1
|
Han M, Chen Z, Sun G, Feng Y, Guo Y, Bai S, Yan X. Nano-Fe 3O 4: Enhancing the tolerance of Elymus nutans to Cd stress through regulating programmed cell death. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 360:124711. [PMID: 39128602 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to plant growth and the environment. Nano-Fe3O4 is effective in alleviating Cd stress in plants. Elymus nutans Griseb. is an important fodder crop on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). However, the potential mechanism by which nano-Fe3O4 alleviates Cd stress in E. nutans is not well understood. E. nutans were subjected to single Cd, single nano-Fe3O4, and co-treatment with nano-Fe3O4 and Cd, and the effects on morphology, Cd uptake, antioxidant enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and programmed cell death (PCD) were studied to clarify the regulatory mechanism of nano-Fe3O4. The results showed that Cd stress significantly decreased the germination percentage and biomass of E. nutans. The photosynthetic pigment content decreased significantly under Cd stress. Cd stress also caused oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, accumulation of excessive ROS, resulting in PCD, but the effect of nano-Fe3O4 was different. Seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological processes were analyzed to elucidate the regulatory role of nano-Fe3O4 nanoparticles in promoting photosynthesis, reducing Cd accumulation, scavenging ROS, and regulating PCD, to promote seed germination and seedling growth in E. nutans. This report provides a scientific basis for improving the tolerance of Elymus to Cd stress by using nano-Fe3O4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Genlou Sun
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yuxi Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yuxia Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Shiqie Bai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China.
| | - Xuebing Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basak S, Paul D, Das R, Dastidar SG, Kundu P. A novel acidic pH-dependent metacaspase governs defense-response against pathogens in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108850. [PMID: 38917737 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The importance of metacaspases in programmed cell death and tissue differentiation is known, but their significance in disease stress response, particularly in a crop plant, remained enigmatic. We show the tomato metacaspase expression landscape undergoes differential reprogramming during biotrophic and necrotrophic modes of pathogenesis; also, the metacaspase activity dynamics correlate with the disease progression. These stresses have contrasting effects on the expression pattern of SlMC8, a Type II metacaspase, indicating that SlMC8 is crucial for stress response. In accordance, selected biotic stress-related transcription factors repress SlMC8 promoter activity. Interestingly, SlMC8 exhibits maximum proteolysis at an acidic pH range of 5-6. Molecular dynamics simulation identified the low pH-driven protonation event of Glu246 as critical to stabilize the interaction of SlMC8 with its substrate. Mutagenesis of Glu246 to charge-neutral glutamine suppressed SlMC8's proteolytic activity, corroborating the importance of the amino acid in SlMC8 activation. The glutamic acid residue is found in an equivalent position in metacaspases having acidic pH dependence. SlMC8 overexpression leads to heightened ROS levels, cell death, and tolerance to PstDC3000, and SlMC8 repression reversed the phenomena. However, the overexpression of SlMC8 increases tomato susceptibility to necrotrophic Alternaria solani. We propose that SlMC8 activation due to concurrent changes in cellular pH during infection contributes to the basal resistance of the plant by promoting cell death at the site of infection, and the low pH dependence acts as a guard against unwarranted cell death. Our study confirms the essentiality of a low pH-driven Type II metacaspase in tomato biotic stress-response regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shrabani Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohit Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Ghosh Dastidar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, EN-80, Sector V, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma I, Talakayala A, Tiwari M, Asinti S, Kirti PB. A synchronized symphony: Intersecting roles of ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy in cellular degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108700. [PMID: 38781635 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved dynamic quality control pathways and recycling mechanisms for cellular homeostasis. We discuss here, the two major systems for quality control, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy that regulate cellular protein and organelle turnover and ensure efficient nutrient management, cellular integrity and long-term wellbeing of the plant. Both the pathways rely on ubiquitination signal to identify the targets for proteasomal and autophagic degradation, yet they use distinct degradation machinery to process these cargoes. Nonetheless, both UPS and autophagy operate together as an interrelated quality control mechanism where they communicate with each other at multiple nodes to coordinate and/or compensate the recycling mechanism particularly under development and environmental cues. Here, we provide an update on the cellular machinery of autophagy and UPS, unravel the nodes of their crosstalk and particularly highlight the factors responsible for their differential deployment towards protein, macromolecular complexes and organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, 502324.
| | - Ashwini Talakayala
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Hyderabad, India, 502324
| | - Manish Tiwari
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, 435, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarath Asinti
- Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - P B Kirti
- Agri Biotech Foundation, Rajendranagar, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Bollier N, Buono RA, Vahldick H, Lin Z, Feng Q, Hudecek R, Jiang Q, Mylle E, Van Damme D, Nowack MK. A developmentally controlled cellular decompartmentalization process executes programmed cell death in the Arabidopsis root cap. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:941-962. [PMID: 38085063 PMCID: PMC7615778 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process crucial to development, homeostasis, and immunity in multicellular eukaryotes. In contrast to our knowledge on the regulation of diverse animal cell death subroutines, information on execution of PCD in plants remains fragmentary. Here, we make use of the accessibility of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cap to visualize the execution process of developmentally controlled PCD. We identify a succession of selective decompartmentalization events and ion fluxes as part of the terminal differentiation program that is orchestrated by the NO APICAL MERISTEM, ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA ACTIVATING FACTOR, CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (NAC) transcription factor SOMBRERO. Surprisingly, the breakdown of the large central vacuole is a relatively late and variable event, preceded by an increase of intracellular calcium levels and acidification, release of mitochondrial matrix proteins, leakage of nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum lumina, and release of fluorescent membrane reporters into the cytosol. In analogy to animal apoptosis, the plasma membrane remains impermeable for proteins during and after PCD execution. Elevated intracellular calcium levels and acidification are sufficient to trigger cell death execution specifically in terminally differentiated root cap cells, suggesting that these ion fluxes act as PCD-triggering signals. This detailed information on the cellular processes occurring during developmental PCD in plants is a pivotal prerequisite for future research into the molecular mechanisms of cell death execution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert Bollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rafael Andrade Buono
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Vahldick
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zongcheng Lin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qiangnan Feng
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Hudecek
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qihang Jiang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moritz K. Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang M, Huai B, Lin J, Liang X, He H, Bai M, Wu H. Ca2+- and Zn2+-dependent nucleases co-participate in nuclear DNA degradation during programmed cell death in secretory cavity development in Citrus fruits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad122. [PMID: 37738622 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)- and zinc Zn2+-dependent nucleases play pivotal roles in plant nuclear DNA degradation in programmed cell death (PCD). However, the mechanisms by which these two nucleases co-participate in PCD-associated nuclear DNA degradation remain unclear. Here, the spatiotemporal expression patterns of two nucleases (CrCAN and CrENDO1) were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively during PCD in secretory cavity formation in Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' fruits. Results show that the middle and late initial cell stages and lumen-forming stages are key stages for nuclear degradation during the secretory cavity development. CAN and ENDO1 exhibited potent in vitro DNA degradation activity at pH 8.0 and pH 5.5, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization assays, the subcellular localization of Ca2+ and Zn2+, and immunocytochemical localization showed that CrCAN was activated at the middle and late initial cell stages, while CrENDO1 was activated at the late initial cell and lumen-forming stages. Furthermore, we used immunocytochemical double-labelling to simultaneously locate CrCAN and CrENDO1. The DNA degradation activity of the two nucleases was verified by simulating the change of intracellular pH in vitro. Our results also showed that CrCAN and CrENDO1 worked respectively and co-participated in nuclear DNA degradation during PCD of secretory cavity cells. In conclusion, we propose the model for the synergistic effect of Ca2+- and Zn2+-dependent nucleases (CrCAN and CrENDO1) in co-participating in nuclear DNA degradation during secretory cavity cell PCD in Citrus fruits. Our findings provide direct experimental evidence for exploring different ion-dependent nucleases involved in nuclear degradation during plant PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Bin Huai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjun Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanjun He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mei Bai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos NP, Soh WT, Demir F, Tenhaken R, Briza P, Huesgen PF, Brandstetter H, Dall E. Phytocystatin 6 is a context-dependent, tight-binding inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana legumain isoform β. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1681-1695. [PMID: 37688791 PMCID: PMC10952133 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant legumains are crucial for processing seed storage proteins and are critical regulators of plant programmed cell death. Although research on legumains boosted recently, little is known about their activity regulation. In our study, we used pull-down experiments to identify AtCYT6 as a natural inhibitor of legumain isoform β (AtLEGβ) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analysis revealed that AtCYT6 inhibits both AtLEGβ and papain-like cysteine proteases through two separate cystatin domains. The N-terminal domain inhibits papain-like proteases, while the C-terminal domain inhibits AtLEGβ. Furthermore, we showed that AtCYT6 interacts with legumain in a substrate-like manner, facilitated by a conserved asparagine residue in its reactive center loop. Complex formation was additionally stabilized by charged exosite interactions, contributing to pH-dependent inhibition. Processing of AtCYT6 by AtLEGβ suggests a context-specific regulatory mechanism with implications for plant physiology, development, and programmed cell death. These findings enhance our understanding of AtLEGβ regulation and its broader physiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiá P. Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| | - Wai Tuck Soh
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesD‐37077GöttingenGermany
| | - Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics52428JülichZEA‐3, Forschungszentrum JülichGermany
- Present address:
Department of BiomedicineAarhus University8000Aarhus CDenmark
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| | - Pitter F. Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics52428JülichZEA‐3, Forschungszentrum JülichGermany
- CECADMedical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne50931CologneGermany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesUniversity of Cologne50674CologneGermany
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| | - Elfriede Dall
- Department of Biosciences and Medical BiologyUniversity of Salzburg5020SalzburgAustria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodriguez-Furlan C, Borna R, Betz O. RAB7 GTPases as coordinators of plant endomembrane traffic. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1240973. [PMID: 37662169 PMCID: PMC10470000 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1240973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The ras gene from rat brain (RAB) family of small GTPases is highly conserved among eukaryotes and regulates endomembrane trafficking pathways. RAB7, in particular, has been linked to various processes involved in regulating endocytic and autophagic pathways. Plants have several copies of RAB7 proteins that reflect the intricacy of their endomembrane transport systems. RAB7 activity regulates different pathways of endomembrane trafficking in plants: (1) endocytic traffic to the vacuole; (2) biosynthetic traffic to the vacuole; and (3) recycling from the late endosome to the secretory pathway. During certain developmental and stress related processes another pathway becomes activated (4) autophagic trafficking towards the vacuole that is also regulated by RAB7. RAB7s carry out these functions by interacting with various effector proteins. Current research reveals many unexplored RAB7 functions in connection with stress responses. Thus, this review describes a comprehensive summary of current knowledge of plant RAB7's functions, discusses unresolved challenges, and recommends prospective future research directions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu L, Yang H, Xu Y, Zhang L, Wu J, Yi H. Laser capture microdissection-based spatiotemporal transcriptomes uncover regulatory networks during seed abortion in seedless Ponkan (Citrus reticulata). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:642-661. [PMID: 37077034 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed abortion is an important process in the formation of seedless characteristics in citrus fruits. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism underlying citrus seed abortion is poorly understood. Laser capture microdissection-based RNA-seq combined with Pacbio-seq was used to profile seed development in the Ponkan cultivars 'Huagan No. 4' (seedless Ponkan) (Citrus reticulata) and 'E'gan No. 1' (seeded Ponkan) (C. reticulata) in two types of seed tissue across three developmental stages. Through comparative transcriptome and dynamic phytohormone analyses, plant hormone signal, cell division and nutrient metabolism-related processes were revealed to play critical roles in the seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4'. Moreover, several genes may play indispensable roles in seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4', such as CrWRKY74, CrWRKY48 and CrMYB3R4. Overexpression of CrWRKY74 in Arabidopsis resulted in severe seed abortion. By analyzing the downstream regulatory network, we further determined that CrWRKY74 participated in seed abortion regulation by inducing abnormal programmed cell death. Of particular importance is that a preliminary model was proposed to depict the regulatory networks underlying seed abortion in citrus. The results of this study provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism across citrus seed development, and reveal the master role of CrWRKY74 in seed abortion of 'Huagan No. 4'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Haijian Yang
- Fruit Tree Research Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Juxun Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Yi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huai B, Liang M, Lin J, Tong P, Bai M, He H, Liang X, Chen J, Wu H. Involvement of Vacuolar Processing Enzyme CgVPE1 in Vacuole Rupture in the Programmed Cell Death during the Development of the Secretory Cavity in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' Fruits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11681. [PMID: 37511439 PMCID: PMC10380461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) with caspase-1-like activity are closely associated with vacuole rupture. The destruction of vacuoles is one of the characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. However, whether VPE is involved in the vacuole destruction of cells during secretory cavity formation in Citrus plants remains unclear. This research identified a CgVPE1 gene that encoded the VPE and utilized cytology and molecular biology techniques to explore its temporal and spatial expression characteristics during the PCD process of secretory cavity cells in the Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' fruit. The results showed that CgVPE1 is an enzyme with VPE and caspase-1-like activity that can self-cleave into a mature enzyme in an acidic environment. CgVPE1 is specifically expressed in the epithelial cells of secretory cavities. In addition, it mainly accumulates in vacuoles before it is ruptured in the secretory cavity cells. The spatial and temporal immunolocalization of CgVPE1 showed a strong relationship with the change in vacuole structure during PCD in secretory cavity cells. In addition, the change in the two types of VPE proteins from proenzymes to mature enzymes was closely related to the change in CgVPE1 localization. Our results indicate that CgVPE1 plays a vital role in PCD, causing vacuole rupture in cells during the development of the secretory cavity in C. grandis 'Tomentosa' fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Minjian Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Panpan Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanjun He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiezhong Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Niu G, Jian T, Gai Y, Chen J. Microbiota and plant-derived vesicles that serve as therapeutic agents and delivery carriers to regulate metabolic syndrome. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114774. [PMID: 36906231 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The gut is a fundamental organ in controlling human health. Recently, researches showed that substances in the intestine can alter the course of many diseases through the intestinal epithelium, especially intestinal flora and exogenously ingested plant vesicles that can be transported over long distances to various organs. This article reviews the current knowledge on extracellular vesicles in modulating gut homeostasis, inflammatory response and numerous metabolic disease that share obesity as a co-morbidity. These complex systemic diseases that are difficult to cure, but can be managed by some bacterial and plant vesicles. Vesicles, due to their digestive stability and modifiable properties, have emerged as novel and targeted drug delivery vehicles for effective treatment of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanting Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tunyu Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yanan Gai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan H, Zhuang M, Xu X, Li S, Yang M, Li N, Du X, Hu K, Peng X, Huang W, Wu H, Tse YC, Zhao L, Wang H. Autophagy and its mediated mitochondrial quality control maintain pollen tube growth and male fertility in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2023; 19:768-783. [PMID: 35786359 PMCID: PMC9980518 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2095838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy, a major catabolic pathway in eukaryotes, participates in plant sexual reproduction including the processes of male gametogenesis and the self-incompatibility response. Rapid pollen tube growth is another essential reproductive process that is metabolically highly demanding to drive the vigorous cell growth for delivery of male gametes for fertilization in angiosperms. Whether and how autophagy operates to maintain the homeostasis of pollen tubes remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that autophagy is elevated in growing pollen tubes and critically required during pollen tube growth and male fertility in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that SH3P2, a critical non-ATG regulator of plant autophagy, colocalizes with representative ATG proteins during autophagosome biogenesis in growing pollen tubes. Downregulation of SH3P2 expression significantly disrupts Arabidopsis pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Further analysis of organelle dynamics reveals crosstalk between autophagosomes and prevacuolar compartments following the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In addition, time-lapse imaging and tracking of ATG8e-labeled autophagosomes and depolarized mitochondria demonstrate that they interact specifically via the ATG8-family interacting motif (AIM)-docking site to mediate mitophagy. Ultrastructural identification of mitophagosomes and two additional forms of autophagosomes imply that multiple types of autophagy are likely to function simultaneously within pollen tubes. Altogether, our results suggest that autophagy is functionally crucial for mediating mitochondrial quality control and canonical cytoplasm recycling during pollen tube growth.Abbreviations: AIM: ATG8-family interacting motif; ATG8: autophagy related 8; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BTH: acibenzolar-S-methyl; DEX: dexamethasone; DNP: 2,4-dinitrophenol; GFP: green fluorescent protein; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PVC: prevacuolar compartment; SH3P2: SH3 domain-containing protein 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Yan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Menglong Zhuang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingkang Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou null China
| | - Nianle Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kangwei Hu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaomin Peng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou null China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou null China
| | - Yu Chung Tse
- Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takatsuka H, Higaki T, Ito M. At the Nexus between Cytoskeleton and Vacuole: How Plant Cytoskeletons Govern the Dynamics of Large Vacuoles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044143. [PMID: 36835552 PMCID: PMC9967756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Large vacuoles are a predominant cell organelle throughout the plant body. They maximally account for over 90% of cell volume and generate turgor pressure that acts as a driving force of cell growth, which is essential for plant development. The plant vacuole also acts as a reservoir for sequestering waste products and apoptotic enzymes, thereby enabling plants to rapidly respond to fluctuating environments. Vacuoles undergo dynamic transformation through repeated enlargement, fusion, fragmentation, invagination, and constriction, eventually resulting in the typical 3-dimensional complex structure in each cell type. Previous studies have indicated that such dynamic transformations of plant vacuoles are governed by the plant cytoskeletons, which consist of F-actin and microtubules. However, the molecular mechanism of cytoskeleton-mediated vacuolar modifications remains largely unclear. Here we first review the behavior of cytoskeletons and vacuoles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses, and then introduce candidates that potentially play pivotal roles in the vacuole-cytoskeleton nexus. Finally, we discuss factors hampering the advances in this research field and their possible solutions using the currently available cutting-edge technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Takatsuka
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wleklik K, Borek S. Vacuolar Processing Enzymes in Plant Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021198. [PMID: 36674706 PMCID: PMC9862320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are plant cysteine proteases that are subjected to autoactivation in an acidic pH. It is presumed that VPEs, by activating other vacuolar hydrolases, are in control of tonoplast rupture during programmed cell death (PCD). Involvement of VPEs has been indicated in various types of plant PCD related to development, senescence, and environmental stress responses. Another pathway induced during such processes is autophagy, which leads to the degradation of cellular components and metabolite salvage, and it is presumed that VPEs may be involved in the degradation of autophagic bodies during plant autophagy. As both PCD and autophagy occur under similar conditions, research on the relationship between them is needed, and VPEs, as key vacuolar proteases, seem to be an important factor to consider. They may even constitute a potential point of crosstalk between cell death and autophagy in plant cells. This review describes new insights into the role of VPEs in plant PCD, with an emphasis on evidence and hypotheses on the interconnections between autophagy and cell death, and indicates several new research opportunities.
Collapse
|
14
|
Aguilera A, Distéfano A, Jauzein C, Correa-Aragunde N, Martinez D, Martin MV, Sueldo DJ. Do photosynthetic cells communicate with each other during cell death? From cyanobacteria to vascular plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7219-7242. [PMID: 36179088 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As in metazoans, life in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms relies on the accurate regulation of cell death. During development and in response to the environment, photosynthetic cells activate and execute cell death pathways that culminate in the death of a specific group of cells, a process known as regulated cell death (RCD). RCD control is instrumental, as its misregulation can lead to growth penalties and even the death of the entire organism. Intracellular molecules released during cell demise may act as 'survival' or 'death' signals and control the propagation of cell death to surrounding cells, even in unicellular organisms. This review explores different signals involved in cell-cell communication and systemic signalling in photosynthetic organisms, in particular Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, lipid derivates, nitric oxide, and eATP. We discuss their possible mode-of-action as either 'survival' or 'death' molecules and their potential role in determining cell fate in neighbouring cells. By comparing the knowledge available across the taxonomic spectrum of this coherent phylogenetic group, from cyanobacteria to vascular plants, we aim at contributing to the identification of conserved mechanisms that control cell death propagation in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anabella Aguilera
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, 39231 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Cécile Jauzein
- Ifremer, Centre de Brest, DYNECO-Pelagos, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Natalia Correa-Aragunde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Dana Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Martin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata,7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniela J Sueldo
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao S, Guo M, Cheng J, Cheng H, Liu X, Ji H, Liu G, Cheng Y, Yang C. Aspartic proteases modulate programmed cell death and secondary cell wall synthesis during wood formation in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6876-6890. [PMID: 36040843 PMCID: PMC9629783 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is essential for wood development in trees. However, the determination of crucial factors involved in xylem PCD of wood development is still lacking. Here, two Populus trichocarpa typical aspartic protease (AP) genes, AP17 and AP45, modulate xylem maturation, especially fibre PCD, during wood formation. AP17 and AP45 were dominantly expressed in the fibres of secondary xylem, as suggested by GUS expression in APpro::GUS transgenic plants. Cas9/gRNA-induced AP17 or AP45 mutants delayed secondary xylem fibre PCD, and ap17ap45 double mutants showed more serious defects. Conversely, AP17 overexpression caused premature PCD in secondary xylem fibres, indicating a positive modulation in wood fibre PCD. Loss of AP17 and AP45 did not alter wood fibre wall thickness, whereas the ap17ap45 mutants showed a low lignin content in wood. However, AP17 overexpression led to a significant decrease in wood fibre wall thickness and lignin content, revealing the involvement in secondary cell wall synthesis during wood formation. In addition, the ap17ap45 mutant and AP17 overexpression plants resulted in a significant increase in saccharification yield in wood. Overall, AP17 and AP45 are crucial modulators in xylem maturation during wood development, providing potential candidate genes for engineering lignocellulosic wood for biofuel utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenquan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mengjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huanhuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guanjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramakrishnan M, Arivalagan J, Satish L, Mohan M, Samuel Selvan Christyraj JR, Chandran SA, Ju HJ, John L A, Ramesh T, Ignacimuthu S, Kalishwaralal K. Selenium: a potent regulator of ferroptosis and biomass production. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135531. [PMID: 35780987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the notion that selenium (Se) plays a beneficial role in plant development for modern crop production and is considered an essential micronutrient and the predominant source of plants. However, the essential role of selenium in plant metabolism remains unclear. When used in moderate concentrations, selenium promotes plant physiological processes such as enhancing plant growth, increasing antioxidant capacity, reducing reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and offering stress resistance by preventing ferroptosis cell death. Ferroptosis, a recently discovered mechanism of regulated cell death (RCD) with unique features such as iron-dependant accumulation of lipid peroxides, is distinctly different from other known forms of cell death. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity plays a significant role in scavenging the toxic by-products of lipid peroxidation in plants. A low level of GPX activity in plants causes high oxidative stress, which leads to ferroptosis. An integrated view of ferroptosis and selenium in plants and the selenium-mediated nanofertilizers (SeNPs) have been discussed in more recent studies. For instance, selenium supplementation enhanced GPX4 expression and increased TFH cell (Follicular helper T) numbers and the gene transcriptional program, which prevent lipid peroxidase and protect cells from ferroptosis. However, though ferroptosis in plants is similar to that in animals, only few studies have focused on plant-specific ferroptosis; the research on ferroptosis in plants is still in its infancy. Understanding the implication of selenium with relevance to ferroptosis is indispensable for plant bioresource technology. In this review, we hypothesize that blocking ferroptosis cell death improves plant immunity and protects plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. We also examine how SeNPs can be the basis for emerging unconventional and advanced technologies for algae/bamboo biomass production. For instance, algae treated with SeNPs accumulate high lipid profile in algal cells that could thence be used for biodiesel production. We also suggest that further studies in the field of SeNPs are essential for the successful application of this technology for the large-scale production of plant biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China; Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biosciences and Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Lakkakula Satish
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, & The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Division, Marine Algal Research Station, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Mandapam 623519, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Mohan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; VAXIGEN International Research Center Private Limited, India
| | - Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj
- Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sam Aldrin Chandran
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401 India
| | - Ho-Jong Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Anoopa John L
- The Dale View College of Pharmacy and Research Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Deapartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University,P.O.Box:173, AI-Kharaj 11942,Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen Q, Yang C, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Rossi V, Chen W, Xin M, Su Z, Du J, Guo W, Hu Z, Liu J, Peng H, Ni Z, Sun Q, Yao Y. Unprocessed wheat γ-gliadin reduces gluten accumulation associated with the endoplasmic reticulum stress and elevated cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:146-164. [PMID: 35714031 PMCID: PMC9544600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Along with increasing demands for high yield, elite processing quality and improved nutrient value in wheat, concerns have emerged around the effects of gluten in wheat-based foods on human health. However, knowledge of the mechanisms regulating gluten accumulation remains largely unexplored. Here we report the identification and characterization of a wheat low gluten protein 1 (lgp1) mutant that shows extremely low levels of gliadins and glutenins. The lgp1 mutation in a single γ-gliadin gene causes defective signal peptide cleavage, resulting in the accumulation of an excessive amount of unprocessed γ-gliadin and a reduced level of gluten, which alters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure, forms the autophagosome-like structures, leads to the delivery of seed storage proteins to the extracellular space and causes a reduction in starch biosynthesis. Physiologically, these effects trigger ER stress and cell death. This study unravels a unique mechanism that unprocessed γ-gliadin reduces gluten accumulation associated with ER stress and elevated cell death in wheat. Moreover, the reduced gluten level in the lgp1 mutant makes it a good candidate for specific diets for patients with diabetes or kidney diease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Changfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhaoheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial CropsI‐24126BergamoItaly
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhenqi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinkun Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tran Q, Osabe K, Entani T, Wazawa T, Hattori M, Nagai T. Application of Green-enhanced Nano-lantern as a bioluminescent ratiometric indicator for measurement of Arabidopsis thaliana root apoplastic fluid pH. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3157-3170. [PMID: 35864560 PMCID: PMC9542637 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant root absorbs water and nutrients from the soil, and the root apoplastic fluid (AF) is an important intermediate between cells and the surrounding environment. The acid growth theory suggests that an acidic AF is needed for cell wall expansion during root growth. However, technical limitations have precluded the quantification of root apoplastic fluid pH (AF-pH). Here, we used Green-enhanced Nano-lantern (GeNL), a chimeric protein of the luciferase NanoLuc (Nluc) and the green fluorescent protein mNeonGreen (mNG), as a ratiometric pH indicator based on the pH dependency of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer efficiency from Nluc to mNG. Luminescence spectrum of GeNL changed reciprocally from pH 4.5 to 7.5, with a pKa of 5.5. By fusing GeNL to a novel signal peptide from Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulase 1, we localised GeNL in A. thaliana AF. We visualised AF dynamics at subcellular resolution over 30 min and determined flow velocity in the maturation zone to be 0.97± 0.06 μm/s. We confirmed that the developing root AF is acidic in the pH range of 5.1-5.7, suggesting that the AF-pH is tightly regulated during root elongation. These results support the acid growth theory and provide evidence for AF-pH maintenance despite changes in ambient pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Kenji Osabe
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Tetsuyuki Entani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
| | - Tetsuichi Wazawa
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
| | - Mitsuru Hattori
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research)Osaka UniversityIbarakiJapan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang M, Danz K, Ly V, Rojas-Pierce M. Microgravity enhances the phenotype of Arabidopsis zigzag-1 and reduces the Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion in root cells. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:38. [PMID: 36064795 PMCID: PMC9445043 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The spaceflight environment of the International Space Station poses a multitude of stresses on plant growth including reduced gravity. Plants exposed to microgravity and other conditions on the ISS display root skewing, changes in gene expression and protein abundance that may result in changes in cell wall composition, antioxidant accumulation and modification of growth anisotropy. Systematic studies that address the effects of microgravity on cellular organelles are lacking but altered numbers and sizes of vacuoles have been detected in previous flights. The prominent size of plant vacuoles makes them ideal models to study organelle dynamics in space. Here, we used Arabidopsiszigzag-1 (zig-1) as a sensitized genotype to study the effect of microgravity on plant vacuole fusion. Wortmannin was used to induce vacuole fusion in seedlings and a formaldehyde-based fixation protocol was developed to visualize plant vacuole morphology after sample return, using confocal microscopy. Our results indicate that microgravity enhances the zig-1 phenotype by reducing hypocotyl growth and vacuole fusion in some cells. This study demonstrates the feasibility of chemical inhibitor treatments for plant cell biology experiments in space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Danz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Vanessa Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marcela Rojas-Pierce
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Joshi JR, Brown K, Charkowski AO, Heuberger AL. Protease Inhibitors from Solanum chacoense Inhibit Pectobacterium Virulence by Reducing Bacterial Protease Activity and Motility. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:825-834. [PMID: 36104309 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-22-0072-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potato is a major staple crop, and necrotrophic bacterial pathogens such as Pectobacterium spp. are a major threat to global food security. Most lines of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are susceptible to Pectobacterium spp., but some lines of wild potato are resistant, including Solanum chacoense M6. Despite the discovery of resistance in wild potatoes, specific resistance genes are yet to be discovered. Crude protein extract from M6 had a global effect on Pectobacterium brasiliense Pb1692 (Pb1692) virulence phenotypes. Specifically, M6 protein extracts resulted in reduced Pectobacterium exo-protease activity and motility, induced cell elongation, and affected bacterial virulence and metabolic gene expression. These effects were not observed from protein extracts of susceptible potato S. tuberosum DM1. A proteomics approach identified protease inhibitors (PIs) as candidates for S. chacoense resistance, and genomic analysis showed higher abundance and diversity of PIs in M6 than in DM1. We cloned five PIs that are unique or had high abundance in M6 compared with DM1 and purified the proteins (g18987, g28531, g39249, g40384, g6571). Four of the PIs significantly reduced bacterial protease activity, with strongest effects from g28531 and g6571. Three PIs (g18987, g28531, g6571) inhibited disease when co-inoculated with Pectobacterium pathogens into potato tubers. Two PIs (g28531, g6571) also significantly reduced Pb1692 motility and are promising as resistance genes. These results show that S. chacoense PIs contribute to bacterial disease resistance by inhibiting exo-proteases, motility, and tuber maceration and by modulating cell morphology and metabolism. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janak R Joshi
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Kitty Brown
- Analytical Resource Center-Bioanalysis and Omics, Colorado State University, 2021 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Amy O Charkowski
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| | - Adam L Heuberger
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 1170 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Rep and C1 of Beet curly top Iran virus represent pathogenicity factors and induce hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Virus Genes 2022; 58:550-559. [PMID: 35960462 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) is a member of the genus Becurtovirus (Family Geminiviridae) with a circular single-strand DNA genome. BCTIV causes leaf curling and vein swelling symptoms in plants. However, the potential pathogenicity factor/s in BCTIV is/are not known. This study presents characterization of complementary-sense transcripts of BCTIV and the viral factors in directing the pathogenicity and hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In both local and systemic infection, splicing of the complementary transcripts of BCTIV was observed. Notably, a small number (8.3%) of transcripts were spliced to produce Rep (C1:C2) transcripts after deletion of 155 nt (position 1892-2046 from BCTIV). Expression of BCTIV genes in N. benthamiana using tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vector showed that Rep together with C1 are the main pathogenicity factors which cause typical viral leaf curling symptoms. In addition, the V2 caused a mild leaf curling, thickening, and asymmetric leaves, while the V1, V3, and C2 had no clear effect on the plant phenotype. Transient expression of individual viral genes showed that both the C1 and Rep trigger a HR response in N. benthamiana. The higher expression of HR marker genes, harpin-induced 1 (Hin1) and hypersensitivity-related (Hsr203JI), supported the role of C1 and Rep in HR response in plants. It is concluded that Rep and C1 are the main pathogenicity factors that also trigger HR response in plants.
Collapse
|
22
|
Annotation of Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) Nuclear Genome—One of the Most Cold-Resistant Tree Species in the Only Deciduous GENUS in Pinaceae. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152062. [PMID: 35956540 PMCID: PMC9370799 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent release of the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome assemblies of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), one of the most cold-resistant tree species in the only deciduous genus of Pinaceae, with seasonal senescence and a rot-resistant valuable timber widely used in construction, greatly contributed to the development of genomic resources for the larch genus. Here, we present an extensive repeatome analysis and the first annotation of the draft nuclear Siberian larch genome assembly. About 66% of the larch genome consists of highly repetitive elements (REs), with the likely wave of retrotransposons insertions into the larch genome estimated to occur 4–5 MYA. In total, 39,370 gene models were predicted, with 87% of them having homology to the Arabidopsis-annotated proteins and 78% having at least one GO term assignment. The current state of the genome annotations allows for the exploration of the gymnosperm and angiosperm species for relative gene abundance in different functional categories. Comparative analysis of functional gene categories across different angiosperm and gymnosperm species finds that the Siberian larch genome has an overabundance of genes associated with programmed cell death (PCD), autophagy, stress hormone biosynthesis and regulatory pathways; genes that may play important roles in seasonal senescence and stress response to extreme cold in larch. Despite being incomplete, the draft assemblies and annotations of the conifer genomes are at a point of development where they now represent a valuable source for further genomic, genetic and population studies.
Collapse
|
23
|
Cyclopaldic Acid, the Main Phytotoxic Metabolite of Diplodia cupressi, Induces Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070474. [PMID: 35878212 PMCID: PMC9325063 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclopaldic acid is one of the main phytotoxic metabolites produced by fungal pathogens of the genus Seiridium, causal agents, among others, of the canker disease of plants of the Cupressaceae family. Previous studies showed that the metabolite can partially reproduce the symptoms of the infection and that it is toxic to different plant species, thereby proving to be a non-specific phytotoxin. Despite the remarkable biological effects of the compound, which revealed also insecticidal, fungicidal and herbicidal properties, information about its mode of action is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the effects of cyclopaldic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana plants and protoplasts, in order to get information about subcellular targets and mechanism of action. Results of biochemical assays showed that cyclopaldic acid induced leaf chlorosis, ion leakage, membrane-lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide production, inhibited root proton extrusion in vivo and plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in vitro. qRT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the toxin elicited the transcription of key regulators of the immune response to necrotrophic fungi, of hormone biosynthesis, as well as of genes involved in senescence and programmed cell death. Confocal microscopy analysis of protoplasts allowed to address the question of subcellular targets of the toxin. Cyclopaldic acid targeted the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, inducing depolarization of the transmembrane potential, mitochondria, disrupting the mitochondrial network and eliciting overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and vacuole, determining tonoplast disgregation and induction of vacuole-mediated programmed cell death and autophagy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Jalili S, Ehsanpour AA, Javadirad SM. The role of melatonin on caspase-3-like activity and expression of the genes involved in programmed cell death (PCD) induced by in vitro salt stress in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:19. [PMID: 35689706 PMCID: PMC9188634 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most cultivated forage plant as a model in legumes. Salinity stress due to Na+ toxicity causes severe, oxidative stress as a main reason for program cell death (PCD) in plants. Melatonin application can increase plant productivity in response to diverse stressors via modulating plant antioxidant mechanisms and PCD inhibition in plants. RESULTS Alfalfa roots were subjected to different concentrations of in vitro salinity supplemented with melatonin (0.1, 10 and 15 µM) for ten days. Application of melatonin under salinity stress reduced ROS, H2O2 and [Formula: see text] content and showed a dramatic impact on TTC reduction and augmented cell viability. Interestingly, melatonin inhibited caspase 3-like protease activity and could decrease DNA fragmentation induced by salinity while increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes BI-1, UCP1-UCP2 involved in PCD pathway. In contrast, in 300 mM salinity, γVPE gene as a proapoptotic of PCD down-regulated significantly. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, present data showed that, melatonin plays a major function in preventing PCD in alfalfa root meristem cells. We attempted to offer a mechanism for the function of melatonin as an anti-apoptotic agent by demonstrating significant actions of melatonin on mitochondria proteins, such as UCPs, in a manner similar to animal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Jalili
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Ehsanpour
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Morteza Javadirad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nemati M, Singh B, Mir RA, Nemati M, Babaei A, Ahmadi M, Rasmi Y, Golezani AG, Rezaie J. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel nanomedicine approach with advantages and challenges. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:69. [PMID: 35606749 PMCID: PMC9128143 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many eukaryote cells produce membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) to establish cell-to-cell communication. Plant-derived EVs (P-EVs) contain proteins, RNAs, lipids, and other metabolites that can be isolated from the juice, the flesh, and roots of many species. METHODS In the present review study, we studied numerous articles over the past two decades published on the role of P-EVs in plant physiology as well as on the application of these vesicles in different diseases. RESULTS Different types of EVs have been identified in plants that have multiple functions including reorganization of cell structure, development, facilitating crosstalk between plants and fungi, plant immunity, defense against pathogens. Purified from several edible species, these EVs are more biocompatible, biodegradable, and extremely available from many plants, making them useful for cell-free therapy. Emerging evidence of clinical and preclinical studies suggest that P-EVs have numerous benefits over conventional synthetic carriers, opening novel frontiers for the novel drug-delivery system. Exciting new opportunities, including designing drug-loaded P-EVs to improve the drug-delivery systems, are already being examined, however clinical translation of P-EVs-based therapies faces challenges. CONCLUSION P-EVs hold great promise for clinical application in the treatment of different diseases. In addition, despite enthusiastic results, further scrutiny should focus on unravelling the detailed mechanism behind P-EVs biogenesis and trafficking as well as their therapeutic applications. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bipin Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Biotechnology Baba Ghulam, Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu & Kashmir 185234 India
| | - Mahdieh Nemati
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Babaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Gholinejad Golezani
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147 Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147 Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Melkikh AV, Sutormina MI. From leaves to roots: Biophysical models of transport of substances in plants. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 169-170:53-83. [PMID: 35114180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transport processes of substances in various plant tissues are extremely diverse. However, models aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of such processes are almost absent in the literature. A unified view of all these transport processes is necessary, considering the laws of statistical physics and thermodynamics. A model of active ion transport was constructed based on the laws of statistical physics. Using this model, we traced the entire pathway of substances and energy in a plant. The pathway included aspects of the production of energy in the process of photosynthesis, consumption of energy to obtain nutrients from the soil, transport of such substances to the main organelles of all types of plant cells, the rise of water with dissolved substances along the trunk to the leaves, and the evaporation of water, accompanied by a change in the percentage of isotopes caused by different rates of evaporation. Models of ion transport in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of plant cells have been constructed. A generalized model comprising plant cells and their vacuoles was analyzed. A model of the transport of substances in the roots of plants was also developed. Based on this model, the problem of transport of substances in tall trees has been considered. The calculated concentrations of ions in the vacuoles of cells and resting potentials agreed well with the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Melkikh
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Relationship between fruit density and physicochemical properties and bioactive composition of mulberry at harvest. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
28
|
Kusano S, Nakamura S, Izumi M, Hagihara S. Development of 1,8-naphthalimide dyes for rapid imaging of subcellular compartments in plants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1685-1688. [PMID: 34909805 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the installation of 1,8-naphthalimide dyes in live cell imaging of plants. We developed a series of 1,8-naphthalimide-based probes that illuminate different subcellular compartments by altering their spectral characteristics. Simple infiltration of the probes into leaves rapidly visualized the structure of chloroplasts or the vacuole. We further demonstrated that these probes are applicable to monitor the organelle behaviors in an autophagy pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Kusano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Sakuya Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Masanori Izumi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shinya Hagihara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li C, Liu H, Wang J, Pan Q, Wang Y, Wu K, Jia P, Mu Y, Tang H, Xu Q, Jiang Q, Liu Y, Qi P, Zhang X, Huang L, Chen G, Wang J, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Gou L, Yao Q, Lan X, Ma J. Characterization and fine mapping of a lesion mimic mutant (Lm5) with enhanced stripe rust and powdery mildew resistance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:421-438. [PMID: 34661696 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel light intensity-dependent lesion mimic mutant with enhanced disease resistance was physiologically, biochemically, and genetically characterized, and the causative gene was fine mapped to a 1.28 Mbp interval containing 17 high-confidence genes. Lesion mimic mutants are ideal for studying disease resistance and programmed cell death photosynthesis in plants to improve crop yield. In this study, a novel light intensity-dependent lesion mimic mutant (MC21) was obtained from the wheat variety Chuannong16 (CN16) by ethyl methane sulfonate treatment. The mutant initially developed tiny lesion spots on the basal part of the leaves, which then gradually proceeded down to leaf sheaths, stems, shells, and awns at the flowering stage. The major agronomic traits were significantly altered in the mutant compared to that in the wild-type CN16. Furthermore, the mutant exhibited a lesion phenotype with degenerated chloroplast structure, decreased chlorophyll content, increased level of reactive oxygen species, and increased resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew. Genetic analysis indicated that the lesion phenotype was controlled by a novel single semi-dominant nuclear gene. The target gene was mapped on chromosome arm 2AL located between Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) markers, KASP-4211 and KASP-5353, and tentatively termed as lesion mimic 5 (Lm5). The fine mapping suggested that Lm5 was located in a 1.28 Mbp interval between markers KASP-5825 and KASP-9366; 17 high-confidence candidate genes were included in this genomic region. This study provides an important foundational step for further cloning of Lm5 using a map-based approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qi Pan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kunyan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Peiying Jia
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lulu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qifu Yao
- College of Agroforestry Engineering and Planning/Guizhou Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization in the Fanjing Mountain Region, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China.
| | - Xiujin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sampaio M, Neves J, Cardoso T, Pissarra J, Pereira S, Pereira C. Coping with Abiotic Stress in Plants-An Endomembrane Trafficking Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030338. [PMID: 35161321 PMCID: PMC8838314 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells face many changes through their life cycle and develop several mechanisms to cope with adversity. Stress caused by environmental factors is turning out to be more and more relevant as the human population grows and plant cultures start to fail. As eukaryotes, plant cells must coordinate several processes occurring between compartments and combine different pathways for protein transport to several cellular locations. Conventionally, these pathways begin at the ER, or endoplasmic reticulum, move through the Golgi and deliver cargo to the vacuole or to the plasma membrane. However, when under stress, protein trafficking in plants is compromised, usually leading to changes in the endomembrane system that may include protein transport through unconventional routes and alteration of morphology, activity and content of key organelles, as the ER and the vacuole. Such events provide the tools for cells to adapt and overcome the challenges brought on by stress. With this review, we gathered fragmented information on the subject, highlighting how such changes are processed within the endomembrane system and how it responds to an ever-changing environment. Even though the available data on this subject are still sparse, novel information is starting to untangle the complexity and dynamics of protein transport routes and their role in maintaining cell homeostasis under harsh conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sampaio
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - João Neves
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (T.C.)
| | - Tatiana Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (J.N.); (T.C.)
| | - José Pissarra
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Susana Pereira
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/Inov4Agro, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.); (J.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wan Abdullah WMAN, Saidi NB, Yusof MT, Wee CY, Loh HS, Ong-Abdullah J, Lai KS. Vacuolar Processing Enzymes Modulating Susceptibility Response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 Infections in Banana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:769855. [PMID: 35095950 PMCID: PMC8790485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.769855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (FocTR4) is a destructive necrotrophic fungal pathogen afflicting global banana production. Infection process involves the activation of programmed cell death (PCD). In this study, seven Musa acuminata vacuolar processing enzyme (MaVPE1-MaVPE7) genes associated with PCD were successfully identified. Phylogenetic analysis and tissue-specific expression categorized these MaVPEs into the seed and vegetative types. FocTR4 infection induced the majority of MaVPE expressions in the susceptible cultivar "Berangan" as compared to the resistant cultivar "Jari Buaya." Consistently, upon FocTR4 infection, high caspase-1 activity was detected in the susceptible cultivar, while low level of caspase-1 activity was recorded in the resistant cultivar. Furthermore, inhibition of MaVPE activities via caspase-1 inhibitor in the susceptible cultivar reduced tonoplast rupture, decreased lesion formation, and enhanced stress tolerance against FocTR4 infection. Additionally, the Arabidopsis VPE-null mutant exhibited higher tolerance to FocTR4 infection, indicated by reduced sporulation rate, low levels of H2O2 content, and high levels of cell viability. Comparative proteomic profiling analysis revealed increase in the abundance of cysteine proteinase in the inoculated susceptible cultivar, as opposed to cysteine proteinase inhibitors in the resistant cultivar. In conclusion, the increase in vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE)-mediated PCD played a crucial role in modulating susceptibility response during compatible interaction, which facilitated FocTR4 colonization in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noor Baity Saidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Yusof
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Chien-Yeong Wee
- Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hwei-San Loh
- Faculty of Science, School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Biotechnology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong-Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kobylińska A, Posmyk MM. Melatonin Protects Tobacco Suspension Cells against Pb-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13368. [PMID: 34948164 PMCID: PMC8703733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that melatonin is an important molecule in plant physiology. It seems that the most important is that melatonin effectively eliminates oxidative stress (direct and indirect antioxidant) and switches on different defence strategies (preventive and interventive actions) during environmental stresses. In the presented report, exogenous melatonin potential to protect Nicotiana tabacum L. line Bright Yellow 2 (BY-2) exposed to lead against death was examined. Analyses of cell proliferation and viability, the level of intracellular calcium, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as well as possible translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol and subsequent caspase-like proteolytic activity were conducted. Our results indicate that pretreatment BY-2 with melatonin protected tobacco cells against mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-like activation caused by lead. The findings suggest the possible role of this indoleamine in the molecular mechanism of mitochondria, safeguarding against potential collapse and cytochrome c release. Thus, it seems that applied melatonin acted as an effective factor, promoting survival and increasing plant tolerance to lead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Maria Posmyk
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zn 2+-Dependent Nuclease Is Involved in Nuclear Degradation during the Programmed Cell Death of Secretory Cavity Formation in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' Fruits. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113222. [PMID: 34831444 PMCID: PMC8622950 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zn2+- and Ca2+-dependent nucleases exhibit activity toward dsDNA in the four classes of cation-dependent nucleases in plants. Programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the degradation of cells during schizolysigenous secretory cavity formation in Citrus fruits. Recently, the Ca2+-dependent DNase CgCAN was proven to play a key role in nuclear DNA degradation during the PCD of secretory cavity formation in Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ fruits. However, whether Zn2+-dependent nuclease plays a role in the PCD of secretory cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a Zn2+-dependent nuclease gene, CgENDO1, from Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’, the function of which was studied using Zn2+ ions cytochemical localization, DNase activity assays, in situ hybridization, and protein immunolocalization. The full-length cDNA of CgENDO1 contains an open reading frame of 906 bp that encodes a protein 301 amino acids in length with a S1/P1-like functional domain. CgENDO1 degrades linear double-stranded DNA at acidic and neutral pH. CgENDO1 is mainly expressed in the late stage of nuclear degradation of secretory cells. Further spatiotemporal expression patterns of CgENDO1 showed that CgENDO1 is initially located on the endoplasmic reticulum and then moves into intracellular vesicles and nuclei. During the late stage of nuclear degradation, it was concentrated in the area of nuclear degradation involved in nuclear DNA degradation. Our results suggest that the Zn2+-dependent nuclease CgENDO1 plays a direct role in the late degradation stage of the nuclear DNA in the PCD of secretory cavity cells of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ fruits.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Y, Zhang D, Zhang X, Wang Z, Liu CF, Tam JP. Site-Specific Protein Modifications by an Engineered Asparaginyl Endopeptidase from Viola canadensis. Front Chem 2021; 9:768854. [PMID: 34746098 PMCID: PMC8568951 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.768854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) or legumains are Asn/Asp (Asx)-specific proteases that break peptide bonds, but also function as peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs) that make peptide bonds. This ligase activity can be used for site-specific protein modifications in biochemical and biotechnological applications. Although AEPs are common, PALs are rare. We previously proposed ligase activity determinants (LADs) of these enzymes that could determine whether they catalyze formation or breakage of peptide bonds. LADs are key residues forming the S2 and S1' substrate-binding pockets flanking the S1 active site. Here, we build on the LAD hypothesis with the engineering of ligases from proteases by mutating the S2 and S1' pockets of VcAEP, an AEP from Viola canadensis. Wild type VcAEP yields <5% cyclic product from a linear substrate at pH 6.5, whereas the single mutants VcAEP-V238A (Vc1a) and VcAEP-Y168A (Vc1b) targeting the S2 and S1' substrate-binding pockets yielded 34 and 61% cyclic products, respectively. The double mutant VcAEP-V238A/Y168A (Vc1c) targeting both the S2 and S1' substrate-binding pockets yielded >90% cyclic products. Vc1c had cyclization efficiency of 917,759 M-1s-1, which is one of the fastest rates for ligases yet reported. Vc1c is useful for protein engineering applications, including labeling of DARPins and cell surface MCF-7, as well as producing cyclic protein sfGFP. Together, our work validates the importance of LADs for AEP ligase activity and provides valuable tools for site-specific modification of proteins and biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dingpeng Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jutras PV, Soldan R, Dodds I, Schuster M, Preston GM, van der Hoorn RAL. AgroLux: bioluminescent Agrobacterium to improve molecular pharming and study plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:600-612. [PMID: 34369027 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agroinfiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used to transiently express heterologous proteins in plants. However, the state of Agrobacterium itself is not well studied in agroinfiltrated tissues, despite frequent studies of immunity genes conducted through agroinfiltration. Here, we generated a bioluminescent strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 to monitor the luminescence of Agrobacterium during agroinfiltration. By integrating a single copy of the lux operon into the genome, we generated a stable 'AgroLux' strain, which is bioluminescent without affecting Agrobacterium growth in vitro and in planta. To illustrate its versatility, we used AgroLux to demonstrate that high light intensity post infiltration suppresses both Agrobacterium luminescence and protein expression. We also discovered that AgroLux can detect Avr/Cf-induced immune responses before tissue collapse, establishing a robust and rapid quantitative assay for the hypersensitive response (HR). Thus, AgroLux provides a non-destructive, versatile and easy-to-use imaging tool to monitor both Agrobacterium and plant responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Jutras
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Riccardo Soldan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Isobel Dodds
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li Z, Jiao Y, Zhang C, Dou M, Weng K, Wang Y, Xu Y. VvHDZ28 positively regulate salicylic acid biosynthesis during seed abortion in Thompson Seedless. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1824-1838. [PMID: 33835678 PMCID: PMC8428834 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seedlessness in grapes is one of the features most appreciated by consumers. However, the mechanisms underlying seedlessness in grapes remain obscure. Here, we observe small globular embryos and globular embryos in Pinot Noir and Thompson Seedless from 20 to 30 days after flowering (DAF). From 40 to 50 DAF, we observe torpedo embryos and cotyledon embryos in Pinot Noir but aborted embryos and endosperm in Thompson Seedless. Thus, RNA-Seq analyses of seeds at these stages from Thompson Seedless and Pinot Noir were performed. A total of 6442 differentially expressed genes were identified. Among these, genes involved in SA biosynthesis, VvEDS1 and VvSARD1, were more highly expressed in Thompson Seedless than in Pinot Noir. Moreover, the content of endogenous SA is at least five times higher in Thompson Seedless than in Pinot Noir. Increased trimethylation of H3K27 of VvEDS1 and VvSARD1 may be correlated with lower SA content in Pinot Noir. We also demonstrate that VvHDZ28 positively regulates the expression of VvEDS1. Moreover, over-expression of VvHDZ28 results in seedless fruit and increased SA contents in Solanum lycopersicum. Our results reveal the potential role of SA and feedback regulation of VvHDZ28 in seedless grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Li
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureYanglingChina
| | - Yuntong Jiao
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureYanglingChina
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureYanglingChina
| | - Mengru Dou
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureYanglingChina
| | - Kai Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of life scienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureYanglingChina
| | - Yan Xu
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest ChinaMinistry of AgricultureYanglingChina
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alves MF, Pinheiro F, Nunes CEP, Prosdocimi F, Sarzi DS, Furtado C, Mayer JLS. Reproductive development and genetic structure of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Pogoniopsis schenckii Cogn. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:332. [PMID: 34253186 PMCID: PMC8276481 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pogoniopsis schenckii Cogn. is a mycoheterotrophic orchid that can be used as a model to understand the influence of mycoheterotrophy at different stages of the reproductive cycle. We aimed to verify the presence of endophytic and epiphytic fungi at each stage of the reproductive process and investigated how the breeding system may relate to genetic structure and diversity of populations. In this study we performed anatomical and ultrastructural analyses of the reproductive organs, field tests to confirm the breeding system, and molecular analysis to assess genetic diversity and structure of populations. RESULTS During the development of the pollen grain, embryo sac and embryogenesis, no fungal infestation was observed. The presence of endophytic fungal hyphae was observed just within floral stems and indehiscent fruit. Beyond assuring the presence of fungus that promote seed germination, specific fungi hyphae in the fruit may affect other process, such as fruit ripening. As other mycoheterotrophic orchids, P. schenckii is autogamous, which may explain the low genetic diversity and high genetic structure in populations. CONCLUSIONS We discuss an interesting interaction: fungal hyphae in the indehiscent fruit. These fungal hyphae seem to play different roles inside fruit tissues, such as acting in the fruit maturation process and increasing the proximity between fungi and plant seeds even before dispersion occurs. As other mycoheterotrophic orchids, P. schenckii is autogamous, which may explain the low genetic diversity and high genetic structure in populations. Altogether, our findings provide important novel information about the mechanisms shaping ecology and evolution of fragmented populations of mycoheterotrophic plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Prosdocimi
- Laboratório de Genômica e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Deise Schroder Sarzi
- Laboratório de Genômica e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Furtado
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jones K, Zhu J, Jenkinson CB, Kim DW, Pfeifer MA, Khang CH. Disruption of the Interfacial Membrane Leads to Magnaporthe oryzae Effector Re-location and Lifestyle Switch During Rice Blast Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681734. [PMID: 34222251 PMCID: PMC8248803 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To cause the devastating rice blast disease, the hemibiotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae produces invasive hyphae (IH) that are enclosed in a plant-derived interfacial membrane, known as the extra-invasive hyphal membrane (EIHM), in living rice cells. Little is known about when the EIHM is disrupted and how the disruption contributes to blast disease. Here we show that the disruption of the EIHM correlates with the hyphal growth stage in first-invaded susceptible rice cells. Our approach utilized GFP that was secreted from IH as an EIHM integrity reporter. Secreted GFP (sec-GFP) accumulated in the EIHM compartment but appeared in the host cytoplasm when the integrity of the EIHM was compromised. Live-cell imaging coupled with sec-GFP and various fluorescent reporters revealed that the loss of EIHM integrity preceded shrinkage and eventual rupture of the rice vacuole. The vacuole rupture coincided with host cell death, which was limited to the invaded cell with presumed closure of plasmodesmata. We report that EIHM disruption and host cell death are landmarks that delineate three distinct infection phases (early biotrophic, late biotrophic, and transient necrotrophic phases) within the first-invaded cell before reestablishment of biotrophy in second-invaded cells. M. oryzae effectors exhibited infection phase-specific localizations, including entry of the apoplastic effector Bas4 into the host cytoplasm through the disrupted EIHM during the late biotrophic phase. Understanding how infection phase-specific cellular dynamics are regulated and linked to host susceptibility will offer potential targets that can be exploited to control blast disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersun Jones
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Cory B Jenkinson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Mariel A Pfeifer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chang Hyun Khang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tang TMS, Luk LYP. Asparaginyl endopeptidases: enzymology, applications and limitations. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5048-5062. [PMID: 34037066 PMCID: PMC8209628 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00608h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEP) are cysteine proteases found in mammalian and plant cells. Several AEP isoforms from plant species were found to exhibit transpeptidase activity which is integral for the key head-to-tail cyclisation reaction during the biosynthesis of cyclotides. Since many plant AEPs exhibit excellent enzyme kinetics for peptide ligation via a relatively short substrate recognition sequence, they have become appealing tools for peptide and protein modification. In this review, research focused on the enzymology of AEPs and their applications in polypeptide cyclisation and labelling will be presented. Importantly, the limitations of using AEPs and opportunities for future research and innovation will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Simon Tang
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jiang YT, Yang LH, Ferjani A, Lin WH. Multiple functions of the vacuole in plant growth and fruit quality. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:4. [PMID: 37789408 PMCID: PMC10509827 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are organelles in plant cells that play pivotal roles in growth and developmental regulation. The main functions of vacuoles include maintaining cell acidity and turgor pressure, regulating the storage and transport of substances, controlling the transport and localization of key proteins through the endocytic and lysosomal-vacuolar transport pathways, and responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further, proteins localized either in the tonoplast (vacuolar membrane) or inside the vacuole lumen are critical for fruit quality. In this review, we summarize and discuss some of the emerging functions and regulatory mechanisms associated with plant vacuoles, including vacuole biogenesis, vacuole functions in plant growth and development, fruit quality, and plant-microbe interaction, as well as some innovative research technology that has driven advances in the field. Together, the functions of plant vacuoles are important for plant growth and fruit quality. The investigation of vacuole functions in plants is of great scientific significance and has potential applications in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tong Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lu-Han Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Minina EA, Dauphinee AN, Ballhaus F, Gogvadze V, Smertenko AP, Bozhkov PV. Apoptosis is not conserved in plants as revealed by critical examination of a model for plant apoptosis-like cell death. BMC Biol 2021; 19:100. [PMID: 33980238 PMCID: PMC8117276 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animals and plants diverged over one billion years ago and evolved unique mechanisms for many cellular processes, including cell death. One of the most well-studied cell death programmes in animals, apoptosis, involves gradual cell dismantling and engulfment of cellular fragments, apoptotic bodies, through phagocytosis. However, rigid cell walls prevent plant cell fragmentation and thus apoptosis is not applicable for executing cell death in plants. Furthermore, plants are devoid of the key components of apoptotic machinery, including phagocytosis as well as caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins. Nevertheless, the concept of plant "apoptosis-like programmed cell death" (AL-PCD) is widespread. This is largely due to superficial morphological resemblances between plant cell death and apoptosis, and in particular between protoplast shrinkage in plant cells killed by various stimuli and animal cell volume decrease preceding fragmentation into apoptotic bodies. RESULTS Here, we provide a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of cytological and biochemical events occurring in plant cells subjected to heat shock at 40-55 °C and 85 °C, the experimental conditions typically used to trigger AL-PCD and necrotic cell death, respectively. We show that cell death under both conditions was not accompanied by membrane blebbing or formation of apoptotic bodies, as would be expected during apoptosis. Instead, we observed instant and irreversible permeabilization of the plasma membrane and ATP depletion. These processes did not depend on mitochondrial functionality or the presence of Ca2+ and could not be prevented by an inhibitor of ferroptosis. We further reveal that the lack of protoplast shrinkage at 85 °C, the only striking morphological difference between cell deaths induced by 40-55 °C or 85 °C heat shock, is a consequence of the fixative effect of the high temperature on intracellular contents. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that heat shock-induced cell death is an energy-independent process best matching definition of necrosis. Although the initial steps of this necrotic cell death could be genetically regulated, classifying it as apoptosis or AL-PCD is a terminological misnomer. Our work supports the viewpoint that apoptosis is not conserved across animal and plant kingdoms and demonstrates the importance of focusing on plant-specific aspects of cell death pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
- COS, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adrian N Dauphinee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florentine Ballhaus
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Gogvadze
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei P Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, College of Human, Agricultural, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bi G, Su M, Li N, Liang Y, Dang S, Xu J, Hu M, Wang J, Zou M, Deng Y, Li Q, Huang S, Li J, Chai J, He K, Chen YH, Zhou JM. The ZAR1 resistosome is a calcium-permeable channel triggering plant immune signaling. Cell 2021; 184:3528-3541.e12. [PMID: 33984278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are major immune receptors in plants and animals. Upon activation, the Arabidopsis NLR protein ZAR1 forms a pentameric resistosome in vitro and triggers immune responses and cell death in plants. In this study, we employed single-molecule imaging to show that the activated ZAR1 protein can form pentameric complexes in the plasma membrane. The ZAR1 resistosome displayed ion channel activity in Xenopus oocytes in a manner dependent on a conserved acidic residue Glu11 situated in the channel pore. Pre-assembled ZAR1 resistosome was readily incorporated into planar lipid-bilayers and displayed calcium-permeable cation-selective channel activity. Furthermore, we show that activation of ZAR1 in the plant cell led to Glu11-dependent Ca2+ influx, perturbation of subcellular structures, production of reactive oxygen species, and cell death. The results thus support that the ZAR1 resistosome acts as a calcium-permeable cation channel to trigger immunity and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jizong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minxia Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiejie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kangmin He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yu-Hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Winter N, Novatchkova M, Bachmair A. Cellular Control of Protein Turnover via the Modification of the Amino Terminus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073545. [PMID: 33805528 PMCID: PMC8037982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The first amino acid of a protein has an important influence on its metabolic stability. A number of ubiquitin ligases contain binding domains for different amino-terminal residues of their substrates, also known as N-degrons, thereby mediating turnover. This review summarizes, in an exemplary way, both older and more recent findings that unveil how destabilizing amino termini are generated. In most cases, a step of proteolytic cleavage is involved. Among the over 500 proteases encoded in the genome of higher eukaryotes, only a few are known to contribute to the generation of N-degrons. It can, therefore, be expected that many processing paths remain to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Winter
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Vienna BioCenter, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Vienna BioCenter, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang X, Ma J, Jin X, Yue N, Gao P, Mai KKK, Wang XB, Li D, Kang BH, Zhang Y. Three-dimensional reconstruction and comparison of vacuolar membranes in response to viral infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:353-364. [PMID: 33085164 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three-dimensional (3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate (TNV-AC ), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck-like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1a and 2a and TNV-AC auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast. Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant (+) RNA virus replication complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Keith Ka Ki Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Teper-Bamnolker P, Danieli R, Peled-Zehavi H, Belausov E, Abu-Abied M, Avin-Wittenberg T, Sadot E, Eshel D. Vacuolar processing enzyme translocates to the vacuole through the autophagy pathway to induce programmed cell death. Autophagy 2020; 17:3109-3123. [PMID: 33249982 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1856492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The caspase-like vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a key factor in programmed cell death (PCD) associated with plant stress responses. Growth medium lacking a carbon source and dark conditions caused punctate labeling of 35S::VPE1-GFP (StVPE1-GFP) in potato leaves. Under conditions of carbon starvation, VPE activity and PCD symptoms strongly increased in BY-2 cells, but to a much lesser extent in VPE-RNAi BY-2 cells. During extended exposure to carbon starvation, VPE expression and activity levels peaked, with a gradual increase in BY-2 cell death. Histological analysis of StVPE1-GFP in BY-2 cells showed that carbon starvation induces its translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to the central vacuole through tonoplast engulfment. Exposure of BY-2 culture to the macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor concanamycin A led to, along with an accumulation of autophagic bodies, accumulation of StVPE1-GFP in the cell vacuole. This accumulation did not occur in the presence of 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of early-stage autophagy. BY-2 cells constitutively expressing RFP-StATG8IL, an autophagosome marker, showed colocalization with the StVPE1-GFP protein in the cytoplasm and vacuole. RNAi silencing of the core autophagy component ATG4 in BY-2 cells reduced VPE activity and cell death. These results are the first to suggest that VPE translocates to the cell vacuole through the autophagy pathway, leading to PCD.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; CLP: caspase-like protease; HR: hypersensitive response; PCD: programmed cell death; St: Solanum tuberosum; VPE: vacuolar processing enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raz Danieli
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot Israel
| | - Hadas Peled-Zehavi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Sadot
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dani Eshel
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Center, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Valandro F, Menguer PK, Cabreira-Cagliari C, Margis-Pinheiro M, Cagliari A. Programmed cell death (PCD) control in plants: New insights from the Arabidopsis thaliana deathosome. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 299:110603. [PMID: 32900441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process that leads to cell suicide in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In plants PCD occurs during development, defence response and when exposed to adverse conditions. PCD acts controlling the number of cells by eliminating damaged, old, or unnecessary cells to maintain cellular homeostasis. Unlike in animals, the knowledge about PCD in plants is limited. The molecular network that controls plant PCD is poorly understood. Here we present a review of the current mechanisms involved with the genetic control of PCD in plants. We also present an updated version of the AtLSD1 deathosome, which was previously proposed as a network controlling HR-mediated cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana. Finally, we discuss the unclear points and open questions related to the AtLSD1 deathosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Valandro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Paloma Koprovski Menguer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandro Cagliari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brazil; Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul (UERGS), RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yamada K, Basak AK, Goto-Yamada S, Tarnawska-Glatt K, Hara-Nishimura I. Vacuolar processing enzymes in the plant life cycle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:21-31. [PMID: 31679161 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine-type endopeptidase that has a substrate-specificity for asparagine or aspartic acid residues and cleaves peptide bonds at their carboxyl-terminal side. Various vacuolar proteins are synthesized as larger proprotein precursors, and VPE is an important initiator of maturation and activation of these proteins. It mediates programmed cell death (PCD) by provoking vacuolar rupture and initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD. Vacuolar processing enzyme also possesses a peptide ligation activity, which is responsible for producing cyclic peptides in several plant species. These unique functions of VPE support developmental and environmental responses in plants. The number of VPE homologues is higher in angiosperm species, indicating that there has been differentiation and specialization of VPE function over the course of evolution. Angiosperm VPEs are separated into two major types: the γ-type VPEs, which are expressed mainly in vegetative organs, and the β-type VPEs, whose expression occurs mainly in storage organs; in eudicots, the δ-type VPEs are further separated within γ-type VPEs. This review also considers the importance of processing and peptide ligation by VPE in vacuolar protein maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Arpan Kumar Basak
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Su T, Li X, Yang M, Shao Q, Zhao Y, Ma C, Wang P. Autophagy: An Intracellular Degradation Pathway Regulating Plant Survival and Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:164. [PMID: 32184795 PMCID: PMC7058704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular process that facilitates the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic materials by the vacuole or lysosome in eukaryotes. This conserved process is achieved through the coordination of different autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Autophagy is essential for recycling cytoplasmic material and eliminating damaged or dysfunctional cell constituents, such as proteins, aggregates or even entire organelles. Plant autophagy is necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis under normal conditions and is upregulated during abiotic and biotic stress to prolong cell life. In this review, we present recent advances on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in plants and how autophagy contributes to plant development and plants' adaptation to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Changle Ma
- *Correspondence: Changle Ma, ; Pingping Wang,
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang Y, Kumaishi K, Suzuki T, Ichihashi Y, Yamaguchi N, Shirakawa M, Ito T. Morphological and Physiological Framework Underlying Plant Longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600726. [PMID: 33224176 PMCID: PMC7674609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase, in which their longevity is developmentally programmed by molecular networks. In the reproductive phase of Arabidopsis thaliana, the inflorescence meristem (IM) maintains a central pool of stem cells and produces a limited number of flower primordia, which result in seed formation and the death of the whole plant. In this study, we observed morphological changes in the IM at cellular and intracellular resolutions until the end of the plant life cycle. We observed four biological events during the periods from 1 week after bolting (WAB) till the death of stem cells: (1) the gradual reduction in the size of the IM, (2) the dynamic vacuolation of IM cells, (3) the loss of the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS), and (4) the upregulation of the programmed cell death marker BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) in association with the death of stem cells. These results indicate that the stem cell population gradually decreases in IM during plant aging and eventually is fully terminated. We further show that the expression of WUS became undetectable in IM at 3 WAB prior to the loss of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression at 5 WAB; CLV3 is a negative regulator of WUS. Moreover, clv3 plants showed delayed loss of WUS and lived 6 weeks longer compared with wild-type plants. These results indicated that the prolonged expression of CLV3 at 4-5 WAB may be a safeguard that inhibits the reactivation of WUS and promotes plant death. Finally, through transcriptome analysis, we determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the control of plant longevity. Our work presents a morphological and physiological framework for the regulation of plant longevity in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kie Kumaishi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makoto Shirakawa,
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Toshiro Ito,
| |
Collapse
|