The long noncoding RNA NRF regulates programmed necrosis and myocardial injury during ischemia and reperfusion by targeting miR-873

Epigenetic regulation of diverse regulated cell death modalities in cardiovascular disease: Insights into necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis

Cell death constitutes a critical component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. A growing array of non-apoptotic forms of regulated cell death (RCD)-such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and cuproptosis-has been identified and is intimately linked to various cardiovascular conditions. These forms of RCD are governed by genetically programmed mechanisms within the cell, with epigenetic modifications being a common and crucial regulatory method. Such modifications include DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNAs. This review recaps the roles of DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs in cardiovascular diseases, as well as the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications regulate key proteins involved in cell death. Furthermore, we systematically catalog the existing epigenetic pharmacological agents targeting novel forms of RCD and their mechanisms of action in cardiovascular diseases. This article aims to underscore the pivotal role of epigenetic modifications in precisely regulating specific pathways of novel RCD in cardiovascular diseases, thus offering potential new therapeutic avenues that may prove more effective and safer than traditional treatments.

Curcumin alleviates Aflatoxin B1-triggered chicken liver necroptosis by targeting the LOC769044/miR-1679/STAT1 axis

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an unavoidable environmental toxin. The accumulation of AFB1 and its metabolites in the liver poses a threat to both human and animal health. Curcumin exhibits anti-oxidative, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. There is no report on the mechanism regarding how curcumin relived liver necroptosis in chickens induced by AFB1 based on the regulatory network of ceRNA. To explore this, we performed transmission electron microscopy and sequenced lncRNA and mRNA in chicken livers treated with AFB1 and/or curcumin for 28 d in vivo. We observed substantial alterations in the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles within the chicken liver, indicating that curcumin can mitigate AFB1-induced necroptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Further analysis, including the establishment of an lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network and the utilization of a dual luciferase reporter assay, revealed that LOC769044 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-1679. In addition, STAT1 was identified as a direct target of miR-1679. Modulating miR-1679 levels through overexpression, and silencing LOC769044 and STAT1, effectively reversed the necroptotic effects induced by AFB1, a reversal that was also observed with curcumin supplementation. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that curcumin alleviates AFB1-induced liver necroptosis through the LOC769044/miR-1679/STAT1 signaling axis. This study suggests that LOC769044 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for managing AFB1-mediated liver toxicity.

Comprehensive Quality Analysis of Conventional and Novel Biomarkers in Diagnosing and Predicting Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease, Acute Coronary Syndrome, and Heart Failure, a Comprehensive Literature Review

Coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and heart failure (HF) are major global health issues with high morbidity and mortality rates. Biomarkers like cardiac troponins (cTn) and natriuretic peptides (NPs) are crucial tools in cardiology, but numerous new biomarkers have emerged, proving increasingly valuable in CAD/ACS. These biomarkers are classified based on their mechanisms, such as fibrosis, metabolism, inflammation, and congestion. The integration of established and emerging biomarkers into clinical practice is an ongoing process, and recognizing their strengths and limitations is crucial for their accurate interpretation, incorporation into clinical settings, and improved management of CVD patients. We explored established biomarkers like cTn, NPs, and CRP, alongside newer biomarkers such as Apo-A1, IL-17E, IgA, Gal-3, sST2, GDF-15, MPO, H-FABP, Lp-PLA2, and ncRNAs; provided evidence of their utility in CAD/ACS diagnosis and prognosis; and empowered clinicians to confidently integrate these biomarkers into clinical practice based on solid evidence.

The prognostic potential of long noncoding RNA XIST in cardiovascular diseases: a review

There is a significant mortality rate associated with cardiovascular disease despite advances in treatment. long Non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in many biological processes and their dysregulation is associated with a wide range of diseases in which their downstream pathways are disrupted. A lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is well known as a factor that regulates the physiological process of chromosome dosage compensation for females. According to recent studies, lncRNA XIST is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, oxidative stress and inflammation, through molecular networks with microRNAs and their downstream targets in neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Because these cellular processes play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, we aim to investigate the role that lncRNA XIST plays in this process. Additionally, we wish to determine whether it is a prognostic factor or a potential therapeutic target in these diseases.

Noncoding RNAs: the crucial role of programmed cell death in osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is the most common skeletal disease characterized by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone remodeling. Osteoporosis can lead to bone loss and bone microstructural deterioration. This increases the risk of bone fragility and fracture, severely reducing patients' mobility and quality of life. However, the specific molecular mechanisms involved in the development of osteoporosis remain unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that multiple noncoding RNAs show differential expression in the osteoporosis state. Meanwhile, noncoding RNAs have been associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Noncoding RNAs are an important class of factors at the level of gene regulation and are mainly involved in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. Programmed cell death is a genetically-regulated form of cell death involved in regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment. Noncoding RNA plays an important role in the programmed cell death process. The exploration of the noncoding RNA-programmed cell death axis has become an interesting area of research and has been shown to play a role in many diseases such as osteoporosis. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the mechanism of noncoding RNA-mediated programmed cell death on bone homeostasis imbalance leading to osteoporosis. And we provide a deeper understanding of the role played by the noncoding RNA-programmed cell death axis at the gene regulatory level of osteoporosis. We hope to provide a unique opportunity to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis.

Unraveling the intriguing interplay: Exploring the role of lncRNAs in caspase-independent cell death

Cell death plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. Until recently, programmed cell death was mainly attributed to caspase-dependent apoptosis. However, emerging evidence suggests that caspase-independent cell death (CICD) mechanisms also contribute significantly to cellular demise. We and others have reported and functionally characterized numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that modulate caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways potentially in a pathway-dependent manner. However, the interplay between lncRNAs and CICD pathways has not been comprehensively documented. One major reason for this is that most CICD pathways have been recently discovered with some being partially characterized at the molecular level. In this review, we discuss the emerging evidence that implicates specific lncRNAs in the regulation and execution of CICD. We summarize the diverse mechanisms through which lncRNAs modulate different forms of CICD, including ferroptosis, necroptosis, cuproptosis, and others. Furthermore, we highlight the intricate regulatory networks involving lncRNAs, protein-coding genes, and signaling pathways that orchestrate CICD in health and disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and functional implications of lncRNAs in CICD may unravel novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools for various diseases, paving the way for innovative strategies in disease management and personalized medicine. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

V. S, Kaushik K, Sabharwal A, Lalwani MK, K. S, Singh N, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S. Forward genetic screen using a gene-breaking trap approach identifies a novel role of grin2bb-associated RNA transcript (grin2bbART) in zebrafish heart function

LncRNA-based control affects cardiac pathophysiologies like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, hypertrophy, and myotonic muscular dystrophy. This study used a gene-break transposon (GBT) to screen zebrafish (Danio rerio) for insertional mutagenesis. We identified three insertional mutants where the GBT captured a cardiac gene. One of the adult viable GBT mutants had bradycardia (heart arrhythmia) and enlarged cardiac chambers or hypertrophy; we named it "bigheart." Bigheart mutant insertion maps to grin2bb or N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR2B) gene intron 2 in reverse orientation. Rapid amplification of adjacent cDNA ends analysis suggested a new insertion site transcript in the intron 2 of grin2bb. Analysis of the RNA sequencing of wild-type zebrafish heart chambers revealed a possible new transcript at the insertion site. As this putative lncRNA transcript satisfies the canonical signatures, we called this transcript grin2bb associated RNA transcript (grin2bbART). Using in situ hybridization, we confirmed localized grin2bbART expression in the heart, central nervous system, and muscles in the developing embryos and wild-type adult zebrafish atrium and bulbus arteriosus. The bigheart mutant had reduced Grin2bbART expression. We showed that bigheart gene trap insertion excision reversed cardiac-specific arrhythmia and atrial hypertrophy and restored grin2bbART expression. Morpholino-mediated antisense downregulation of grin2bbART in wild-type zebrafish embryos mimicked bigheart mutants; this suggests grin2bbART is linked to bigheart. Cardiovascular tissues use Grin2bb as a calcium-permeable ion channel. Calcium imaging experiments performed on bigheart mutants indicated calcium mishandling in the heart. The bigheart cardiac transcriptome showed differential expression of calcium homeostasis, cardiac remodeling, and contraction genes. Western blot analysis highlighted Camk2d1 and Hdac1 overexpression. We propose that altered calcium activity due to disruption of grin2bbART, a putative lncRNA in bigheart, altered the Camk2d-Hdac pathway, causing heart arrhythmia and hypertrophy in zebrafish.

N-arachidonoylphenolamine alleviates ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte necroptosis by restoring proteasomal activity

Necroptosis and apoptosis contribute to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and subsequent heart failure. N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404) is a paracetamol lipid metabolite that has pleiotropic activity to modulate the endocannabinoid system. However, the protective role of AM404 in modulating I/R-mediated myocardial damage and the underlying mechanism remain largely unknown. A murine I/R model was generated by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. AM404 (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into mice at 2 and 24 h before the I/R operation. Our data revealed that AM404 administration to mice greatly ameliorated I/R-triggered impairment of myocardial performance and reduced infarct area, myocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammatory response accompanied by the reduction of receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1/3- mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis and upregulation of the immunosubunits (β2i and β5i). In contrast, administration of epoxomicin (a proteasome inhibitor) dramatically abolished AM404-dependent protection against myocardial I/R damage. Mechanistically, AM404 treatment increases β5i expression, which interacts with Pellino-1 (Peli1), an E3 ligase, to form a complex with RIPK1/3, thereby promoting their degradation, which leads to inhibition of cardiomyocyte necroptosis in the I/R heart. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that AM404 could prevent cardiac I/R damage and may be a promising drug for the treatment of ischaemic heart disease.

Identification of necroptosis-related lncRNAs for prognosis prediction and screening of potential drugs in patients with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Tumor recurrence and metastasis lead to a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Necroptosis is closely related to the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affects tumor recurrence and metastasis. We aimed to stratify CRC patients according to necroptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which can be used to not only evaluate prognosis and improve precision medicine in clinical practice but also screen potential immunotherapy drugs.

AIM

To stratify CRC patients according to necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs), which can be used to not only evaluate prognosis and improve precision medicine in clinical practice but also screen potential immunotherapy drugs.

METHODS

LncRNA expression profiles were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas. NRLs were identified by coexpression analysis. Cox regression analysis identified a NRL signature. Then, the value of this signature was comprehensively and multidimensionally evaluated, and its reliability for CRC prognosis prediction was assessed with clinical CRC data and compared with that of six other lncRNA signatures. Gene set enrichment analysis, TME analysis and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) prediction were also performed according to the risk score (RS) of the signature.

RESULTS

An 8-lncRNA signature significantly associated with overall survival (OS) was constructed, and its reliability was validated with clinical CRC data. Most of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) values for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS for this signature were higher than those for the other six lncRNA signatures. OS, disease-specific survival and the progression-free interval were all significantly poorer in the high-risk group. The RS of the signature showed good concordance with the predicted prognosis, with AUCs for 1-, 3- and 5-year OS of 0.79, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. Additionally, the calibration plots for this signature combined with clinical factors showed that this combination could effectively improve the ability to predict OS. The RS was correlated with tumor stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. Most of the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology terms were tumor metastasis-related pathways in the high-risk group; these patients showed greater infiltration of immunosuppressive cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, hematopoietic stem cells and M2 macrophages, but less infiltration of infiltrating antitumor effector immune cells, such as cluster of differentiation 8⁺ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). We explored additional potential immune checkpoint genes and potential immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs with relatively low IC₅₀ values.

CONCLUSION

We identified an NRL signature with strong fidelity that could stably predict prognosis and might be an indicator of the TME of CRC. Furthermore, additional potential immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic drugs were explored.

A systematic framework for identifying prognostic necroptosis-related lncRNAs and verification of lncRNA CRNDE/miR-23b-3p/IDH1 regulatory axis in glioma

Glioma remains the most frequent malignancy of the central nervous system. Recently, necroptosis has been identified as a cell death process that mediates the proliferation and development of tumor cells. LncRNAs play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, the impact that necrosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs) have on glioma remains unclear. In our studies, we selected 9 NRLs to construct a prognostic model. Meanwhile, we assessed the survival curves of these 9 NRLs. Our findings found ADGRA1-AS1 and WAC-AS1 were protective lncRNAs, while MIR210HG, LINC01503, CRNDE, HOXC-AS1, ZIM2-AS1, MIR22HG and PLBD1-AS1 were risk lncRNAs. Specifically, 12 immune cells, 25 immune-correlated pathways, and TME score were differentially expressed in the both risk groups. Additionally, the study predicted and validated the necroptosis-related lncRNA CRNDE/miR-23b-3p/IDH1 axis. CRNDE was strongly expressed in glioma specimens and several cell lines. Inhibiting CRNDE resulted in a substantial reduction in the proliferation and migration of U-118MG and U251 cells. Furthermore, the study predicted that CRNDE may exhibit oncogenic features by adsorbing miR-23b-3p and positively regulating IDH1 expression. Overall, the study constructed a prognostic model in glioma, and predicted a lncRNA CRNDE/miR-23b-3p/IDH1 axis, which could potentially be useful for gene therapy of glioma.

p53 at the crossroad between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and necroptosis

p53 is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that can regulate multiple cell death programs through different signaling pathways. In this review, we assess the role of p53 in the regulation of necroptosis, a programmed form of lytic cell death highly involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases. In particular, we focus on the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) as essential contributors to modulate necroptosis execution through p53. The enhanced generation of mtROS during necroptosis is critical for the correct interaction between receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and 3 (RIPK3), two key components of the functional necrosome. p53 controls the occurrence of necroptosis by modulating the levels of mitochondrial H2O2 via peroxiredoxin 3 and sulfiredoxin. Furthermore, in response to increased levels of H2O2, p53 upregulates the long non-coding RNA necrosis-related factor, favoring the translation of RIPK1 and RIPK3. In parallel, a fraction of cytosolic p53 migrates into mitochondria, a process notably involved in necroptosis execution via its interaction with the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In conclusion, p53 is located at the intersection between mtROS and the necroptosis machinery, making it a key protein to orchestrate redox signaling during necroptosis.

Novel, non-conventional pathways of necroptosis in the heart and other organs: Molecular mechanisms, regulation and inter-organelle interplay

Necroptosis, a cell death modality that is defined as a necrosis-like cell death depending on the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), has been found to underlie the injury of various organs. Nevertheless, the molecular background of this cell loss seems to also involve, at least under certain circumstances, some novel axes, such as RIPK3-PGAM5-Drp1 (mitochondrial protein phosphatase 5-dynamin-related protein 1), RIPK3-CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II) and RIPK3-JNK-BNIP3 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase-BCL2 Interacting Protein 3). In addition, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress via the higher production of reactive oxygen species produced by the mitochondrial enzymes and the enzymes of the plasma membrane have been implicated in necroptosis, thereby depicting an inter-organelle interplay in the mechanisms of this cell death. However, the role and relationship between these novel non-conventional signalling and the well-accepted canonical pathway in terms of tissue- and/or disease-specific prioritisation is completely unknown. In this review, we provide current knowledge on some necroptotic pathways being not directly associated with RIPK3-MLKL execution and report studies showing the role of respective microRNAs in the regulation of necroptotic injury in the heart and in some other tissues having a high expression of the pro-necroptotic proteins.

Non-coding RNAs: The potential biomarker or therapeutic target in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is the major complication of liver surgery and liver transplantation, that may increase the postoperative morbidity, mortality, tumor progression, and metastasis. The underlying mechanisms have been extensively investigated in recent years. Among these, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, immunoreactions, and cell death are the most studied. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are defined as the RNAs that do not encode proteins, but can regulate gene expressions. In recent years, ncRNAs have emerged as research hotspots for various diseases. During the progression of HIRI, ncRNAs are differentially expressed, while these dysregulations of ncRNAs, in turn, have been verified to be related to the above pathological processes involved in HIRI. ncRNAs mainly contain microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, some of which have been reported as biomarkers for early diagnosis or assessment of liver damage severity, and as therapeutic targets to attenuate HIRI. Here, we briefly summarize the common pathophysiology of HIRI, describe the current knowledge of ncRNAs involved in HIRI in animal and human studies, and discuss the potential of ncRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies. Given the scarcity of clinical trials, there is still a long way to go from pre-clinical to clinical application, and further studies are needed to uncover their potential as therapeutic targets.

The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs has been identified in many human diseases. Future improvements in diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic techniques will be facilitated by a deeper understanding of disease etiology. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death globally. Cardiac development involves lncRNAs, and their abnormalities are linked to many CVDs. This review examines the relationship and function of lncRNA in a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial hypertrophy, and heart failure. Therein, the potential utilization of lncRNAs in clinical diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications will also be discussed.

Heat stress-induced intestinal epithelial cells necroptosis via TLR3-TRIF-RIP3 pathway was dependent on p53

BACKGROUND

Heatstroke is a life-threatening disease. Present study was aimed to investigate the mechanism in heat induced intestinal epithelial cell death.

METHOD

Heat stress in vitro model was established on IEC cells with 42℃ for 2 h. Caspase-8 inhibitor, Caspase-3 inhibitor, RIP3 inhibitor, TLR3 agonist, poly(I:C) and p53 knockdown were used to determine the signaling pathway. Heatstroke in vivo model was established on C57BL/6 mice, with a temperature of 35.5℃±0.5℃ and a relative humidity of 60% ± 5%. The intestine necroptosis and inflammatory cytokines were measured. Pifithrin α (3 mg/kg) and p53 knockout mice were used to evaluate the role of p53.

RESULTS

Heat stress-induced reduction of cell viability was remarkable reversed by RIP3 inhibitor. Heat stress induced upregulation of TLR3 and facilitate the formation of TRIF-RIP3 complex. The heat stress induced upregulation of RIP3 and p-RIP3 were normalized by the deletion of p53. Meanwhile, p53 knockout decreased TLR3 expression and blocked the formation of TLR3-TRIF complex. The deletion of p53 blocked the decreased cell viability and restored the activation of RIP3-MLKL signaling after heat stress, however, which were abolished by re-expression of p53 via Tp53 OE. Increased the expression of TLR3 in the p53-deficient cells could not affect the heat stress induced necrotic cell death, which suggests that heat stress induced necroptosis via TLR3-TRIF-RIP3 signaling pathway is dependent on p53.

CONCLUSION

Heat stress promoted p53 phosphorylation, then upregulated TLR3 and enhanced the interaction of TRIF-RIP3, which would activate the RIP3-MLKL signaling pathway to mediate necroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells.

Bioinformatics analysis of necroptosis‑related lncRNAs and immune infiltration, and prediction of the prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma

Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, and has high morbidity and mortality rates. Necrosis and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the progression of ESCA; however, the specific mechanism has not been clarified. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of necrosis-related lncRNAs (nrlncRNAs) in patients with ESCA by bioinformatics analysis, and to establish a nrlncRNA model to predict ESCA immune infiltration and prognosis. To form synthetic matrices, ESCA transcriptome data and related information were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. A nrlncRNA model was established by coexpression, univariate Cox (Uni-Cox), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analyses. The predictive ability of this model was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Uni-Cox, multivariate Cox regression, nomogram and calibration curve analyses. A model containing eight nrlncRNAs was generated. The areas under the ROC curves for 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival were 0.746, 0.671 and 0.812, respectively. A high-risk score according to this model could be used as an indicator for systemic therapy use, since the half-maximum inhibitory concentration values varied significantly between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Based on the expression of eight prognosis-related nrlncRNAs, the patients with ESCA were regrouped using the 'ConsensusClusterPlus' package to explore potential molecular subgroups responding to immunotherapy. The patients with ESCA were divided into three clusters based on the eight nrlncRNAs that constituted the risk model: The most low-risk group patients were classified into cluster 1, and the high-risk group patients were mainly concentrated in clusters 2 and 3. Survival analysis showed that Cluster 1 had a better survival than the other groups (P=0.016). This classification system could contribute to precision treatment. Furthermore, two nrlncRNAs (LINC02811 and LINC00299) were assessed in the esophageal epithelial cell line HET-1A, and in the human esophageal cancer cell lines KYSE150 and TE1. There were significant differences in the expression levels of these lncRNAs between tumor and normal cells. In conclusion, the present study suggested that nrlncRNA models may predict the prognosis of patients with ESCA, and provide guidance for immunotherapy and chemotherapy decision making. Furthermore, the present study provided strategies to promote the development of individualized and precise treatment for patients with ESCA.

The Role of P53 in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

PURPOSE

P53 is one of the key tumor suppressors. In normal cells, p53 is maintained at low levels by the ubiquitination of the ubiquitinated ligase MDM2. In contrast, under stress conditions such as DNA damage and ischemia, the interaction between p53 and MDM2 is blocked and activated by phosphorylation and acetylation, thereby mediating the trans-activation of p53 through its target genes to regulate a variety of cellular responses. Previous studies have shown that the expression of p53 is negligible in normal myocardium, tends to increase in myocardial ischemia and is maximally induced in ischemia-reperfused myocardium, demonstrating a possible key role of p53 in the development of MIRI. In this review, we detail and summarize recent studies on the mechanism of action of p53 in MIRI and describe the therapeutic agents targeting the relevant targets to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of MIRI.

METHODS

We collected 161 relevant papers mainly from Pubmed and Web of Science (search terms "p53" and "myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury"). After that, we selected pathway studies related to p53 and classified them according to their contents. We eventually analyzed and summarized them.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

In this review, we detail and summarize recent studies on the mechanism of action of p53 in MIRI and validate its status as an important intermediate affecting MIRI. On the one hand, p53 is regulated and modified by multiple factors, especially non-coding RNAs; on the other hand, p53 regulates apoptosis, programmed necrosis, autophagy, iron death and oxidative stress in MIRI through multiple pathways. More importantly, several studies have reported medications targeting p53-related therapeutic targets. These medications are expected to be effective options for the alleviation of MIRI, but further safety and clinical studies are needed to convert them into clinical applications.

Clinical Significance of MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs, and CircRNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases

Based on recent research, the non-coding genome is essential for controlling genes and genetic programming during development, as well as for health and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The microRNAs (miRNAs), lncRNAs (long ncRNAs), and circRNAs (circular RNAs) with significant regulatory and structural roles make up approximately 99% of the human genome, which does not contain proteins. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) have been discovered to be essential novel regulators of cardiovascular risk factors and cellular processes, making them significant prospects for advanced diagnostics and prognosis evaluation. Cases of CVDs are rising due to limitations in the current therapeutic approach; most of the treatment options are based on the coding transcripts that encode proteins. Recently, various investigations have shown the role of nc-RNA in the early diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. Furthermore, the development of novel diagnoses and treatments based on miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs could be more helpful in the clinical management of patients with CVDs. CVDs are classified into various types of heart diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy (CH), heart failure (HF), rheumatic heart disease (RHD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis (AS), myocardial fibrosis (MF), arrhythmia (ARR), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Here, we discuss the biological and clinical importance of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs and their expression profiles and manipulation of non-coding transcripts in CVDs, which will deliver an in-depth knowledge of the role of ncRNAs in CVDs for progressing new clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Myocardial infarction unveiled: Key miRNA players screened by a novel lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network model

BACKGROUND

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major contributor to global mortality, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are important in its pathogenesis. Identifying blood miRNAs with clinical application potential for the early detection and treatment of MI is crucial.

METHODS

We obtained MI-related miRNA and miRNA microarray datasets from MI Knowledge Base (MIKB) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), respectively. A new feature called target regulatory score (TRS) was proposed to characterize the RNA interaction network. MI-related miRNAs were characterized using TRS, transcription factor (TF) gene proportion (TFP), and ageing-related gene (AG) proportion (AGP) via the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. A bioinformatics model was then developed to predict MI-related miRNAs, which were verified by literature and pathway enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

The TRS-characterized model outperformed previous methods in identifying MI-related miRNAs. MI-related miRNAs had high TRS, TFP, and AGP values, and combining the three features improved prediction accuracy to 0.743. With this method, 31 candidate MI-related miRNAs were screened from the specific-MI lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network, associated with key MI pathways like circulatory system processes, inflammatory response, and oxygen level adaptation. Most candidate miRNAs were directly associated with MI according to literature evidence, except hsa-miR-520c-3p and hsa-miR-190b-5p. Furthermore, CAV1, PPARA and VEGFA were identified as MI key genes, and were targeted by most of the candidate miRNAs.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proposed a novel bioinformatics model based on multivariate biomolecular network analysis to identify putative key miRNAs of MI, which deserve further experimental and clinical validation for translational applications.

LncRNA NR_003508 Suppresses Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced Programmed Necrosis via Sponging miR-346-3p to Regulate RIPK1

Emerging evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are involved in Mtb-induced programmed necrosis. Among these LncRNAs, LncRNA NR_003508 is associated with LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, whether LncRNA NR_003508 contributes to Mtb-induced programmed necrosis remains undocumented. Firstly, the expression of LncRNA NR_003508 was determined using RT-qPCR and FISH. The protein expression of RIPK1, p-RIPK1, RIPK3, p-RIPK3, MLKL, and p-MLKL was measured by Western blot in RAW264.7 and mouse lung tissues. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays and bioinformatics were used to predict specific miRNA (miR-346-3p) and mRNA (RIPK1) regulated by LncRNA NR_003508. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to detect the RIPK1 expression in TB patients and healthy peripheral blood. The flow cytometry assay was performed to detect cell necrosis rates. Here we show that BCG infection-induced cell necrosis and increased LncRNA NR_003508 expression. si-NR_003508 inhibited BCG/H37Rv-induced programmed necrosis in vitro or in vivo. Functionally, LncRNA NR_003508 has been verified as a ceRNA for absorbing miR-346-3p, which targets RIPK1. Moreover, RIPK1 expression was elevated in the peripheral blood of TB patients compared with healthy people. Knockdown of LncRNA NR_003508 or miR-346-3p overexpression suppresses cell necrosis rate and ROS accumulation in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, LncRNA NR_003508 functions as a positive regulator of Mtb-induced programmed necrosis via sponging miR-346-3p to regulate RIPK1. Our findings may provide a promising therapeutic target for tuberculosis.

Cuproptosis: p53-regulated metabolic cell death?

Cuproptosis is a novel type of copper-induced cell death that primarily occurs in cells that utilize oxidative phosphorylation as the main metabolic pathway to produce energy. Copper directly associates with the lipoylated proteins of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, leading to the disulfide-bond-dependent aggregation of these lipoylated proteins, destabilization of the iron-sulfur cluster proteins, and consequent proteotoxic stress. Cancer cells prefer glycolysis (Warburg effect) to oxidative phosphorylation for producing intermediate metabolites and energy, thereby achieving resistance to cuproptosis. Interestingly, the tumor suppressor p53 is a crucial metabolic regulator that inhibits glycolysis and drives a metabolic switch towards oxidative phosphorylation in cancer cells. Additionally, p53 regulates the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters and the copper chelator glutathione, which are two critical components of the cuproptotic pathway, suggesting that this tumor suppressor might play a role in cuproptosis. Furthermore, the possible roles of mutant p53 in regulating cuproptosis are discussed. In this essay, we review the recent progress in the understanding of the mechanism underlying cuproptosis, revisit the roles of p53 in metabolic regulation and iron-sulfur cluster and glutathione biosynthesis, and propose several potential mechanisms for wild-type and mutant p53-mediated cuproptosis regulation.

The Involvement of Krüppel-like Factors in Cardiovascular Diseases

Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a set of DNA-binding proteins belonging to a family of zinc-finger transcription factors, which have been associated with many biological processes related to the activation or repression of genes, inducing cell growth, differentiation, and death, and the development and maintenance of tissues. In response to metabolic alterations caused by disease and stress, the heart will undergo cardiac remodeling, leading to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). KLFs are among the transcriptional factors that take control of many physiological and, in this case, pathophysiological processes of CVD. KLFs seem to be associated with congenital heart disease-linked syndromes, malformations because of autosomal diseases, mutations that relate to protein instability, and/or loss of functions such as atheroprotective activities. Ischemic damage also relates to KLF dysregulation because of the differentiation of cardiac myofibroblasts or a modified fatty acid oxidation related to the formation of a dilated cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarctions, left ventricular hypertrophy, and diabetic cardiomyopathies. In this review, we describe the importance of KLFs in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, left ventricle hypertrophy, stroke, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and congenital heart diseases. We further discuss microRNAs that have been involved in certain regulatory loops of KLFs as they may act as critical in CVDs.

Non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) encompass a family of ubiquitous RNA molecules that lack protein-coding potential and have tissue-specific expression. A significant body of evidence indicates that ncRNA's aberrant expression plays a critical role in disease onset and development. NcRNAs' biochemical characteristics such as disease-associated concentration changes, structural stability, and high abundance in body fluids make them promising prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the term in use to describe MI's early phase, is generally diagnosed by physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and the presence of specific biomarkers. In this regard, compared to standard MI biomarkers, such as the cardiac troponin isoforms (cTnT & cTnI) and the Creatinine Kinase (CK), ncRNAs appears to provide better sensitivity and specificity, ensuring a rapid and correct diagnosis, an earlier treatment, and consequently a good prognosis for the patients. This review aims to summarize and discuss the most promising and recent data on the potential clinical use of circulating ncRNAs as MI biomarkers. Specifically, we focused primarily on miRNAs and lncRNAs, highlighting their significant specificity and sensitivity, discussing their limitations, and suggesting possible overcoming approaches.

Knockdown of lncRNA SNHG16 attenuates myocardial ischemia‑reoxygenation injury via targeting miR‑183/FOXO1 axis

Accumulating evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely involved in cellular processes of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The present study investigated the functions of lncRNA SNHG16 in myocardial I/R and the mechanism mediated by SNHG16. The myocardial I/R rat and cell model and hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (H/R) models of H9C2 cardiomyocytes were established to detect the expression of SNHG16. Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometric and western blot assays were conducted to detect cell viability, apoptosis and protein expression. Myocardial cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining. Dual-luciferase gene reporter was applied to determine the interaction between the molecules. The expressions of SNHG16 were upregulated in myocardial I/R injury models. Inhibition of SNHG16 relieved myocardial I/R injury in vivo and in vitro silencing of SNHG16 alleviated H/R induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. To explore the regulatory mechanism, it was discovered that SNHG16 directly interacted with miR-183, while forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) was a target of microRNA (miR)-183. Findings from rescue assays revealed that miR-183 inhibitor and upregulation of FOXO1 can rescue the effect of sh-SNHG16 on H/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The results indicated that the lncRNA SNHG16/miR-183/FOXO1 axis exacerbated myocardial cell apoptosis in myocardial I/R injury, suggesting SNHG16 as a potential therapeutic target for myocardial I/R injury.

Circulatory long noncoding RNAs (circulatory-LNC-RNAs) as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular diseases: Implications for cardiovascular diseases complications

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders with major global health consequences. The prevalence of CVDs continues to grow due to population-aging and lifestyle modifications. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as key regulators of cell signaling pathways have gained attention in the occurrence and development of CVDs. Exosomal-lncRNAs (exos-lncRNAs) are emerging biomarkers due to their high sensitivity and specificity, stability, accuracy and accessibility in the biological fluids. Recently, circulatory and exos-based-lncRNAs are emerging and novel bio-tools in various pathogenic conditions. It is worth mentioning that dysregulation of these molecules has been found in different types of CVDs. In this regard, we aimed to discuss the knowledge gaps and suggest research priorities regarding circulatory and exos-lncRNAs as novel bio-tools and therapeutic targets for CVDs.

Non-coding RNAs in human health and disease: potential function as biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Human diseases have been a critical threat from the beginning of human history. Knowing the origin, course of action and treatment of any disease state is essential. A microscopic approach to the molecular field is a more coherent and accurate way to explore the mechanism, progression, and therapy with the introduction and evolution of technology than a macroscopic approach. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play increasingly important roles in detecting, developing, and treating all abnormalities related to physiology, pathology, genetics, epigenetics, cancer, and developmental diseases. Noncoding RNAs are becoming increasingly crucial as powerful, multipurpose regulators of all biological processes. Parallel to this, a rising amount of scientific information has revealed links between abnormal noncoding RNA expression and human disorders. Numerous non-coding transcripts with unknown functions have been found in addition to advancements in RNA-sequencing methods. Non-coding linear RNAs come in a variety of forms, including circular RNAs with a continuous closed loop (circRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA). This comprises specific information on their biogenesis, mode of action, physiological function, and significance concerning disease (such as cancer or cardiovascular diseases and others). This study review focuses on non-coding RNA as specific biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.

ALKBH5 ALLEVIATES HYPOXIA POSTCONDITIONING INJURY IN d -GALACTOSE-INDUCED SENESCENT CARDIOMYOCYTES BY REGULATING STAT3

ABSTRACT

Ischemic postconditioning (I/Post) reduces I/R injury by activating endogenous cardioprotection mechanisms, such as the JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and PI3K/Akt pathways, which offer a traditional approach to myocardial protection. According to a previous study, cardioprotection by I/Post may be lost in aged mice, and in our previous research, hypoxic postconditioning (H/Post) lacked a protective effect in senescent cardiomyocytes, which was associated with low expression of long noncoding RNA H19. The N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A) modification is a dynamic and reversible process that has been confirmed to play a role in cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms of m 6 A modification in myocardial I/Post remain to be explored. Neonatal cardiomyocytes were isolated from 2-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, and senescence was induced by d -galactose, followed by stimulation of hypoxia-reoxygenation and H/Post. Hypoxic injury was evaluated by cell viability and the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio. Total m 6 A levels were measured using a colorimetric m 6 A RNA Methylation Quantification Kit, and the m 6 A modified and differentially expressed mRNA was determined by MeRIP (methylated RNA immunoprecipitation). We found that H/Post increased m 6 A methylation and decreased RNA mA demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) expression in aged cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, ALKBH5 knockdown exacerbated injury following H/Post in senescent cardiomyocytes. In addition, ALKBH5 regulated STAT3 expression by mediating its m 6 A modification and long noncoding RNA H19/miR-124-3p. ALKBH5 also alleviated the H/Post injury induced by the low expression of STAT3 in senescent cardiomyocytes.

RIPK1 and RIPK3 are positive prognosticators for cervical cancer patients and C2 ceramide can inhibit tumor cell proliferation in vitro

Introduction

The enzymes Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) und 3 (RIPK3) as well as the protein Mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (pMLKL) play a role in the signaling cascade of necroptosis. This is a form of programmed cell death which is caspase-independent. High-risk human papilloma virus infection can inhibit necroptosis. Thereby, a persistent infection and consequently the development of cervical cancer can be triggered. Aim of this study was the analysis of the expression of RIPK1, RIPK3 and pMLKL in cervical cancer tissue and the evaluation of its prognostic value on overall survival, progression-free survival and additional clinical parameters.

Methods

The expression of RIPK1, RIPK3, and pMLKL in cervical cancer tissue microarrays of n = 250 patients was analyzed immunohistochemically. Further, the effect of C2 ceramide on several cervical cancer cell lines (CaSki, HeLa, SiHa) was examined. C2 ceramide is a biologically active short-chain ceramide that induces necroptosis in human luteal granulosa cells.

Results

Significantly longer overall survival and progression-free survival rates could be detected in cervical cancer patients expressing nuclear RIPK1 or RIPK3 alone or simultaneously (RIPK1 and RIPK3). Cell viability and proliferation was reduced through C2 ceramide stimulation of cervical cancer cells. Simultaneous stimulation of C2 ceramide and the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk, or the RIPK1-inhibitor necrostatin-1, partly reversed the negative effect of C2 ceramide on cell viability. This observation could imply that caspase-dependent and -independent forms of cell death, including necroptosis, can occur. AnnexinV-FITC apoptosis staining induced a significant increase in apoptotic cells in CaSki and SiHa cells. The stimulation of CaSki cells with C2 ceramide led to a significant percentual increase in necrotic/intermediate (dying) cells after stimulation with C2 ceramide. In addition, after stimulation with C2 ceramide, CaSki and HeLa cells live cell imaging showed morphological changes which are common for necroptosis.

Discussion

In conclusion, RIPK1 and RIPK3 are independent positive predictors for overall survival and progression-free survival in cervical cancer patients. C2 ceramide can reduce cell viability and proliferation in cervical cancer cells by inducing most likely both apoptosis and necroptosis.

Tubular β-catenin alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death in acute kidney injury

Mitochondria take part in a network of intracellular processes that regulate homeostasis. Defects in mitochondrial function are key pathophysiological changes during AKI. Although Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates mitochondrial dysfunction in chronic kidney fibrosis, little is known of the influence of β-catenin on mitochondrial function in AKI. To decipher this interaction, we generated an inducible mouse model of tubule-specific β-catenin overexpression (TubCat), and a model of tubule-specific β-catenin depletion (TubcatKO), and induced septic AKI in these mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and aseptic AKI with bilateral ischemia-reperfusion. In both AKI models, tubular β-catenin stabilization in TubCat animals significantly reduced BUN/serum creatinine, tubular damage (NGAL-positive tubules), apoptosis (TUNEL-positive cells) and necroptosis (phosphorylation of MLKL and RIP3) through activating AKT phosphorylation and p53 suppression; enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis (increased PGC-1α and NRF1) and restored mitochondrial mass (increased TIM23) to re-establish mitochondrial homeostasis (increased fusion markers OPA1, MFN2, and decreased fission protein DRP1) through the FOXO3/PGC-1α signaling cascade. Conversely, kidney function loss and histological damage, tubular cell death, and mitochondrial dysfunction were all aggravated in TubCatKO mice. Mechanistically, β-catenin transfection maintained mitochondrial mass and activated PGC-1α via FOXO3 in LPS-exposed HK-2 cells. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that tubular β-catenin mitigates cell death and restores mitochondrial homeostasis in AKI through the common mechanisms associated with activation of AKT/p53 and FOXO3/PGC-1α signaling pathways.

A novel necroptosis-related lncRNA based signature predicts prognosis and response to treatment in cervical cancer

Background: Necroptosis has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the prognosis prediction and assessment of treatment outcome in cancers, including cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential prognostic value of necroptosis-related lncRNAs and their relationship with immune microenvironment and response to treatment in cervical cancer. Methods: Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were collected to obtain synthetic data matrices. Necroptosis-related lncRNAs were identified by Pearson Correlation analysis. Univariate Cox and multivariate Cox regression analysis and Lasso regression were used to construct a necroptosis-related LncRNAs signature. Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, nomogram, and calibration curves analysis were performed to validate this signature. Gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA), immunoassays, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were also analyzed. Results: Initially, 119 necroptosis-related lncRNAs were identified based on necroptosis-related genes and differentially expressed lncRNAs between normal and cervical cancer samples. Then, a prognostic risk signature consisting of five necroptosis-related lncRNAs (DDN-AS1, DLEU1, RGS5, RUSC1-AS1, TMPO-AS1) was established by Cox regression analysis, and LASSO regression techniques. Based on this signature, patients with cervical cancer were classified into a low- or high-risk group. Cox regression confirmed this signature as an independent prognostic predictor with an AUC value of 0.789 for predicting 1-year OS. A nomogram including signature, age, and TNM stage grade was then established, and showed an AUC of 0.82 for predicting 1-year OS. Moreover, GSEA analysis showed that immune-related pathways were enriched in the low-risk group; immunoassays showed that most immune cells, ESTIMAT scores and immune scores were negatively correlated with risk score and that the expression of immune checkpoint-proteins (CD27, CD48, CD200, and TNFRSF14) were higher in the low-risk group. In addition, patients in the low-risk group were more sensitive to Rucaparib, Navitoclax and Crizotinib than those in the high-risk group. Conclusion: We established a novel necroptosis-related lncRNA based signature to predict prognosis, tumor microenvironment and response to treatment in cervical cancer. Our study provides clues to tailor prognosis prediction and individualized immunization/targeted therapy strategies.

AIFM1, negatively regulated by miR-145-5p, aggravates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury

BACKGROUND

Hypoxia-induced apoptosis is linked to the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. The role of apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria associated 1 (AIFM1) in cardiomyocyte injury remains unclear. This study was aimed at probing into the role and the underlying regulatory mechanism of AIFM1 in myocardial injury.

METHODS

H9c2 cardiomyocytes and C57BL/6 mice were used for myocardial hypoxic/ischemic injury and myocardial infarction animal models. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the expression levels of AIFM1 mRNA and miR-145-5p. Western blot was used for examining the expression levels of AIFM1, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, p-53, and γ-H2AX. Cell viability was examined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and BrdU assay. Interaction between AIFM1 and miR-145-5p was determined by bioinformatics analysis, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

AIFM1 expression was markedly highly elevated, while miR-145-5p expression was significantly down-regulated in the myocardial infarction animal model and H9c2 cells under hypoxia. Augmentation of AIFM1 led to a dramatic decrease of cell viability, accompanied by an increase of the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, AIFM1 was identified as a target of miR-145-5p. In addition, miR-145-5p/AIFM1 axis regulated the expression of p53.

CONCLUSION

AIFM1 may exacerbate myocardial ischemic injury by promoting inflammation and the injury of cardiomyocytes, and its up-regulation may be partly due to the down-regulation of miR-145-5p.

Identification and validation of a novel necroptosis-related prognostic signature in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic signature of necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs) and explore their association with immune-related functions and sensitivity of the therapeutic drug in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC).

Methods

UCSC Xena provided lncRNA sequencing and clinical data about CESC, and a necroptosis gene list was obtained from the KEGG database. NRLs were selected by structuring a co-expression network of lncRNAs and necroptosis-related genes. To further screen lncRNAs, we used the univariate Cox regression method, Lasso regression, and multivariate Cox regression. Afterward, an NRL signature was established. We used the xCell algorithm and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to clarify the pertinence between immune infiltration and NRL expressions in CESC patients and explored the relationship between the target lncRNAs and immune-related genes. By leveraging the GDSC database, the therapy-sensitive response of the prognostic signature was forecasted and an experimental validation was performed. We performed GSEA with the aim of recognizing the potential pathway related to the individual prognostic signature.

Results

The two prognostic NRLs (AC009095.1 and AC005332.4) showed significant diversity and constituted the NRL signature. On the grounds of our signature, risk score was an independent element which was bound up with patient outcome (HR = 4.97 CI: 1.87–13.2, P = 0.001). The CESC patients were classified by the median risk score. Immune infiltration analysis revealed significant increases in CD4 + Tcm, eosinophils, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, NKT, plasma cells, platelets, and smooth muscle in the high-risk group (P< 0.05). Target lncRNAs also showed some correlation with NRGs. The estimated IC50 values of bicalutamide, CHIR.99021, and imatinib were lower in the high-risk group. Through the subsequent experimental validation, both AC009095.1 and AC005332.4 were significantly more highly expressed in SiHa than in Hela. AC009095.1 was expressed more highly in SiHa than in HUCEC, but the expression of AC005332.4 was reversed.

Conclusions

This study elucidated that NRLs, as a novel signature, were indispensable factors which can significantly influence the prognosis of patients with CESC and could provide novel clinical evidence to serve as a potential molecular biomarker for future therapeutic targets.

LncRNA FGD5-AS1 reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation by modulating Akt and miR-223-3p expression

OBJECTIVES

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be involved in heart development and function. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of the lncRNA FGD5 antisense RNA 1 (FGD5-AS1) on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by targeting miR-223-3p.

METHODS

An AMI model was established both in vivo and in vitro. The levels of FGD5-AS1, miR-223-3p and inflammatory factors were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was assessed using TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax were examined using Western blot. Cardiac function was evaluated using hemodynamic analysis and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. In addition, an underlying competitive endogenous RNA mechanism was revealed by bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay and rescue experiments.

RESULTS

We found decreased expression of FGD5-AS1 in AMI. Furthermore, FGD5-AS1 expression significantly decreased the infarct size, improved cardiac performance and attenuated cardiac fibrosis by reducing myocardial apoptosis and inflammation. miR-223-3p was a direct target of FGD5-AS1. Moreover, miRNA-223-3p directly downregulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Further experiments demonstrated that FGD5-AS1 modulated Akt activity to reduce myocardial injury through miR-223-3p.

CONCLUSION

The FGD5-AS1/miR-223-3p/Akt pathway is involved in AMI, suggesting that FGD5-AS1 may act as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for AMI.

p53 drives necroptosis via downregulation of sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin 3

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to necroptosis. We have investigated the contribution of p53, sulfiredoxin, and mitochondrial peroxiredoxin 3 to necroptosis in acute pancreatitis. Late during the course of pancreatitis, p53 was localized in mitochondria of pancreatic cells undergoing necroptosis. In mice lacking p53, necroptosis was absent, and levels of PGC-1α, peroxiredoxin 3 and sulfiredoxin were upregulated. During the early stage of pancreatitis, prior to necroptosis, sulfiredoxin was upregulated and localized into mitochondria. In mice lacking sulfiredoxin with pancreatitis, peroxiredoxin 3 was hyperoxidized, p53 localized in mitochondria, and necroptosis occurred faster; which was prevented by Mito-TEMPO. In obese mice, necroptosis occurred in pancreas and adipose tissue. The lack of p53 up-regulated sulfiredoxin and abrogated necroptosis in pancreas and adipose tissue from obese mice. We describe here a positive feedback between mitochondrial H₂O₂ and p53 that downregulates sulfiredoxin and peroxiredoxin 3 leading to necroptosis in inflammation and obesity.

Long noncoding RNA NONMMUT015745 inhibits doxorubicin-mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis by regulating Rab2A-p53 axis

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an efficacious and widely used drug for human malignancy treatment, but its clinical application is limited due to side effects, especially cardiotoxicity. Our present study revealed that DOX could induce apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Herein, we screened the dysregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in DOX-treated cardiomyocytes. Notably, overexpression of lncRNA NONMMUT015745 (lnc5745) could alleviate DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, silencing lnc5745 promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Moreover, Rab2A, a direct target of lnc5745, possesses a protective effect in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity once knocked down. Importantly, we verified that the p53-related apoptotic signalling pathway was responsible for the lnc5745-mediated protective role against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, Rab2A interacts with p53 and phosphorylated p53 on Ser 33 (p53 (Phospho-Ser 33)), promotes p53 phosphorylation, thereby activating the apoptotic pathway. Taken together, our results suggested that lnc5745 protects against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis through suppressing Rab2A expression, modifying p53 phosphorylation, thereby regulating p53-related apoptotic signalling pathway. Our findings establish the functional mode of the lnc5745-Rab2A-p53 axis in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The development of new strategies targeting the lnc5745-Rab2A-p53 axis could attenuate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, which is beneficial to its clinical anti-tumour application.

Non-coding RNAs in necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases

Accumulating evidence has proved that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a critical role in the genetic programming and gene regulation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality are rising and have become a primary public health issue that requires immediate resolution through effective intervention. Numerous studies have revealed that new types of cell death, such as pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, play critical cellular roles in CVD progression. It is worth noting that ncRNAs are critical novel regulators of cardiovascular risk factors and cell functions by mediating pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Thus, ncRNAs can be regarded as promising therapeutic targets for treating and diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the mediation of ncRNAs on three types of cell death in regulating tissue homeostasis and pathophysiological conditions in CVDs. Although our understanding of ncRNAs remains in its infancy, the studies reviewed here may provide important new insights into how ncRNAs interact with CVDs. This review summarizes what is known about the functions of ncRNAs in modulating cell death-associated CVDs and their role in CVDs, as well as their current limitations and future prospects.

Suppression of the necroptotic cell death pathways improves survival in Smn2B/− mice

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a monogenic neuromuscular disease caused by low levels of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) protein. Motor neuron degeneration is the central hallmark of the disease. However, the SMN protein is ubiquitously expressed and depletion of the protein in peripheral tissues results in intrinsic disease manifestations, including muscle defects, independent of neurodegeneration. The approved SMN-restoring therapies have led to remarkable clinical improvements in SMA patients. Yet, the presence of a significant number of non-responders stresses the need for complementary therapeutic strategies targeting processes which do not rely solely on restoring SMN. Dysregulated cell death pathways are candidates for SMN-independent pathomechanisms in SMA. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 have been widely recognized as critical therapeutic targets of necroptosis, an important form of programmed cell death. In addition, Caspase-1 plays a fundamental role in inflammation and cell death. In this study, we evaluate the role of necroptosis, particularly RIPK3 and Caspase-1, in the Smn^2B/− mouse model of SMA. We have generated a triple mutant (TKO), the Smn^2B/−; Ripk3^−/−; Casp1^−/− mouse. TKO mice displayed a robust increase in survival and improved motor function compared to Smn^2B/− mice. While there was no protection against motor neuron loss or neuromuscular junction pathology, larger muscle fibers were observed in TKO mice compared to Smn^2B/− mice. Our study shows that necroptosis modulates survival, motor behavior and muscle fiber size independent of SMN levels and independent of neurodegeneration. Thus, small-molecule inhibitors of necroptosis as a combinatorial approach together with SMN-restoring drugs could be a future strategy for the treatment of SMA.

Long noncoding RNA TDRG1 aggravates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy by binding with miR-873-5p to upregulate PRKAR2

Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a life-threatening event. The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported with close associations with DCM, which may provide novel insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of DCM. DCM rat model and cell models were established using doxorubicin. Echocardiography analyses were performed to assess cardiac function. We found that testis developmental-related gene 1 (TDRG1) expression was upregulated in DCM rats and in doxorubicin-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). TDRG1 knockdown enhanced cell viability, promoted tube formation, and inhibited apoptosis of doxorubicin-treated HUVECs. Additionally, knockdown of TDRG1 alleviated cardiac injury in DCM rats. Mechanistically, miR-873-5p was identified to bind with TDRG1. In addition, protein kinase cAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit alpha (PRKAR2) was confirmed to bind with miR-873-5p as a target mRNA. MiR-873-5p negatively regulated PRKAR2 mRNA and protein levels. At last, rescue assays indicated that the overexpression of PRKAR2 restored the effect of TDRG1 knockdown on doxorubicin-treated HUVEC angiogenesis and apoptosis. To conclude, TDRG1 aggravates DCM progression by binding with miR-873-5p to upregulate PRKAR2. This work suggested the potential of TDRG1 as a target for DCM treatment.

Necroptosis-associated long noncoding RNAs can predict prognosis and differentiate between cold and hot tumors in ovarian cancer

Objective

The mortality rate of ovarian cancer (OC) is the highest among all gynecologic cancers. To predict the prognosis and the efficacy of immunotherapy, we identified new biomarkers.

Methods

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) databases were used to extract ovarian cancer transcriptomes. By performing the co-expression analysis, we identified necroptosis-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). We used the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to build the risk model. The qRT-PCR assay was conducted to confirm the differential expression of lncRNAs in the ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the nomogram were used to determine the lncRNAs model. Additionally, the risk model was estimated to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We classified necroptosis-associated IncRNAs into two clusters to distinguish between cold and hot tumors.

Results

The model was constructed using six necroptosis-associated lncRNAs. The calibration plots from the model showed good consistency with the prognostic predictions. The overall survival of one, three, and five-year areas under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.691, 0.678, and 0.691, respectively. There were significant differences in the IC50 between the risk groups, which could serve as a guide to systemic treatment. The results of the qRT-PCR assay showed that AL928654.1, AL133371.2, AC007991.4, and LINC00996 were significantly higher in the SK-OV-3 cell line than in the Iose-80 cell line (P < 0.05). The clusters could be applied to differentiate between cold and hot tumors more accurately and assist in accurate mediation. Cluster 2 was more vulnerable to immunotherapies and was identified as the hot tumor.

Conclusion

Necroptosis-associated lncRNAs are reliable predictors of prognosis and can provide a treatment strategy by screening for hot tumors.

Risk coefficient model of necroptosis-related lncRNA in predicting the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma

Model algorithms were used in constructing the risk coefficient model of necroptosis-related long non-coding RNA in identifying novel potential biomarkers in the prediction of the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Clinic and transcriptomic data of LUAD were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Differently expressed necroptosis-related long non-coding RNAs got identified by performing both the univariate and co-expression Cox regression analyses. Subsequently, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator technique was adopted in constructing the nrlncRNA model. We made a comparison of the areas under the curve, did the count of the values of Akaike information criterion of 1-year, 2-year, as well as 3-year receiver operating characteristic curves, after which the cut-off value was determined for the construction of an optimal model to be used in identifying high risk and low risk patients. Genes, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, clinical correlation analysis, and chemotherapeutic agents data of both the high-risk and low-risk subgroups were also performed. We identified 26 DEnrlncRNA pairs, which were involved in the Cox regression model constructed. The curve areas under survival periods of 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years of patients with LUAD were 0.834, 0.790, and 0.821, respectively. The cut-off value set was 2.031, which was used in the identification of either the high-risk or low-risk patients. Poor outcomes were observed in patients belonging to the high-risk group. The risk score was the independent predictor of the LUAD outcome (p < 0.001). The expression levels of immune checkpoint and infiltration of specific immune cells were anticipated by the gene risk model. The high-risk group was found to be highly sensitive to docetaxel, erlotinib, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. The model established through nrlncRNA pairs irrespective of the levels of expression could give a prediction on the LUAD patients’ prognosis and assist in identifying the patients who might gain more benefit from chemotherapeutic agents.

Evidence for the Benefits of Melatonin in Cardiovascular Disease

The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine gland which produces melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone with critical physiological roles in the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin has been shown to possess anti-oxidant activity and neuroprotective properties. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin has significant functions in cardiovascular disease, and may have anti-aging properties. The ability of melatonin to decrease primary hypertension needs to be more extensively evaluated. Melatonin has shown significant benefits in reducing cardiac pathology, and preventing the death of cardiac muscle in response to ischemia-reperfusion in rodent species. Moreover, melatonin may also prevent the hypertrophy of the heart muscle under some circumstances, which in turn would lessen the development of heart failure. Several currently used conventional drugs show cardiotoxicity as an adverse effect. Recent rodent studies have shown that melatonin acts as an anti-oxidant and is effective in suppressing heart damage mediated by pharmacologic drugs. Therefore, melatonin has been shown to have cardioprotective activity in multiple animal and human studies. Herein, we summarize the most established benefits of melatonin in the cardiovascular system with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of action.

LncRNA-6395 promotes myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice through increasing p53 pathway

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological process characterized by cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which leads to cardiac dysfunction. Increasing evidence shows that abnormal expression of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) plays a crucial role in cardiovascular diseases. In this study we investigated the role of lncRNAs in myocardial I/R injury. Myocardial I/R injury was induced in mice by ligating left anterior descending coronary artery for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. We showed that lncRNA KnowTID_00006395, termed lncRNA-6395 was significantly upregulated in the infarct area of mouse hearts following I/R injury as well as in H₂O₂-treated neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (NMVCs). Overexpression of lncRNA-6395 led to cell apoptosis and the expression change of apoptosis-related proteins in NMVCs, whereas knockdown of lncRNA-6395 attenuated H₂O₂-induced cell apoptosis. LncRNA-6395 knockout mice (lncRNA-6395^+/-) displayed improved cardiac function, decreased plasma LDH activity and infarct size following I/R injury. We demonstrated that lncRNA-6395 directly bound to p53, and increased the abundance of p53 protein through inhibiting ubiquitination-mediated p53 degradation and thereby facilitated p53 translocation to the nucleus. More importantly, overexpression of p53 canceled the inhibitory effects of lncRNA-6395 knockdown on cardiomyocyte apoptosis, whereas knockdown of p53 counteracted the apoptotic effects of lncRNA-6395 in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, lncRNA-6395 as an endogenous pro-apoptotic factor, regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial I/R injury by inhibiting degradation and promoting sub-cellular translocation of p53.

Necroptosis in heart disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Cell death is a crucial event underlying cardiac ischemic injury, pathological remodeling, and heart failure. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis had long been regarded as a passive and unregulated process. However, recent studies demonstrate that a significant subset of necrotic cell death is actively mediated through regulated pathways - a process known as "regulated necrosis". As a form of regulated necrosis, necroptosis is mediated by death receptors and executed through the activation of receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and its downstream substrate mixed lineage kinase-like domain (MLKL). Recent studies have provided compelling evidence that necroptosis plays an important role in myocardial homeostasis, ischemic injury, pathological remodeling, and heart failure. Moreover, it has been shown that genetic and pharmacological manipulations of the necroptosis signaling pathway elicit cardioprotective effects. Important progress has also been made regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate necroptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms of necroptosis, potential crosstalk between necroptosis and other cell death pathways, functional implications of necroptosis in heart disease, and new therapeutic strategies that target necroptosis signaling.

Signaling cascades in the failing heart and emerging therapeutic strategies

Chronic heart failure is the end stage of cardiac diseases. With a high prevalence and a high mortality rate worldwide, chronic heart failure is one of the heaviest health-related burdens. In addition to the standard neurohormonal blockade therapy, several medications have been developed for chronic heart failure treatment, but the population-wide improvement in chronic heart failure prognosis over time has been modest, and novel therapies are still needed. Mechanistic discovery and technical innovation are powerful driving forces for therapeutic development. On the one hand, the past decades have witnessed great progress in understanding the mechanism of chronic heart failure. It is now known that chronic heart failure is not only a matter involving cardiomyocytes. Instead, chronic heart failure involves numerous signaling pathways in noncardiomyocytes, including fibroblasts, immune cells, vascular cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells, and crosstalk among these cells. The complex regulatory network includes protein-protein, protein-RNA, and RNA-RNA interactions. These achievements in mechanistic studies provide novel insights for future therapeutic targets. On the other hand, with the development of modern biological techniques, targeting a protein pharmacologically is no longer the sole option for treating chronic heart failure. Gene therapy can directly manipulate the expression level of genes; gene editing techniques provide hope for curing hereditary cardiomyopathy; cell therapy aims to replace dysfunctional cardiomyocytes; and xenotransplantation may solve the problem of donor heart shortages. In this paper, we reviewed these two aspects in the field of failing heart signaling cascades and emerging therapeutic strategies based on modern biological techniques.

Functional Role of microRNAs in Regulating Cardiomyocyte Death

microRNAs (miRNA, miRs) play crucial roles in cardiovascular disease regulating numerous processes, including inflammation, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and cell death. Herein, we present an updated and comprehensive overview of the functional involvement of miRs in the regulation of cardiomyocyte death, a central event in acute myocardial infarction, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure. Specifically, in this systematic review we are focusing on necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy.

LncRNA LINC00461 exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via microRNA-185-3p/Myd88

OBJECTIVE

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critically in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Thus, it was proposed to investigate the mechanism of LINC00461 in the disease through mediating microRNA-185-3p (miR-185-3p)/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (Myd88) axis.

METHODS

miR-185-3p, LINC00461 and Myd88 expression in mice with I/R injury was measured. Mice with I/R injury were injected with the gene expression-modified vectors, after which cardiac function, hemodynamics, myocardial enzyme, oxidative stress, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were analyzed.

RESULTS

I/R mice showed LINC00461 and Myd88 up-regulation and miR-185-3p down-regulation. Down-regulating LINC00461 or up-regulating miR-185-3p recovered cardiac function, reduced myocardial enzyme levels, and attenuated oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice with I/R. miR-185-3p overexpression rescued the promoting effect of LINC00461 upregulation on myocardial injury in I/R mice.

CONCLUSION

LINC00461 knockdown attenuates myocardial I/R injury via elevating miR-185-3p expression to suppress Myd88 expression.

Non-Coding RNAs: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Recent knowledge concerning the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury provides new insight into their possible roles as specific biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have fewer than 200 nucleotides, while long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have more than 200 nucleotides. The three types of ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) act as signaling molecules strongly involved in cardiovascular disorders (CVD). I/R injury of the heart is the main CVD correlated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac surgery, and transplantation. The expression levels of many ncRNAs and miRNAs are highly modified in the plasma of MI patients, and thus they have the potential to diagnose and treat MI. Cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell death is the major trigger for myocardial ischemia–reperfusion syndrome (MIRS). The cardioprotective effect of inflammasome activation in MIRS and the therapeutics targeting the reparative response could prevent progressive post-infarction heart failure. Moreover, the pharmacological and genetic modulation of these ncRNAs has the therapeutic potential to improve clinical outcomes in AMI patients.