with a specific AKT inhibitor of c-FLIP-/- MEFs subjected to ER stress restores the PERK but not the IRE1 pathway. Importantly, the AKT inhibitor or dominant negative AKT transfection sensitizes c-FLIP-/- cells to ER stress-induced cell death while the expression of a constitutively active AKT reduces WT cells sensitivity to ER stress-induced death. Thus, our results demonstrate that c-FLIP modulation of AKT activity is crucial in controlling PERK signalling and sensitivity to ER stress, and highlight c-FLIP as a novel molecular player in PERK and IRE1-mediated ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Conti
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elettra Sara Marini
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Blindernveien, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Silvia Masciarelli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Lei S, Yang J, Chen C, Sun J, Yang L, Tang H, Yang T, Chen A, Zhao H, Li Y, Du X. FLIP(L) is critical for aerobic glycolysis in hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:79. [PMID: 27178057 PMCID: PMC4865989 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Tumor cells use aerobic glycolysis to rapidly generate ATP and growth substrate which expenses a large amount of glucose. However, how tumor cells take in enough glucose from the tumor microenvironment of insufficient blood supply remains poorly understood. The cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP), a cell apoptosis inhibiting molecule, is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is implicated in HCC development. Methods The effects of FLIPL (the long form of FLIP) on aerobic glycolysis and glucose uptake were assessed in HCC cells and xenograft tumors. The correlations between FLIPL expression and sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) expression in clinical HCC tissues were analyzed. The consequences of FLIPL-induced regulation of SGLT1 at the transcription and translation levels and the interaction between FLIPL and SGLT1 were examined. FLIPL-mediated tolerance upon glucose limitation and its mechanism were detected. Results We report a novel role for FLIPL in promoting the aerobic glycolysis of HCC cells. FLIPL overexpression induced a significant increase in cell aerobic glycolysis indexes including glucose uptake, glucose consumption, and lactate production. FLIPL co-localized and interacted with SGLT1, a major active glucose transporter in HCC cells. FLIPL increased the stability of SGLT1 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitination and degradation. The expression level of FLIPL was positively correlated with the expression level of SGLT1 in 79 HCC tissues from surgical operation. Furthermore, FLIPL increased cell tolerance ability and decreased cell apoptosis to low glucose by regulating SGLT1. Conclusions Our results indicate that FLIPL plays an essential role in HCC aerobic glycolysis and that SGLT1 is required for FLIPL-modulated tumor proliferation under low glucose conditions. Targeting the actions of FLIPL in cell glucose-dependent aerobic glycolysis may provide an attractive strategy for therapeutic intervention in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0358-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Lei
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jiandong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, 210 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Haili Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - An Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huadong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Xilin Du
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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ur Rasool R, Rah B, Amin H, Nayak D, Chakraborty S, Rawoof A, Mintoo MJ, Yousuf K, Mukherjee D, Kumar LD, Mondhe DM, Goswami A. Dual modulation of Ras-Mnk and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways: A Novel c-FLIP inhibitory mechanism of 3-AWA mediated translational attenuation through dephosphorylation of eIF4E. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18800. [PMID: 26728896 PMCID: PMC4700468 DOI: 10.1038/srep18800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is considered as a key survival protein involved in cell cycle progression, transformation and apoptosis resistance. Herein, we demonstrate that medicinal plant derivative 3-AWA (from Withaferin A) suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of CaP cells through abrogation of eIF4E activation and expression via c-FLIP dependent mechanism. This translational attenuation prevents the de novo synthesis of major players of metastatic cascades viz. c-FLIP, c-Myc and cyclin D1. Moreover, the suppression of c-FLIP due to inhibition of translation initiation complex by 3-AWA enhanced FAS trafficking, BID and caspase 8 cleavage. Further ectopically restored c-Myc and GFP-HRas mediated activation of eIF4E was reduced by 3-AWA in transformed NIH3T3 cells. Detailed underlying mechanisms revealed that 3-AWA inhibited Ras-Mnk and PI3-AKT-mTOR, two major pathways through which eIF4E converges upon eIF4F hub. In addition to in vitro studies, we confirmed that 3-AWA efficiently suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in different mouse models. Given that 3-AWA inhibits c-FLIP through abrogation of translation initiation by co-targeting mTOR and Mnk-eIF4E, it (3-AWA) can be exploited as a lead pharmacophore for promising anti-cancer therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyaz ur Rasool
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Bilal Rah
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Hina Amin
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Souneek Chakraborty
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, AP-50007, India
| | - Mubashir Javed Mintoo
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Khalid Yousuf
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Lekha Dinesh Kumar
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, AP-50007, India
| | - Dilip Manikaro Mondhe
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, J&K – 180001, India
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Trivedi R, Mishra DP. Trailing TRAIL Resistance: Novel Targets for TRAIL Sensitization in Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2015; 5:69. [PMID: 25883904 PMCID: PMC4382980 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is the major hindrance in the successful cancer therapy. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of ligands, which initiates apoptosis in cancer cells through interaction with the death receptors DR4 and DR5. TRAIL is perceived as an attractive chemotherapeutic agent as it specifically targets cancer cells while sparing the normal cells. However, TRAIL therapy has a major limitation as a large number of the cancer develop resistance toward TRAIL and escape from the destruction by the immune system. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular targets and signaling pathways responsible for TRAIL resistance is imperative for devising effective therapeutic strategies for TRAIL resistant cancers. Although, various molecular targets leading to TRAIL resistance are well-studied, recent studies have implicated that the contribution of some key cellular processes toward TRAIL resistance need to be fully elucidated. These processes primarily include aberrant protein synthesis, protein misfolding, ubiquitin regulated death receptor expression, metabolic pathways, epigenetic deregulation, and metastasis. Novel synthetic/natural compounds that could inhibit these defective cellular processes may restore the TRAIL sensitivity and combination therapies with such compounds may resensitize TRAIL resistant cancer cells toward TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In this review, we have summarized the key cellular processes associated with TRAIL resistance and their status as therapeutic targets for novel TRAIL-sensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Trivedi
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
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Dao P, Smith N, Scott-Algara D, Garbay C, Herbeuval J, Chen H. Restoration of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in resistant human pancreatic cancer cells by a novel FAK inhibitor, PH11. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pongrakhananon V, Luanpitpong S, Stueckle TA, Wang L, Nimmannit U, Rojanasakul Y. Carbon nanotubes induce apoptosis resistance of human lung epithelial cells through FLICE-inhibitory protein. Toxicol Sci 2015; 143:499-511. [PMID: 25412619 PMCID: PMC4306727 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) has been reported to induce apoptosis resistance of human lung epithelial cells. As resistance to apoptosis is a foundation of neoplastic transformation and cancer development, we evaluated the apoptosis resistance characteristic of the exposed lung cells to understand the pathogenesis mechanism. Passage control and SWCNT-transformed human lung epithelial cells were treated with known inducers of apoptosis via the intrinsic (antimycin A and CDDP) or extrinsic (FasL and TNF-α) pathway and analyzed for apoptosis by DNA fragmentation, annexin-V expression, and caspase activation assays. Whole-genome microarray was performed to aid the analysis of apoptotic gene signaling network. The SWCNT-transformed cells exhibited defective death receptor pathway in association with cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) overexpression. Knockdown or chemical inhibition of c-FLIP abrogated the apoptosis resistance of SWCNT-transformed cells. Whole-genome expression signature analysis confirmed these findings. This study is the first to demonstrate carbon nanotube-induced defective death receptor pathway and the role of c-FLIP in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varisa Pongrakhananon
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Sudjit Luanpitpong
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Liying Wang
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ubonthip Nimmannit
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand *Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, and National Nanotechnology Center, Pathumthani, Thailand
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He Y, Zhou A, Jiang W. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling participates in apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2744-53. [PMID: 25206585 PMCID: PMC4145995 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.29.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is considered important for cell survival and has been shown to mediate various anti-apoptotic biological effects. This study explored the role of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated PI3K/AKT-glycogen syn-thase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis in a primary culture of hippocampal neurons. Results demonstrated that the apoptotic ratio of hippocampal neurons stimulated by lipopolysaccharide was significantly higher compared with the control group. Both the expression of P-AKTSer473 and P-GSK-3βSer9 in hippocampal neurons stimulated by lipopo-polysaccharide decreased compared with the control, while the level of active Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were significantly increased. The level of active Caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in hippocampal neurons treated with TLR4 antibody or the GSK-3β inhibitor, LiCl, creased before intervention with lipopolysaccharide, but increased after treatment with the AKT hibitor, LY294002. These findings suggest that the TLR4-PI3K/AKT-GSK3β signaling pathway may be involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ailing Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Scientific Technology and Property, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
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Gravina GL, Marampon F, Sherris D, Vittorini F, Di Cesare E, Tombolini V, Lenzi A, Jannini EA, Festuccia C. Torc1/Torc2 inhibitor, Palomid 529, enhances radiation response modulating CRM1-mediated survivin function and delaying DNA repair in prostate cancer models. Prostate 2014; 74:852-68. [PMID: 24715588 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P529, a Torc1/Torc2 inhibitor, has demonstrated its potential as a radiosensitizer. However the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon still need to be elucidated. Aim of this study is to dissect molecular mechanisms regulating the radiosensitizing properties of P529 in a wide panel of prostate cancer models. METHODS Six tumor cell lines and xenograft models were used for in vitro and in vivo studies. Clonogenic survival, apoptotic, autophagic, and senescence assays were used to examine the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) alone and in combination with P529. CRM1, survivin, GSK-3β, and DNA-DSBs expression and modulation, upon P529 and RT, were monitored by western blot. In vivo treatment response upon P529, irradiation or combination of P529 with IR was monitored by tumor volume, time to progression (TTP), and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS P529 treatment induced significantly more apoptosis and DNA double-strand break (DSB) when combined with radiotherapy resulting in cellular radiosensitization and growth delay of irradiated tumor xenografts. Upon P529 treatment Rad51, DNA-PKcs, and Ku70 protein expression was downregulated, indicating delayed DNA double-strand damage repair. The radiosensitizing properties of P529 were partially linked to GSK-3β, cyclin-D1, and c-myc modulation with associated inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export of survivin. Importantly, autophagy and tumor senescence were involved in the enhanced P529 radioresponse. CONCLUSIONS Impaired DNA double-strand damage repair, inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export of survivin, modulation of cyclin-D1 and c-myc with associated pro-apoptotic and autophagic and senescent events explain the radiosensitizing properties of P529 in preclinical models of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Clinical and Applied Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Clinical and Applied Sciences and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical and Applied Sciences and Biotechnologies, School of Sexology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Poor antibody validation is a challenge in biomedical research: a case study for detection of c-FLIP. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1154-62. [PMID: 23917691 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful translation of findings derived from preclinical studies into effective therapies is critical in biomedical research. Lack of robustness and reproducibility of the preclinical data, due to insufficient number of repeats, inadequate cell-based and mouse models contribute to the poor success rate. Antibodies are widely used in preclinical research, notably to determine the expression of potential therapeutic targets in tissues of interest, including tumors, but also to identify disease and/or treatment response biomarkers. We sought to determine whether the current antibody characterization standards in preclinical research are sufficient to ensure reliability of the data found in peer-reviewed publications. To address this issue, we used detection of the protein c-FLIP, a major factor of resistance to apoptosis, as a proof of concept. Accurate detection of endogenous c-FLIP levels in the preclinical settings is imperative since it is considered as a potential theranostic biomarker. Several sources of c-FLIP antibodies validated by their manufacturer and recommended for western blotting were therefore rigorously tested. We found a wide divergence in immune recognition properties. While these antibodies have been used in many publications, our results show that several of them failed to detect endogenous c-FLIP protein by Western blotting. Our results suggest that antibody validation standards are inadequate, and that systematic use of genetic knockdowns and/or knockouts to establish proof of specificity is critical, even for antibodies previously used in the scientific literature. Because antibodies are fundamental tools in both preclinical and clinical research, ensuring their specificity is crucial.
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Gao AH, Jin YM, Sun HH, Jin WB, Cui H, Cui X, Cui YZ, Shen XH, Zhang SN, Piao LZ. Clinical significance of LETM1 protein expression in colonic cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:718-723. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i5.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the expression of leucine zipper/EF-hand-containing transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1) protein in colonic cancer and to determine whether LETM1 can be used as a marker for this malignancy.
METHODS: Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of LETM1 and phosphorylated Akt (protein kinase B, PKB/Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in 73 specimens of colonic carcinoma. Disease-free survival time of colonic cancer patients was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis was performed to determine the correlation between LETM1 expression and clinicopathologic parameters of colonic cancer.
RESULTS: The rate of high LTEM1 protein expression was 54.8% in 73 colonic cancer specimens. LETM1 protein expression was significantly correlated with degree of invasion (27.3% vs 72.7%, P < 0.05), differentiation (38.3% vs 61.7%, P < 0.05) and lymph node metastasis (22.7% vs 77.3%, P < 0.05), but not with age, sex or tumor size (P > 0.05 for all). High expression of LETM1 protein could activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signal transduction pathway. The disease-free survival time of patients with high expression of LETM1 was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression of LETM1 (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: High expression of LETM1 may play a role in the pathogenesis, metastasis and recurrence of colon cancer. LETM1 protein may be used as an indicator to determine the prognosis of colon cancer patients.
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Necroptosis: molecular signalling and translational implications. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:490275. [PMID: 24587805 PMCID: PMC3920604 DOI: 10.1155/2014/490275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis whose molecular players are partially shared with apoptotic cell death. Here we summarize what is known about molecular signalling of necroptosis, particularly focusing on fine tuning of FLIP and IAP proteins in the apoptosis/necroptosis balance. We also emphasize necroptosis involvement in physiological and pathological conditions, particularly in the regulation of immune homeostasis.
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Gao Z, Liu F, Yin P, Wan C, He S, Liu X, Zhao H, Liu T, Xu J, Guo S. Inhibition of heat-induced apoptosis in rat small intestine and IEC-6 cells through the AKT signaling pathway. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:241. [PMID: 24295139 PMCID: PMC4220846 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the world warms up, heat stress is becoming a major cause of economic loss in the livestock industry. Long-time exposure of animals to hyperthermia causes extensive cell apoptosis, which is harmful to them. AKT and AKT-related serine–threonine kinases are known to be involved in signaling cascades that regulate cell survival, but the mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) /AKT signal pathway provides protection against apoptosis induced by heat stress to ascertain the key point for treatment. Results Under heat stress, rats showed increased shedding of intestinal epithelial cells. These rats also had elevated levels of serum cortisol and improved expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90) in response to heat stress. Apoptosis analysis by TUNEL assay revealed a higher number of villi epithelial cells that were undergoing apoptosis in heat-treated rats than in the normal control. This is supported by gene expression analysis, which showed an increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 (p < 0.05), an important indicator of apoptosis. During heat-induced apoptosis, more AKTs were activated, showing increased phosphorylation. An increase of BAD phosphorylation, which is an inhibitory modification, ensued. In rat IEC-6 cell line, a significant higher level of AKT phosphorylation was observed at 2 h after heat exposure. This coincided with a marked reduction of apoptosis. Conclusion Together, these results suggest that heat stress caused damages to rat jejunum and induced apoptosis to a greater degree. HSPs and pro-survival factors were involved in response to heat stress. Among them, AKT played a key role in inhibiting heat-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, R, P China.
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1beta-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major resistance factor and critical anti-apoptotic regulator that inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Fas-L, and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis as well as chemotherapy-triggered apoptosis in malignant cells. c-FLIP is expressed as long (c-FLIP(L)), short (c-FLIP(S)), and c-FLIP(R) splice variants in human cells. c-FLIP binds to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 in a ligand-dependent and-independent fashion, which in turn prevents death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. Moreover, c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) are known to have multifunctional roles in various signaling pathways, as well as activating and/or upregulating several cytoprotective signaling molecules. Upregulation of c-FLIP has been found in various tumor types, and its downregulation has been shown to restore apoptosis triggered by cytokines and various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, c-FLIP is an important target for cancer therapy. For example, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that specifically knockdown the expression of c-FLIP(L) in diverse human cancer cell lines augmented TRAIL-induced DISC recruitment and increased the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, thereby enhancing effector caspase stimulation and apoptosis. Moreover, small molecules causing degradation of c-FLIP as well as decreasing mRNA and protein levels of c-FLIP(L) and c-FLIP(S) splice variants have been found, and efforts are underway to develop other c-FLIP-targeted cancer therapies. This review focuses on (1) the functional role of c-FLIP splice variants in preventing apoptosis and inducing cytokine and drug resistance; (2) the molecular mechanisms that regulate c-FLIP expression; and (3) strategies to inhibit c-FLIP expression and function.
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Pallante P, Malapelle U, Berlingieri MT, Bellevicine C, Sepe R, Federico A, Rocco D, Galgani M, Chiariotti L, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Fusco A, Troncone G. UbcH10 overexpression in human lung carcinomas and its correlation with EGFR and p53 mutational status. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major antiapoptotic protein and an important cytokine and chemotherapy resistance factor that suppresses cytokine- and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. c-FLIP is expressed as long (c-FLIPL), short (c-FLIPS), and c-FLIPR splice variants in human cells. c-FLIP binds to FADD and/or caspase-8 or -10 and TRAIL receptor 5 (DR5). This interaction in turn prevents Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) formation and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS are also known to have multifunctional roles in various signaling pathways, as well as activating and/or upregulating several cytoprotective and pro-survival signaling proteins including Akt, ERK, and NF-κB. In addition to its role in apoptosis, c-FLIP is involved in programmed necroptosis (necrosis) and autophagy. Necroptosis is regulated by the Ripoptosome, which is a signaling intracellular cell death platform complex. The Ripoptosome contains receptor-interacting protein-1/Receptor-Interacting Protein-3 (RIP1), caspase-8, caspase-10, FADD, and c-FLIP isoforms involved in switching apoptotic and necroptotic cell death. c-FLIP regulates the Ripoptosome; in addition to its role in apoptosis, it is therefore also involved in necrosis. c-FLIPL attenuates autophagy by direct acting on the autophagy machinery by competing with Atg3 binding to LC3, thereby decreasing LC3 processing and inhibiting autophagosome formation. Upregulation of c-FLIP has been found in various tumor types, and its silencing has been shown to restore apoptosis triggered by cytokines and various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence, c-FLIP is an important target for cancer therapy. This review focuses on (1) the anti-apoptotic role of c-FLIP splice variants in preventing apoptosis and inducing cytokine and chemotherapy drug resistance, as well as its roles in necrosis and autophagy, and (2) modulation of c-FLIP expression as a means to enhance apoptosis and modulate necrosis and autophagy in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA ; Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
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Quintavalle C, Donnarumma E, Iaboni M, Roscigno G, Garofalo M, Romano G, Fiore D, De Marinis P, Croce CM, Condorelli G. Effect of miR-21 and miR-30b/c on TRAIL-induced apoptosis in glioma cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:4001-8. [PMID: 22964638 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent brain tumor in adults and is the most lethal form of human cancer. Despite the improvements in treatments, survival of patients remains poor. To define novel pathways that regulate susceptibility to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in glioma, we have performed genome-wide expression profiling of microRNAs (miRs). We show that in TRAIL-resistant glioma cells, levels of different miRs are increased, and in particular, miR-30b/c and -21. We demonstrate that these miRs impair TRAIL-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of key functional proteins. T98G-sensitive cells treated with miR-21 or -30b/c become resistant to TRAIL. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-30b/c and miR-21 target respectively the 3' untranslated region of caspase-3 and TAp63 mRNAs, and that those proteins mediate some of the effects of miR-30 and -21 on TRAIL resistance, even in human glioblastoma primary cells and in lung cancer cells. In conclusion, we show that high expression levels of miR-21 and -30b/c are needed to maintain the TRAIL-resistant phenotype, thus making these miRs as promising therapeutic targets for TRAIL resistance in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Quintavalle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathology, 'Federico II' University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Subramaniam K, Hirpara JL, Tucker-Kellogg L, Tucker-Kellogg G, Pervaiz S. FLIP: a flop for execution signals. Cancer Lett 2012; 332:151-5. [PMID: 22781394 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to apoptosis is one of the established hallmarks of cancer cells. This is a function of an imbalance between the proteins that facilitate death execution and those that inhibit apoptosis or promote cell proliferation. The anti-apoptotic protein, FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP), first identified as a viral protein, is over-expressed in a variety of human pathologies. Initial observations linked FLIP expression to inhibition of death receptor induced apoptosis, due to its structural homology to the cysteine protease, caspase-8. FLIP impedes full processing of pro-caspase-8 to its active form and its release to the cytosol, and by doing so blocks apoptotic signaling downstream of the membrane death initiating signaling complex (DISC). Recent observations have highlighted the complex regulation of this protein and its cross talk with diverse signaling networks and metabolic processes. As FLIP expression is directly associated with chemotherapy resistance, a better understanding of its genomic organization, gene transcription, as well as post-transcriptional regulation could yield novel targets with potential therapeutic implications against drug refractory cancers. In this short review, we provide a brief overview of the structural and functional biology of this somewhat complex protein with direct relevance to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kothandharaman Subramaniam
- Apoptosis, ROS and Cancer Biology Program, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Plati J, Bucur O, Khosravi-Far R. Apoptotic cell signaling in cancer progression and therapy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:279-96. [PMID: 21340093 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00144a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated cell suicide program that plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis by eliminating unnecessary or harmful cells. Impairment of this native defense mechanism promotes aberrant cellular proliferation and the accumulation of genetic defects, ultimately resulting in tumorigenesis, and frequently confers drug resistance to cancer cells. The regulation of apoptosis at several levels is essential to maintain the delicate balance between cellular survival and death signaling that is required to prevent disease. Complex networks of signaling pathways act to promote or inhibit apoptosis in response to various cues. Apoptosis can be triggered by signals from within the cell, such as genotoxic stress, or by extrinsic signals, such as the binding of ligands to cell surface death receptors. Various upstream signaling pathways can modulate apoptosis by converging on, and thereby altering the activity of, common central control points within the apoptotic signaling pathways, which involve the BCL-2 family proteins, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). This review highlights the role of these fundamental regulators of apoptosis in the context of both normal apoptotic signaling mechanisms and dysregulated apoptotic pathways that can render cancer cells resistant to cell death. In addition, therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the activity of BCL-2 family proteins, IAPs, and c-FLIP for the targeted induction of apoptosis are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Plati
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
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