1
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Bettini A, Patrick PS, Day RM, Stuckey DJ. CT-Visible Microspheres Enable Whole-Body In Vivo Tracking of Injectable Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303588. [PMID: 38678393 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Targeted delivery and retention are essential requirements for implantable tissue-engineered products. Non-invasive imaging methods that can confirm location, retention, and biodistribution of transplanted cells attached to implanted tissue engineering scaffolds will be invaluable for the optimization and enhancement of regenerative therapies. To address this need, an injectable tissue engineering scaffold consisting of highly porous microspheres compatible with transplantation of cells is modified to contain the computed tomography (CT) contrast agent barium sulphate (BaSO4). The trackable microspheres show high x-ray absorption, with contrast permitting whole-body tracking. The microspheres are cellularized with GFP+ Luciferase+ mesenchymal stem cells and show in vitro biocompatibility. In vivo, cellularized BaSO4-loaded microspheres are delivered into the hindlimb of mice where they remain viable for 14 days. Co-registration of 3D-bioluminescent imaging and µCT reconstructions enable the assessment of scaffold material and cell co-localization. The trackable microspheres are also compatible with minimally-invasive delivery by ultrasound-guided transthoracic intramyocardial injections in rats. These findings suggest that BaSO4-loaded microspheres can be used as a novel tool for optimizing delivery techniques and tracking persistence and distribution of implanted scaffold materials. Additionally, the microspheres can be cellularized and have the potential to be developed into an injectable tissue-engineered combination product for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bettini
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Peter Stephen Patrick
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Richard M Day
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, WC1E 6DD, UK
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2
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Buick E, Mead A, Alhubaysh A, Bou Assi P, Das P, Dayus J, Turner M, Kowalski L, Murray J, Renshaw D, Farnaud S. CellShip: An Ambient Temperature Transport and Short-Term Storage Medium for Mammalian Cell Cultures. Biopreserv Biobank 2024; 22:275-285. [PMID: 38150708 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2023.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture is a critical platform for numerous research and industrial processes. However, methods for transporting cells are largely limited to cryopreservation, which is logistically challenging, requires the use of potentially cytotoxic cryopreservatives, and can result in poor cell recovery. Development of a transport media that can be used at ambient temperatures would alleviate these issues. In this study, we describe a novel transportation medium for mammalian cells. Five commonly used cell lines, (HEK293, CHO, HepG2, K562, and Jurkat) were successfully shipped and stored for a minimum of 72 hours and up to 96 hours at ambient temperature, after which, cells were recovered into standard culture conditions. Viability (%) and cell numbers, were examined, before, following the transport/storage period and following the recovery period. In all experiments, cell numbers returned to pretransport/storage concentration within 24-48 hours recovery. Imaging data indicated that HepG2 cells were fully adherent and had established typical growth morphology following 48 hours recovery, which was not seen in cells recovered from cryopreservation. Following recovery, Jurkat cells that had been subjected to a 96 hours transport/storage period, demonstrated a 1.93-fold increase compared with the starting cell number with >95% cell viability. We conclude that CellShip® may represent a viable method for the transportation of mammalian cells for multiple downstream applications in the Life Sciences research sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Buick
- Life Science Production, Bedford, United Kingdom
- Center of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mead
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Parijat Das
- Life Science Production, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - James Dayus
- Center of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Turner
- Center of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lukasz Kowalski
- Life Science Production, Bedford, United Kingdom
- Center of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Murray
- Life Science Production, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Center of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Farnaud
- Center of Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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3
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Kim S, Lee D, Kim SE, Overholtzer M. Entosis: the core mechanism and crosstalk with other cell death programs. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:870-876. [PMID: 38565900 PMCID: PMC11059358 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death pathways play critical roles in organism development and homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of various diseases. While studies over the last decade have elucidated numerous different forms of cell death that can eliminate cells in various contexts, how certain mechanisms impact physiology is still not well understood. Moreover, recent studies have shown that multiple forms cell death can occur in a cell population, with different forms of death eliminating individual cells. Here, we aim to describe the known molecular mechanisms of entosis, a non-apoptotic cell engulfment process, and discuss signaling mechanisms that control its induction as well as its possible crosstalk with other cell death mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- L-HOPE Program for Community-Based Total Learning Health Systems, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA.
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Liu X, Yang J. Cell-in-cell: a potential biomarker of prognosis and a novel mechanism of drug resistance in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1242725. [PMID: 37637068 PMCID: PMC10449025 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1242725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-in-cell (CIC) phenomenon has received increasing attention over recent years because of its wide existence in multiple cancer tissues. The mechanism of CIC formation is considerably complex as it involves interactions between two cells. Although the molecular mechanisms of CIC formation have been extensively investigated, the process of CIC formation remains ambiguous. Currently, CIC is classified into four subtypes based on different cell types and inducing factors, and the underlying mechanisms for each subtype are distinct. Here, we investigated the subtypes of CIC and their major mechanisms involved in cancer development. To determine the clinical significance of CIC, we reviewed several clinical studies on CIC and found that CIC could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. The implications of CIC on the clinical management of cancers also remain largely unknown. To clarify this aspect, in the present review, we highlight the findings of recent investigations on the causal link between CIC and cancer treatment. We also indicate the existing issues that need to be resolved urgently to provide a potential direction for future research on CIC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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5
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Druzhkova I, Ignatova N, Shirmanova M. Cell-in-Cell Structures in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Biological Relevance and Clinical Applications. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1149. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about cell-in-cell (CIC) structures with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors. The phenomenon when one cell lives in another one has attracted an attention of researchers over the past decades. We briefly discuss types of CIC structures and mechanisms of its formation, as well as the biological basis and consequences of the cell-engulfing process. Numerous clinico-histopathological studies demonstrate the significance of these structures as prognostic factors, mainly correlated with negative prognosis. The presence of CIC structures has been identified in all gastrointestinal tumors. However, the majority of studies concern pancreatic cancer. In this field, in addition to the assessment of the prognostic markers, the attempts to manipulate the ability of cells to form CISs have been done in order to stimulate the death of the inner cell. Number of CIC structures also correlates with genetic features for some gastrointestinal tu-mors. The role of CIC structures in the responses of tumors to therapies, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, seems to be the most poorly studied. However, there is some evidence of involvement of CIC structures in treatment failure. Here, we summarized the current literature on CIC structures in cancer with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors and specified future perspectives for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Druzhkova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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6
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Druzhkova I, Ignatova N, Shirmanova M. Cell-in-Cell Structures in Gastrointestinal Tumors: Biological Relevance and Clinical Applications. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1149. [PMID: 37511762 PMCID: PMC10381133 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about cell-in-cell (CIC) structures with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors. The phenomenon when one cell lives in another one has attracted an attention of researchers over the past decades. We briefly discuss types of CIC structures and mechanisms of its formation, as well as the biological basis and consequences of the cell-engulfing process. Numerous clinico-histopathological studies demonstrate the significance of these structures as prognostic factors, mainly correlated with negative prognosis. The presence of CIC structures has been identified in all gastrointestinal tumors. However, the majority of studies concern pancreatic cancer. In this field, in addition to the assessment of the prognostic markers, the attempts to manipulate the ability of cells to form CISs have been done in order to stimulate the death of the inner cell. Number of CIC structures also correlates with genetic features for some gastrointestinal tu-mors. The role of CIC structures in the responses of tumors to therapies, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy, seems to be the most poorly studied. However, there is some evidence of involvement of CIC structures in treatment failure. Here, we summarized the current literature on CIC structures in cancer with a focus on gastrointestinal tumors and specified future perspectives for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Druzhkova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Ignatova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Marina Shirmanova
- Research Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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7
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Nakagawa H, Higurashi M, Ishikawa F, Mori K, Shibanuma M. An indispensable role of TAZ in anoikis resistance promoted by OTUB1 deubiquitinating enzyme in basal-like triple-negative breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 649:1-9. [PMID: 36738577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive cancers, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are mostly fatal because of their potential to metastasize to distant organs. Cancer cells acquire various abilities to metastasize, including resistance to anoikis, an apoptotic cell death induced by loss of anchorage to the extracellular matrix. Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ) and Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, regulate cell- and tissue-level architectures by responding to mechanical microenvironments of cells, including the cell-extracellular matrix interaction. The Hippo pathway is frequently disrupted in cancer cells, and TAZ and YAP are irrelevantly activated, potentially resulting in anchorage-independent survival/proliferation of cancer cells and metastatic progression. The study aims to investigate the roles of TAZ and YAP in anoikis resistance in basal-like (BL) TNBC cells, which comprise a major subtype (>70%) of TNBC. We found that TAZ and YAP had nonredundant roles in anchorage-independent cancer cell survival or anoikis resistance. Particularly, TAZ was indispensable for anoikis resistance in BL-TNBC cells but not for survival of non-transformed mammary epithelial cells (MECs). In contrast, YAP, a paralog of TAZ, was indispensable for survival of both non-transformed MECs and cancer cells. Therefore, TAZ might be a preferable therapeutic target against dissemination of aggressive cancer cells without killing normal cells. Interestingly, TAZ was abnormally stabilized in BL-TNBC cells under non-adherent conditions, which promoted anoikis resistance. Furthermore, OTUB1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, was responsible for the stabilization of TAZ in detached BL-TNBC cells. Importantly, simultaneous high expression of TAZ and OTUB1 was associated with poor prognosis in BC. Thus, OTUB1 has emerged as a potentially druggable target. Successful inhibition of OTUB1 enzymatic activity is expected to downregulate TAZ and eventually prevents metastasis of aggressive cancers, such as BL-TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetsugu Nakagawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Higurashi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Motoko Shibanuma
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Leak L, Dixon SJ. Surveying the landscape of emerging and understudied cell death mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119432. [PMID: 36690038 PMCID: PMC9969746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell death can be a highly regulated process. A large and growing number of mammalian cell death mechanisms have been described over the past few decades. Major pathways with established roles in normal or disease biology include apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. However, additional non-apoptotic cell death mechanisms with unique morphological, genetic, and biochemical features have also been described. These mechanisms may play highly specialized physiological roles or only become activated in response to specific lethal stimuli or conditions. Understanding the nature of these emerging and understudied mechanisms may provide new insight into cell death biology and suggest new treatments for diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Leak
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Loss of contact inhibition of locomotion in the absence of JAM-A promotes entotic cell engulfment. iScience 2022; 25:105144. [PMID: 36185363 PMCID: PMC9519618 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a cell competition process during which tumor cells engulf other tumor cells. It is initiated by metabolic stress or by loss of matrix adhesion, and it provides the winning cell with resources derived from the internalized cell. Using micropatterns as substrates for single cell migration, we find that the depletion of the cell adhesion receptor JAM-A strongly increases the rate of entosis in matrix-adherent cells. The activity of JAM-A in suppressing entosis depends on phosphorylation at Tyr280, which is a binding site for C-terminal Src kinase, and which we have previously found to regulate tumor cell motility and contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). Loss of JAM-A triggers entosis in matrix-adherent cells but not matrix-deprived cells. Our findings strongly suggest that the increased motility and the perturbed CIL response after the depletion of JAM-A promote entotic cell engulfment, and they link a dysregulation of CIL to entosis in breast cancer cells. Cell adhesion receptor JAM-A acts as a suppressor of entosis in tumor cells JAM-A suppresses entosis by recruiting Csk, thus limiting Src activity Limiting Src activity is required to regulate contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) JAM-A links the regulation of CIL to entosis
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10
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Liu B, Li X, Wang D, Yu Y, Lu D, Chen L, Lv F, Li Y, Cheng L, Song Y, Xing Y. CEMIP promotes extracellular matrix-detached prostate cancer cells survival by inhibiting ferroptosis. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2056-2070. [PMID: 35363929 PMCID: PMC9207355 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can trigger different modes of cell death, and the survival of ECM‐detached cells is one of the prerequisites for the metastatic cascade. Ferroptosis, a form of iron‐dependent programmed cell death, has recently been found to be involved in matrix‐detached cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ECM‐detached cells escape ferroptosis are not fully understood. Here, we observed that cell migration‐inducing protein (CEMIP) upregulation facilitates ferroptosis resistance during ECM detachment by promoting cystine uptake in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Meanwhile, silencing CEMIP causes it to lose its ability to promote cystine uptake and inhibit ferroptosis. Mechanistically, the interaction of CEMIP with inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor type 3 (ITPR3) modulates calcium ion (Ca2+) leakage from the endoplasmic reticulum, activating calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), which further facilitates nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) phosphorylation and nuclear localization, leading to elevated transcription of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), a glutamate/cystine antiporter, in PCa cells. Our findings delineate a novel role of CEMIP in ferroptosis resistance during ECM detachment and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for metastatic PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuexiang Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430061, China
| | - Dingheng Lu
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Fang Lv
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yunxue Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lulin Cheng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yarong Song
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yifei Xing
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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11
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Abstract
Metastases represent a major cause of cancer-associated deaths. Despite extensive research, targeting metastasis remains the main obstacle in cancer therapy. Therefore, it is of tremendous importance to elucidate the mechanisms that impinge on the different steps of the metastatic cascade. Metabolic plasticity is a cornerstone of the tumorigenic process that not only enables cancer cells to rapidly proliferate but also thrive and retain vitality. Plasticity of the metabolic networks that wire cancer cells is of utmost importance during the metastatic cascade when cancer cells are at their most vulnerable and have to survive in a panoply of inhospitable environments as they make their journey to form metastatic lesions. Here, we highlight which metabolic processes are known to power metastasis formation and lay the foundation for additional work aimed at discovering regulatory nodes of metabolic plasticity that can be used to target metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Drapela
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ana P Gomes
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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12
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Niu Z, He M, Sun Q. Molecular mechanisms underlying cell-in-cell formation: core machineries and beyond. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:329-334. [PMID: 33693765 PMCID: PMC8373266 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zubiao Niu
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Meifang He
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100071, China
- Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2020RU009, Beijing 100071, China
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13
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Comprehensive understanding of anchorage-independent survival and its implication in cancer metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:629. [PMID: 34145217 PMCID: PMC8213763 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Detachment is the initial and critical step for cancer metastasis. Only the cells that survive from detachment can develop metastases. Following the disruption of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, cells are exposed to a totally different chemical and mechanical environment. During which, cells inevitably suffer from multiple stresses, including loss of growth stimuli from ECM, altered mechanical force, cytoskeletal reorganization, reduced nutrient uptake, and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Here we review the impact of these stresses on the anchorage-independent survival and the underlying molecular signaling pathways. Furthermore, its implications in cancer metastasis and treatment are also discussed.
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14
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Mori K, Higurashi M, Ishikawa F, Shibanuma M. Rac1-mediated sustained β4 integrin level develops reattachment ability of breast cancer cells after anchorage loss. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3205-3217. [PMID: 34036687 PMCID: PMC8353950 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that non-apoptotic cell death was induced in non-malignant mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) upon loss of anchorage during 48 h incubation in suspension. In this study, we examined HMECs in suspension at an earlier time point and found that most of them lost attachment ability to substrata when replated, although >80% were alive. This suggested that HMECs lost reattachment ability (RA) prior to cell death upon detachment. Concomitant with the loss of RA, a decrease in the levels of β1 and β4 integrin was observed. In sharp contrast, breast cancer cells retained integrin levels, reattached to substrata, and formed colonies after exposure to anchorage loss as efficiently as those maintained under adherent conditions. Such RA of cancer cells is essential for the metastatic process, especially for establishing adhesion contact with ECM in the secondary organ after systemic circulation. Further analysis suggested that sustained levels of β4 integrin, which was mediated by Rac1, was critical for RA after anchorage loss and lung metastasis of breast cancer cells. In the cancer cells, persistent Rac1 activity enhanced escape of β4 integrin from lysosomal degradation depending on actin-related protein 2/3 and TBC1D2, a GTPase-activating protein of Rab7 GTPase. Notably, simultaneous high expression of ITGB4 and RAC1 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Therefore, β4 integrin and Rac1 are attractive therapeutic targets to eliminate RA in cancer cells, thereby preventing the initial step of colonization at the secondary organ during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Mori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Higurashi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Shibanuma
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Stulpinas A, Uzusienis T, Imbrasaite A, Krestnikova N, Unguryte A, Kalvelyte AV. Cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts in the regulation of MAPK and Akt signalling: Importance in therapy, biopharmacy and bioproduction. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110034. [PMID: 33933583 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of cultured cells as a tool for research, precision medicine, biopharmacy, and biomanufacturing is constantly increasing. In parallel, the role of cell-cell and cell-substratum contacts in cell functioning is increasingly validated. Adhesion signalling plays a key role here. The activity of cell fate-regulating signalling molecules is an important factor in determining cell behaviour, as well as their response to treatment, depending on cell phenotypic status and location in the body. Three cellular state models (adherent, single cells in suspension, and aggregated cells) were compared for cell signalling, including focal adhesion (FAK), mitogen-activated (MAPK), as well as Akt protein kinases, and transcription factor cJun, by using lung adenocarcinoma A549, muscle-derived stem Myo, as well as primary lung cancer cell lines. Survival of both A549 and Myo cells was dependent on kinases Akt and ERK in detached conditions. Intercellular contacts in aggregates promoted activation of Akt and ERK, and cell survival. Loss of contacts with the substrate increased phosphorylation of MAP kinases JNK and p38, while decreased Akt phosphorylation by processes involving FAK. Unexpectedly, detachment increased phosphorylation of antiapoptotic kinase ERK in A549, while in Myo stem cells ERK phosphorylation was downregulated. JNK target transcription factor cJun protein level was markedly diminished by contacts between cells possibly involving mechanism of proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, studies revealed the opposite dependence of molecules of the same signalling pathway - phospho-cJun and phospho-JNK - on cell culture density. Differences in ERK activation under detachment conditions indicate that targeting of prosurvival kinases during anoikis should be different in different cells. Moreover, the outcome of JNK activation in cells may depend on the amount of cJun, which is determined by cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Stulpinas
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Uzusienis
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Imbrasaite
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Natalija Krestnikova
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Unguryte
- Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių g. 5, LT-08406, Lithuania
| | - Audrone V Kalvelyte
- Dept. of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257, Lithuania.
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16
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Ota A, Tajima M, Mori K, Sugiyama E, Sato VH, Sato H. The selective cytotoxicity of silver thiosulfate, a silver complex, on MCF-7 breast cancer cells through ROS-induced cell death. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:847-857. [PMID: 33864630 PMCID: PMC8180477 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silver is a transition metal that is known to be less toxic than platinum. However, only few studies have reported the anticancer effects of some silver complexes and their possibility as an alternative to platinum complex. This study investigated the anticancer effects of the silver thiosulfate complex (STS), [Ag(S2O3)2]3-, consisting of silver and sodium thiosulfate. METHODS In vitro cytotoxic activity of STS was investigated comparatively in human cancer cell lines (K562 and MCF-7) and normal human cells (mesenchymal stem cells and mammary epithelial cells). For its anticancer effects, cell cycle, mode of cell death, morphological changes, and accumulation of intracellular ROS and GSH were evaluated in MCF-7 to provide mechanistic insights. RESULTS STS showed a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cell, which was abolished by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, suggesting ROS accumulation by STS. Moreover, STS caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, decrease in the GSH levels, and morphological changes in MCF-7. Direct measurement of ROS demonstrated the elevation of intracellular ROS accumulation in cancer cells treated with STS; however, neither cytotoxicity nor ROS accumulation was observed in normal human cells. CONCLUSION The results obtained here are the first evidence to show that STS exhibited an anticancer activity through ROS-induced mechanisms, and that its cytotoxicity is highly selective to cancer cells. The results of the present study warrant further investigation on the detailed mechanism of STS actions, as well as its in vivo effectiveness and safety for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ota
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Masataka Tajima
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Erika Sugiyama
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Vilasinee Hirunpanich Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Hitoshi Sato
- Division of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
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17
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Wang C, Xia C, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Innovative fluorescent probes for in vivo visualization of biomolecules in living Caenorhabditis elegans. Cytometry A 2021; 99:560-574. [PMID: 33638604 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a well-established multicellular model organism has been widely used in the biological field for half a century. Its numerous advantages including small body size, rapid life cycle, high-reproductive rate, well-defined anatomy, and conserved genome, has made C. elegans one of the most successful multicellular model organisms. Discoveries obtained from the C. elegans model have made great contributions to research fields such as development, aging, biophysics, immunology, and neuroscience. Because of its transparent body and giant cell size, C. elegans is also an ideal subject for high resolution and high-throughput optical imaging and analysis. During the past decade, great advances have been made to develop biomolecule-targeting techniques for noninvasive optical imaging. These novel technologies expanded the toolbox for qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomolecules in C. elegans. In this review, we summarize recently developed fluorescent probes or labeling techniques for visualizing biomolecules at the cellular, subcellular or molecular scale by using C. elegans as the major model organism or designed specifically for the applications in C. elegans. Combining the technological advantages of the C. elegans model with the novel fluorescent labeling techniques will provide new horizons for high-efficiency quantitative optical analysis in live organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chujie Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Peyre L, Meyer M, Hofman P, Roux J. TRAIL receptor-induced features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition increase tumour phenotypic heterogeneity: potential cell survival mechanisms. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:91-101. [PMID: 33257838 PMCID: PMC7782794 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuing efforts to exploit the death receptor agonists, such as the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), for cancer therapy, have largely been impaired by the anti-apoptotic and pro-survival signalling pathways leading to drug resistance. Cell migration, invasion, differentiation, immune evasion and anoikis resistance are plastic processes sharing features of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that have been shown to give cancer cells the ability to escape cell death upon cytotoxic treatments. EMT has recently been suggested to drive a heterogeneous cellular environment that appears favourable for tumour progression. Recent studies have highlighted a link between EMT and cell sensitivity to TRAIL, whereas others have highlighted their effects on the induction of EMT. This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms by which death signals can elicit an increase in response heterogeneity in the metastasis context, and to evaluate the impact of these processes on cell responses to cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Peyre
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Mickael Meyer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Jérémie Roux
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U 1081, Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement de Nice (IRCAN), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 06107, Nice, France.
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19
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Liebman C, McColloch A, Rabiei M, Bowling A, Cho M. Mechanics of the cell: Interaction mechanisms and mechanobiological models. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2020; 86:143-184. [PMID: 33837692 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The importance of cell mechanics has long been recognized for the cell development and function. Biomechanics plays an important role in cell metabolism, regulation of mechanotransduction pathways and also modulation of nuclear response. The mechanical properties of the cell are likely determined by, among many others, the cytoskeleton elasticity, membrane tension and cell-substrate adhesion. This coordinated but complex mechanical interplay is required however, for the cell to respond to and influence in a reciprocal manner the chemical and mechanical signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM). In an effort to better and more fully understand the cell mechanics, the role of nuclear mechanics has emerged as an important contributor to the overall cellular mechanics. It is not too difficult to appreciate the physical connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton network that may be connected to the ECM through the cell membrane. Transmission of forces from ECM through this connection is essential for a wide range of cellular behaviors and functions such as cytoskeletal reorganization, nuclear movement, cell migration and differentiation. Unlike the cellular mechanics that can be measured using a number of biophysical techniques that were developed in the past few decades, it still remains a daunting challenge to probe the nuclear mechanics directly. In this paper, we therefore aim to provide informative description of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton mechanics, followed by unique computational modeling efforts to elucidate the nucleus-cytoskeleton coupling. Advances in our knowledge of complete cellular biomechanics and mechanotransduction may lead to clinical relevance and applications in mechano-diseases such as atherosclerosis, stem cell-based therapies, and the development of tissue engineered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Liebman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Andrew McColloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Manoochehr Rabiei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - Alan Bowling
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States.
| | - Michael Cho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States.
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20
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Wang CY, Tsai SW, Chien HH, Chen TY, Sheu SY, So EC, Huang BM. Cordycepin Inhibits Human Gestational Choriocarcinoma Cell Growth by Disrupting Centrosome Homeostasis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2987-3000. [PMID: 32801639 PMCID: PMC7394508 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s252401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human gestational choriocarcinoma, a type of gestational trophoblastic disease, occurs after miscarriage, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, or molar pregnancy. Despite recent advances in the mechanism of anticancer drugs that induce human gestational choriocarcinoma apoptosis or block its growth, new therapeutic approaches are needed to be established. Cordycepin is an active anti-cancer component extracted from Cordyceps sinensis. It prevents cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods Here, we examined cell growth by counting cell numbers, and performing a flow cytometry assay and EdU incorporation assay. Centrosome and cytoskeleton-related structures were observed by immunofluorescence assay. The DNA damage-related signaling was examined by Western blot assay. Results Here, we showed that cordycepin inhibited human gestational choriocarcinoma cell proliferation and induced cell death. In addition, treatment with cordycepin activated DNA-PK and ERK, thus inducing centrosome amplification and aberrant mitosis. These amplified centrosomes also disrupted microtubule arrays and actin networks, thus leading to defective cell adhesion. Furthermore, cordycepin induced autophagy for triggering cell death. Conclusion Thus, our study demonstrates that cordycepin inhibits cell proliferation and disrupts the cytoskeleton by triggering centrosome amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yih Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Hsiang Chien
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yuan Sheu
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia & Medical Research, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Research, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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De Pieri A, Rana S, Korntner S, Zeugolis DI. Seaweed polysaccharides as macromolecular crowding agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:434-446. [PMID: 32679331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue engineered implantable devices requires prolonged in vitro culture for the development of a three-dimensional implantable device, which leads to phenotypic drift, thus hindering the clinical translation and commercialisation of such approaches. Macromolecular crowding, a biophysical phenomenon based on the principles of excluded-volume effect, dramatically accelerates and increases extracellular matrix deposition during in vitro culture. However, the optimal macromolecular crowder is still elusive. Herein, we evaluated the biophysical properties of various concentrations of different seaweed in origin sulphated polysaccharides and their effect on human adipose derived stem cell cultures. Carrageenan, possibly due to its high sulphation degree, exhibited the highest negative charge values. No correlation was observed between the different concentrations of the crowders and charge, polydispersity index, hydrodynamic radius and fraction volume occupancy across all crowders. None of the crowders, but arabinogalactan, negatively affected cell viability. Carrageenan, fucoidan, galactofucan and ulvan increased extracellular matrix (especially collagen type I and collagen type V) deposition. Carrageenan induced the highest osteogenic effect and galactofucan and fucoidan demonstrated the highest chondrogenic effect. All crowders were relatively ineffective with respect to adipogenesis. Our data highlight the potential of sulphated seaweed polysaccharides for tissue engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Pieri
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Proxy Biomedical Ltd., Coilleach, Spiddal, Galway, Ireland
| | - Shubhasmin Rana
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefanie Korntner
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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22
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Wang X, Li Y, Li J, Li L, Zhu H, Chen H, Kong R, Wang G, Wang Y, Hu J, Sun B. Cell-in-Cell Phenomenon and Its Relationship With Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Progression: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:311. [PMID: 31850347 PMCID: PMC6901391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term cell-in-cell, morphologically, refers to the presence of one cell within another. This phenomenon can occur in tumors but also among non-tumor cells. The cell-in-cell phenomenon was first observed 100 years ago, and it has since been found in a variety of tumor types. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to this phenomenon and the underlying mechanism has gradually been elucidated. There are three main related process: cannibalism, emperipolesis, and entosis. These processes are affected by many factors, including the tumor microenvironment, mitosis, and genetic factors. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with the prognosis of cancers, and it promotes tumor progression in most situations. Notably, in pancreatic cancer, the cell-in-cell phenomenon is associated with reduced metastasis, which is the opposite of what happens in other tumor types. Thus, it can also inhibit tumor progression. Studies show that cell-in-cell structure formation is affected by the tumor microenvironment, and that it may lead to changes in cellular characteristics. In this review, we summarize the different cell-in-cell processes and discuss their role in tumor progression and how they are regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilong Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiating Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jisheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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23
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Biological relevance of cell-in-cell in cancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:725-732. [PMID: 30850425 PMCID: PMC6490704 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell-in-cell (CIC) is a term used to describe the presence of one, usually living, cell inside another cell that is typically considered non-phagocytic. Examples of this include tumour cells inside tumour cells (homotypic), mesenchymal stem cells inside tumour cells (heterotypic) or immune cells inside tumour cells (heterotypic). CIC formation can occur in cell lines and in tissues and it has been most frequently observed during inflammation and in cancers. Over the past 10 years, many researchers have studied CIC structures and a few different models have been proposed through which they can be formed, including entosis, cannibalism and emperipolesis among others. Recently, our laboratory discovered a role for mutant p53 in facilitating the formation of CIC and promoting genomic instability. These data and research by many others have uncovered a variety of molecules involved in CIC formation and have started to give us an idea of why they are formed and how they could contribute to oncogenic processes. In this perspective, we summarise current literature and speculate on the role of CIC in cancer biology.
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24
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Njoroge RN, Vatapalli RJ, Abdulkadir SA. Organoids Increase the Predictive Value of in vitro Cancer Chemoprevention Studies for in vivo Outcome. Front Oncol 2019; 9:77. [PMID: 30842936 PMCID: PMC6391333 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and preclinical data suggest that antioxidants are protective against prostate cancer whose pathogenesis has been linked to oxidative stress. However, the selenium and vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), found no efficacy for selenium in reducing prostate cancer incidence while vitamin E was associated with an increased risk of the disease. These results have called in to question the models used in preclinical chemoprevention efficacy studies and their ability to predict in vivo outcomes. Chemoprevention agents have traditionally been tested on two dimensional monolayer cultures of cell lines derived from advanced prostate cancers. But as SELECT demonstrates, results from advanced disease models were not predictive of the outcome of a primary chemoprevention trial. Additionally, lack of cell-matrix interactions in two dimensional cultures results in loss of biochemical and mechanical cues relevant for native tissue architecture. We use recent findings in three dimensional organoid cultures that recapitulated the SELECT trial results to argue that the organoid model could increase the predictive value of in vitro studies for in vivo outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose N Njoroge
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rajita J Vatapalli
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Abstract
Cell-in-cell structures are reported in numerous cancers, and their presence is an indicator for poor prognosis. Mechanistic studies have identified how cancer cells manage to ingest whole neighbouring cells to form such structures, and the consequences of cell-in-cell formation on cancer progression have been elucidated. In this Opinion article, we discuss how two related cell-in-cell processes, cell cannibalism and entosis, are regulated and how these mechanisms promote cancer progression. We propose that cannibalistic activity is a hallmark of cancer that results in part from selection by metabolic stress and serves to feed aggressive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Mori K, Uchida T, Yoshie T, Mizote Y, Ishikawa F, Katsuyama M, Shibanuma M. A mitochondrial ROS pathway controls matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels and invasive properties in RAS-activated cancer cells. FEBS J 2018; 286:459-478. [PMID: 30281903 PMCID: PMC7379617 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are tissue‐remodeling enzymes involved in the processing of various biological molecules. MMPs also play important roles in cancer metastasis, contributing to angiogenesis, intravasation of tumor cells, and cell migration and invasion. Accordingly, unraveling the signaling pathways controlling MMP activities could shed additional light on cancer biology. Here, we report a molecular axis, comprising the molecular adaptor hydrogen peroxide‐inducible clone‐5 (HIC‐5), NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), and mitochondria‐associated reactive oxygen species (mtROS), that regulates MMP9 expression and may be a target to suppress cancer metastasis. We found that this axis primarily downregulates mtROS levels which stabilize MMP9 mRNA. Specifically, HIC‐5 suppressed the expression of NOX4, the source of the mtROS, thereby decreasing mtROS levels and, consequently, destabilizing MMP9 mRNA. Interestingly, among six cancer cell lines, only EJ‐1 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells exhibited upregulation of NOX4 and MMP9 expression after shRNA‐mediated HIC‐5 knockdown. In these two cell lines, activating RAS mutations commonly occur, suggesting that the HIC‐5–mediated suppression of NOX4 depends on RAS signaling, a hypothesis that was supported experimentally by the introduction of activated RAS into mammary epithelial cells. Notably, HIC‐5 knockdown promoted lung metastasis of MDA‐MB‐231 cancer cells in mice. The tumor growth of HIC‐5–silenced MDA‐MB‐231 cells at the primary sites was comparable to that of control cells. Consistently, the invasive properties of the cells, but not their proliferation, were enhanced by the HIC‐5 knockdown in vitro. We conclude that NOX4‐mediated mtROS signaling increases MMP9 mRNA stability and affects cancer invasiveness but not tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Mori
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Uchida
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yoshie
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Mizote
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Ishikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Katsuyama
- Radioisotope Center, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Motoko Shibanuma
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Novel Methylselenoesters Induce Programed Cell Death via Entosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102849. [PMID: 30241340 PMCID: PMC6213452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox active selenium (Se) compounds have gained substantial attention in the last decade as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Several Se compounds have shown high selectivity and sensitivity against malignant cells. The cytotoxic effects are exerted by their biologically active metabolites, with methylselenol (CH3SeH) being one of the key executors. In search of novel CH3SeH precursors, we previously synthesized a series of methylselenoesters that were active (GI50 < 10 µM at 72 h) against a panel of cancer cell lines. Herein, we refined the mechanism of action of the two lead compounds with the additional synthesis of new analogs (ethyl, pentyl, and benzyl derivatives). A novel mechanism for the programmed cell death mechanism for Se-compounds was identified. Both methylseleninic acid and the novel CH3SeH precursors induced entosis by cell detachment through downregulation of cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42) and its downstream effector β1-integrin (CD29). To our knowledge, this is the first time that Se compounds have been reported to induce this type of cell death and is of importance in the characterization of the anticancerogenic properties of these compounds.
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28
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KIAA0100 Modulates Cancer Cell Aggression Behavior of MDA-MB-231 through Microtubule and Heat Shock Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060180. [PMID: 29867023 PMCID: PMC6025110 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The KIAA0100 gene was identified in the human immature myeloid cell line cDNA library. Recent studies have shown that its expression is elevated in breast cancer and associated with more aggressive cancer types as well as poor outcomes. However, its cellular and molecular function is yet to be understood. Here we show that silencing KIAA0100 by siRNA in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 significantly reduced the cancer cells’ aggressive behavior, including cell aggregation, reattachment, cell metastasis and invasion. Most importantly, silencing the expression of KIAA0100 particularly sensitized the quiescent cancer cells in suspension culture to anoikis. Immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that KIAA0100 may play multiple roles in the cancer cells, including stabilizing microtubule structure as a microtubule binding protein, and contributing to MDA-MB-231 cells Anoikis resistance by the interaction with stress protein HSPA1A. Our study also implies that the interaction between KIAA0100 and HSPA1A may be targeted for new drug development to specifically induce anoikis cell death in the cancer cell.
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29
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Garanina AS, Kisurina-Evgenieva OP, Erokhina MV, Smirnova EA, Factor VM, Onishchenko GE. Consecutive entosis stages in human substrate-dependent cultured cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12555. [PMID: 28970591 PMCID: PMC5624876 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis, or cell death by invading another cell, is typical for tumor epithelial cells. The formation of cell-in-cell structures is extensively studied in suspension cultures, but remains poorly understood in substrate-dependent cells. Here, we used electron, confocal and time-lapse microscopy in combination with pharmacological inhibition of intracellular components to study the kinetics of entosis using two human substrate-dependent tumor cultures, A431 and MCF7. In total, we identified and characterized five consecutive stages of entosis, which were common for both examined cell lines. We further demonstrated that actin filaments in the entotic as well as invading cells were crucial for entosis. Microtubules and the Golgi apparatus of entotic cells provided membrane expansion required for internalization of the invading cell. Depolymerization of microfilaments and microtubules, and disintegration of the Golgi complex inhibited entosis. We confirmed the presence of adhesive junctions and discovered the formation of desmosomes between the invading and entotic cells. The internalized cell was shown to be degraded due to the lysosomal activation in both cells whereas the disintegration of the Golgi apparatus did not affect the process. Thus, in the substrate-dependent cultures, entosis requires microfilaments, microtubules and the Golgi complex for cell invasion, but not for internalized cell degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia S Garanina
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P Kisurina-Evgenieva
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Erokhina
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Smirnova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina M Factor
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Galina E Onishchenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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30
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Yang F, Riedel R, Del Pino P, Pelaz B, Said AH, Soliman M, Pinnapireddy SR, Feliu N, Parak WJ, Bakowsky U, Hampp N. Real-time, label-free monitoring of cell viability based on cell adhesion measurements with an atomic force microscope. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:23. [PMID: 28330480 PMCID: PMC5361698 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adhesion of cells to an oscillating cantilever sensitively influences the oscillation amplitude at a given frequency. Even early stages of cytotoxicity cause a change in the viscosity of the cell membrane and morphology, both affecting their adhesion to the cantilever. We present a generally applicable method for real-time, label free monitoring and fast-screening technique to assess early stages of cytotoxicity recorded in terms of loss of cell adhesion. Results We present data taken from gold nanoparticles of different sizes and surface coatings as well as some reference substances like ethanol, cadmium chloride, and staurosporine. Measurements were recorded with two different cell lines, HeLa and MCF7 cells. The results obtained from gold nanoparticles confirm earlier findings and attest the easiness and effectiveness of the method. Conclusions The reported method allows to easily adapt virtually every AFM to screen and assess toxicity of compounds in terms of cell adhesion with little modifications as long as a flow cell is available. The sensitivity of the method is good enough indicating that even single cell analysis seems possible. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0256-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - René Riedel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Del Pino
- Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Beatriz Pelaz
- Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Neus Feliu
- Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Department of Physics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,Material Science Center, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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31
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Mesenchymal stem cells generate distinct functional hybrids in vitro via cell fusion or entosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36863. [PMID: 27827439 PMCID: PMC5101832 DOI: 10.1038/srep36863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Homotypic and heterotypic cell-to-cell fusion are key processes during development and tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, aberrant cell fusion can contribute to tumour initiation and metastasis. Additionally, a form of cell-in-cell structure called entosis has been observed in several human tumours. Here we investigate cell-to-cell interaction between mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). MSCs represent an important source of adult stem cells since they have great potential for regenerative medicine, even though they are also involved in cancer progression. We report that MSCs can either fuse forming heterokaryons, or be invaded by ESCs through entosis. While entosis-derived hybrids never share their genomes and induce degradation of the target cell, fusion-derived hybrids can convert into synkaryons. Importantly we show that hetero-to-synkaryon transition occurs through cell division and not by nuclear membrane fusion. Additionally, we also observe that the ROCK-actin/myosin pathway is required for both fusion and entosis in ESCs but only for entosis in MSCs. Overall, we show that MSCs can undergo fusion or entosis in culture by generating distinct functional cellular entities. These two processes are profoundly different and their outcomes should be considered given the beneficial or possible detrimental effects of MSC-based therapeutic applications.
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32
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Garanina AS, Khashba LA, Onishchenko GE. Stages of Cell Cannibalism--Entosis--in Normal Human Keratinocyte Culture. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1469-77. [PMID: 26615438 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Entosis is a type of cell cannibalism during which one cell penetrates into another cell and usually dies inside it. Researchers mainly pay attention to initial and final stages of entosis. Besides, tumor cells in suspension are the primary object of studies. In the present study, we investigated morphological changes of both cells-participants of entosis during this process. The substrate-dependent culture of human normal keratinocytes HaCaT was chosen for the work. A combination of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy was used to prove that one cell was completely surrounded by the plasma membrane of another cell. We investigated such "cell-in-cell" structures and described the structural and functional changes of both cells during entosis. The outer cell nucleus localization and shape were changed. Gradual degradation of the inner cell nucleus and of the junctions between the inner and the outer cells was revealed. Moreover, repeated redistribution of the outer cell membrane organelles (Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and autophagosomes), rearrangement of its cytoskeleton, and change in the lysosomal, autophagosomal, and mitochondrial state in both entotic cells were observed during entosis. On the basis of these data, we divided entosis into five stages that make it possible to systematize description of this type of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Garanina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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