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Zhou J, Qian M, Jiang N, Wu J, Feng X, Yu M, Min Q, Xu H, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zhou F, Shao L, Zhu H, Yang Y, Wang JY, Ruan Q, Zhang W. A Novel Homozygous RHOH Variant Associated with T Cell Dysfunction and Recurrent Opportunistic Infections. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:131. [PMID: 38775840 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
RHOH, an atypical small GTPase predominantly expressed in hematopoietic cells, plays a vital role in immune function. A deficiency in RHOH has been linked to epidermodysplasia verruciformis, lung disease, Burkitt lymphoma and T cell defects. Here, we report a novel germline homozygous RHOH c.245G > A (p.Cys82Tyr) variant in a 21-year-old male suffering from recurrent, invasive, opportunistic infections affecting the lungs, eyes, and brain. His sister also succumbed to a lung infection during early adulthood. The patient exhibited a persistent decrease in CD4+ T, B, and NK cell counts, and hypoimmunoglobulinemia. The patient's T cell showed impaired activation upon in vitro TCR stimulation. In Jurkat T cells transduced with RHOHC82Y, a similar reduction in activation marker CD69 up-regulation was observed. Furthermore, the C82Y variant showed reduced RHOH protein expression and impaired interaction with the TCR signaling molecule ZAP70. Together, these data suggest that the newly identified autosomal-recessive RHOH variant is associated with T cell dysfunction and recurrent opportunistic infections, functioning as a hypomorph by disrupting ZAP70-mediated TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Mengqing Qian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, SKLG, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Room 921, West #13 building, 130 Dong'an road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiping Yu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Min
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yixuan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qingluan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Feiran Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Haoxiang Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatic Diseases, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, 650034, China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Room 921, West #13 building, 130 Dong'an road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China.
| | - Qiaoling Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, 200052, China
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Hosseini A, Germic N, Markov N, Stojkov D, Oberson K, Yousefi S, Simon HU. The regulatory role of eosinophils in adipose tissue depends on autophagy. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1331151. [PMID: 38235134 PMCID: PMC10792036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1331151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is a metabolic condition that elevates the risk of all-cause mortality. Brown and beige adipose tissues, known for their thermogenic properties, offer potential therapeutic targets for combating obesity. Recent reports highlight the role of immune cells, including eosinophils, in adipose tissue homeostasis, while the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Methods To study the role of autophagy in eosinophils in this process, we used a genetic mouse model lacking autophagy-associated protein 5 (Atg5), specifically within the eosinophil lineage (Atg5 eoΔ). Results The absence of Atg5 in eosinophils led to increased body weight, impaired glucose metabolism, and alterations in the cellular architecture of adipose tissue. Our findings indicate that Atg5 modulates the functional activity of eosinophils within adipose tissue rather than their abundance. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis revealed upregulation of arginase 2 (Arg2) in Atg5-knockout eosinophils. Increased Arg2 activity was shown to suppress adipocyte beiging. Furthermore, we observed enrichment of the purine pathway in the absence of Atg5 in eosinophils, leading to a pro-inflammatory shift in macrophages and a further reduction in beiging. Discussion The data shed light on the importance of autophagy in eosinophils and its impact on adipose tissue homeostasis by suppressing Arg2 expression and limiting inflammation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Hosseini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikita Markov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Oberson
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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3
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Peng S, Stojkov D, Gao J, Oberson K, Latzin P, Casaulta C, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Nascent RHOH acts as a molecular brake on actomyosin-mediated effector functions of inflammatory neutrophils. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001794. [PMID: 36108062 PMCID: PMC9514642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to molecular changes associated with increased inflammatory responses, little is known about intracellular counter-regulatory mechanisms that control signaling cascades associated with functional responses of neutrophils. Active RHO GTPases are typically considered as effector proteins that elicit cellular responses. Strikingly, we show here that RHOH, although being constitutively GTP-bound, limits neutrophil degranulation and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Mechanistically, RHOH is induced under inflammatory conditions and binds to non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC IIA) in activated neutrophils in order to inhibit the transport of mitochondria and granules along actin filaments, which is partially reverted upon disruption of the interaction with NMHC IIA by introducing a mutation in RhoH at lysine 34 (RhoHK34A). In parallel, RHOH inhibits actin polymerization presumably by modulating RAC1 activity. In vivo studies using Rhoh-/- mice, demonstrate an increased antibacterial defense capability against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Collectively, our data reveal a previously undefined role of RHOH as a molecular brake for actomyosin-mediated neutrophil effector functions, which represents an intracellular regulatory axis involved in controlling the strength of an antibacterial inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kevin Oberson
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Casaulta
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Valent P, Degenfeld-Schonburg L, Sadovnik I, Horny HP, Arock M, Simon HU, Reiter A, Bochner BS. Eosinophils and eosinophil-associated disorders: immunological, clinical, and molecular complexity. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:423-438. [PMID: 34052871 PMCID: PMC8164832 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils and their mediators play a crucial role in various reactive states such as bacterial and viral infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, and certain hematologic malignancies. Depending on the underlying pathology, molecular defect(s), and the cytokine- and mediator-cascades involved, peripheral blood and tissue hypereosinophilia (HE) may develop and may lead to organ dysfunction or even organ damage which usually leads to the diagnosis of a HE syndrome (HES). In some of these patients, the etiology and impact of HE remain unclear. These patients are diagnosed with idiopathic HE. In other patients, HES is diagnosed but the etiology remains unknown — these patients are classified as idiopathic HES. For patients with HES, early therapeutic application of agents reducing eosinophil counts is usually effective in avoiding irreversible organ damage. Therefore, it is important to systematically explore various diagnostic markers and to correctly identify the disease elicitors and etiology. Depending on the presence and type of underlying disease, HES are classified into primary (clonal) HES, reactive HES, and idiopathic HES. In most of these patients, effective therapies can be administered. The current article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of eosinophil-associated disorders, with special emphasis on the molecular, immunological, and clinical complexity of HE and HES. In addition, diagnostic criteria and the classification of eosinophil disorders are reviewed in light of new developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, 18-20 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lina Degenfeld-Schonburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, 18-20 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Sadovnik
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, 18-20 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Horny
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Arock
- Laboratory of Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Germic N, Hosseini A, Yousefi S, Karaulov A, Simon HU. Regulation of eosinophil functions by autophagy. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:347-362. [PMID: 34019141 PMCID: PMC8241657 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granule-containing leukocytes which develop in the bone marrow. For many years, eosinophils have been recognized as cytotoxic effector cells, but recent studies suggest that they perform additional immunomodulatory and homeostatic functions. Autophagy is a conserved intracellular process which preserves cellular homeostasis. Autophagy defects have been linked to the pathogenesis of many human disorders. Evidence for abnormal regulation of autophagy, including decreased or increased expression of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins, has been reported in several eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, such as Crohn's disease, bronchial asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite the increasing extent of research using preclinical models of immune cell-specific autophagy deficiency, the physiological relevance of autophagic pathway in eosinophils has remained unknown until recently. Owing to the increasing evidence that eosinophils play a role in keeping organismal homeostasis, the regulation of eosinophil functions is of considerable interest. Here, we discuss the most recent advances on the role of autophagy in eosinophils, placing particular emphasis on insights obtained in mouse models of infections and malignant diseases in which autophagy has genetically dismantled in the eosinophil lineage. These studies pointed to the possibility that autophagy-deficient eosinophils exaggerate inflammation. Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of the autophagic pathway in these cells could be used for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aref Hosseini
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420012, Kazan, Russia.
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6
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Galiègue‐Zouitina S, Fu Q, Carton‐Latreche C, Poret N, Cheok M, Leprêtre F, Figeac M, Quesnel B, El Bouazzati H, Shelley CS. Bimodal expression of
RHOH
during myelomonocytic differentiation: Implications for the expansion of AML differentiation therapy. EJHAEM 2021; 2:196-210. [PMID: 35845268 PMCID: PMC9175762 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
RhoH is an unusual member of the Rho family of small GTP‐binding proteins in that it lacks GTPase activity. Since the RhoH protein is constantly bound by GTP, it is constitutively active and controlled predominantly by changes in quantitative expression. Abnormal levels of RHOH gene transcripts have been linked to a range of malignancies including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). One of the hallmarks of AML is a block in the normal program of myeloid differentiation. Here we investigate how myeloid differentiation is controlled by the quantitative expression of RHOH. Our analysis demonstrates that increasingly mature myeloid cells express progressively lower levels of RHOH. However, as monocytic myeloid cells terminally differentiate into macrophages, RHOH expression is up‐regulated. This up‐regulation is not apparent in AML where myeloid differentiation is blocked at stages of low RHOH expression. Nevertheless, when the up‐regulation of RHOH is forced, then terminal macrophage differentiation is induced and the Cdc42 and Wnt intracellular signalling pathways are repressed. These results indicate that RHOH induction is a driver of terminal differentiation and might represent a means of effecting AML differentiation therapy. The potential of this therapeutic strategy is supported by forced up‐regulation of RHOH reducing the ability of AML cells to produce tumours in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Galiègue‐Zouitina
- JPARC UMRS 1172 Inserm Lille University Lille France
- Place de Verdun Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille Lille Cedex France
| | - Qiangwei Fu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research La Jolla California USA
| | - Céline Carton‐Latreche
- JPARC UMRS 1172 Inserm Lille University Lille France
- Place de Verdun Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille Lille Cedex France
| | - Nicolas Poret
- JPARC UMRS 1172 Inserm Lille University Lille France
- Place de Verdun Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille Lille Cedex France
| | - Meyling Cheok
- JPARC UMRS 1172 Inserm Lille University Lille France
- Place de Verdun Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille Lille Cedex France
- Canther UMR 1277 Inserm‐9020 CNRS Lille University Lille France
| | - Frédéric Leprêtre
- UMS 2014 ‐ US 41 Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale Lille University Lille France
| | - Martin Figeac
- UMS 2014 ‐ US 41 Plateau de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale Lille University Lille France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- JPARC UMRS 1172 Inserm Lille University Lille France
- Place de Verdun Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille Lille Cedex France
- Canther UMR 1277 Inserm‐9020 CNRS Lille University Lille France
- CHU Lille Service des Maladies du Sang Lille France
| | - Hassiba El Bouazzati
- JPARC UMRS 1172 Inserm Lille University Lille France
- Place de Verdun Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille Lille Cedex France
- Canther UMR 1277 Inserm‐9020 CNRS Lille University Lille France
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7
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Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Hashim IF, Mohd Zaini Makhtar M, Salikin NH, Amin-Nordin S. The Role of RhoH in TCR Signalling and Its Involvement in Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:950. [PMID: 33923951 PMCID: PMC8072805 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an atypical member of the Rho family small GTPases, RhoH shares less than 50% sequence similarity with other members, and its expression is commonly observed in the haematopoietic lineage. To date, RhoH function was observed in regulating T cell receptor signalling, and less is known in other haematopoietic cells. Its activation may not rely on the standard GDP/GTP cycling of small G proteins and is thought to be constitutively active because critical amino acids involved in GTP hydrolysis are absent. Alternatively, its activation can be regulated by other types of regulation, including lysosomal degradation, somatic mutation and transcriptional repressor, which also results in an altered protein expression. Aberrant protein expression of RhoH has been implicated not only in B cell malignancies but also in immune-related diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, wherein its involvement may provide the link between immune-related diseases and cancer. RhoH association with these diseases involves several other players, including its interacting partner, ZAP-70; activation regulators, Vav1 and RhoGDI and other small GTPases, such as RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42. As such, RhoH and its associated proteins are potential attack points, especially in the treatment of cancer and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Masara Ahmad Mokhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Ilie Fadzilah Hashim
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Group, Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Muaz Mohd Zaini Makhtar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.M.Z.M.); (N.H.S.)
| | - Syafinaz Amin-Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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8
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ATG5 promotes eosinopoiesis but inhibits eosinophil effector functions. Blood 2021; 137:2958-2969. [PMID: 33598715 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are white blood cells that contribute to the regulation of immunity and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. In contrast to other cells of the immune system, no information is available regarding the role of autophagy in eosinophil differentiation and functions. To study the autophagic pathway in eosinophils, we generated conditional knockout mice in which Atg5 is deleted within the eosinophil lineage only (designated Atg5eoΔ mice). Eosinophilia was provoked by crossbreeding Atg5eoΔ mice with Il5 (IL-5) overexpressing transgenic mice (designated Atg5eoΔIl5tg mice). Deletion of Atg5 in eosinophils resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of mature eosinophils in blood and an increase of immature eosinophils in the bone marrow. Atg5-knockout eosinophil precursors exhibited reduced proliferation under both in vitro and in vivo conditions but no increased cell death. Moreover, reduced differentiation of eosinophils in the absence of Atg5 was also observed in mouse and human models of chronic eosinophilic leukemia. Atg5-knockout blood eosinophils exhibited augmented levels of degranulation and bacterial killing in vitro. Moreover, in an experimental in vivo model, we observed that Atg5eoΔ mice achieve better clearance of the local and systemic bacterial infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Evidence for increased degranulation of ATG5low-expressing human eosinophils was also obtained in both tissues and blood. Taken together, mouse and human eosinophil hematopoiesis and effector functions are regulated by ATG5, which controls the amplitude of overall antibacterial eosinophil immune responses.
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9
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Simon HU, Yousefi S, Germic N, Arnold IC, Haczku A, Karaulov AV, Simon D, Rosenberg HF. The Cellular Functions of Eosinophils: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2020. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2019; 181:11-23. [PMID: 31786573 DOI: 10.1159/000504847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils and their secretory mediators play an important role in the pathogenesis of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Although eosinophils are largely evolutionally conserved, their physiologic functions are not well understood. Given the availability of new eosinophil-targeted depletion therapies, there has been a renewed interest in understanding eosinophil biology as these strategies may result in secondary disorders when applied over long periods of time. Recent data suggest that eosinophils are not only involved in immunological effector functions but also carry out tissue protective and immunoregulatory functions that actively contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis. Prolonged eosinophil depletion may therefore result in the development of secondary disorders. Here, we review recent literature pointing to important roles for eosinophils in promoting immune defense, antibody production, activation of adipose tissue, and tissue remodeling and fibrosis. We also reflect on patient data from clinical trials that feature anti-eosinophil therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Haczku
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alexander V Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Barlow HR, Cleaver O. Building Blood Vessels-One Rho GTPase at a Time. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060545. [PMID: 31174284 PMCID: PMC6627795 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are required for the survival of any organism larger than the oxygen diffusion limit. Blood vessel formation is a tightly regulated event and vessel growth or changes in permeability are linked to a number of diseases. Elucidating the cell biology of endothelial cells (ECs), which are the building blocks of blood vessels, is thus critical to our understanding of vascular biology and to the development of vascular-targeted disease treatments. Small GTPases of the Rho GTPase family are known to regulate several processes critical for EC growth and maintenance. In fact, many of the 21 Rho GTPases in mammals are known to regulate EC junctional remodeling, cell shape changes, and other processes. Rho GTPases are thus an attractive target for disease treatments, as they often have unique functions in specific vascular cell types. In fact, some Rho GTPases are even expressed with relative specificity in diseased vessels. Interestingly, many Rho GTPases are understudied in ECs, despite their known expression in either developing or mature vessels, suggesting an even greater wealth of knowledge yet to be gleaned from these complex signaling pathways. This review aims to provide an overview of Rho GTPase signaling contributions to EC vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and mature vessel barrier function. A particular emphasis is placed on so-called "alternative" Rho GTPases, as they are largely understudied despite their likely important contributions to EC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Rose Barlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Sokollik C, Simon HU. [Eosinophilic granulocytes-Physiology and pathophysiology]. Z Rheumatol 2019; 78:306-312. [PMID: 30627844 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-018-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic granulocytes are a subpopulation of leucocytes and part of the innate immune cell pool. Additionally, they have homeostatic functions in different tissues. Classically, an increased number of eosinophils is associated with allergies and parasitic infections; however, eosinophilia can also be found in vasculitides and malignant tumors. The most important controlling factors of eosinophils are the cytokine interleukin 5 and eotaxins. Eosinophils are able to produce a broad range of signalling factors and toxic proteins, which are stored in cytoplasmic granules and can be quickly and specifically released when needed depending on the stimulus. To combat pathogens, eosinophils can catapult extracellular traps consisting of mitochondrial DNA and toxic proteins into the intercellular space. This review focuses on the basic structure, control and function of eosinophils in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sokollik
- Pädiatrische Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Ernährung, Kinderklinik, Inselspital, Universität Bern, Bern, Schweiz
| | - H-U Simon
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität Bern, Inselspital, INO-F, 3010, Bern, Schweiz.
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Abstract
Human eosinophils have characteristic morphologic features, including a bilobed nucleus and cytoplasmic granules filled with cytotoxic and immunoregulatory proteins that are packaged in a specific manner. Eosinophil production in the bone marrow is exquisitely regulated by timely expression of a repertoire of transcription factors that work together via collaborative and hierarchical interactions to direct eosinophil development. In addition, proper granule formation, which occurs in a spatially organized manner, is an intrinsic checkpoint that must be passed for proper eosinophil production to occur. In eosinophil-associated disorders, eosinophils and their progenitors can be recruited in large numbers into tissues where they can induce proinflammatory organ damage in response to local signals. Eosinophils are terminally differentiated and do not proliferate once they leave the bone marrow. The cytokine IL-5 specifically enhances eosinophil production and, along with other mediators, promotes eosinophil activation. Indeed, eosinophil depletion with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-5Rα is now proven to be clinically beneficial for several eosinophilic disorders, most notably severe asthma, and several therapeutics targeting eosinophil viability and production are now in development. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of eosinophil development and the consequences of tissue eosinophilia. Future research efforts focused on basic eosinophil immunobiology and translational efforts to assist in the diagnosis, treatment selection, and resolution of eosinophil-associated disorders will likely be informative and clinically helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Fulkerson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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14
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Germic N, Stojkov D, Oberson K, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Neither eosinophils nor neutrophils require ATG5-dependent autophagy for extracellular DNA trap formation. Immunology 2017; 152:517-525. [PMID: 28703297 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of extracellular traps (ETs) in innate immunity is well established, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for their formation remain unclear and in scientific dispute. ETs have been defined as extracellular DNA scaffolds associated with the granule proteins of eosinophils or neutrophils. They are capable of killing bacteria extracellularly. Based mainly on results with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors such as 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and wortmannin, which are commonly used to inhibit autophagy, several groups have reported that autophagy is required for neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We decided to investigate this apparent dependence on autophagy for ET release and generated genetically modified mice that lack, specifically in eosinophils or neutrophils, autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), a gene encoding a protein essential for autophagosome formation. Interestingly, neither eosinophils nor neutrophils from Atg5-deficient mice exhibited abnormalities in ET formation upon physiological activation or exposure to low concentrations of PMA, although we could confirm that human and mouse eosinophils and neutrophils, after pre-treatment with inhibitors of class III PI3K, show a block both in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and in ET formation. The so-called late autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, on the other hand, were without effect. These data indicate that ET formation occurs independently of autophagy and that the inhibition of ROS production and ET formation in the presence of 3-MA and wortmannin is probably owing to their additional ability to block the class I PI3Ks, which are involved in signalling cascades initiated by triggers of ET formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Darko Stojkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Oberson
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
With the advent of novel therapies targeting eosinophils, there has been renewed interest in understanding the basic biology of this unique cell. In this context, murine models and human studies have continued to highlight the role of the eosinophil in homeostatic functions and immunoregulation. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of eosinophil biology that are likely to have important consequences on the development and consequences of eosinophil-targeted therapies. Given the breadth of the topic, the discussion will be limited to three areas of interest: the eosinophil life cycle, eosinophil heterogeneity, and mechanisms of cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Klion
- Human Eosinophil Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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