Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates inflammation in MRL/lpr mouse mesangial cells

Nutritional interventions as modulators of the disease activity for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a scoping review

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are chronic, autoimmune connective tissue diseases associated with significant morbidity and disability. Nutrients can activate the immune system and contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation (LGI). Chronic muscle inflammation leads to imbalanced pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, causing inadequate nutrition, weight loss and muscle weakness during a negative cycle. Owing to its potential to modulate LGI in various diseases, the Mediterranean diet (Med Diet) has been extensively studied. This scoping review explores the nutritional implications and recommendations of the Med Diet as a treatment for immune-mediated diseases, focusing on the gaps in IIM nutritional interventions. A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE and EBSCO databases between September 2018 and December 2022 was performed. We identified that the Med Diet and its specific components, such as omega-3 (nω3) fatty acids, vitamin D and antioxidants, play a role in the dietary treatment of connective tissue-related autoimmune diseases. Nutritional interventions have demonstrated potential for modulating disease activity and warrant further exploration of IIMs through experimental studies. This review introduces a dietary therapeutic approach using the Med Diet and related compounds to regulate chronic inflammatory processes in IIMs. However, further clinical studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of the Med Diet in patients with IIMs. Emphasising a clinical-nutritional approach, this study encourages future research on the anti-inflammatory effects of the Med Diet on IIMs. This review highlights potential insights for managing and treating these conditions using a holistic approach.

Polyphenol-mediated sandwich-like coating promotes endothelialization and vascular healing

Drug-eluting stents have become one of the most effective methods to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, this therapeutic strategy may lead to thrombosis, stent restenosis, and intimal hyperplasia and prevent re-endothelialization. In this study, we selected 3-aminophenylboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid and carboxylate chitosan as polyelectrolyte layers and embedded an epigallocatechin-3-gallate-tanshinone IIA sulfonic sodium (EGCG-TSS) complex to develop a sandwich-like layer-by-layer coating. The introduction of a functional molecular EGCG-TSS complex improved not only the biocompatibility of the coating but also its stability by enriching the interaction between the polyelectrolyte coatings through electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and covalent bonding. We further elucidated the effectiveness of sandwich-like coatings in regulating the inflammatory response, smooth muscle cell growth behavior, stent thrombosis and restenosis suppression, and vessel re-endothelialization acceleration via in vivo and in vitro. Conclusively, we demonstrated that sandwich-like coating assisted by an EGCG-TSS complex may be an effective surface modification strategy for cardiovascular therapeutic applications.

Targeting abnormal lipid metabolism of T cells for systemic lupus erythematosus treatment

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues and organs. However, the causes of SLE remain unknown. Dyslipidemia is a common symptom observed in SLE patients and animal models and is closely correlated to disease activity. Lipid metabolic reprogramming has been considered as a hallmark of the dysfunction of T cells in patients with SLE, therefore, manipulating lipid metabolism provides a potential therapeutic target for treating SLE. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms for the metabolic events of immune cells under pathological conditions is crucial for tuning immunometabolism to manage autoimmune diseases such as SLE. In this review, we aim to summarize the cross-link between lipid metabolism and the function of T cells as well as the underlying mechanisms, and provide light on the novel therapeutic strategies of active compounds from herbals for the treatment of SLE by targeting lipid metabolism in immune cells.

The applications of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-nanogold conjugate in cancer therapy

Cancer has recently increased the death toll worldwide owing to inadequate therapy and decreased drug bioavailability. Long-term and untargeted chemotherapeutic exposure causes toxicity to healthy cells and drug resistance. These challenges necessitate the development of new methods to increase drug efficacy. Nanotechnology is an emerging field in the engineering of new drug delivery platforms. The phytochemical epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main component of green tea extract and its most bioactive component, offers novel approaches to cancer cell eradication. The current review focuses on the nanogold-based carriers containing EGCG, with an emphasis on the chemotherapeutic effects of EGCG in cancer treatment. The nanoscale vehicle may improve the EGCG solubility and bioavailability while overcoming constraints and cellular barriers. This article reviewed the phytochemical EGCG-based gold nanoplatforms and their major anticancer applications, both individually, and in combination therapy in a few cases.

Testing relationship between tea intake and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal effect of tea intake on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

METHODS

Genetic instruments for tea intake were obtained from a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset of the UK Biobank. Genetic association estimates for RA (6236 cases and 147,221 controls) and SLE (538 cases and 213,145 controls) were obtained from the FinnGen study through the IEU GWAS database.

RESULTS

MR analyses using the inverse-variance weighted method showed that tea intake was not associated with risk of RA [odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increment in genetically predicted tea intake = 0.997, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.658-1.511] and SLE (OR per standard deviation increment in genetically predicted tea intake = 0.961, 95% CI 0.299-3.092). Weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, leave-one-out and multivariable MR controlling for several confounding factors including current tobacco smoking, coffee intake, and alcoholic drinks per week yielded completely consistent results. No evidence of heterogeneity and pleiotropy was found.

CONCLUSION

Our MR study did not suggest a causal effect of genetically predicted tea intake on RA and SLE.

Multifunctional Microgel-Based Cream Hydrogels for Postoperative Abdominal Adhesion Prevention

Postoperative abdominal adhesions are a common problem after surgery and can produce serious complications. Current antiadhesive strategies focus mostly on physical barriers and are unsatisfactory and inefficient. In this study, we designed and synthesized advanced injectable cream-like hydrogels with multiple functionalities, including rapid gelation, self-healing, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cell adhesion. The multifunctional hydrogels were facilely formed by the conjugation reaction of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and hyaluronic acid (HA)-based microgels and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) based on the dynamic boronic ester bond. The physicochemical properties of the hydrogels including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities were systematically characterized. A mouse cecum-abdominal wall adhesion model was implemented to investigate the efficacy of our microgel-based hydrogels in preventing postoperative abdominal adhesions. The hydrogels, with a high molecular weight HA, significantly decreased the inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis and reduced the abdominal adhesion formation, compared to the commercial Seprafilm group or Injury-only group. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis demonstrated that S100A8 and S100A9 expressions were associated with adhesion formation; the microgel-containing hydrogels inhibited these expressions. The microgel-containing hydrogels with multifunctionality decreased the formation of postoperative intra-abdominal adhesions in a murine model, demonstrating promise for clinical applications.

Green tea extract exhibits antidiabetic effects partly through regulating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 expression in adipose tissue

The antidiabetic effects of green tea have been demonstrated in clinical trials and epidemiological studies. This study investigated the antidiabetic effects of green tea extract (GTE) and its underlying molecular mechanisms using a leptin receptor-deficient db/db mouse model (Lepr^db/db). Treatment with GTE for 2 weeks improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in Lepr^db/db mice. In addition, GTE treatment reduced the body weight and adiposity of Lepr^db/db mice. Furthermore, GTE treatment reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in white adipose tissue (WAT), and also reduced dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) expression levels in WAT as well as in the serum. The promoter region of Dpp4 contains the NF-κB binding site, and DPP4 was found to be a direct target of NF-κB. Consistently, in vitro treatment of cells with GTE or its main constituent epigallocatechin gallate reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB/DPP4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our data demonstrated that GTE exerts an anti-diabetic effect by regulating the expression levels of NF-κB and DPP4 in WAT.

Therapeutic Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol (‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Relation to Molecular Pathways Controlling Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis

(‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol in green tea. Thanks to multiple interactions with cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and nuclear transcription factors, EGCG possesses a wide variety of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, anti-remodelation, and tissue-protective properties which may be useful in the treatment of various diseases, particularly in cancer, and neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders. This article reviews current information on the biological effects of EGCG in the above-mentioned disorders in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis.

The Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Activities of Natural Products to Control Autoimmune Inflammation

Inflammation is an integral part of autoimmune diseases, which are caused by dysregulation of the immune system. This dysregulation involves an imbalance between pro-inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory mediators. These mediators include various cytokines and chemokines; defined subsets of T helper/T regulatory cells, M1/M2 macrophages, activating/tolerogenic dendritic cells, and antibody-producing/regulatory B cells. Despite the availability of many anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory drugs, the severe adverse reactions associated with their long-term use and often their high costs are impediments in effectively controlling the disease process. Accordingly, suitable alternatives are being sought for these conventional drugs. Natural products offer promising adjuncts/alternatives in this regard. The availability of specific compounds isolated from dietary/medicinal plant extracts have permitted rigorous studies on their disease-modulating activities and the mechanisms involved therein. Here, we describe the basic characteristics, mechanisms of action, and preventive/therapeutic applications of 5 well-characterized natural product compounds (Resveratrol, Curcumin, Boswellic acids, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and Triptolide). These compounds have been tested extensively in animal models of autoimmunity as well as in limited clinical trials in patients having the corresponding diseases. We have focused our description on predominantly T cell-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and psoriasis.

Green tea EGCG effectively alleviates experimental colitis in middle-aged male mice by attenuating multiple aspects of oxi-inflammatory stress and cell cycle deregulation

Age-dependent increased risk of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis is being increasingly realized, and yet therapies targeting this disorder within the purview of aging are limited. The present study attempted to assess the efficacy of green tea epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) consumption in preventing the severity and progression of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in 18 months old middle-aged male mice. Acute colitis was induced in animals using DSS and protective effects of EGCG consumption were examined. Different parameters related to disease progression and molecular markers related to oxi-inflammatory stress, localized and systemic cytokine response, epithelial barrier integrity, and cell cycle progression profile were evaluated. DSS treatment induced rapid and severe symptoms of colitis such as consistently increased DAI score, shortened and inflamed colon accompanied by increased levels of inflammatory proteins (TNFα/IL-6/IL-1β) in both the colon tissue and cultured splenocytes indicating exaggerated Th1 immune response. Markers of oxidative stress increased while antioxidant defences and the expression of tight junction genes in the colonic cells were attenuated. Dysregulation in the expression of cell cycle inhibitory genes (p53/p21^WAF1/p16^Ink4a) indicated possible induction of colitis-induced dysplasia. On the other hand, EGCG consumption strongly attenuated all the measured ostensible as well as molecular markers of the disease progression as evidenced by improved DAI score, cellular antioxidant capacity, attenuated Th1 cytokine response both in the colon and cultured splenocytes, enhanced expression of tight junction genes, and cell cycle inhibitors thereby suggesting systemic effects of EGCG. Together, these observations suggest that drinking EGCG-rich green tea can be a significant way of managing the severity of colitis during aging.

Promising natural products against SARS-CoV-2: Structure, function, and clinical trials

The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS‐COV‐2) poses a severe threat to human health and still spreads globally. Due to the high mutation ratio and breakthrough infection rate of the virus, vaccines and anti‐COVID‐19 drugs require continual improvements. Drug screening research has shown that some natural active products can target the critical proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2, including 3CLpro, ACE2, FURIN, and RdRp, which could produce great inhibitory effects on SARS‐COV‐2. In addition, some natural products have displayed activities of immunomodulation, antiinflammatory, and antihepatic failure in COVID‐19 clinical trials, which may relate to their non‐monomeric structures. However, further evaluation and high‐quality assessments, including safety verification tests, drug interaction tests, and clinical trials, are needed to substantiate natural products' multi‐target and multi‐pathway effects on COVID‐19. Here, we review the literature on several promising active natural products that may act as vaccine immune enhancers or provide targeted anti‐COVID‐19 drugs. The structures, mechanisms of action, and research progress of these natural products are analyzed, to hopefully provide effective ideas for the development of targeted drugs that possess better structure, potency, and safety.

The Role of Natural Products in Treatment of Depressive Disorder

Depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric syndromes that, if left untreated, can cause many disturbances in a person's life. Numerous factors are involved in depression, including inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GABAergic system, hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis, monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, and dopamine). Common treatments for depression are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, but these drugs have several side effects such as anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, and sexual dysfunctions. These agents only reduce the symptoms and temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive impairment associated with depression. As a result, extensive research has recently been conducted on the potential use of antidepressant and sedative herbs. According to the available data, herbs used in traditional medicine can be significantly effective in reducing depression, depressive symptoms and improving patients' performance. The present study provides a summary of biomarkers and therapeutic goals of depression and shows that natural products such as saffron or genipin have antidepressant effects. Some of the useful natural products and their mechanisms were evaluated. Data on various herbs and natural isolated compounds reported to prevent and reduce depressive symptoms is also discussed.

Epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins independently alleviate cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage by inhibiting the overactivation of primordial follicles and follicular atresia

BACKGROUND

Cyclophosphamide (CTX), which has been used to treat common female cancers for several years, often causes ovarian damage, early menopause and infertility. However, strategies for the effective prevention and treatment of CTX-induced ovarian damage are still lacking. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and theaflavins (TFs), key molecules derived from green tea or black tea, have been shown to exert preventive effects on many ageing-related diseases.

PURPOSE

We aimed to explore the potential preventive and protective effects of EGCG and TFs on CTX-induced ovarian damage and compare the two compounds.

STUDY DESIGN

Six-week-old female mice were administered a low or high dose of EGCG or TFs. The low dose was equivalent to the average daily amount of tea consumed by a drinker.

METHODS

We determined the oestrous cycle and serum hormone levels to evaluate ovarian endocrine function, and we performed mating tests for reproductivity. We also assessed the follicle count and AMH level to evaluate ovarian reserve, and we performed Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining to evaluate ovarian fibrosis. We conducted γ-H2AX and TUNEL analyses to evaluate DNA damage, and we also measured the relevant indicators of oxidative stress and follicular activation, including NRF2, HO-1, SOD2, AKT, mTOR and RPS6.

RESULTS

EGCG and TFs treatment independently improved the ovarian endocrine function and reproductivity of mice that were administered CTX. EGCG and TFs also increased the ovarian reserve of these animals. Furthermore, EGCG and TFs alleviated oxidation-induced damage to ovarian DNA in mice by activating the NRF2/HO-1 and SOD2 pathways and reducing the apoptosis of growing follicles. At the same time, EGCG and TFs reduced the overactivation of primordial follicles by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR/RPS6 pathway.

CONCLUSION

The present study showed that EGCG and TFs independently improved ovarian function in mice with CTX-induced ovarian damage, thereby providing useful information for designing a potential clinical strategy that will protect against chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in a human interface dermatitis model-implications for therapy

BACKGROUND

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been proven effective in treating viral warts. Since anticarcinogenic as well as anti-inflammatory properties are ascribed to the substance, its use has been evaluated in the context of different dermatoses. The effect of EGCG on interface dermatitis (ID), however, has not yet been explored.

OBJECTIVES

In this study, we investigated the effect of EGCG on an epidermal human in vitro model of ID.

METHODS

Via immunohistochemistry, lesional skin of lichen planus patients and healthy skin were analysed concerning the intensity of interferon-associated mediators, CXCL10 and MxA. Epidermal equivalents were stained analogously upon ID-like stimulation and EGCG treatment. Monolayer keratinocytes were treated likewise and supernatants were analysed via ELISA while cells were processed for vitality assay or transcriptomic analysis.

RESULTS

CXCL10 and MxA are strongly expressed in lichen planus lesions and induced in keratinocytes upon ID-like stimulation. EGCG reduces CXCL10 and MxA staining intensity in epidermis equivalents and CXCL10 secretion by keratinocytes upon stimulation. It furthermore minimizes the cytotoxic effect of the stimulus and downregulates a magnitude of typical pro-inflammatory cytokines that are crucial for the perpetuation of ID.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide evidence concerning anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG within a human in vitro model of ID. The capacity to suppress mediators that are centrally involved in disease perpetuation suggests EGCG as a potential topical therapeutic in lichen planus and other autoimmune skin diseases associated with ID.

miR-1968-5p is involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis of NZBWF1 mice by targeting csf1

OBJECTIVE

Lupus nephritis is one of the most common and severe systemic lupus erythematosus complications. However, the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis is still poorly understood. Increasing evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are extensively involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. NZBWF1 is the classical mouse model of lupus nephritis. The present study aimed to investigate the expression profiling of mRNA and miRNAs of NZBWF1 mice with lupus nephritis using microarray, and explored the potential molecular mechanism of miRNA.

METHODS

miRNA and mRNA microarrays were performed to identify miRNA and mRNA expression changes between pre-diseased (8-week-old) NZBWF1 mice and diseased NZBWF1 mice with lupus nephritis (28-week-old). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) validated these results. The target of miRNA was confirmed through a dual-luciferase reporter and stimulated mesangial cells experiment.

RESULTS

The combined miRNA and mRNA analysis identified 43 differentially expressed miRNAs and 1796 differentially expressed mRNAs between pre-disease (8-week-old) (n = 4) and diseased (28-week-old) NZBWF1 mice. We found that miR-1968-5p was significantly decreased, and csf1 mRNA was significantly increased in lupus nephritis mouse and verified by RT-PCR. csf1 has been demonstrated to play important roles in SLE. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the csf1 was a potential target gene of miR-1968-5p. A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the target binding. In cell experiments, overexpression or knockdown of miR resulted in a decrease or increase of csf1 expression, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that miR-1968-5p may be involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis of NZBWF1 mice by targeting csf1.

Natural Bioactive Compounds as Adjuvant Therapy for Hepatitis C Infection

Background:

Hepatitis C virus infection is a significant global health burden, which causes acute or chronic hepatitis. Acute hepatitis C is generally asymptomatic and progresses to cure, while persistent infection can progress to chronic liver disease and extrahepatic manifestations. Standard treatment is expensive, poorly tolerated, and has variable sustained virologic responses amongst the different viral genotypes. New therapies involve direct acting antivirals; however, it is also very expensive and may not be accessible for all patients worldwide. In order to provide a complementary approach to the already existing therapies, natural bioactive compounds are investigated as to their several biologic activities, such as direct antiviral properties against hepatitis C, and effects on mitigating chronic progression of the disease, which include hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activities; additionally, these compounds present advantages, as chemical diversity, low cost of production and milder or inexistent side effects.

Objective:

To present a broad perspective on hepatitis C infection, the chronic disease, and natural compounds with promising anti-HCV activity. Methods: This review consists of a systematic review study about the natural bioactive compounds as a potential therapy for hepatitis C infection.

Results:

The quest for natural products has yielded compounds with biologic activity, including viral replication inhibition in vitro, demonstrating antiviral activity against hepatitis C.

Conclusion:

One of the greatest advantages of using natural molecules from plant extracts is the low cost of production, not requiring chemical synthesis, which can lead to less expensive therapies available to low and middle-income countries.

Diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis versus Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Any Differences?

In recent years, an increasing interest in the influence of diet in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) led to the publication of several articles exploring the role of food/nutrients in both the risk of developing these conditions in normal subjects and the natural history of the disease in patients with established RMDs. Diet may be a possible facilitator of RMDs due to both the direct pro-inflammatory properties of some nutrients and the indirect action on insulin resistance, obesity and associated co-morbidities. A consistent body of research has been conducted in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are scarce and have been conducted mainly on experimental models of the disease. This review article aims to outline similarities and differences between RA and SLE based on the existing literature.

Green Tea Polyphenol-Sensitive Calcium Signaling in Immune T Cell Function

Polyphenol compounds found in green tea have a great therapeutic potential to influence multiple human diseases including malignancy and inflammation. In this mini review, we describe effects of green tea and the most important component EGCG in malignancy and inflammation. We focus on cellular mechanisms involved in the modification of T cell function by green tea polyphenol EGCG. The case is made that EGCG downregulates calcium channel activity by influencing miRNAs regulating expression of the channel at the post-transcriptional level.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Flos Lonicerae Japonicae Water Extract are regulated by the STAT/NF-κB pathway and HO-1 expression in Virus-infected RAW264.7 cells

This study examined the effect of the Flos Lonicerae Japonicae water extract (FLJWE), chlorogenic acid, and luteolin on pseudorabies virus (PRV)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells and elucidated related molecular mechanisms. The results revealed that FLJWE and luteolin, but not chlorogenic acid, inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inflammatory cytokines in PRV-infected RAW 264.7 cells. We found that the FLJWE and luteolin suppressed nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and 3 (STAT1 and STAT3, respectively). Moreover, the FLJWE significantly upregulated the expression of pNrf2 and its downstream target gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Our data indicated that FLJWE and luteolin reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators and inflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and iNOS, through the suppression of the JAK/STAT1/3-dependent NF-κB pathway and the induction of HO-1 expression in PRV-infected RAW264.7 cells. The findings indicate that the FLJWE can be used as a potential antiviral agent.

Protective Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) on Endometrial, Breast, and Ovarian Cancers

Green tea and its major bioactive component, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possess diverse biological properties, particularly antiproliferation, antimetastasis, and apoptosis induction. Many studies have widely investigated the anticancer and synergistic effects of EGCG due to the side effects of conventional cytotoxic agents. This review summarizes recent knowledge of underlying mechanisms of EGCG on protective roles for endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancers based on both in vitro and in vivo animal studies. EGCG has the ability to regulate many pathways, including the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and protection against epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EGCG has also been found to interact with DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), which affect epigenetic modifications. Finally, the action of EGCG may exert a suppressive effect on gynecological cancers and have beneficial effects on auxiliary therapies for known drugs. Thus, future clinical intervention studies with EGCG will be necessary to more and clear evidence for the benefit to these cancers.

The Development of Hyaluronan/Fucoidan-Based Nanoparticles as Macrophages Targeting an Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Delivery System

The aim of this study was to develop a macrophage-targeted nanoparticle composed of hyaluronan/fucoidan complexes with polyethylene glycol-gelatin to encapsulate and deliver epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a compound that can regulate macrophage activation and pro-inflammatory mediator production. We show that our nanoparticles can successfully bond to macrophages and deliver more EGCG than an EGCG solution treatment, confirming the anti-inflammatory effects of these nanoparticles in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. The prepared nanoparticles were established with a small mean particle size (217.00 ± 14.00 nm), an acceptable polydispersity index (0.28 ± 0.07), an acceptable zeta potential value (-33.60 ± 1.30 mV), and a high EGCG loading efficiency (52.08% ± 5.37%). The targeting abilities of CD44 binding were increased as the hyaluronan concentration increased and decreased by adding a competitor CD44 antibody. Moreover, we found that fucoidan treatment significantly reduced macrophage migration after lipopolysaccharide treatment in a dose-responsive manner. In summary, we successfully created macrophage-targeted nanoparticles for effective targeted delivery of EGCG, which should aid in the development of future anti-inflammatory drugs against macrophage-related diseases.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Diet and Nutrients in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Systematic Review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple organ involvement, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, central nervous system and the haematopoietic system, with a large number of complications. Despite years of study, the etiology of SLE remains unclear; thus, safe and specifically targeted therapies are lacking. In the last 20 years, researchers have explored the potential of nutritional factors on SLE and have suggested complementary treatment options through diet. This study systematically reviews and evaluates the clinical and preclinical scientific evidence of diet and dietary supplementation that either alleviate or exacerbate the symptoms of SLE. For this review, a systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases only for articles written in the English language. Based on the currently published literature, it was observed that a low-calorie and low-protein diet with high contents of fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and polyphenols contain sufficient potential macronutrients and micronutrients to regulate the activity of the overall disease by modulating the inflammation and immune functions of SLE.

Augmentation of Bone Regeneration by Depletion of Stress-Induced Senescent Cells Using Catechin and Senolytics

Despite advances in bone regenerative medicine, the relationship between stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in cells and bone regeneration remains largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that the implantation of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sustained-release gelatin sponge (LS-G) increases the number of SIPS cells and that the elimination of these cells promotes bone formation in critical-sized bone defects in the rat calvaria. Histological (hematoxylin–eosin and SA-β-gal) and immunohistological (p16 and p21 for analyzing cellular senescence and 4-HNE for oxidation) staining was used to identify SIPS cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Bone formation in defects were analyzed using microcomputed tomography, one and four weeks after surgery. Parallel to LS-G implantation, local epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) administration, and systemic senolytic (dasatinib and quercetin: D+Q) administration were used to eliminate SIPS cells. After LS-G implantation, SA-β-gal-, p16-, and p21-positive cells (SIPS cells) accumulated in the defects. However, treatment with LS-G+EGCG and LS-G+D+Q resulted in lower numbers of SIPS cells than that with LS-G in the defects, resulting in an augmentation of newly formed bone. We demonstrated that SIPS cells induced by sustained stimulation by LPS may play a deleterious role in bone formation. Controlling these cell numbers is a promising strategy to increase bone regeneration.

Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of mRNA expression profiles and identification of a miRNA-mRNA network associated with lupus nephritis

OBJECTIVE

Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus. The aim of this study was to identify core genes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of LN.

METHODS

We screened differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LN patients using mRNA expression profile data from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The functional and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed utilizing the Database for annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Target genes with differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIs) were predicted using the miRTarBase database, and the intersection between these target genes and DEGs was selected to be studied further.

RESULTS

In total, 107 common DEGs (CDEGs) were identified from the Tub_LN group and Glom_LN group, and 66 DEMIs were identified. Fifty-three hub genes and two significant modules were identified from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and a miRNA-mRNA network was constructed. The CDEGs, module genes in the PPI network and genes intersecting with the CDEGs and target genes of DEMIs were all associated with the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway.

CONCLUSION

In summary, this study reveals some crucial genes and pathways potentially involving in the pathogenesis of LN. These findings provide a new insight for the research and treatment of LN.

Integration of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Gelatin Sponges Attenuates Matrix Metalloproteinase-Dependent Degradation and Increases Bone Formation

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 are well-known gelatinases that disrupt the extracellular matrix, including gelatin. However, the advantages of modulating MMP expression in gelatin-based materials for applications in bone regenerative medicine have not been fully clarified. In this study, we examined the effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol catechin isolated from green tea, on MMP expression in gelatin sponges and its association with bone formation. Four gelatin sponges with or without EGCG were prepared and implanted into bone defects for up to 4 weeks. Histological and immunohistological staining were performed. Micro-computed tomography was used to estimate the bone-forming capacity of each sponge. Our results showed that EGCG integration attenuated MMP-2 (70.6%) and -9 expression (69.1%) in the 1 week group, increased residual gelatin (118.7%), and augmented bone formation (101.8%) in the 4 weeks group in critical-sized bone defects of rat calvaria compared with vacuum-heated gelatin sponges without EGCG. Moreover, vacuum-heated gelatin sponges with EGCG showed superior bone formation compared with other sponges. The results indicated that integration of EGCG in gelatin-based materials modulated the production and activity of MMP-2 and -9 in vivo, thereby enhancing bone-forming capacity.

Molecular Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate for Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Fibrosis: Preclinical Evidence

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common public health problem worldwide characterized by gradual decline of renal function over months/years accompanied by renal fibrosis and failure in tissue wound healing after sustained injury. Patients with CKD frequently present with profound signs/symptoms that require medical treatment, mostly culminating in hemodialysis and renal transplantation. To prevent CKD more efficiently, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and molecular pathways of the disease pathogenesis and progression, and for developing novel therapeutic targets. Recently, several lines of evidence have shown that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an abundant phytochemical polyphenol derived from Camellia sinensis, might be a promising bioactive compound for prevention of CKD development/progression. This review summarizes current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying renoprotective roles of EGCG in CKD based on available preclinical evidence (from both in vitro and in vivo animal studies), particularly its antioxidant property through preservation of mitochondrial function and activation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)/HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) signaling, anti-inflammatory activity, and protective effect against epithelial mesenchymal transition. Finally, future perspectives, challenges, and concerns regarding its clinical use in CKD and renal fibrosis are discussed.

miR-125a-3p decreases levels of interlukin-17 and suppresses renal fibrosis via down-regulating TGF-β1 in systemic lupus erythematosus mediated Lupus nephritic mice

Lupus nephritis (LN) is an autoimmune disorder mediated by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Micro RNAs also called as miRs act potentially in the development and progression of SLE. MiR-125a-3p is reported to be down-regulated inpatients of SLE. Aim of the study was to evaluate the function of miR-125a-3p and its effect on regulation of fibrosis and interleukin (IL)-17 in LN. The Renal physiology in MRL/MPJ-Fas ^lpr/J mice was done by Hematoxylin and eosin staining; expression of miR-125a-3p in renal tissues by RT-PCR, Immunoblotting analysis was done expression of proteins. For in vitro studies, rat mesangial SV40MES13 cells were used and were transfected with vectors. Luciferase activity was done for studying the potential binding of miR-125a-3p with IL-17. It was found that, the expression of miR-125a-3p in kidney tissues of experimental mice were towards lower side versus the control; on the contrary the levels of IL-17 were up-regulated in experimental mice. Luciferase activity suggested that miR-125a-3p binds potentially on the 3'UTR region of IL-17. The assay also suggested up-regulation of miR-125a-3p and suppressed levels of IL-17 in SV40MES13 cells. The up-regulation of miR-125a-3p suppressed the levels of collagen I/II and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in SV40MES13 cells. MiR-125a-3p could be a important factor in the pathogenesis of LN which causes decrease in expression of IL-17 by potentially binding to the 3'UTR region causing suppression of fibrosis via down-regulating TGF-β1 in the SV40MES13 rat mesangial cells.

Protective Effects of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate from Green Tea in Various Kidney Diseases

Kidney diseases are common health problems worldwide. Various etiologies (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, drug-induced nephrotoxicity, infection, cancers) can affect renal function and ultimately lead to development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The global rise in number of CKD/ESRD patients during recent years has led to tremendous concern to look for effective strategies to prevent or slow progression of CKD and ESRD. Natural compounds derived from herbs or medicinal plants have gained wide attention for scientific scrutiny to achieve such goals. One of such natural compounds that has been extensively investigated is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol found in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). A growing body of recent evidence has shown that EGCG may be a promising therapeutic or protective agent in various kidney diseases. This article thus highlights recent progress in medical research on beneficial effects of EGCG against a broad spectrum of kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, kidney stone disease, glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, renal cell carcinoma, diabetic nephropathy, CKD, and renal fibrosis. The renoprotective mechanisms are also detailed. Finally, future perspectives of medical research on EGCG and its potential use in clinical practice for treatment and prevention of kidney diseases are discussed.

Epigallocatechin Gallate-Modified Gelatins with Different Compositions Alter the Quality of Regenerated Bones

Bone quality is a significant indicator of the result of bone treatments. However, information regarding the quality of regenerated bones is limited. The study investigates the effect of different compositions of vacuum heated epigallocatechin gallate-modified gelatins sponge (vhEGCG-GS) on the quality of regenerated bones in critical size defects (9 mm) of rat calvariae. Five different compositions of vhEGCG-GSs containing the same amount of EGCG and different amounts of gelatin were tested. Following four weeks after implantation, the harvested regenerated bones were evaluated by using micro-computed tomography analysis, histological evaluation (hematoxylin-eosin and Villaneueva Goldner staining), picrosirius red-staining with polarized microscopic observation for collagen maturation, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy microscopy and imaging analysis for mineral-matrix ratio. The results indicated that increasing content of gelatin in the vhEGCG-GSs promoted bone and osteoid formation but yielded porous bones. Furthermore, tissue mineral density decreased and the maximum mineral-matrix ratio increased. In contrast, vhEGCG-GSs containing smaller amount of gelatin formed mature collagen matrix in the regenerated bones. These results suggest that the alteration of composition of vhEGCG-GSs affected the bone forming capability and quality of regenerated bone and provides valuable insight for the fabrication of new bone substitute materials.

Epigallocatechin Gallate-Modified Gelatin Sponges Treated by Vacuum Heating as a Novel Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

Chemical modification of gelatin using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) promotes bone formation in vivo. However, further improvements are required to increase the mechanical strength and bone-forming ability of fabricated EGCG-modified gelatin sponges (EGCG-GS) for practical applications in regenerative therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether vacuum heating-induced dehydrothermal cross-linking of EGCG-GS enhances bone formation in critical-sized rat calvarial defects. The bone-forming ability of vacuum-heated EGCG-GS (vhEGCG-GS) and other sponges was evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histological staining. The degradation of sponges was assessed using protein assays, and cell morphology and proliferation were verified by scanning electron microscopy and immunostaining using osteoblastic UMR106 cells in vitro. Four weeks after the implantation of sponges, greater bone formation was detected for vhEGCG-GS than for EGCG-GS or vacuum-heated gelatin sponges (dehydrothermal cross-linked sponges without EGCG). In vitro experiments revealed that the relatively low degradability of vhEGCG-GS supports cell attachment, proliferation, and cell-cell communication on the matrix. These findings suggest that vacuum heating enhanced the bone forming ability of EGCG-GS, possibly via the dehydrothermal cross-linking of EGCG-GS, which provides a scaffold for cells, and by maintaining the pharmacological effect of EGCG.

A negative feedback regulation of MTORC1 activity by the lysosomal Ca2+ channel MCOLN1 (mucolipin 1) using a CALM (calmodulin)-dependent mechanism

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that is required for cellular homeostasis, growth and survival. The lysosome plays an essential role in autophagy regulation. For example, the activity of MTORC1, a master regulator of autophagy, is regulated by nutrients within the lysosome. Starvation inhibits MTORC1 causing autophagy induction. Given that MTORC1 is critical for protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis, a feedback regulatory mechanism must exist to restore MTORC1 during starvation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this feedback regulation is unclear. In this study, we report that starvation activates the lysosomal Ca²⁺ release channel MCOLN1 (mucolipin 1) by relieving MTORC1's inhibition of the channel. Activated MCOLN1 in turn facilitates MTORC1 activity that requires CALM (calmodulin). Moreover, both MCOLN1 and CALM are necessary for MTORC1 reactivation during prolonged starvation. Our data suggest that lysosomal Ca²⁺ signaling is an essential component of the canonical MTORC1-dependent autophagy pathway and MCOLN1 provides a negative feedback regulation of MTORC1 to prevent excessive loss of MTORC1 function during starvation. The feedback regulation may be important for maintaining cellular homeostasis during starvation, as well as many other stressful or disease conditions.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) up-regulates miR-15b expression thus attenuating store operated calcium entry (SOCE) into murine CD4+ T cells and human leukaemic T cell lymphoblasts

CD4⁺ T cells are key elements in immune responses and inflammation. Activation of T cell receptors in CD4⁺ T cells triggers cytosolic Ca²⁺ release with subsequent store operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE), which is accomplished by the pore forming Ca²⁺ release activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel Orai1 and its regulator stromal cell-interaction molecule 2 (STIM2). Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) acts as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agent for various types of cells including immune cells. However, how post-transcriptional gene regulators such as miRNAs are involved in the regulation of Ca²⁺ influx into murine CD4⁺ T cells and human Jurkat T cells through EGCG is not defined. EGCG treatment of murine CD4⁺ T cells significantly down-regulated the expression of STIM2 and Orai1 both at mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, EGCG significantly decreased SOCE in both murine and human T cells. EGCG treatment increased miRNA-15b (miR-15b) abundance in both murine and human T cells. Bioinformatics analysis reveals that miR-15b, which has a STIM2 binding site, is involved in the down-regulation of SOCE. Overexpression of miR-15b significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of STIM2 and Orai1 in murine T cells. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with 10 μM EGCG further decreased mTOR and PTEN protein levels. EGCG decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in both human and murine T cells. In conclusion, the observations suggest that EGCG inhibits the Ca²⁺ entry into murine and human T cells, an effect accomplished at least in part by up-regulation of miR-15b.

Trifluoperazine Inhibits Mesangial Cell Proliferation by Arresting Cell Cycle-Dependent Mechanisms

Background

It has been reported that trifluoperazine (TFP) inhibits proliferation of cancer cells, however, the effects of TFP in renal proliferation diseases are still unclear. This study examined the effects of TFP on proliferation of human renal mesangial cells and analyzed the underlying mechanisms.

Material/Methods

Cell proliferation in vivo was determined by HE staining, immunohistochemistry of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Western blot analysis (Ki-67 and PCNA). Effects of different TFP concentrations and treatment duration on cell proliferation and cell cycle were analyzed using the MTT assay and flow cytometry. Expression of G₀/G₁ phase cell cycle-related proteins and TFP-induced MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways was estimated with Western blot analysis.

Results

Our findings suggest that TFP inhibits cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and decreased PCNA and Ki-67 levels in lupus MRL/lpr mice. TFP arrested the cell cycle in the G₀/G₁ phase, down-regulating cyclin D1, CDK2, and CDK4, and up-regulating p21 expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TFP inhibited p-AKT and p-JNK, possibly by suppressing the activation of PI3K/AKT and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways. TFP treatment remarkably reduced the levels of serum creatinine (Cr) in lupus mice.

Conclusions

TFP exhibits inhibitory activity against mesangial cells in vivo and in vitro, which is associated with G1 cell cycle arrest by inactivation of PI3K/AKT and JNK/MAPK signaling pathways. These results suggest the potential of TFP in treatment of mesangial proliferative diseases.

Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via inactivation of the β-catenin signaling pathway

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of green tea, has potential as a treatment for a variety of diseases, including cancer. EGCG induces apoptosis and inhibits tumorigenesis through multiple signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. β-catenin signaling modulators could be useful in the prevention and therapy of breast cancer. However, the precise anticancer effect of EGCG through the β-catenin signaling pathway in breast cancer is unclear. The present study investigated the association between β-catenin expression and clinicopathological factors of breast cancer patients, and the effect of EGCG on β-catenin expression in breast cancer cells. β-catenin expression was analyzed according to the clinicopathological factors of 74 patients with breast cancer. All patients were females diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. Western blot analysis revealed that β-catenin was expressed at higher levels in breast cancer tissue than in normal tissue. β-catenin expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.04), tumor-node-metastasis stage (P=0.03) and estrogen receptor status (P<0.01). EGCG decreased MDA-MB-231 cell viability and significantly downregulated the expression of β-catenin, phosphorylated Akt and cyclin D1. Remarkably, additive effects of LY294002 and wortmannin, two phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitors, were observed. The present results suggest that EGCG inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells through the inactivation of the β-catenin signaling pathway. Based on these promising results, EGCG may be a potential treatment for triple negative breast cancer patients.

(-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Targets Notch to Attenuate the Inflammatory Response in the Immediate Early Stage in Human Macrophages

Inflammation plays important roles at different stages of diabetes mellitus, tumorigenesis, and cardiovascular diseases. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can attenuate inflammatory responses effectively. However, the immediate early mechanism of EGCG in inflammation remains unclear. Here, we showed that EGCG attenuated the inflammatory response in the immediate early stage of EGCG treatment by shutting off Notch signaling and that the effect did not involve the 67-kDa laminin receptor, the common receptor for EGCG. EGCG eliminated mature Notch from the cell membrane and the nuclear Notch intercellular domain, the active form of Notch, within 2 min by rapid degradation via the proteasome pathway. Transcription of the Notch target gene was downregulated simultaneously. Knockdown of Notch 1/2 expression by RNA interference impaired the downregulation of the inflammatory response elicited by EGCG. Further study showed that EGCG inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and turned off Notch signaling in human primary macrophages. Taken together, our results show that EGCG targets Notch to regulate the inflammatory response in the immediate early stage.

An update on diet and nutritional factors in systemic lupus erythematosus management

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease characterised by multiple organ involvement and a large number of complications. SLE management remains complicated owing to the biological heterogeneity between patients and the lack of safe and specific targeted therapies. There is evidence that dietary factors can contribute to the geoepidemiology of autoimmune diseases such as SLE. Thus, diet therapy could be a promising approach in SLE owing to both its potential prophylactic effects, without the side effects of classical pharmacology, and its contribution to reducing co-morbidities and improving quality of life in patients with SLE. However, the question arises as to whether nutrients could ameliorate or exacerbate SLE and how they could modulate inflammation and immune function at a molecular level. The present review summarises preclinical and clinical experiences to provide the reader with an update of the positive and negative aspects of macro- and micronutrients and other nutritional factors, including dietary phenols, on SLE, focusing on the mechanisms of action involved.

Protective effects of green tea and its main constituents against natural and chemical toxins: A comprehensive review

Toxins are natural or chemical poisonous substances with severe side effects on health. Humans are generally exposed by widespread toxic contaminations via air, soil, water, food, fruits and vegetables. Determining a critical antidote agent with extensive effects on different toxins is an ultimate goal for all toxicologists. Traditional medicine is currently perceived as a safe and natural approach against toxins. In this regard, we focused on the protective effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and its main components such as catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate as a principal source of antioxidants against both natural and chemical toxins. This literate review demonstrates that protective effects of green tea and its constituents were mainly attributed to their anti-oxidative, radical scavenging, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties and modulating inflammatory responses. Although, some studies reveal they have protective effects by increasing toxin metabolism and neutralizing PLA₂, proteases, hyaluronidase and l-amino acid oxidase enzymes.

The Green Tea Polyphenol(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and its beneficial roles in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a condition that affects around 10% of the population, has become a significant public health concern. Current therapeutic strategies to slow down the progression of CKD remain limited. Thus, it is urgent to develop new strategies to manage the patients with CKD. Work within the past decade has improved our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to CKD. In particular, oxidative stress as well as inflammation appears to play a pivotal role in CKD progression. ()-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin of green tea extract, is known as a powerful antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenger. Various studies have shown EGCG has a potential role in chronic kidney disease models. It is suggested that EGCG modulates cellular and molecular mechanisms via inflammation-related NF-кB and Nrf2 signaling pathway, as well as apoptosis-related ER stress pathway and mitochondrial pathway. Therefore, based on these studies, this review attempts to present a recent state of our knowledge and understanding of mechanisms of its role on the process of CKD, with the aim of providing some clues for the future optimization of EGCG in renal diseases.

The protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate on lipopolysa ccharide-induced hepatotoxicity: an in vitro study on Hep3B cells

OBJECTIVES

In the present study, our aim was to investigate the possible protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatotoxicity by using Hep3B human hepatoma cells. Specifically, the study examines the role of some proinflammatory markers and oxidative damage as possible mechanisms of LPS-associated cytotoxicity. Consequently, the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B was chosen as a model for investigation of LPS toxicity and the effect of EGCG on LPS-exposed cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The Hep3B human hepatoma cells were used for this study. The cytotoxic effects of chemicals (EGCG and LPS), AST and ALT levels, SOD and CAT activities, GSH-Px level and TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels were detected by using different biochemical and molecular methods. LPS and EGCG were applied to cells at various times and doses.

RESULTS

The highest treatment dose of EGCG (400 µM) led to a dramatic decrease in SOD level and increase in CAT and GSH levels. Additionally, the highest dose of EGCG also led to a dramatic increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. On the other hand, effective doses of EGCG (200 and 100 µM) normalized all related parameters levels.

CONCLUSION

LPS caused hepatotoxicity, but interestingly, a high dose of EGCG was found to be a cytotoxic agent in this study. However, other two doses of EGCG led to a decrease in both inflammatory cytokine levels and antioxidant enzyme levels. Further studies should examine the effect of EGCG on secondary cellular signaling pathways.

Habitual Tea Consumption Reduces Prostate Cancer Risk in Vietnamese Men: a Case-Control Study

Background: An upward trend has been noted for the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) in Vietnam, but information is limited on modifiable factors associated with this form of cancer. This case-control study was conducted to ascertain any relationship between habitual tea consumption and PCa risk. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-three incident patients with histologically confirmed PCa and 419 (340 community-based and 79 hospital-based) controls, matched by age, were recruited in Ho Chi Minh City during 2013-2015. Information on frequency, quantity and duration of tea consumption, together with demographics, habitual diet and lifestyle characteristics, was obtained by direct interviews using a validated questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between tea consumption variables and PCa risk. Results: The control subjects reported higher tea consumption levels in terms of cumulative exposure, frequency and quantity of tea drank than the PCa patients. After accounting for confounding factors, increasing tea consumption was found to be associated with reduced risk of PCa. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.52 (95% CI 0.35-0.79) and 0.30 (95% CI 0.18-0.48) for participants drinking 100-500 ml/day and > 500 ml/day, respectively, relative to those drinking < 100 ml/day. Significant inverse dose-response relationships were also observed for years of drinking and number of cups consumed daily (P <0.01). Conclusion: Habitual tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of PCa in Vietnamese men.

HDAC expression and activity is upregulated in diseased lupus-prone mice

Prior studies have shown that pan-HDAC inhibition can decrease disease in lupus mice; however, the mechanisms(s) remain to be elucidated. MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) (MRL/lpr) mice develop a lupus-like disease characterized by anti-dsDNA production, lymphoproliferation, and immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Early- and late-disease (12 and 20weeks-of-age respectively) female MRL/lpr mice were compared to age-matched, healthy C57BL/6 mice for HDAC expression and activity in bone marrow (BM) B cells, splenic B and T cells, and glomerular cells. We found that HDAC6 was significantly overexpressed in B cells, splenic T cells and glomerular cells, whereas HDAC9 expression was significantly increased in splenic T cells, BM B cells and glomerular cells. Due to the overexpression of HDAC6, we tested whether treatment with a selective HDAC6 inhibitor (ACY-738) or a pan-HDAC inhibitor (TsA) would decrease HDAC activity. ACY-738 significantly reduced cytoplasmic HDAC activity whereas TsA significantly decreased both nuclear and cytoplasmic HDAC activity. In vitro studies in mesangial cells showed that ACY-738 increased α-tubulin and Hsp90 acetylation resulting in decreased nuclear activation of NF-κB. Treatment of pre-B cells with ACY-738 decreased the Bcl-2:Bax ratio leading to a pro-apoptotic environment. These results suggest that increased HDAC6 expression and activity contribute to SLE pathogenesis, and isoform-selective HDAC inhibitors may prove beneficial in the treatment of SLE by acetylating key signaling and transcription factors in inflammation and cell activation.