1
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Tao H, Zhong X, Zeng A, Song L. Unveiling the veil of lactate in tumor-associated macrophages: a successful strategy for immunometabolic therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208870. [PMID: 37564659 PMCID: PMC10411982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate, traditionally regarded as a metabolic waste product at the terminal of the glycolysis process, has recently been found to have multifaceted functional roles in metabolism and beyond. A metabolic reprogramming phenomenon commonly seen in tumor cells, known as the "Warburg effect," sees high levels of aerobic glycolysis result in an excessive production of lactate. This lactate serves as a substrate that sustains not only the survival of cancer cells but also immune cells. However, it also inhibits the function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), a group of innate immune cells ubiquitously present in solid tumors, thereby facilitating the immune evasion of malignant tumor cells. Characterized by their high plasticity, TAMs are generally divided into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and the pro-tumour M2 phenotype. Through a process of 'education' by lactate, TAMs tend to adopt an immunosuppressive phenotype and collaborate with tumor cells to promote angiogenesis. Additionally, there is growing evidence linking metabolic reprogramming with epigenetic modifications, suggesting the participation of histone modification in diverse cellular events within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we delve into recent discoveries concerning lactate metabolism in tumors, with a particular focus on the impact of lactate on the function of TAMs. We aim to consolidate the molecular mechanisms underlying lactate-induced TAM polarization and angiogenesis and explore the lactate-mediated crosstalk between TAMs and tumor cells. Finally, we also touch upon the latest progress in immunometabolic therapies and drug delivery strategies targeting glycolysis and lactate production, offering new perspectives for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Tao
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuansheng Zhong
- Clinical Medicine Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Anqi Zeng
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Clinical Application, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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El Sayed SM. Biochemical Origin of the Warburg Effect in Light of 15 Years of Research Experience: A Novel Evidence-Based View (An Expert Opinion Article). Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:143-155. [PMID: 36911533 PMCID: PMC9997657 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s397593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells strongly upregulate glucose uptake and glycolysis to produce vital biomolecules for cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis as ATP, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, and lactate. The Warburg effect is tumours' unique glucose oxidation to give lactate (not pyruvate) even in the presence of oxygen. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD/NADH.H) is used in glycolysis via glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Both catalyse reversible biochemical reactions to produce 1,3-diphosphoglycerate and lactate, respectively. In this expert opinion and based on published evidence, the author suggests that: "In transformed cells and hyperglycolytic cancer cells, the Warburg effect (permanent conversion of pyruvate to lactate) occurs secondary to a vicious cycle and a closed circuit between GAPDH and LDH (reaction of carcinogenesis) causing increased endogenous oxidative stress and subsequent carcinogenesis. Mitochondrial defects in cancer cells cause hyperglycolysis resulting in NADH.H accumulation (produced during GAPDH step) that obligatorily drives LDH to become an irreversible reaction in the direction of lactate formation (Warburg effect) but not pyruvate formation. Likewise, LDH oxidizes NADH.H producing excessive NAD+ that secondarily drives GAPDH reaction to be irreversible to produce NADH.H and so on. Pyruvate is an antioxidant while lactate is pro-oxidant, causing increased endogenous oxidative stress in cancer cells, tumour's hypoxia and obligatory hyperglycolysis with NADH.H overproduction (GAPDH step) to be consumed in the LDH step for lactate production and NAD+ generation (utilized by GAPDH) and so on". This confirms Warburg's origin of cancer cells. Best anticancer applications based on this hypothesis are: breaking this closed vicious circle using siRNA to target GAPDH and LDH, avoiding strong oxidants (as many cancer chemotherapeutics), and using strong antioxidants for causing antioxidant-oxidant antagonism or antioxidant-lactate antagonism to inhibit the Warburg effect. Strong natural antioxidants of prophetic medicine (related to Prophet Muhammad peace be upon him) such as Zamzam water, Nigella sativa, costus, Ajwa date fruit, olive oil, Al-hijamah and natural honey are strongly recommended to prevent and antagonize the Warburg effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Mohamed El Sayed
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Taibah College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.,Prophetic Medicine Course and Research, Taibah College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Perillyl alcohol and its synthetic derivatives: the rising of a novel class of selective and potent antitumoral compounds. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Rosini E, Pollegioni L. Reactive oxygen species as a double-edged sword: The role of oxidative enzymes in antitumor therapy. Biofactors 2022; 48:384-399. [PMID: 34608689 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of approaches have been developed over the years to manage cancer, such as chemotherapy using low-molecular-mass molecules and radiotherapy. Here, enzymes can also find useful applications. Among them, oxidases have attracted attention because of their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS, especially hydrogen peroxide) in tumors and potentially modulate the production of this cytotoxic compound when enzymes active on substrates present in low amounts are used, such as the d-amino acid oxidase and d-amino acid couple system. These treatments have been also developed for additional cancer treatment approaches, such as phototherapy, nutrient starvation, and metal-induced hydroxyl radical production. In addition, to improve tumor specificity and decrease undesired side effects, oxidases have been targeted by means of nanotechnologies and protein engineering (i.e., by designing chimeric proteins able to accumulate in the tumor). The most recent advances obtained by using six different oxidases (i.e., the FAD-containing enzymes glucose oxidase, d- and l-amino acid oxidases, cholesterol oxidase and xanthine oxidase, and the copper-containing amine oxidase) have been reported. Anticancer therapy based on oxidase-based ROS production has now reached maturity and can be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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5
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Waldeck-Weiermair M, Yadav S, Spyropoulos F, Krüger C, Pandey AK, Michel T. Dissecting in vivo and in vitro redox responses using chemogenetics. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:360-369. [PMID: 34752919 PMCID: PMC8639655 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) within mammalian cells. At low concentrations, H2O2 serves as a versatile cell signaling molecule that mediates vital physiological functions. Yet at higher concentrations, H2O2 can be a toxic molecule by promoting pathological oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Within normal cells, H2O2 is differentially distributed in a variety of subcellular locales. Moreover, many redox-active enzymes and their substrates are themselves differentially distributed within cells. Numerous reports have described the biological and biochemical consequences of adding exogenous H2O2 to cultured cells and tissues, but many of these observations are difficult to interpret: the effects of exogenous H2O2 do not necessarily replicate the cellular responses to endogenous H2O2. In recent years, chemogenetic approaches have been developed to dynamically regulate the abundance of H2O2 in specific subcellular locales. Chemogenetic approaches have been applied in multiple experimental systems, ranging from in vitro studies on the intracellular transport and metabolism of H2O2, all the way to in vivo studies that generate oxidative stress in specific organs in living animals. These chemogenetic approaches have exploited a yeast-derived d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) that synthesizes H2O2 only in the presence of its d-amino acid substrate. DAAO can be targeted to various subcellular locales, and can be dynamically activated by the addition or withdrawal of its d-amino acid substrate. In addition, recent advances in the development of highly sensitive genetically encoded H2O2 biosensors are providing a better understanding of both physiological and pathological oxidative pathways. This review highlights several applications of DAAO as a chemogenetic tool across a wide range of biological systems, from analyses of subcellular H2O2 metabolism in cells to the development of new disease models caused by oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Waldeck-Weiermair
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Shambhu Yadav
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Fotios Spyropoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Krüger
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arvind K Pandey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Michel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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6
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Cal M, Matyjaszczyk I, Filik K, Ogórek R, Ko Y, Ułaszewski S. Mitochondrial Function Are Disturbed in the Presence of the Anticancer Drug, 3-Bromopyruvate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126640. [PMID: 34205737 PMCID: PMC8235118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3-bromopuryvate (3-BP) is a compound with unique antitumor activity. It has a selective action against tumor cells that exhibit the Warburg effect. It has been proven that the action of 3-BP is pleiotropic: it acts on proteins, glycolytic enzymes, reduces the amount of ATP, induces the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), and induces nuclear DNA damage. Mitochondria are important organelles for the proper functioning of the cell. The production of cellular energy (ATP), the proper functioning of the respiratory chain, or participation in the production of amino acids are one of the many functions of mitochondria. Here, for the first time, we show on the yeast model that 3-BP acts in the eukaryotic cell also by influence on mitochondria and that agents inhibiting mitochondrial function can potentially be used in cancer therapy with 3-BP. We show that cells with functional mitochondria are more resistant to 3-BP than rho0 cells. Using an MTT assay (a colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity), we demonstrated that 3-BP decreased mitochondrial activity in yeast in a dose-dependent manner. 3-BP induces mitochondrial-dependent ROS generation which results in ∆sod2, ∆por1, or ∆gpx1 mutant sensitivity to 3-BP. Probably due to ROS mtDNA lesions rise during 3-BP treatment. Our findings may have a significant impact on the therapy with 3-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cal
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.M.); (R.O.); (S.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-375-6269
| | - Irwin Matyjaszczyk
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.M.); (R.O.); (S.U.)
| | - Karolina Filik
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Ogórek
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.M.); (R.O.); (S.U.)
| | - Young Ko
- KoDiscovery, LLC, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA;
| | - Stanisław Ułaszewski
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.M.); (R.O.); (S.U.)
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7
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Deng X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Kumata K, Van R, Rong J, Shao T, Hatori A, Mori W, Yu Q, Hu K, Fujinaga M, Wey HY, Shao Y, Josephson L, Murtas G, Pollegioni L, Zhang MR, Liang S. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of 4-hydroxy-6-(3-[ 11C]methoxyphenethyl)pyridazin-3(2H)-one, a 11C-labeled d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitor for PET imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127326. [PMID: 32631531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective DAAO inhibitors have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects in clinical studies, including clinically alleviating symptoms of schizophrenic patients and ameliorating cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients with early phase. Herein we report the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a 11C-labeled positron emission tomography ligand based on a DAAO inhibitor, DAO-1903 (8). 11C-Isotopologue of 8 was prepared in high radiochemical yield with high radiochemical purity (>99%) and high molar activity (>37 GBq/µmol). In vitro autoradiography studies indicated that the ligand possessed high in vitro specific binding to DAAO, while in vivo dynamic PET studies demonstrated that [11C]8 failed to cross the blood-brain barrier possibly due to moderate brain efflux mechanism. Further chemical scaffold optimization is necessary to overcome limited brain permeability and improve specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Tuo Shao
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Giulia Murtas
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceutics Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Steven Liang
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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8
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Han W, Shi J, Cao J, Dong B, Guan W. Emerging Roles and Therapeutic Interventions of Aerobic Glycolysis in Glioma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6937-6955. [PMID: 32764985 PMCID: PMC7371605 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s260376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common type of intracranial malignant tumor, with a great recurrence rate due to its infiltrative growth, treatment resistance, intra- and intertumoral genetic heterogeneity. Recently, accumulating studies have illustrated that activated aerobic glycolysis participated in various cellular and clinical activities of glioma, thus influencing the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the glycolytic process is too complicated and ambiguous to serve as a novel therapy for glioma. In this review, we generalized the implication of key enzymes, glucose transporters (GLUTs), signalings and transcription factors in the glycolytic process of glioma. In addition, we summarized therapeutic interventions via the above aspects and discussed promising clinical applications for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiachao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
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9
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The Anticancer Drug 3-Bromopyruvate Induces DNA Damage Potentially Through Reactive Oxygen Species in Yeast and in Human Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051161. [PMID: 32397119 PMCID: PMC7290944 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) is a small molecule with anticancer and antimicrobial activities. 3-BP is taken up selectively by cancer cells’ mono-carboxylate transporters (MCTs), which are highly overexpressed by many cancers. When 3-BP enters cancer cells it inactivates several glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes, leading to ATP depletion and the generation of reactive oxygen species. While mechanisms of 3-BP uptake and its influence on cell metabolism are well understood, the impact of 3-BP at certain concentrations on DNA integrity has never been investigated in detail. Here we have collected several lines of evidence suggesting that 3-BP induces DNA damage probably as a result of ROS generation, in both yeast and human cancer cells, when its concentration is sufficiently low and most cells are still viable. We also demonstrate that in yeast 3-BP treatment leads to generation of DNA double-strand breaks only in S-phase of the cell cycle, possibly as a result of oxidative DNA damage. This leads to DNA damage, checkpoint activation and focal accumulation of the DNA response proteins. Interestingly, in human cancer cells exposure to 3-BP also induces DNA breaks that trigger H2A.X phosphorylation. Our current data shed new light on the mechanisms by which a sufficiently low concentration of 3-BP can induce cytotoxicity at the DNA level, a finding that might be important for the future design of anticancer therapies.
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10
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Khan MA, Zubair H, Anand S, Srivastava SK, Singh S, Singh AP. Dysregulation of metabolic enzymes in tumor and stromal cells: Role in oncogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Lett 2020; 473:176-185. [PMID: 31923436 PMCID: PMC7067140 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Altered cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Metabolic rewiring in cancer cells occurs due to the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, and/or other adaptive changes in cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, altered metabolism is also reported in tumor-corrupted stromal cells as a result of their interaction with cancer cells or due to their adaptation in the dynamic tumor microenvironment. Metabolic alterations are associated with dysregulation of metabolic enzymes and tumor-stromal metabolic crosstalk is vital for the progressive malignant journey of the tumor cells. Therefore, several therapies targeting metabolic enzymes have been evaluated and/or are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss some important metabolic enzymes that are altered in tumor and/or stromal cells, and focus on their role in supporting tumor growth. Moreover, we also discuss studies carried out in various cancers to target these metabolic abnormalities for therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Shashi Anand
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA; Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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11
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Kojima Y, Nishina T, Nakano H, Okumura K, Takeda K. Inhibition of Importin β1 Augments the Anticancer Effect of Agonistic Anti-Death Receptor 5 Antibody in TRAIL-resistant Tumor Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1123-1133. [PMID: 32156787 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and an agonistic antibody against the death-inducing TRAIL receptor 5, DR5, are thought to selectively induce tumor cell death and therefore, have gained attention as potential therapeutics currently under investigation in several clinical trials. However, some tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL/DR5-induced cell death, even though they express DR5. Previously, we reported that DR5 is transported into the nucleus by importin β1, and knockdown of importin β1 upregulates cell surface expression of DR5 resulting in increased TRAIL sensitivity in vitro Here, we examined the impact of importin β1 knockdown on agonistic anti-human DR5 (hDR5) antibody therapy. Drug-inducible importin β1 knockdown sensitizes HeLa cells to TRAIL-induced cell death in vitro, and exerts an antitumor effect when combined with agonistic anti-hDR5 antibody administration in vivo Therapeutic importin β1 knockdown, administered via the atelocollagen delivery system, as well as treatment with the importin β inhibitor, importazole, induced regression and/or eradication of two human TRAIL-resistant tumor cells when combined with agonistic anti-hDR5 antibody treatment. Thus, these findings suggest that the inhibition of importin β1 would be useful to improve the therapeutic effects of agonistic anti-hDR5 antibody against TRAIL-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kojima
- Laboratory of Morphology and Image Analysis, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nishina
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Biofunctional Microbiota, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Research Support Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Effect of methyl jasmonate and 3-bromopyruvate combination therapy on mice bearing the 4 T1 breast cancer cell line. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:103-111. [PMID: 31960257 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09811-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells apply the Warburg pathway to meet their increased metabolic demands caused by their rapid growth and proliferation and also creates an acidic environment to promote cancer cell invasion. 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrP) as an anti-cancer agent disrupts glycolytic pathway. Moreover, one of the mechanism of actions of Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) is interference in glycolysis. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate MJ and 3-BrP interaction. MTT assay was used to determine IC50 and synergistic concentrations. Combination index was applied to evaluate the drug- drug interaction. Human tumor xenograft breast cancer mice was used to evaluate drug efficacy in vivo. Tumor size was considered as a drug efficacy criterion. In addition to drug efficacy, probable side effects of these drugs including hepatotoxicity, renal failure, immunotoxicity, and losing weight were evaluated. Serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase for hepatotoxicity, serum urea and creatinine level for the possibility of renal failure and changes in body weight were measured to evaluate drug toxicity. IL10 and TGFβ secretion in supernatant of isolated splenocytes from treated mice were assessed to check immunotoxicity. 3-BrP synergistically augmented the efficacy of MJ in the specific concentrations. This polytherapy was more effective than monotherapy of 3-BrP, MJ, and also surprisingly cyclophosphamide as a routine treatment for breast cancer in the tumor bearing mice. These results have been shown by decrease in tumor volume and increase of tumor growth inhibition percentage. This combination therapy didn't have any noticeable side effects on kidney, liver, and immune system and body weight.
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13
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Lu J, Liang X, Gao Y, Fu G, Shen Q. Hexokinase2 controls angiogenesis in melanoma by promoting aerobic glycolysis and activating the p38‐MAPK signaling. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19721-19729. [PMID: 31270843 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lu
- Department of Dermatology Wuhan Children's Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- Department of Dermatology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Dermatology The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Guili Fu
- Department of Dermatology Wuhan Children's Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Qin Shen
- Department of Dermatology Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan Hubei China
- Department of Dermatology Hubei Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuhan Hubei China
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14
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Berral-Gonzalez A, Riffo-Campos AL, Ayala G. OMICfpp: a fuzzy approach for paired RNA-Seq counts. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:259. [PMID: 30940089 PMCID: PMC6444640 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA sequencing is a widely used technology for differential expression analysis. However, the RNA-Seq do not provide accurate absolute measurements and the results can be different for each pipeline used. The major problem in statistical analysis of RNA-Seq and in the omics data in general, is the small sample size with respect to the large number of variables. In addition, experimental design must be taken into account and few tools consider it. RESULTS We propose OMICfpp, a method for the statistical analysis of RNA-Seq paired design data. First, we obtain a p-value for each case-control pair using a binomial test. These p-values are aggregated using an ordered weighted average (OWA) with a given orness previously chosen. The aggregated p-value from the original data is compared with the aggregated p-value obtained using the same method applied to random pairs. These new pairs are generated using between-pairs and complete randomization distributions. This randomization p-value is used as a raw p-value to test the differential expression of each gene. The OMICfpp method is evaluated using public data sets of 68 sample pairs from patients with colorectal cancer. We validate our results through bibliographic search of the reported genes and using simulated data set. Furthermore, we compared our results with those obtained by the methods edgeR and DESeq2 for paired samples. Finally, we propose new target genes to validate these as gene expression signatures in colorectal cancer. OMICfpp is available at http://www.uv.es/ayala/software/OMICfpp_0.2.tar.gz . CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that OMICfpp is an accurate method for differential expression analysis in RNA-Seq data with paired design. In addition, we propose the use of randomized p-values pattern graphic as a powerful and robust method to select the target genes for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berral-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Investigación Bioinformática y Genómica Funcional. Laboratorio 19. Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CiC-IBMCC, Universidad de Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Universitario Miguel de Unamuno s/n, Salamanca, 37007 Spain
| | - Angela L. Riffo-Campos
- Universidad de La Frontera. Centro De Excelencia de Modelación y Computación Científica, C/ Montevideo 740, Temuco, Chile
| | - Guillermo Ayala
- Universidad de Valencia. Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, 1, Burjasot, 46100 Spain
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15
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Nagano T, Yamao S, Terachi A, Yarimizu H, Itoh H, Katasho R, Kawai K, Nakashima A, Iwasaki T, Kikkawa U, Kamada S. d-amino acid oxidase promotes cellular senescence via the production of reactive oxygen species. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800045. [PMID: 30659069 PMCID: PMC6339261 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals a novel role of d-amino acid oxidase in promoting cellular senescence induced by genotoxic stresses via enzymatic generation of reactive oxygen species. d-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)–dependent oxidase metabolizing neutral and polar d-amino acids. Unlike l-amino acids, the amounts of d-amino acids in mammalian tissues are extremely low, and therefore, little has been investigated regarding the physiological role of DAO. We have recently identified DAO to be up-regulated in cellular senescence, a permanent cell cycle arrest induced by various stresses, such as persistent DNA damage and oxidative stress. Because DAO produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts of substrate oxidation and the accumulation of ROS mediates the senescence induction, we explored the relationship between DAO and senescence. We found that inhibition of DAO impaired senescence induced by DNA damage, and ectopic expression of wild-type DAO, but not enzymatically inactive mutant, enhanced it in an ROS-dependent manner. Furthermore, addition of d-amino acids and riboflavin, a metabolic precursor of FAD, to the medium potentiated the senescence-promoting effect of DAO. These results indicate that DAO promotes senescence through the enzymatic ROS generation, and its activity is regulated by the availability of its substrate and coenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Nagano
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamao
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Anju Terachi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hidetora Yarimizu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Haruki Itoh
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoko Katasho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawai
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akio Nakashima
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Iwasaki
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ushio Kikkawa
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinji Kamada
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan .,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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16
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Chen TC, Yu J, Nouri Nigjeh E, Wang W, Myint PT, Zandi E, Hofman FM, Schönthal AH. A perillyl alcohol-conjugated analog of 3-bromopyruvate without cellular uptake dependency on monocarboxylate transporter 1 and with activity in 3-BP-resistant tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 400:161-174. [PMID: 28450161 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer agent 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) is viewed as a glycolytic inhibitor that preferentially kills glycolytic cancer cells through energy depletion. However, its cytotoxic activity is dependent on cellular drug import through transmembrane monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1), which restricts its anticancer potential to MCT-1-positive tumor cells. We created and characterized an MCT-1-independent analog of 3-BP, called NEO218. NEO218 was synthesized by covalently conjugating 3-BP to perillyl alcohol (POH), a natural monoterpene. The responses of various tumor cell lines to treatment with either compound were characterized in the presence or absence of supplemental pyruvate or antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH). Drug effects on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) enzyme activity were investigated by mass spectrometric analysis. The development of 3-BP resistance was investigated in MCT-1-positive HCT116 colon carcinoma cells in vitro. Our results show that NEO218: (i) pyruvylated GAPDH on all 4 of its cysteine residues and shut down enzymatic activity; (ii) severely lowered cellular ATP content below life-sustaining levels, and (iii) triggered rapid necrosis. Intriguingly, supplemental antioxidants effectively prevented cytotoxic activity of NEO218 as well as 3-BP, but supplemental pyruvate powerfully protected cells only from 3-BP, not from NEO218. Unlike 3-BP, NEO218 exerted its potent cytotoxic activity irrespective of cellular MCT-1 status. Treatment of HCT116 cells with 3-BP resulted in prompt development of resistance, based on the emergence of MCT-1-negative cells. This was not the case with NEO218, and highly 3-BP-resistant cells remained exquisitely sensitive to NEO218. Thus, our study identifies a mechanism by which tumor cells develop rapid resistance to 3-BP, and presents NEO218 as a superior agent not subject to this cellular defense. Furthermore, our results offer alternative interpretations of previously published models on the role of supplemental antioxidants: Rather than quenching reactive oxygen species (ROS), supplemental NAC or GSH directly interact with 3-BP, thereby neutralizing the drug's cytotoxic potential before it can trigger ROS production. Altogether, our study introduces new aspects of the cytotoxic mechanism of 3-BP, and characterizes NEO218 as an analog able to overcome a key cellular defense mechanism towards this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jiali Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eslam Nouri Nigjeh
- Research Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Phyo Thazin Myint
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ebrahim Zandi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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17
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El Sayed SM, Baghdadi H, Zolaly M, Almaramhy HH, Ayat M, Donki JG. The promising anticancer drug 3-bromopyruvate is metabolized through glutathione conjugation which affects chemoresistance and clinical practice: An evidence-based view. Med Hypotheses 2017; 100:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Huang BK, Stein KT, Sikes HD. Modulating and Measuring Intracellular H 2O 2 Using Genetically Encoded Tools to Study Its Toxicity to Human Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:1389-1395. [PMID: 27428287 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.6b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2 play paradoxical roles in mammalian physiology. It is hypothesized that low, baseline levels of H2O2 are necessary for growth and differentiation, while increased intracellular H2O2 concentrations are associated with pathological phenotypes and genetic instability, eventually reaching a toxic threshold that causes cell death. However, the quantities of intracellular H2O2 that lead to these different responses remain an unanswered question in the field. To address this question, we used genetically encoded constructs that both generate and quantify H2O2 in a dose-response study of H2O2-mediated toxicity. We found that, rather than a simple concentration-response relationship, a combination of intracellular concentration and the cumulative metric of H2O2 concentration multiplied by time (i.e., the area under the curve) determined the occurrence and level of cell death. Establishing the quantitative relationship between H2O2 and cell toxicity promotes a deeper understanding of the intracellular effects of H2O2 specifically as an individual reactive oxygen species, and it contributes to an understanding of its role in various redox-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijing K. Huang
- Department
of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kassi T. Stein
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Baghdadi HH. Targeting Cancer Cells using 3-bromopyruvate for Selective Cancer Treatment. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 5:9-19. [PMID: 30787746 PMCID: PMC6298280 DOI: 10.4103/1658-631x.194253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment deserves more research efforts despite intensive conventional treatment modalities for many types of malignancies. Metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy receive a lot of global research efforts. The current advances in cancer biology may improve targeting the critical metabolic differences that distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Cancer cells are highly glycolytic for energy production, exhibit the Warburg effect, establish aggressive acidic microenvironment, maintain cancer stem cells, exhibit resistance to chemotherapy, have low antioxidant systems but different ΔΨm (delta psi, mitochondrial transmembrane potential), express P-glycoprotein for multidrug resistance, upregulate glucose transporters and monocarboxylate transporters and are under high steady-state reactive oxygen species conditions. Normal cells differ in all these aspects. Lactate produced through the Warburg effect helps cancer metastasis. Targeting glycolysis reactions for energy production in cancer cells seems promising in decreasing the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. 3-bromopyruvate makes use of cancer biology in treating cancer cells, cancer stem cells and preventing metastasis in human cancer as discussed in this review. Updated advances are analyzed here, which include research analysis of background, experience, readings in the field of cancer biology, oncology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam H Baghdadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Sobotka O, Endlicher R, Drahota Z, Kučera O, Rychtrmoc D, Raad M, Hakeem K, Červinková Z. Impaired mitochondrial functions contribute to 3-bromopyruvate toxicity in primary rat and mouse hepatocytes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:363-73. [PMID: 27530389 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A compound with promising anticancer properties, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) is a synthetic derivative of a pyruvate molecule; however, its toxicity in non-malignant cells has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, we elected to study the effects of 3-BP on primary hepatocytes in monolayer cultures, permeabilized hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria. After a 1-h treatment with 100 μM 3-BP cell viability of rat hepatocytes was decreased by 30 % as measured by the WST-1 test (p < 0.001); after 3-h exposure to ≥200 μM 3-BP lactate dehydrogenase leakage was increased (p < 0.001). Reactive oxygen species production was increased in the cell cultures after a 1-h treatment at concentrations ≥100 μmol/l (p < 0.01), and caspase 3 activity was increased after a 20-h incubation with 150 μM and 200 μM 3-BP (p < 0.001). This toxic effect of 3-BP was also proved using primary mouse hepatocytes. In isolated mitochondria, 3-BP induced a dose- and time-dependent decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential during a 10-min incubation both with Complex I substrates glutamate + malate or Complex II substrate succinate, although this decrease was more pronounced with the latter. We also measured the effect of 3-BP on respiration of isolated mitochondria. ADP-activated respiration was inhibited by 20 μM 3-BP within 10 min. Similar effects were also found in permeabilized hepatocytes of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Sobotka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - René Endlicher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Drahota
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Otto Kučera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Rychtrmoc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marjan Raad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Khurum Hakeem
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Červinková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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21
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The anticancer agent 3-bromopyruvate: a simple but powerful molecule taken from the lab to the bedside. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:349-62. [PMID: 27457582 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), a simple alkylating chemical compound was presented to the scientific community as a potent anticancer agent, able to cause rapid toxicity to cancer cells without bystander effects on normal tissues. The altered metabolism of cancers, an essential hallmark for their progression, also became their Achilles heel by facilitating 3BP's selective entry and specific targeting. Treatment with 3BP has been administered in several cancer type models both in vitro and in vivo, either alone or in combination with other anticancer therapeutic approaches. These studies clearly demonstrate 3BP's broad action against multiple cancer types. Clinical trials using 3BP are needed to further support its anticancer efficacy against multiple cancer types thus making it available to more than 30 million patients living with cancer worldwide. This review discusses current knowledge about 3BP related to cancer and discusses also the possibility of its use in future clinical applications as it relates to safety and treatment issues.
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22
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Kwiatkowska E, Wojtala M, Gajewska A, Soszyński M, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Effect of 3-bromopyruvate acid on the redox equilibrium in non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2015; 48:23-32. [PMID: 26715289 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-015-9637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel approaches to cancer chemotherapy employ metabolic differences between normal and tumor cells, including the high dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis ("Warburg effect"). 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP), inhibitor of glycolysis, belongs to anticancer drugs basing on this principle. 3-BP was tested for its capacity to kill human non-invasive MCF-7 and invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We found that 3-BP was more toxic for MDA-MB-231 cells than for MCF-7 cells. In both cell lines, a statistically significant decrease of ATP and glutathione was observed in a time- and 3-BP concentration-dependent manner. Transient increases in the level of reactive oxygen species and reactive oxygen species was observed, more pronounced in MCF-7 cells, followed by a decreasing tendency. Activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased in 3-BP treated MDA-MB-231 cells. For MCF-7 cells decreases of GR and GST activities were noted only at the highest concentration of 3-BP.These results point to induction of oxidative stress by 3-BP via depletion of antioxidants and inactivation of antioxidant enzymes, more pronounced in MDA-MB-231 cells, more sensitive to 3-BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kwiatkowska
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Martyna Wojtala
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gajewska
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosław Soszyński
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland.
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23
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Bodur C, Karakas B, Timucin AC, Tezil T, Basaga H. AMP-activated protein kinase couples 3-bromopyruvate-induced energy depletion to apoptosis via activation of FoxO3a and upregulation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1584-1597. [PMID: 26373689 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Most tumors primarily rely on glycolysis rather than mitochondrial respiration for ATP production. This phenomenon, also known as Warburg effect, renders tumors more sensitive to glycolytic disturbances compared to normal cells. 3-bromopyruvate is a potent inhibitor of glycolysis that shows promise as an anticancer drug candidate. Although investigations revealed that 3-BP triggers apoptosis through ATP depletion and subsequent AMPK activation, the underlying molecular mechanisms coupling AMPK to apoptosis are poorly understood. We showed that 3-BP leads to a rapid ATP depletion which was followed by growth inhibition and Bax-dependent apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Apoptosis was accompanied with activation of caspase-9 and -3 while pretreatment with a general caspase inhibitor attenuated cell death. AMPK, p38, JNK, and Akt were phosphorylated immediately upon treatment. Pharmacological inhibition and silencing of AMPK largely inhibited 3-BP-induced apoptosis and reversed phosphorylation of JNK. Transcriptional activity of FoxO3a was dramatically increased subsequent to AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of FoxO3a at Ser413. Cell death analysis of cells transiently transfected with wt or AMPK-phosphorylation-deficient FoxO3 expression plasmids verified the contributory role of AMPK-FoxO3a axis in 3-BP-induced apoptosis. In addition, expression of proapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins Bim and Bax were upregulated in an AMPK-dependent manner. Bim was transcriptionally activated in association with FoxO3a activity, while Bax upregulation was abolished in p53-null cells. Together, these data suggest that AMPK couples 3-BP-induced metabolic disruption to intrinsic apoptosis via modulation of FoxO3a-Bim axis and Bax expression. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagri Bodur
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bahriye Karakas
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Can Timucin
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugsan Tezil
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Gupta P, Jagavelu K, Mishra DP. Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase-4 Potentiates 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose-Induced Suppression of Glycolysis, Migration, and Invasion in Glioblastoma Cells: Role of the Akt/HIF1α/HK-2 Signaling Axis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:665-81. [PMID: 25891245 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a synthetic glycolytic inhibitor, is currently under clinical evaluation as a promising anticancer agent. However, 2-DG treatment in cancer cells activates prosurvival Akt signaling that might limit its clinical efficacy. The NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox-4)/reactive oxygen species/Akt signaling is known to regulate survival, proliferation, infiltration, and invasion in glioblastomas (GBMs). The enhanced motility, invasiveness, and therapy resistance in GBMs are attributed to metabolic adaptation through increased aerobic glycolysis. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibition of the Nox-4 might enhance 2-DG-induced suppression of glycolysis, migration, and invasion in GBM cells. RESULTS We identified the natural naphthoquinone compound shikonin as a potent inhibitor of the Nox-4/Akt signaling pathway. The combined treatment of shikonin+2-DG suppressed the glycolytic phenotype, migration, and invasion through modulation of the Akt/HIF1α/hexokinase-2 signaling axis in GBM cells. The combination also exhibited enhanced antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects in vivo. INNOVATION Our data for the first time demonstrate that inhibition of the Nox-4-associated prosurvival signaling pathway by shikonin enhances the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic potential of 2-DG in GBM cells. CONCLUSION In summary, the combined inhibition of Nox-4 and glycolysis may have therapeutic implications for the management of GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- 1 Endocrinology Division, Cell Death Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
| | - Kumaravelu Jagavelu
- 2 Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- 1 Endocrinology Division, Cell Death Research Laboratory, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India
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25
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Womeldorff M, Gillespie D, Jensen RL. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and associated upstream and downstream proteins in the pathophysiology and management of glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 37:E8. [PMID: 25581937 DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with an exceptionally poor patient outcome despite aggressive therapy including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. This aggressive phenotype may be associated with intratumoral hypoxia, which probably plays a key role in GBM tumor growth, development, and angiogenesis. A key regulator of cellular response to hypoxia is the protein hypoxia-inducible factor–1 (HIF-1). An examination of upstream hypoxic and nonhypoxic regulation of HIF-1 as well as a review of the downstream HIF-1– regulated proteins may provide further insight into the role of this transcription factor in GBM pathophysiology. Recent insights into upstream regulators that intimately interact with HIF-1 could provide potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this tumor. The same is potentially true for HIF-1–mediated pathways of glycolysis-, angiogenesis-, and invasion-promoting proteins. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between HIF-1, its upstream protein regulators, and its downstream transcribed genes in GBM pathogenesis could provide future treatment options for the care of patients with these tumors.
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Identification of DNA-binding proteins that interact with the 5'-flanking region of the human D-amino acid oxidase gene by pull-down assay coupled with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:94-100. [PMID: 25749303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that metabolizes D-amino acids and is expected to be a promising therapeutic target of schizophrenia and glioblastoma. The study of DNA-binding proteins has yielded much information in the regulation of transcription and other biological processes. However, proteins interacting with DAO gene have not been elucidated. Our assessment of human DAO promoter activity using luciferase reporter system indicated the 5'-flanking region of this gene (-4289 bp from transcription initiation site) has a regulatory sequence for gene expression, which is regulated by multi-protein complexes interacting with this region. By using pull-down assay coupled with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified six proteins binding to the 5'-flanking region of the human DAO gene (zinc finger C2HC domain-containing protein 1A; histidine-tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic; molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein; 60S ribosomal protein L37; calponin-1; calmodulin binding protein and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1). These preliminary results will contribute to the advance in the understanding of the potential factors associated with the regulatory mechanism of DAO expression.
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Tran DH, Shishido Y, Chung SP, Trinh HTT, Yorita K, Sakai T, Fukui K. Identification of two promoters for human D-amino acid oxidase gene: implication for the differential promoter regulation mediated by PAX5/PAX2. J Biochem 2014; 157:377-87. [PMID: 25500505 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that metabolizes d-amino acids. Until now, the DAO expression mechanism is still unclear. Our assessment of human DAO (hDAO) promoter activity using luciferase reporter system indicated the proximal upstream region of exon1 (-237/+1) has promoter activity (P1). Interestingly, we identified an alternative promoter in the proximal upstream region of exon2 (+4,126/+4,929) (P2). This alternative promoter has stronger activity than that of P1. Our results also revealed a negative regulatory segment (+1,163/+1,940) in intron1; that would act in concert with P1 and P2. Bioinformatics analyses elucidated the conservation of transcription factor PAX5 family binding sites among species. These sites (-60/-31) and (+4,464/+4,493), locate in P1 and P2 of hDAO, respectively. Gel shift assays demonstrated P1 contains a site (-60/-31) for PAX5 binding while P2 has three sites for both paired box gene 2 (PAX2) and paired box gene 5 (PAX5) binding. The dual roles of PAX5 family in regulating hDAO transcription by modulating promoter activity of P1 and activating promoter activity of P2 were implicated based on the site-directed mutagenesis experiment. Altogether, our data suggested the differential regulation of hDAO expression by two promoters whose activities may be modulated by the binding of PAX2 and PAX5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem Hong Tran
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Shishido
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Seong Pil Chung
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Huong Thi Thanh Trinh
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yorita
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukui
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology; Division of Enzyme Literacy, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima; and Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Granchi C, Fancelli D, Minutolo F. An update on therapeutic opportunities offered by cancer glycolytic metabolism. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4915-25. [PMID: 25288186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Almost all invasive cancers, regardless of tissue origin, are characterized by specific modifications of their cellular energy metabolism. In fact, a strong predominance of aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation (Warburg effect) is usually associated with aggressive tumour phenotypes. This metabolic shift offers a survival advantage to cancer cells, since they may continue to produce energy and anabolites even when they are exposed to either transient or permanent hypoxic conditions. Moreover, it ensures a high production rate of glycolysis intermediates, useful as building blocks for fast cell proliferation of cancer cells. This peculiar metabolic profile may constitute an ideal target for therapeutic interventions that selectively hit cancer cells with minimal residual systemic toxicity. In this review we provide an update about some of the most recent advances in the discovery of new bioactive molecules that are able to interfere with cancer glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Fancelli
- Drug Discovery Program, Experimental Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Ehrke E, Arend C, Dringen R. 3-bromopyruvate inhibits glycolysis, depletes cellular glutathione, and compromises the viability of cultured primary rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:1138-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ehrke
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry); University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Christian Arend
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry); University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry); University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
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Wicks RT, Azadi J, Mangraviti A, Zhang I, Hwang L, Joshi A, Bow H, Hutt-Cabezas M, Martin KL, Rudek MA, Zhao M, Brem H, Tyler BM. Local delivery of cancer-cell glycolytic inhibitors in high-grade glioma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:70-80. [PMID: 25053853 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) and dichloroacetate (DCA) are inhibitors of cancer-cell specific aerobic glycolysis. Their application in glioma is limited by 3-BrPA's inability to cross the blood-brain-barrier and DCA's dose-limiting toxicity. The safety and efficacy of intracranial delivery of these compounds were assessed. METHODS Cytotoxicity of 3-BrPA and DCA were analyzed in U87, 9L, and F98 glioma cell lines. 3-BrPA and DCA were incorporated into biodegradable pCPP:SA wafers, and the maximally tolerated dose was determined in F344 rats. Efficacies of the intracranial 3-BrPA wafer and DCA wafer were assessed in a rodent allograft model of high-grade glioma, both as a monotherapy and in combination with temozolomide (TMZ) and radiation therapy (XRT). RESULTS 3-BrPA and DCA were found to have similar IC50 values across the 3 glioma cell lines. 5% 3-BrPA wafer-treated animals had significantly increased survival compared with controls (P = .0027). The median survival of rats with the 50% DCA wafer increased significantly compared with both the oral DCA group (P = .050) and the controls (P = .02). Rats implanted on day 0 with a 5% 3-BrPA wafer in combination with TMZ had significantly increased survival over either therapy alone. No statistical difference in survival was noted when the wafers were added to the combination therapy of TMZ and XRT, but the 5% 3-BrPA wafer given on day 0 in combination with TMZ and XRT resulted in long-term survivorship of 30%. CONCLUSION Intracranial delivery of 3-BrPA and DCA polymer was safe and significantly increased survival in an animal model of glioma, a potential novel therapeutic approach. The combination of intracranial 3-BrPA and TMZ provided a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Wicks
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Javad Azadi
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Antonella Mangraviti
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Irma Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Lee Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Avadhut Joshi
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Hansen Bow
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Marianne Hutt-Cabezas
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Kristin L Martin
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Michelle A Rudek
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
| | - Betty M Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery (R.T.W., J.A., A.M., I.Z., L.H., A.J., H.B., M.H.-C., K.L.M., H.B., B.M.T.); Departments of Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (H.B.); Division of Chemical Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland (M.A.R., M.Z.)
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Pereira MSL, Zenki K, Cavalheiro MM, Thomé CC, Filippi-Chiela EC, Lenz G, de Souza DOG, de Oliveira DL. Cellular senescence induced by prolonged subculture adversely affects glutamate uptake in C6 lineage. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:973-84. [PMID: 24706093 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have recently used C6 cells to evaluate functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters. However, it has been demonstrated that this lineage suffers several morphological and biochemical alterations according to the number of passages in culture. Currently, there are no reports showing whether functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters comply with these sub culturing-dependent modifications. The present study aimed to compare the functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters expressed in early (EPC6) and late (LPC6) passage C6 cells through a detailed pharmacological and biochemical characterization. Between 60-180 min of L-[(3)H]glu incubation, LPC6 presented an intracellular [(3)H] 55% lower than EPC6. Both cultures showed a time-dependent increase of intracellular [(3)H] reaching maximal levels at 120 min. Cultures incubated with D-[(3)H]asp showed a time-dependent increase of [(3)H] until 180 min. Moreover, LPC6 have a D-[(3)H]asp-derived intracellular [(3)H] 30-45% lower than EPC6 until 120 min. Only EAAT3 was immunodetected in cultures and its total content was equal between them. PMA-stimulated EAAT3 trafficking to membrane increased 50% of L-[(3)H]glu-derived intracellular [(3)H] in EPC6 and had no effect in LPC6. LPC6 displayed characteristics that resemble senescence, such as high β-Gal staining, cell enlargement and increase of large and regular nuclei. Our results demonstrated that LPC6 exhibited glutamate uptake impairment, which may have occurred due to its inability to mobilize EAAT3 to cell membrane. This profile might be related to senescent process observed in this culture. Our results suggest that LPC6 cells are an inappropriate glial cellular model to investigate the functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Stéfani Leivas Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 prédio anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil,
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El Sayed SM, Mohamed WG, Seddik MAH, Ahmed ASA, Mahmoud AG, Amer WH, Helmy Nabo MM, Hamed AR, Ahmed NS, Abd-Allah AAR. Safety and outcome of treatment of metastatic melanoma using 3-bromopyruvate: a concise literature review and case study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2014; 33:356-64. [PMID: 24636230 PMCID: PMC4110469 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.013.10111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
3-Bromopyruvate (3BP) is a new, promising anticancer alkylating agent with several notable functions. In addition to inhibiting key glycolysis enzymes including hexokinase II and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 3BP also selectively inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, angiogenesis, and energy production in cancer cells. Moreover, 3BP induces hydrogen peroxide generation in cancer cells (oxidative stress effect) and competes with the LDH substrates pyruvate and lactate. There is only one published human clinical study showing that 3BP was effective in treating fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. LDH is a good measure for tumor evaluation and predicts the outcome of treatment better than the presence of a residual tumor mass. According to the Warburg effect, LDH is responsible for lactate synthesis, which facilitates cancer cell survival, progression, aggressiveness, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Lactate produced through LDH activity fuels aerobic cell populations inside tumors via metabolic symbiosis. In melanoma, the most deadly skin cancer, 3BP induced necrotic cell death in sensitive cells, whereas high glutathione (GSH) content made other melanoma cells resistant to 3BP. Concurrent use of a GSH depletor with 3BP killed resistant melanoma cells. Survival of melanoma patients was inversely associated with high serum LDH levels, which was reported to be highly predictive of melanoma treatment in randomized clinical trials. Here, we report a 28-year-old man presented with stage IV metastatic melanoma affecting the back, left pleura, and lung. The disease caused total destruction of the left lung and a high serum LDH level (4,283 U/L). After ethics committee approval and written patient consent, the patient received 3BP intravenous infusions (1-2.2 mg/kg), but the anticancer effect was minimal as indicated by a high serum LDH level. This may have been due to high tumor GSH content. On combining oral paracetamol, which depletes tumor GSH, with 3BP treatment, serum LDH level dropped maximally. Although a slow intravenous infusion of 3BP appeared to have minimal cytotoxicity, its anticancer efficacy via this delivery method was low. This was possibly due to high tumor GSH content, which was increased after concurrent use of the GSH depletor paracetamol. If the anticancer effectiveness of 3BP is less than expected, the combination with paracetamol may be needed to sensitize cancer cells to 3BP-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Mohamed El Sayed
- Department of Medical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. ,
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El Sayed SM, Mahmoud AA, El Sawy SA, Abdelaal EA, Fouad AM, Yousif RS, Hashim MS, Hemdan SB, Kadry ZM, Abdelmoaty MA, Gabr AG, Omran FM, Nabo MMH, Ahmed NS. Warburg effect increases steady-state ROS condition in cancer cells through decreasing their antioxidant capacities (anticancer effects of 3-bromopyruvate through antagonizing Warburg effect). Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:866-70. [PMID: 24071366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo an increased steady-state ROS condition compared to normal cells. Among the major metabolic differences between cancer cells and normal cells is the dependence of cancer cells on glycolysis as a major source of energy even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). In Warburg effect, glucose is catabolized to lactate that is extruded through monocarboxylate transporters to the microenvironment of cancer cells, while in normal cells, glucose is metabolized into pyruvate that is not extruded. Pyruvate is a potent antioxidant, while lactate has no antioxidant effect. Pyruvate in normal cells may be further metabolized to acetyl CoA and then through Krebs cycle with production of antioxidant intermediates e.g. citrate, malate and oxaloacetate together with the reducing equivalents (NADH.H+). Through activity of mitochondrial transhydrogenase, NADH.H+ replenishes NADPH.H+, coenzyme of glutathione reductase which replenishes reduced form of glutathione (potent antioxidant). This enhances antioxidant capacities of normal cells, while cancer cells exhibiting Warburg effect may be deprived of all that antioxidant capabilities due to loss of extruded lactate (substrate for Krebs cycle). Although intrinsic oxidative stress in cancer cells is high, it may be prevented from reaching progressively increasing levels that are cytotoxic to cancer cells. This may be due to some antioxidant effects exerted by hexokinase II (HK II) and NADPH.H+ produced through HMP shunt. Glycolytic phenotype in cancer cells maintains a high non-toxic oxidative stress in cancer cells and may be responsible for their malignant behavior. Through HK II, glycolysis fuels the energetic arm of malignancy, the mitotic arm of malignancy (DNA synthesis through HMP shunt pathway) and the metastatic arm of malignancy (hyaluronan synthesis through uronic acid pathway) in addition to the role of phosphohexose isomerase (autocrine motility factor). All those critical three arms start with the substrate G6P that is a direct product of HK II. 3-bromopyruvate (3BP, inhibitor of HK II) may prove as a promising anticancer and antimetastatic agent based on antagonizing the Warburg effect and disturbing the malignant behavior in cancer cells.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012; 24:770-9. [PMID: 23146873 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32835af8de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Granchi C, Minutolo F. Anticancer agents that counteract tumor glycolysis. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1318-50. [PMID: 22684868 PMCID: PMC3516916 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Can we consider cancer to be a "metabolic disease"? Tumors are the result of a metabolic selection, forming tissues composed of heterogeneous cells that generally express an overactive metabolism as a common feature. In fact, cancer cells have increased needs for both energy and biosynthetic intermediates to support their growth and invasiveness. However, their high proliferation rate often generates regions that are insufficiently oxygenated. Therefore, their carbohydrate metabolism must rely mostly on a glycolytic process that is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic switch, also known as the Warburg effect, constitutes a fundamental adaptation of tumor cells to a relatively hostile environment, and supports the evolution of aggressive and metastatic phenotypes. As a result, tumor glycolysis may constitute an attractive target for cancer therapy. This approach has often raised concerns that antiglycolytic agents may cause serious side effects toward normal cells. The key to selective action against cancer cells can be found in their hyperbolic addiction to glycolysis, which may be exploited to generate new anticancer drugs with minimal toxicity. There is growing evidence to support many glycolytic enzymes and transporters as suitable candidate targets for cancer therapy. Herein we review some of the most relevant antiglycolytic agents that have been investigated thus far for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
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Dokic I, Hartmann C, Herold-Mende C, Régnier-Vigouroux A. Glutathione peroxidase 1 activity dictates the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to oxidative stress. Glia 2012; 60:1785-800. [PMID: 22951908 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The high intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma (GBM) leads to resistance to different therapies, and hence, selecting an effective therapy is very challenging. We hypothesized that the antioxidant enzyme status is a significant feature of GBM heterogeneity. The most important reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) detoxification mechanisms include superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Expression and activity of these enzymes and the cellular response to induced oxidative stress were systematically analyzed and compared between GBM cells and nontransformed glial cells of both human and murine origin. Regardless of cell type or species, all tested cells expressed similar amount of catalase and MnSOD. All except one, GBM cell lines exhibited a deficiency in GPx1 expression and activity. Analysis of GBM tissue sections indicated a heterogeneous profile of weak to moderate expression of GPx1 in tumor cells. GPx1 deficiency led to an accumulation of ROS/RNS and subsequent death of GBM cells after induction of oxidative stress. Astrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and glioma stem cell lines expressed active GPx1 and resisted ROS/RNS-mediated cell death. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA silencing of GPx1 partially reverted this resistance in astrocytes, indicating the contribution of various antioxidant molecules besides GPx1. The GPx1-expressing GBM cell line on the contrary, became extremely sensitive to oxidative stress after GPx1 inhibition. Altogether, these results highlight GPx1 as a crucial element over other antioxidant enzymes for oxidative stress regulation in GBM cells. Mapping the antioxidant enzyme status of GBM may prove to be a useful tool for personalized ROS/RNS inducing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Dokic
- INSERM U701, German Cancer Research Centre, Program Infection and Cancer, INF 242, Heidelberg, Germany
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El Sayed SM, El-Magd RMA, Shishido Y, Yorita K, Chung SP, Tran DH, Sakai T, Watanabe H, Kagami S, Fukui K. D-Amino acid oxidase-induced oxidative stress, 3-bromopyruvate and citrate inhibit angiogenesis, exhibiting potent anticancer effects. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:513-23. [PMID: 22802136 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for cancer growth and metastasis. Steps of angiogenesis are energy consuming, while vascular endothelial cells are highly glycolytic. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly vascular tumor and this enhances its aggressiveness. D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a promising therapeutic protein that induces oxidative stress upon acting on its substrates. Oxidative stress-energy depletion (OSED) therapy was recently reported (El Sayed et al., Cancer Gene Ther, 19, 1-18, 2012). OSED combines DAO-induced oxidative stress with energy depletion caused by glycolytic inhibitors such as 3-bromopyruvate (3BP), a hexokinase II inhibitor that depleted ATP in cancer cells and induced production of hydrogen peroxide. 3BP disturbs the Warburg effect and antagonizes effects of lactate and pyruvate (El Sayed et al., J Bioenerg Biomembr, 44, 61-79, 2012). Citrate is a natural organic acid capable of inhibiting glycolysis by targeting phosphofructokinase. Here, we report that DAO, 3BP and citrate significantly inhibited angiogenesis, decreased the number of vascular branching points and shortened the length of vascular tubules. OSED delayed the growth of C6/DAO glioma cells. 3BP combined with citrate delayed the growth of C6 glioma cells and decreased significantly the number and size of C6 glioma colonies in soft agar. Human GBM cells (U373MG) were resistant to chemotherapy e.g. cisplatin and cytosine arabinoside, while 3BP was effective in decreasing the viability and disturbing the morphology of U373MG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M El Sayed
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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El Sayed SM, El-Magd RMA, Shishido Y, Chung SP, Diem TH, Sakai T, Watanabe H, Kagami S, Fukui K. 3-Bromopyruvate antagonizes effects of lactate and pyruvate, synergizes with citrate and exerts novel anti-glioma effects. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:61-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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