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Oya Y, Tanaka Y, Nakazawa T, Matsumura R, Glass DD, Nakajima H, Shevach EM. Polyclonally Derived Alloantigen-Specific T Regulatory Cells Exhibit Target-Specific Suppression and Capture MHC Class II from Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1891-1903. [PMID: 38683146 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells prevent allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Although polyclonal Tregs have been used both in animal models and in humans, the fine specificity of their suppressive function is poorly defined. We have generated mouse recipient-derived alloantigen-specific Tregs in vitro and explored the fine specificity of their suppressive function and their mechanism of action in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, when alloantigen and peptide Ag were both presented on the same dendritic cell, both responses were suppressed by iTregs specific either for the alloantigen or for the peptide Ag. In vivo, iTreg suppression was limited to the cognate Ag, and no bystander suppression was observed when both allo-antigen and peptide Ag were present on the same dendritic cell. In vitro, alloantigen-specific Tregs captured cognate MHC but failed to capture noncognate MHC. Our results demonstrate that a polyclonal population of iTregs generated from naive T cells can mediate highly specific function in vivo and support the view that Treg therapy, even with unselected polyclonal populations, is likely to be target antigen-specific and that bystander responses to self-antigens or to infectious agents are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Oya
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakazawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Matsumura
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chibahigashi National Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Deborah D Glass
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ethan M Shevach
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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2
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Zayats R, Mou Z, Yazdanpanah A, Gupta G, Lopez P, Nayar D, Koh WH, Uzonna JE, Murooka TT. Antigen recognition reinforces regulatory T cell mediated Leishmania major persistence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8449. [PMID: 38114497 PMCID: PMC10730873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous Leishmania major infection elicits a rapid T cell response that is insufficient to clear residually infected cells, possibly due to the accumulation of regulatory T cells in healed skin. Here, we used Leishmania-specific TCR transgenic mice as a sensitive tool to characterize parasite-specific effector and immunosuppressive responses in vivo using two-photon microscopy. We show that Leishmania-specific Tregs displayed higher suppressive activity compared to polyclonal Tregs, that was mediated through IL-10 and not through disrupting cell-cell contacts or antigen presentation. In vivo expansion of endogenous Leishmania-specific Tregs resulted in disease reactivation that was also IL-10 dependent. Interestingly, lack of Treg expansion that recognized the immunodominant Leishmania peptide PEPCK was sufficient to restore robust effector Th1 responses and resulted in parasite control exclusively in male hosts. Our data suggest a stochastic model of Leishmania major persistence in skin, where cellular factors that control parasite numbers are counterbalanced by Leishmania-specific Tregs that facilitate parasite persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaniya Zayats
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zhirong Mou
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Atta Yazdanpanah
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Paul Lopez
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Deesha Nayar
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Wan H Koh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Ramezani F, Panahi Meymandi AR, Akbari B, Tamtaji OR, Mirzaei H, Brown CE, Mirzaei HR. Outsmarting trogocytosis to boost CAR NK/T cell therapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:183. [PMID: 37974170 PMCID: PMC10652537 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01894-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK and T cell therapy are promising immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. However, the efficacy of CAR NK/T cell therapy is often hindered by various factors, including the phenomenon of trogocytosis, which involves the bidirectional exchange of membrane fragments between cells. In this review, we explore the role of trogocytosis in CAR NK/T cell therapy and highlight potential strategies for its modulation to improve therapeutic efficacy. We provide an in-depth analysis of trogocytosis as it relates to the fate and function of NK and T cells, focusing on its effects on cell activation, cytotoxicity, and antigen presentation. We discuss how trogocytosis can mediate transient antigen loss on cancer cells, thereby negatively affecting the effector function of CAR NK/T cells. Additionally, we address the phenomenon of fratricide and trogocytosis-associated exhaustion, which can limit the persistence and effectiveness of CAR-expressing cells. Furthermore, we explore how trogocytosis can impact CAR NK/T cell functionality, including the acquisition of target molecules and the modulation of signaling pathways. To overcome the negative effects of trogocytosis on cellular immunotherapy, we propose innovative approaches to modulate trogocytosis and augment CAR NK/T cell therapy. These strategies encompass targeting trogocytosis-related molecules, engineering CAR NK/T cells to resist trogocytosis-induced exhaustion and leveraging trogocytosis to enhance the function of CAR-expressing cells. By overcoming the limitations imposed by trogocytosis, it may be possible to unleash the full potential of CAR NK/T therapy against cancer. The knowledge and strategies presented in this review will guide future research and development, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in the field of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ramezani
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Panahi Meymandi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnia Akbari
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Ou Q, Power R, Griffin MD. Revisiting regulatory T cells as modulators of innate immune response and inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287465. [PMID: 37928540 PMCID: PMC10623442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are known to be critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing the activation of auto- or allo-reactive effector T cells through a diverse repertoire of molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing Treg numbers or potency in the setting of autoimmunity and allogeneic transplants have been energetically pursued and are beginning to yield some encouraging outcomes in early phase clinical trials. Less well recognized from a translational perspective, however, has been the mounting body of evidence that Treg directly modulate most aspects of innate immune response under a range of different acute and chronic disease conditions. Recognizing this aspect of Treg immune modulatory function provides a bridge for the application of Treg-based therapies to common medical conditions in which organ and tissue damage is mediated primarily by inflammation involving myeloid cells (mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytes) and innate lymphocytes (NK cells, NKT cells, γδ T cells and ILCs). In this review, we comprehensively summarize pre-clinical and human research that has revealed diverse modulatory effects of Treg and specific Treg subpopulations on the range of innate immune cell types. In each case, we emphasize the key mechanistic insights and the evidence that Treg interactions with innate immune effectors can have significant impacts on disease severity or treatment. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that exist for the application of Treg-based therapeutic interventions to three globally impactful, inflammatory conditions: type 2 diabetes and its end-organ complications, ischemia reperfusion injury and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Ou
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rachael Power
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew D. Griffin
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI) at CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Nephrology Department, Galway University Hospitals, Saolta University Healthcare Group, Galway, Ireland
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Ozgeyik M, Yildirim OT, Ozgeyik MO, Murat B, Murat S. Door to Balloon Time of Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction May be Reconsidered According to Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index. KARDIOLOGIIA 2023; 63:56-62. [PMID: 37815141 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2023.9.n2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim Early diagnosis and treatment is very important in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Previous studies showed that not all non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients should be considered and treated in the same way. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), which is an easily accessible, rapidly computed, and cost-effective parameter, was evaluated in this study to determine the optimal intervention time for NSTEMI.Material and methods 469 patients diagnosed with ACS were included to the study. STEMI and NSTEMI patients were compared according to their SII. Univariate and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to determine which parameters have a significant effect on the discrimination of types of myocardial infarction.Results The mean age of the patients was 61.43±11.52 yrs, and 348 (74.2 %) were male. NSTEMI patients with an SII value higher than 768×109 / l may be assumed to be STEMI (p<0.001). Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression showed that only SII and hypertension had statistically impact on differentiation of STEMI and NSTEMI. In addition, SII value of 1105×109 / l was the cut-off point for discrimination of cardiovascular survival (p<0.001, AUC =0.741). This study was performed to find out which NSTEMI patients should be treated percutaneously immediately after first medical contact according to SII. It was found that, SII value of higher than 768×109 / l is related with STEMI.Conclusion In conclusion, NSTEMI patients with a SII value higher than 768×109 / l may be considered as STEMI and treated with in 120 min after first contact. In addition, SII was found to be a cardiovascular mortality predictor after myocardial infarction, and this may be used for identifying high-risk patients after percutaneous coronary intervention.
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Que W, Ueta H, Hu X, Morita-Nakagawa M, Fujino M, Ueda D, Tokuda N, Huang W, Guo WZ, Zhong L, Li XK. Temporal and spatial dynamics of immune cells in spontaneous liver transplant tolerance. iScience 2023; 26:107691. [PMID: 37694154 PMCID: PMC10485166 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has long been deemed a tolerogenic organ. We employed high-dimensional mass cytometry and immunohistochemistry to depict the temporal and spatial dynamics of immune cells in the spleen and liver in a murine model of spontaneous liver allograft acceptance. We depicted the immune landscape of spontaneous liver tolerance throughout the rejection and acceptance stages after liver transplantation and highlighted several points of importance. Of note, the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio remained low, even in the tolerance phase. Furthermore, a PhenoGraph clustering analysis revealed that exhausted CD8+ T cells were the most dominant metacluster in graft-infiltrating lymphocytes (GILs), which highly expressed the costimulatory molecule CD86. The temporal and spatial dynamics of immune cells revealed by high-dimensional analyses enable a fine-grained analysis of GIL subsets, contribute to new insights for the discovery of immunological mechanisms of liver tolerance, and provide potential ways to achieve clinical operational tolerance after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Que
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Hisashi Ueta
- Department of Anatomy, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Miwa Morita-Nakagawa
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0175, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueda
- Division of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan
| | - Nobuko Tokuda
- Department of Anatomy, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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7
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Liu F, Wang Y, Yu J. Role of inflammation and immune response in atherosclerosis: Mechanisms, modulations, and therapeutic targets. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:439-449. [PMID: 37353446 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have emerged as the leading cause of mortality globally, with atherosclerosis being a prominent focus of investigation among medical researchers worldwide. Atherosclerosis is characterized as a disease of the large and medium-sized arteries that is multifocal, accumulative, and immunoinflammatory in nature, resulting from the deposition of lipids. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory responses and immunoregulation play a vital role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. While existing treatments for atherosclerosis can assist in symptom management and slowing disease progression, a complete cure remains elusive. Consequently, there is significant interest in research and development of potential new drugs for this condition. Therefore, this review aims to consolidate the current understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with an emphasis on inflammation, immune response and infection. Besides, it examines the effects and mechanisms of immunological modulations in atherosclerosis, and the potential therapeutic targets and drugs for intervening in the inflammatory responses and immunoregulation associated with atherosclerosis. Additionally, novel drug options for treating atherosclerosis are explored within the context of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China; International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yijun Wang
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiayin Yu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Xiao Z, Wang R, Wang X, Yang H, Dong J, He X, Yang Y, Guo J, Cui J, Zhou Z. Impaired function of dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1213629. [PMID: 37441069 PMCID: PMC10333501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1213629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), a class of professional antigen-presenting cells, are considered key factors in the initiation and maintenance of anti-tumor immunity due to their powerful ability to present antigen and stimulate T-cell responses. The important role of DCs in controlling tumor growth and mediating potent anti-tumor immunity has been demonstrated in various cancer models. Accordingly, the infiltration of stimulatory DCs positively correlates with the prognosis and response to immunotherapy in a variety of solid tumors. However, accumulating evidence indicates that DCs exhibit a significantly dysfunctional state, ultimately leading to an impaired anti-tumor immune response due to the effects of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, numerous preclinical and clinical studies are exploring immunotherapeutic strategies to better control tumors by restoring or enhancing the activity of DCs in tumors, such as the popular DC-based vaccines. In this review, an overview of the role of DCs in controlling tumor progression is provided, followed by a summary of the current advances in understanding the mechanisms by which the TME affects the normal function of DCs, and concluding with a brief discussion of current strategies for DC-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xuyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haikui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiamei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiahao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
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Sun L, Su Y, Jiao A, Wang X, Zhang B. T cells in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:235. [PMID: 37332039 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve T cells differentiate into CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic effector and memory cells, mediating direct killing, diverse immune regulatory function, and long-term protection. In response to acute and chronic infections and tumors, T cells adopt distinct differentiation trajectories and develop into a range of heterogeneous populations with various phenotype, differentiation potential, and functionality under precise and elaborate regulations of transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Abnormal T-cell immunity can initiate and promote the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of T cell development, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell classification, and differentiation in physiological settings. We further elaborate the heterogeneity, differentiation, functionality, and regulation network of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in infectious disease, chronic infection and tumor, and autoimmune disease, highlighting the exhausted CD8+ T cell differentiation trajectory, CD4+ T cell helper function, T cell contributions to immunotherapy and autoimmune pathogenesis. We also discuss the development and function of γδ T cells in tissue surveillance, infection, and tumor immunity. Finally, we summarized current T-cell-based immunotherapies in both cancer and autoimmune diseases, with an emphasis on their clinical applications. A better understanding of T cell immunity provides insight into developing novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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10
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Kajihara N, Kobayashi T, Otsuka R, Nio-Kobayashi J, Oshino T, Takahashi M, Imanishi S, Hashimoto A, Wada H, Seino KI. Tumor-derived interleukin-34 creates an immunosuppressive and chemoresistant tumor microenvironment by modulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:851-864. [PMID: 36104597 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by a lack of therapeutic targets. The paucity of effective treatment options motivated a number of studies to tackle this problem. Immunosuppressive cells infiltrated into the tumor microenvironment (TME) of TNBC are currently considered as candidates for new therapeutic targets. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been reported to populate in the TME of TNBC, but their roles in the clinical and biological features of TNBC have not been clarified. This study identified that interleukin-34 (IL-34) released by TNBC cells is a crucial immunomodulator to regulate MDSCs accumulation in the TME. We provide evidence that IL-34 induces a differentiation of myeloid stem cells into monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) that recruits regulatory T (Treg) cells, while suppressing a differentiation into polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs). As a result, the increase in M-MDSCs contributes to the creation of an immunosuppressive TME, and the decrease in PMN-MDSCs suppresses angiogenesis, leading to an acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy. Accordingly, blockade of M-MDSC differentiation with an estrogen receptor inhibitor or anti-IL-34 monoclonal antibody suppressed M-MDSCs accumulation causing retardation of tumor growth and restores chemosensitivity of the tumor by promoting PMN-MDSCs accumulation. This study demonstrates previously poorly understood mechanisms of MDSCs-mediated chemoresistance in the TME of TNBC, which is originated from the existence of IL-34, suggesting a new rationale for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Kajihara
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Takuto Kobayashi
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ryo Otsuka
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Oshino
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Masato Takahashi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kita-14 Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan
| | - Seiichi Imanishi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Nagasone-cho 1179-3, Kita-ku, Sakai city, Osaka, 591-8025, Japan
| | - Ari Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Haruka Wada
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Seino
- Division of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo city, Hokkaido, 060-0815, Japan.
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11
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Kurdi M, Mulla N, Malibary H, Bamaga AK, Fadul MM, Faizo E, Hakamy S, Baeesa S. Immune microenvironment of medulloblastoma: The association between its molecular subgroups and potential targeted immunotherapeutic receptors. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:117-130. [PMID: 37009528 PMCID: PMC10052334 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is considered the commonest malignant brain tumor in children. Multimodal treatments consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have improved patients’ survival. Nevertheless, the recurrence occurs in 30% of cases. The persistent mortality rates, the failure of current therapies to extend life expectancy, and the serious complications of non-targeted cytotoxic treatment indicate the need for more refined therapeutic approaches. Most MBs originating from the neurons of external granular layer line the outer surface of neocerebellum and responsible for the afferent and efferent connections. Recently, MBs have been segregated into four molecular subgroups: Wingless-activated (WNT-MB) (Group 1); Sonic-hedgehog-activated (SHH-MB) (Group 2); Group 3 and 4 MBs. These molecular alterations follow specific gene mutations and disease-risk stratifications. The current treatment protocols and ongoing clinical trials against these molecular subgroups are still using common chemotherapeutic agents by which their efficacy have improved the progression-free survival but did not change the overall survival. However, the need to explore new therapies targeting specific receptors in MB microenvironment became essential. The immune microenvironment of MBs consists of distinctive cellular heterogeneities including immune cells and none-immune cells. Tumour associate macrophage and tumour infiltrating lymphocyte are considered the main principal cells in tumour microenvironment, and their role are still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of interaction between MB cells and immune cells in the microenvironment, with an overview of the recent investigations and clinical trials
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Kurdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 213733, Saudi Arabia
- Neuromuscular Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Mulla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Medina 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Malibary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K Bamaga
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Motaz M Fadul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyad Faizo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tabuk University, Tabuk 213733, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Hakamy
- Neurmuscular Unit, Center of Excellence of Genomic Medicine, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Baeesa
- Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Tang X, Li A, Zuo C, Liu X, Luo X, Chen L, Li L, Lin H, Gao J. Water-Soluble Chemically Precise Fluorinated Molecular Clusters for Interference-Free Multiplex 19F MRI in Living Mice. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5014-5024. [PMID: 36862135 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) is gaining widespread interest from the fields of biomolecule detection, cell tracking, and diagnosis, benefiting from its negligible background, deep tissue penetration, and multispectral capacity. However, a wide range of 19F MRI probes are in great demand for the development of multispectral 19F MRI due to the limited number of high-performance 19F MRI probes. Herein, we report a type of water-soluble molecular 19F MRI nanoprobe by conjugating fluorine-containing moieties with a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cluster for multispectral color-coded 19F MRI. These chemically precise fluorinated molecular clusters are of excellent aqueous solubility with relatively high 19F contents and of single 19F resonance frequency with suitable longitudinal and transverse relaxation times for high-performance 19F MRI. We construct three POSS-based molecular nanoprobes with distinct 19F chemical shifts at -71.91, -123.23, and -60.18 ppm and achieve interference-free multispectral color-coded 19F MRI of labeled cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, in vivo 19F MRI reveals that these molecular nanoprobes could selectively accumulate in tumors and undergo rapid renal clearance afterward, illustrating their favorable in vivo behavior for biomedical applications. This study provides an efficient strategy to expand the 19F probe libraries for multispectral 19F MRI in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Renji Medical Research Center, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Cuicui Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiangjie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Limin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jinhao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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13
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Zagorulya M, Yim L, Morgan DM, Edwards A, Torres-Mejia E, Momin N, McCreery CV, Zamora IL, Horton BL, Fox JG, Wittrup KD, Love JC, Spranger S. Tissue-specific abundance of interferon-gamma drives regulatory T cells to restrain DC1-mediated priming of cytotoxic T cells against lung cancer. Immunity 2023; 56:386-405.e10. [PMID: 36736322 PMCID: PMC10880816 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Local environmental factors influence CD8+ T cell priming in lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we sought to understand how factors unique to the tumor-draining mediastinal LN (mLN) impact CD8+ T cell responses toward lung cancer. Type 1 conventional dendritic cells (DC1s) showed a mLN-specific failure to induce robust cytotoxic T cells responses. Using regulatory T (Treg) cell depletion strategies, we found that Treg cells suppressed DC1s in a spatially coordinated manner within tissue-specific microniches within the mLN. Treg cell suppression required MHC II-dependent contact between DC1s and Treg cells. Elevated levels of IFN-γ drove differentiation Treg cells into Th1-like effector Treg cells in the mLN. In patients with cancer, Treg cell Th1 polarization, but not CD8+/Treg cell ratios, correlated with poor responses to checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Thus, IFN-γ in the mLN skews Treg cells to be Th1-like effector Treg cells, driving their close interaction with DC1s and subsequent suppression of cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zagorulya
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leon Yim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Duncan M Morgan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Austin Edwards
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elen Torres-Mejia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Noor Momin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chloe V McCreery
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Izabella L Zamora
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brendan L Horton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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14
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Qiu Y, Ke S, Chen J, Qin Z, Zhang W, Yuan Y, Meng D, Zhao G, Wu K, Li B, Li D. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells and the immune escape in solid tumours. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982986. [PMID: 36569832 PMCID: PMC9774953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells play critical roles in establishing the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, which is achieved and dynamically maintained with the contribution of various stromal and immune cell subsets. However, the dynamics of non-lymphoid FOXP3+ Treg cells and the mutual regulation of Treg cells and other cell types in solid tumour microenvironment remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the dynamic connections and reciprocal regulations of non-lymphoid Treg cell subsets in accordance with well-established and new emerging hallmarks of cancer, especially on the immune escape of tumour cells in solid tumours. Our comprehension of the interplay between FOXP3+ Treg cells and key hallmarks of cancer may provide new insights into the development of next-generation engineered T cell-based immune treatments for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Qiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyu Ke
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhen Qin
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenle Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Yuan
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dehua Meng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kejin Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Integrated TCM & Western Medicine at Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Mattei F, Andreone S, Spadaro F, Noto F, Tinari A, Falchi M, Piconese S, Afferni C, Schiavoni G. Trogocytosis in innate immunity to cancer is an intimate relationship with unexpected outcomes. iScience 2022; 25:105110. [PMID: 36185368 PMCID: PMC9515589 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a cellular process whereby a cell acquires a membrane fragment from a donor cell in a contact-dependent manner allowing for the transfer of surface proteins with functional integrity. It is involved in various biological processes, including cell-cell communication, immune regulation, and response to pathogens and cancer cells, with poorly defined molecular mechanisms. With the exception of eosinophils, trogocytosis has been reported in most immune cells and plays diverse roles in the modulation of anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we report that eosinophils acquire membrane fragments from tumor cells early after contact through the CD11b/CD18 integrin complex. We discuss the impact of trogocytosis in innate immune cells on cancer progression in the context of the evidence that eosinophils can engage in trogocytosis with tumor cells. We also discuss shared and cell-specific mechanisms underlying this process based on in silico modeling and provide a hypothetical molecular model for the stabilization of the immunological synapse operating in granulocytes and possibly other innate immune cells that enables trogocytosis. Trogocytosis in innate immune cells can regulate immune responses to cancer Eosinophils engage in trogocytosis with tumor cells via CD11b/CD18 integrin complex CD11b/CD18 integrin, focal adhesion molecules and actin network enable trogocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Andreone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Core Facilities, Microscopy Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Noto
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Center for Gender Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Falchi
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia – Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Afferni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding author
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16
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McRitchie BR, Akkaya B. Exhaust the exhausters: Targeting regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940052. [PMID: 36248808 PMCID: PMC9562032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer immunotherapy has gained immense momentum over the recent years. The advancements in checkpoint blockade have led to a notable progress in treating a plethora of cancer types. However, these approaches also appear to have stalled due to factors such as individuals' genetic make-up, resistant tumor sub-types and immune related adverse events (irAE). While the major focus of immunotherapies has largely been alleviating the cell-intrinsic defects of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), amending the relationship between tumor specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells has started driving attention as well. A major roadblock to improve the cross-talk between CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells is the immune suppressive action of tumor infiltrating T regulatory (Treg) cells. Despite their indispensable in protecting tissues against autoimmune threats, Tregs have also been under scrutiny for helping tumors thrive. This review addresses how Tregs establish themselves at the TME and suppress anti-tumor immunity. Particularly, we delve into factors that promote Treg migration into tumor tissue and discuss the unique cellular and humoral composition of TME that aids survival, differentiation and function of intratumoral Tregs. Furthermore, we summarize the potential suppression mechanisms used by intratumoral Tregs and discuss ways to target those to ultimately guide new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayley R. McRitchie
- Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Billur Akkaya
- Department of Neurology, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Billur Akkaya,
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17
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Lu TZ, Liu X, Wu CS, Ma ZY, Wang Y, Zhang YA, Zhang XJ. Molecular and Functional Analyses of the Primordial Costimulatory Molecule CD80/86 and Its Receptors CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4) in a Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885005. [PMID: 35784316 PMCID: PMC9245511 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The moderate activation of T cells in mammals requires the costimulatory molecules, CD80 and CD86, on antigen-presenting cells to interact with their respective T cell receptors, CD28 and CD152 (CTLA-4), to promote costimulatory signals. In contrast, teleost fish (except salmonids) only possess CD80/86 as their sole primordial costimulatory molecule. However, the mechanism, which underlies the interaction between CD80/86 and its receptors CD28 and CD152 still requires elucidation. In this study, we cloned and identified the CD80/86, CD28, and CD152 genes of the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The mRNA expression analysis showed that CD80/86, CD28, and CD152 were constitutively expressed in various tissues. Further analysis revealed that CD80/86 was highly expressed in IgM+ B cells. Conversely, CD28 and CD152 were highly expressed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Subcellular localization illustrated that CD80/86, CD28, and CD152 are all located on the cell membrane. A yeast two-hybrid assay exhibited that CD80/86 can bind with both CD28 and CD152. In vivo assay showed that the expression of CD80/86 was rapidly upregulated in Aeromonas hydrophila infected fish compared to the control fish. However, the expression of CD28 and CD152 presented the inverse trend, suggesting that teleost fish may regulate T cell activation through the differential expression of CD28 and CD152. Importantly, we discovered that T cells were more likely to be activated by A. hydrophila after CD152 was blocked by anti-CD152 antibodies. This suggests that the teleost CD152 is an inhibitory receptor of T cell activation, which is similar to the mammalian CD152. Overall, this study begins to define the interaction feature between primordial CD80/86 and its receptors CD28 and CD152 in teleost fish, alongside providing a cross-species understanding of the evolution of the costimulatory signals throughout vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Zhen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-You Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-An Zhang, ; Xu-Jie Zhang,
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-An Zhang, ; Xu-Jie Zhang,
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18
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He YQ, Qiao YL, Xu S, Jiao WE, Yang R, Kong YG, Tao ZZ, Chen SM. Allergen induces CD11c+ dendritic cell autophagy to aggravate allergic rhinitis through promoting immune imbalance. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Eisemann T, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Coming in from the cold: overcoming the hostile immune microenvironment of medulloblastoma. Genes Dev 2022; 36:514-532. [PMID: 35680424 PMCID: PMC9186392 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349538.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor that occurs predominantly in children. Despite intensive therapy, many patients die of the disease, and novel therapies are desperately needed. Although immunotherapy has shown promise in many cancers, the low mutational burden, limited infiltration of immune effector cells, and immune-suppressive microenvironment of medulloblastoma have led to the assumption that it is unlikely to respond to immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence is challenging this view. Here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies that have identified mechanisms of immune evasion in medulloblastoma, and highlight possible therapeutic interventions that may give new hope to medulloblastoma patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eisemann
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92161, USA
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20
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Reduction in Allergenicity and Induction of Oral Tolerance of Glycated Tropomyosin from Crab. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27062027. [PMID: 35335390 PMCID: PMC8950673 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27062027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin (TM) is an important crustacean (Scylla paramamosain) allergen. This study aimed to assess Maillard-reacted TM (TM-G) induction of allergenic responses with cell and mouse models. We analyzed the difference of sensitization and the ability to induce immune tolerance between TM and TM-G by in vitro and in vivo models, then we compared the relationship between glycation sites of TM-G and epitopes of TM. In the in vitro assay, we discovered that the sensitization of TM-G was lower than TM, and the ability to stimulate mast cell degranulation decreased from 55.07 ± 4.23% to 27.86 ± 3.21%. In the serum of sensitized Balb/c mice, the level of specific IgE produced by TM-G sensitized mice was significantly lower than TM, and the levels of interleukins 4 and interleukins 13 produced by Th2 cells in spleen lymphocytes decreased by 82.35 ± 5.88% and 83.64 ± 9.09%, respectively. In the oral tolerance model, the ratio of Th2/Th1 decreased from 4.05 ± 0.38 to 1.69 ± 0.19. Maillard reaction masked the B cell epitopes of TM and retained some T cell epitopes. Potentially, Maillard reaction products (MRPs) can be used as tolerance inducers for allergen-specific immunotherapy.
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21
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Wang Q, Cun D, Xu D, Lin L, Jiao J, Zhang L, Xi C, Li W, Chen P, Hu M. Myd88 knockdown with RNA interference induces in vitro immune hyporesponsiveness in dendritic cells from rhesus monkeys. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:303-312. [PMID: 35303127 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-022-01260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immature dendritic cells (imDCs) are activated and mature to initiate an adaptive immune response, resulting in allograft rejection and transplantation failure. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88) is a key factor in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Here, we investigated the effect of Myd88 silencing on DC function and immune response. CD34 + cells were isolated from the bone marrow of rhesus monkeys by the immunomagnetic bead method and then infected with an adenovirus expressing Myd88-specific short hairpin RNA (sh-Myd88). sh-NC (nontargeting negative control)- or sh-Myd88-infected DCs were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for another 48 h to induce DCS maturation. The maturation of DCs was identified by immunofluorescence staining for MHCII, CD80, and CD86. DC apoptosis was examined using Annexin V/PI staining. DC-related cytokine levels (IFN-γ and IL-12) were assessed by ELISA. A mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was performed to test the effect of Myd88-silenced DCs on T lymphocytes in vitro. The results showed that compared with control or sh-NC-infected DCs, Myd88-silenced DCs had lower MHCII, CD80, CD86, and DC-related cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-12) levels. Myd88 did not affect the apoptosis of DCs. MLR demonstrated that Myd88 silencing could effectively block LPS-activated T cell proliferation in vitro. These data were consistent with the characteristics of tolerogenic DCs. In conclusion, our data indicated that Myd88 silencing could inhibit the maturation of imDCs and alleviate immune rejection, which provides a reference for immune tolerance in clinical liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 112, Kunrui Road, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyun Cun
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 112, Kunrui Road, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Desong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Qujing City, Yunnan Province, Qujing City, 655000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Fujian Province, The First Hospital of Putian City, No.389 Longdejing Street, Putian, 351100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Handan Central Hospital, Handan, 056001, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming, Yunnan Province, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Emergency Department, The Central People's Hospital of Yichang City, Hubei Province, Yichang, 443000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 112, Kunrui Road, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingdao Hu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 112, Kunrui Road, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Swamydas M, Murphy EV, Ignatz-Hoover JJ, Malek E, Driscoll JJ. Deciphering mechanisms of immune escape to inform immunotherapeutic strategies in multiple myeloma. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:17. [PMID: 35172851 PMCID: PMC8848665 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable cancer characterized by the uncontrolled growth of malignant plasma cells nurtured within a permissive bone marrow microenvironment. While patients mount numerous adaptive immune responses directed against their disease, emerging data demonstrate that tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allow myeloma cells to subvert host immunosurveillance and resist current therapeutic strategies. Myeloma downregulates antigens recognized by cellular immunity and modulates the bone marrow microenvironment to promote uncontrolled tumor proliferation, apoptotic resistance, and further hamper anti-tumor immunity. Additional resistance often develops after an initial clinical response to small molecules, immune-targeting antibodies, immune checkpoint blockade or cellular immunotherapy. Profound quantitative and qualitative dysfunction of numerous immune effector cell types that confer anti-myeloma immunity further supports myelomagenesis, disease progression and the emergence of drug resistance. Identification of tumor intrinsic and extrinsic resistance mechanisms may direct the design of rationally-designed drug combinations that prevent or overcome drug resistance to improve patient survival. Here, we summarize various mechanisms of immune escape as a means to inform novel strategies that may restore and improve host anti-myeloma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James J Ignatz-Hoover
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hematopoietic and Immune Cancer Biology Program, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ehsan Malek
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hematopoietic and Immune Cancer Biology Program, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James J Driscoll
- Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hematopoietic and Immune Cancer Biology Program, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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23
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Murray EJ, Gumusoglu SB, Santillan DA, Santillan MK. Manipulating CD4+ T Cell Pathways to Prevent Preeclampsia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:811417. [PMID: 35096797 PMCID: PMC8789650 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.811417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PreE) is a placental disorder characterized by hypertension (HTN), proteinuria, and oxidative stress. Individuals with PreE and their children are at an increased risk of serious short- and long-term complications, such as cardiovascular disease, end-organ failure, HTN, neurodevelopmental disorders, and more. Currently, delivery is the only cure for PreE, which remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant individuals and neonates. There is evidence that an imbalance favoring a pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cell milieu is associated with the inadequate spiral artery remodeling and subsequent oxidative stress that prime PreE’s clinical symptoms. Immunomodulatory therapies targeting CD4+ T cell mechanisms have been investigated for other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, and the application of these prevention tactics to PreE is promising, as we review here. These immunomodulatory therapies may, among other things, decrease tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cytolytic natural killer cells, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production [e.g. interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-6], stimulate regulatory T cells (Tregs), inhibit type 1 and 17 T helper cells, prevent inappropriate dendritic cell maturation, and induce anti-inflammatory cytokine action [e.g. IL-10, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)]. We review therapies including neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and CD28; statins; 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, a synthetic hormone; adoptive exogenous Treg therapy; and endothelin-1 pathway inhibitors. Rebalancing the maternal inflammatory milieu may allow for proper spiral artery invasion, placentation, and maternal tolerance of foreign fetal/paternal antigens, thereby combatting early PreE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen J. Murray
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Serena B. Gumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Donna A. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mark K. Santillan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Francois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark K. Santillan,
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24
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Costa AC, Santos JMO, Gil da Costa RM, Medeiros R. Impact of immune cells on the hallmarks of cancer: A literature review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 168:103541. [PMID: 34801696 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are critical players in the tumor microenvironment, modulating cancer cell functions. TIICs are highly heterogenic and plastic and may either suppress cancers or provide support for tumor growth. A wide range of studies have shed light on how tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, mast cells, natural killer cells and lymphocytes contribute for the establishment of several hallmarks of cancer and became the basis for successful immunotherapies. Many of those TIICs play pivotal roles in several hallmarks of cancer. This review contributes to elucidate the multifaceted roles of immune cells in cancer development, highlighting molecular components that constitute promising therapeutic targets. Additional studies are needed to clarify the relation between TIICs and hallmarks such as enabling replicative immortality, evading growth suppressors, sustaining proliferative signaling, resisting cell death and genome instability and mutation, to further explore their therapeutic potential and improve the outcomes of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui M Gil da Costa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal; Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), and UFMA University Hospital (HUUFMA), 65080-805, São Luís, Brazil.
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP) / RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) / Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072, Porto, Portugal; CEBIMED, Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004, Porto, Portugal; Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177, Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Li X, Li Z, Liu P, Ai S, Sun F, Hu Q, Dong Y, Xia X, Guan W, Liu S. Novel CircRNAs in Hub ceRNA Axis Regulate Gastric Cancer Prognosis and Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:771206. [PMID: 34820403 PMCID: PMC8606568 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.771206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies with an unfavorable survival rate. Immunotherapy may contribute to a better prognosis. However, several phase III trials failed. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel type of non-coding RNA, plays a vital role in the progression of tumors. The expression and function of circRNA in the GC immune microenvironment remain obscure. In this study, we utilized a bioinformatic analysis to construct a circRNA/microRNA (miRNA)/messenger RNA (mRNA) network involved in the progression and prognosis of GC. CircRNA DYRK1A_017, circRNA FLNA_118, miR-6512-3p, miR-6270-5p, and VCAN were identified as the key molecules in the hub regulatory axis. Dysregulation of this axis contributed to the cancer-associated signaling pathways (epithelial-mesenchymal transition [EMT], Nuclear factor kappa β-Tumor necrosis factor-α (NFκβ-TNFα) signaling, and angiogenesis) and aberrant immune microenvironment (infiltration by tumor associated macrophage, regulatory T cell, and mast cell). More importantly, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment may reveal the mechanism of novel circRNAs in tumors and serve as the target of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shichao Ai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiongyuan Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Reed J, Reichelt M, Wetzel SA. Lymphocytes and Trogocytosis-Mediated Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061478. [PMID: 34204661 PMCID: PMC8231098 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is the intercellular transfer of membrane and membrane-associated molecules. This underappreciated process has been described in a variety of biological settings including neuronal remodeling, fertilization, viral and bacterial spread, and cancer, but has been most widely studied in cells of the immune system. Trogocytosis is performed by multiple immune cell types, including basophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, B cells, γδ T cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells. Although not expressed endogenously, the presence of trogocytosed molecules on cells has the potential to significantly impact an immune response and the biology of the individual trogocytosis-positive cell. Many studies have focused on the ability of the trogocytosis-positive cells to interact with other immune cells and modulate the function of responders. Less understood and arguably equally important is the impact of these molecules on the individual trogocytosis-positive cell. Molecules that have been reported to be trogocytosed by cells include cognate ligands for receptors on the individual cell, such as activating NK cell ligands and MHC:peptide. These trogocytosed molecules have been shown to interact with receptors on the trogocytosis-positive cell and mediate intracellular signaling. In this review, we discuss the impact of this trogocytosis-mediated signaling on the biology of the individual trogocytosis-positive cell by focusing on natural killer cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Reed
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (J.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Madison Reichelt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (J.R.); (M.R.)
| | - Scott A. Wetzel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; (J.R.); (M.R.)
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Lu Y, Craft J. T Follicular Regulatory Cells: Choreographers of Productive Germinal Center Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679909. [PMID: 34177925 PMCID: PMC8222975 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular regulatory cells, or Tfr cells, are a discernable population of regulatory T (Treg) cells that migrate to the B cell follicle and germinal center (GC) upon immune challenge. These cells express the transcription factor Bcl6, the master regulator required for development and differentiation of T follicular helper cells, and are among a group of previously described Treg cells that use T helper cell–associated transcription factors to adapt their regulatory function to diverse milieus for maintenance of immune homeostasis. While there is consensus that Tfr cells control B-cell autoreactivity, it has been unclear whether they regulate productive, antigen-specific GC responses. Accordingly, understanding the regulatory balancing that Tfr cells play in maintenance of B-cell tolerance while optimizing productive humoral immunity is crucial for vaccine-design strategies. To this end, we discuss recent evidence that Tfr cells promote humoral immunity and memory following viral infections, fitting with the accepted role of Treg cells in maintaining homeostasis with promotion of productive immunity, while mitigating that which is potentially pathological. We also propose models in which Tfr cells regulate antigen-specific B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisi Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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28
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Miyake K, Karasuyama H. The Role of Trogocytosis in the Modulation of Immune Cell Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051255. [PMID: 34069602 PMCID: PMC8161413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process, in which one cell extracts the cell fragment from another cell, leading to the transfer of cell surface molecules, together with membrane fragments. Recent reports have revealed that trogocytosis can modulate various biological responses, including adaptive and innate immune responses and homeostatic responses. Trogocytosis is evolutionally conserved from protozoan parasites to eukaryotic cells. In some cases, trogocytosis results in cell death, which is utilized as a mechanism for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In other cases, trogocytosis-mediated intercellular protein transfer leads to both the acquisition of novel functions in recipient cells and the loss of cellular functions in donor cells. Trogocytosis in immune cells is typically mediated by receptor–ligand interactions, including TCR–MHC interactions and Fcγ receptor-antibody-bound molecule interactions. Additionally, trogocytosis mediates the transfer of MHC molecules to various immune and non-immune cells, which confers antigen-presenting activity on non-professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of trogocytosis in immune modulation.
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29
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Nakayama M, Hori A, Toyoura S, Yamaguchi SI. Shaping of T Cell Functions by Trogocytosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051155. [PMID: 34068819 PMCID: PMC8151334 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process whereby plasma membrane proteins are transferred from one cell to the other cell in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Since the discovery of the intercellular transfer of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the 1970s, trogocytosis of MHC molecules between various immune cells has been frequently observed. For instance, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) acquire MHC class I (MHCI) from allografts, tumors, and virally infected cells, and these APCs are subsequently able to prime CD8+ T cells without antigen processing via the preformed antigen-MHCI complexes, in a process called cross-dressing. T cells also acquire MHC molecules from APCs or other target cells via the immunological synapse formed at the cell-cell contact area, and this phenomenon impacts T cell activation. Compared with naïve and effector T cells, T regulatory cells have increased trogocytosis activity in order to remove MHC class II and costimulatory molecules from APCs, resulting in the induction of tolerance. Accumulating evidence suggests that trogocytosis shapes T cell functions in cancer, transplantation, and during microbial infections. In this review, we focus on T cell trogocytosis and the related inflammatory diseases.
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30
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Wong C, Darby JM, Murphy PR, Pinfold TL, Lennard PR, Woods GM, Lyons AB, Flies AS. Tasmanian devil CD28 and CTLA4 capture CD80 and CD86 from adjacent cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103882. [PMID: 33039410 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint immunotherapy is a pillar of human oncology treatment with potential for non-human species. The first checkpoint immunotherapy approved for human cancers targeted the CTLA4 protein. CTLA4 can inhibit T cell activation by capturing and internalizing CD80 and CD86 from antigen presenting cells, a process called trans-endocytosis. Similarly, CD28 can capture CD80 and CD86 via trogocytosis and retain the captured ligands on the surface of the CD28-expressing cells. The wild Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) population has declined by 77% due to transmissible cancers that evade immune defenses despite genetic mismatches between the host and tumors. We used a live cell-based assay to demonstrate that devil CTLA4 and CD28 can capture CD80 and CD86. Mutation of evolutionarily conserved motifs in CTLA4 altered functional interactions with CD80 and CD86 in accordance with patterns observed in other species. These results suggest that checkpoint immunotherapies can be translated to evolutionarily divergent species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida Wong
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Jocelyn M Darby
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Peter R Murphy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia; University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Terry L Pinfold
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Patrick R Lennard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Andrew S Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
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31
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Núñez NG, Tosello Boari J, Ramos RN, Richer W, Cagnard N, Anderfuhren CD, Niborski LL, Bigot J, Meseure D, De La Rochere P, Milder M, Viel S, Loirat D, Pérol L, Vincent-Salomon A, Sastre-Garau X, Burkhard B, Sedlik C, Lantz O, Amigorena S, Piaggio E. Tumor invasion in draining lymph nodes is associated with Treg accumulation in breast cancer patients. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3272. [PMID: 32601304 PMCID: PMC7324591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) invasion by metastatic cells in breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis and is associated with local immunosuppression, which can be partly mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, we study Tregs from matched tumor-invaded and non-invaded TDLNs, and breast tumors. We observe that Treg frequencies increase with nodal invasion, and that Tregs express higher levels of co-inhibitory/stimulatory receptors than effector cells. Also, while Tregs show conserved suppressive function in TDLN and tumor, conventional T cells (Tconvs) in TDLNs proliferate and produce Th1-inflammatory cytokines, but are dysfunctional in the tumor. We describe a common transcriptomic signature shared by Tregs from tumors and nodes, including CD80, which is significantly associated with poor patient survival. TCR RNA-sequencing analysis indicates trafficking between TDLNs and tumors and ongoing Tconv/Treg conversion. Overall, TDLN Tregs are functional and express a distinct pattern of druggable co-receptors, highlighting their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gonzalo Núñez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Wilfrid Richer
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Paris-Descartes Bioinformatics Platform, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Cyrill Dimitri Anderfuhren
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeremy Bigot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Departement de Biologie des Tumeurs, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | | | - Maud Milder
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Departement de Biologie des Tumeurs, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Sophie Viel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Loirat
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Departement d'Oncologie Medicale, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Louis Pérol
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Departement de Biologie des Tumeurs, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Xavier Sastre-Garau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Departement de Biologie des Tumeurs, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut de Cancerologie de Lorraine Department of Biopathology, 6, avenue de Bourgogne CS 30519, 54519, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Becher Burkhard
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Departement de Biologie des Tumeurs, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Sebastian Amigorena
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biotherapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, F-75005, France.
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Trzupek D, Dunstan M, Cutler AJ, Lee M, Godfrey L, Jarvis L, Rainbow DB, Aschenbrenner D, Jones JL, Uhlig HH, Wicker LS, Todd JA, Ferreira RC. Discovery of CD80 and CD86 as recent activation markers on regulatory T cells by protein-RNA single-cell analysis. Genome Med 2020; 12:55. [PMID: 32580776 PMCID: PMC7315544 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, the transcriptomic and proteomic characterisation of CD4+ T cells at the single-cell level has been performed by two largely exclusive types of technologies: single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and antibody-based cytometry. Here, we present a multi-omics approach allowing the simultaneous targeted quantification of mRNA and protein expression in single cells and investigate its performance to dissect the heterogeneity of human immune cell populations. METHODS We have quantified the single-cell expression of 397 genes at the mRNA level and up to 68 proteins using oligo-conjugated antibodies (AbSeq) in 43,656 primary CD4+ T cells isolated from the blood and 31,907 CD45+ cells isolated from the blood and matched duodenal biopsies. We explored the sensitivity of this targeted scRNA-seq approach to dissect the heterogeneity of human immune cell populations and identify trajectories of functional T cell differentiation. RESULTS We provide a high-resolution map of human primary CD4+ T cells and identify precise trajectories of Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in the blood and tissue. The sensitivity provided by this multi-omics approach identified the expression of the B7 molecules CD80 and CD86 on the surface of CD4+ Tregs, and we further demonstrated that B7 expression has the potential to identify recently activated T cells in circulation. Moreover, we identified a rare subset of CCR9+ T cells in the blood with tissue-homing properties and expression of several immune checkpoint molecules, suggestive of a regulatory function. CONCLUSIONS The transcriptomic and proteomic hybrid technology described in this study provides a cost-effective solution to dissect the heterogeneity of immune cell populations at extremely high resolution. Unexpectedly, CD80 and CD86, normally expressed on antigen-presenting cells, were detected on a subset of activated Tregs, indicating a role for these co-stimulatory molecules in regulating the dynamics of CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Trzupek
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Dunstan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony J Cutler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mercede Lee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leila Godfrey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorna Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel B Rainbow
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit and Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Linda S Wicker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John A Todd
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ricardo C Ferreira
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, JDRF/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a unique type of hematopoietic cancer that has few tumor cells but a massive infiltration of immune cells. Findings on how the cancerous Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells survive and evade immune surveillance have facilitated the development of novel immunotherapies for HL. Trogocytosis is a fast process of intercellular transfer of membrane patches, which can significantly affect immune responses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how trogocytosis contributes to the suppression of immune responses in HL. We focus on the ectopic expression of CD137 on HRS cells, the cause of its expression, and its implication on developing novel therapies for HL. Further, we review data demonstrating that similar mechanisms apply to CD30, PD-L1 and CTLA-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Hilligan KL, Ronchese F. Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4+ T helper cell responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:587-599. [PMID: 32433540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are essential for the priming of T cell responses. In addition to providing T-cell-receptor ligands and co-stimulatory molecules for naive T cell activation and expansion, dendritic cells are thought to also provide signals for the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into effector T cell populations. The mechanisms by which dendritic cells are able to adapt and respond to the great variety of infectious stimuli they are confronted with, and prime an appropriate CD4+ T cell response, are only partly understood. It is known that in the steady-state dendritic cells are highly heterogenous both in phenotype and transcriptional profile, and that this variability is dependent on developmental lineage, maturation stage, and the tissue environment in which dendritic cells are located. Exposure to infectious agents interfaces with this pre-existing heterogeneity by providing ligands for pattern-recognition and toll-like receptors that are variably expressed on different dendritic cell subsets, and elicit production of cytokines and chemokines to support innate cell activation and drive T cell differentiation. Here we review current information on dendritic cell biology, their heterogeneity, and the properties of different dendritic cell subsets. We then consider the signals required for the development of different types of Th immune responses, and the cellular and molecular evidence implicating different subsets of dendritic cells in providing such signals. We outline how dendritic cell subsets tailor their response according to the infectious agent, and how such transcriptional plasticity enables them to drive different types of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Hilligan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
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36
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PD-L1/L2 protein levels rapidly increase on monocytes via trogocytosis from tumor cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia 2020; 34:2405-2417. [PMID: 32089543 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL)-characterized by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells-tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a pivotal role in tumor formation. However, the significance of direct contact between HRS cells and TAMs has not been elucidated. HRS cells and TAMs are known to express PD-L1, which leads to PD-1+ CD4+ T cell exhaustion in cHL. Here, we found that PD-L1/L2 expression was elevated in monocytes co-cultured with HRS cells within 1 h, but not in monocytes cultured with supernatants of HRS cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of PD-L1/L2 revealed that their upregulation resulted in membrane transfer called "trogocytosis" from HRS cells to monocytes. PD-L1/L2 upregulation was not observed in monocytes co-cultured with PD-L1/L2-deficient HRS cells, validating the hypothesis that there is a direct transfer of PD-L1/L2 from HRS cells to monocytes. In the patients, both ligands (PD-L1/L2) were upregulated in TAMs in contact with HRS cells, but not in TAMs distant from HRS cells, suggesting that trogocytosis occurs in cHL patients. Taken together, trogocytosis may be one of the mechanisms that induces rapid upregulation of PD-L1/L2 in monocytes to evade antitumor immunity through the suppression of T cells as mediated by MHC antigen presentation.
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37
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Taghizadeh E, Taheri F, Gheibi Hayat SM, Montecucco F, Carbone F, Rostami D, Montazeri A, Sahebkar A. The atherogenic role of immune cells in familial hypercholesterolemia. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:782-789. [PMID: 31633867 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder of lipoprotein metabolism that mainly occurs due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene and is characterized by increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leading to accelerated atherogenesis and premature coronary heart disease. Both innate and adaptive immune responses, which mainly include monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, have been shown to play a key role for the initiation and progression of atherogenesis in the general population. In FH patients, these immune cells have been suggested to play specific pro-atherosclerotic activities, from the initial leukocyte recruitment to plaque rupture. In fact, the accumulation of cholesterol crystals and oxLDL in the vessels in FH patients is particularly high, with consequent abnormal mobilization of immune cells and secretion of various pro-inflammatory and chemokines. In addition, cholesterol accumulation in immune cells is exaggerated with chronic exposure to relevant pro-atherosclerotic triggers. The topics considered in this review may provide a more specific focus on the immune system alterations in FH and open new insights toward immune cells as potential therapeutic targets in FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskandar Taghizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa-Italian Cardiovascular Network, Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daryoush Rostami
- Department of School Allied, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ardalan Montazeri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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38
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Adaptive innate immunity or innate adaptive immunity? Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1549-1565. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The innate immunity is frequently accepted as a first line of relatively primitive defense interfering with the pathogen invasion until the mechanisms of ‘privileged’ adaptive immunity with the production of antibodies and activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes ‘steal the show’. Recent advancements on the molecular and cellular levels have shaken the traditional view of adaptive and innate immunity. The innate immune memory or ‘trained immunity’ based on metabolic changes and epigenetic reprogramming is a complementary process insuring adaptation of host defense to previous infections.
Innate immune cells are able to recognize large number of pathogen- or danger- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) to behave in a highly specific manner and regulate adaptive immune responses. Innate lymphoid cells (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3) and NK cells express transcription factors and cytokines related to subsets of T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17). On the other hand, T and B lymphocytes exhibit functional properties traditionally attributed to innate immunity such as phagocytosis or production of tissue remodeling growth factors. They are also able to benefit from the information provided by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), e.g. γδT lymphocytes use T-cell receptor (TCR) in a manner close to PRR recognition. Innate B cells represent another example of limited combinational diversity usage participating in various innate responses. In the view of current knowledge, the traditional black and white classification of immune mechanisms as either innate or an adaptive needs to be adjusted and many shades of gray need to be included.
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Trogocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica Mediates Acquisition and Display of Human Cell Membrane Proteins and Evasion of Lysis by Human Serum. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00068-19. [PMID: 31040235 PMCID: PMC6495370 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00068-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis, a potentially fatal diarrheal disease. Abscesses in organs such as the liver can occur when amoebae are able to breach the intestinal wall and travel through the bloodstream to other areas of the body. Therefore, understanding how E. histolytica evades immune detection is of great interest. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that E. histolytica acquires and displays human cell membrane proteins by taking “bites” of human cell material in a process named trogocytosis (“trogo-” means “nibble”), and that this allows amoebae to survive in human serum. Display of acquired proteins through trogocytosis has been previously characterized only in mammalian immune cells. Our study suggests that this is a more general feature of trogocytosis not restricted to immune cells and broadens our knowledge of eukaryotic biology. These findings also reveal a novel strategy for immune evasion by a pathogen and may apply to the pathogenesis of other infections. We previously showed that Entamoeba histolytica kills human cells through a mechanism that we termed trogocytosis (“trogo-” means “nibble”), due to its resemblance to trogocytosis in other organisms. In microbial eukaryotes like E. histolytica, trogocytosis is used to kill host cells. In multicellular eukaryotes, trogocytosis is used for cell killing and cell-cell communication in a variety of contexts. Thus, nibbling is an emerging theme in cell-cell interactions both within and between species. When trogocytosis occurs between mammalian immune cells, cell membrane proteins from the nibbled cell are acquired and displayed by the recipient cell. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that through trogocytosis, amoebae acquire and display human cell membrane proteins. We demonstrate that E. histolytica acquires and displays human cell membrane proteins through trogocytosis and that this leads to protection from lysis by human serum. Protection from human serum occurs only after amoebae have undergone trogocytosis of live cells but not phagocytosis of dead cells. Likewise, mutant amoebae defective in phagocytosis, but unaltered in their capacity to perform trogocytosis, are protected from human serum. Our studies are the first to reveal that amoebae can display human cell membrane proteins and suggest that the acquisition and display of membrane proteins is a general feature of trogocytosis. These studies have major implications for interactions between E. histolytica and the immune system and also reveal a novel strategy for immune evasion by a pathogen. Since other microbial eukaryotes use trogocytosis for cell killing, our findings may apply to the pathogenesis of other infections.
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Okeke EB, Uzonna JE. The Pivotal Role of Regulatory T Cells in the Regulation of Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:680. [PMID: 31024539 PMCID: PMC6465517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction between innate and adaptive immunity is one of the basic tenets of immunology. The co-operation between these two arms of the immune system is a major determinant of the resistance or susceptibility of the host following pathogen invasion. Hence, this interactive co-operation between cells of the innate and adaptive immunity is of significant interest to immunologists. The sub-population of CD4+ T cells with regulatory phenotype (regulatory T cells; Tregs), which constitute a part of the adaptive immune system, have been widely implicated in the regulation of the immune system and maintenance of immune homeostasis. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion in research describing the role of Tregs and their relevance in several immunopathologies ranging from inflammation to cancer. The majority of these studies focus on the role of Tregs on the cells of the adaptive immune system. Recently, there is significant interest in the role of Tregs on cells of the innate immune system. In this review, we examine the literature on the role of Tregs in immunology. Specifically, we focus on the emerging knowledge of Treg interaction with dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and γδ T cells. We highlight this interaction as an important link between innate and adaptive immune systems which also indicate the far-reaching role of Tregs in the regulation of immune responses and maintenance of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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41
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Reed J, Wetzel SA. Trogocytosis-Mediated Intracellular Signaling in CD4 + T Cells Drives T H2-Associated Effector Cytokine Production and Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2873-2887. [PMID: 30962293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells have been observed to acquire APC-derived membrane and membrane-associated molecules through trogocytosis in diverse immune settings. Despite this, the consequences of trogocytosis on the recipient T cell remain largely unknown. We previously reported that trogocytosed molecules on CD4+ T cells engage their respective surface receptors, leading to sustained TCR signaling and survival after APC removal. Using peptide-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and transfected murine fibroblasts expressing antigenic MHC:peptide complexes as APC, we show that trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells display effector cytokines and transcription factor expression consistent with a TH2 phenotype. In vitro-polarized TH2 cells were found to be more efficient at performing trogocytosis than TH1 or nonpolarized CD4+ cells, whereas subsequent trogocytosis-mediated signaling induced TH2 differentiation in polarized TH1 and nonpolarized cells. Trogocytosis-positive CD4+ T cells generated in vivo also display a TH2 phenotype in both TCR-transgenic and wild-type models. These findings suggest that trogocytosis-mediated signaling impacts CD4+ T cell differentiation and effector cytokine production and may play a role in augmenting or shaping a TH2-dominant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Reed
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and
| | - Scott A Wetzel
- Program in Cellular, Molecular and Microbial Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; and .,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
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42
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Lingel H, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. CTLA-4 (CD152): A versatile receptor for immune-based therapy. Semin Immunol 2019; 42:101298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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43
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Regulatory T cells as a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1249-1258. [PMID: 29323337 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease caused by self- and non-self-antigens contributing to excessive activation of T and B cell immune responses. These responses further aggravate vascular infiammation and promote progression of atherosclerosis and vulnerability to plaques via releasing pro-infiammatory cytokines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) as the major immunoregulatory cells, in particular, induce and maintain immune homeostasis and tolerance by suppressing the immune responses of various cells such as T and B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as by secreting inhibitory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35 and transcription growth factor β (TGF-β) in both physiological and pathological states. Numerous evidence demonstrates that reduced numbers and dysfunction of Treg may be involveved in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Increasing or restoring the numbers and improving the immunosuppressive capacity of Tregs may serve as a fundamental immunotherapy to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we briefiy present current knowledge of Treg subsets, summarize the relationship between Tregs and atherosclerosis development, and discuss the possibilities of regulating Tregs for prevention of atherosclerosis pathogenesis and enhancement of plaque stability. Although the exact molecular mechanisms of Treg-mediated protection against atherosclerosis remain to be elucidated, the strategies for targeting the regulation of Tregs may provide specific and significant approaches for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Pinto BF, Medeiros NI, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Eloi-Santos SM, Fontes-Cal TCM, Rocha DA, Dutra WO, Correa-Oliveira R, Gomes JAS. CD86 Expression by Monocytes Influences an Immunomodulatory Profile in Asymptomatic Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:454. [PMID: 29599775 PMCID: PMC5857740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the chronic phase of Chagas disease, 60% of the patients develop the asymptomatic form known as indeterminate (IND). The remaining 30% of the patients develop a life-threatening form in which digestive and/or cardiac (CARD) alterations take place. The mechanisms underlying the development of severe forms of Chagas disease remain poorly understood. It is well known that interactions between immune cells such as monocytes and lymphocytes drive immune responses. Further, the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 expressed by monocytes and subsets induce lymphocyte activation, thereby triggering cellular immune response. Here, we revealed, for the first time, the functional-phenotypic profile of monocytes subsets in Chagas disease. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the effect of in vitro stimulation with Trypanosoma cruzi antigens on the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in different monocyte subsets of patients with IND and CARD clinical forms of Chagas disease. We also assessed the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, TLR-9, HLA-DR, IL-10, and IL-12 in the monocyte subsets and of CTLA-4 and CD28, ligands of CD80 and CD86, in T lymphocytes. CD86 expression in all monocyte subsets was higher in IND patients when compared with non-infected (NI) individuals. After stimulation with T. cruzi, these patients also showed a higher frequency of CD4+CTLA-4+ T lymphocytes than NI individuals. We found an association between CD80 and CD28, and between CD86 and CTLA-4 expression, with a high frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells in IND patients. We proposed that CD86 may be involved in immunoregulation by its association with CTLA-4 in asymptomatic patients. CD86 and CTLA-4 interaction may influence Treg activation, and this could represent a new strategy to control inflammation and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna F Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nayara I Medeiros
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tereza C M Fontes-Cal
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora A Rocha
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, INCT-DT, Salvador, Brazil.,NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana A S Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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45
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Xu A, Freywald A, Xiang J. Novel T-cell-based vaccines via arming polyclonal CD4 + T cells with antigen-specific exosomes. Immunotherapy 2018; 8:1265-1269. [PMID: 27993084 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhang Xu
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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46
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Zhang FK, Hou JL, Guo AJ, Tian AL, Sheng ZA, Zheng WB, Huang WY, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Expression profiles of genes involved in TLRs and NLRs signaling pathways of water buffaloes infected with Fasciola gigantica. Mol Immunol 2017; 94:18-26. [PMID: 29241030 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection of ruminants and humans with Fasciola gigantica is attracting increasing attention due to its economic impact and public health significance. However, little is known of innate immune responses during F. gigantica infection. Here, we investigated the expression profiles of genes involved in Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) signaling pathways in buffaloes infected with 500F. gigantica metacercariae. Serum, liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were collected from infected and control buffaloes at 3, 10, 28, and 70days post infection (dpi). Then, the levels of 12 cytokines in serum samples were evaluated by ELISA. Also, the levels of expression of 42 genes, related to TLRs and NLRs signaling, in liver and PBMCs were determined using custom RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays. At 3 dpi, modest activation of TLR4 and TLR8 and the adaptor protein (TICAM1) was detected. At 10 dpi, NF-κB1 and Interferon Regulatory Factor signaling pathways were upregulated along with activation of TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, TLR10, TRAF6, IRF3, TBK1, CASP1, CD80, and IFNA1 in the liver, and inflammatory response with activated TLR4, TLR9, TICAM1, NF-κB1, NLRP3, CD86, IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-8 in PBMCs. At 28 dpi, there was increase in the levels of cytokines along with induction of NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes-dependent immune responses in the liver and PBMCs. At 70 dpi, F. gigantica activated TLRs and NLRs, and their downstream interacting molecules. The activation of TLR7/9 signaling (perhaps due to increased B-cell maturation and activation) and upregulation of NLRP3 gene were also detected. These findings indicate that F. gigantica alters the expression of TLRs and NLRs genes to evade host immune defenses. Elucidation of the roles of the downstream effectors interacting with these genes may aid in the development of new interventions to control disease caused by F. gigantica infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ai-Jiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Zhao-An Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530005, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Wei-Yi Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530005, PR China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China.
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van Ham M, Teich R, Philipsen L, Niemz J, Amsberg N, Wissing J, Nimtz M, Gröbe L, Kliche S, Thiel N, Klawonn F, Hubo M, Jonuleit H, Reichardt P, Müller AJ, Huehn J, Jänsch L. TCR signalling network organization at the immunological synapses of murine regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:2043-2058. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco van Ham
- Cellular Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - René Teich
- Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Nicole Amsberg
- Cellular Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Josef Wissing
- Cellular Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Manfred Nimtz
- Cellular Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Lothar Gröbe
- Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Nadine Thiel
- Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Frank Klawonn
- Cellular Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
- Department of Computer Science; Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences; Wolfenbuettel Germany
| | - Mario Hubo
- Department of Dermatology; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Helmut Jonuleit
- Department of Dermatology; Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Peter Reichardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Andreas J. Müller
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
- Intravital Microscopy of Infection and Immunity; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Lothar Jänsch
- Cellular Proteomics; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig Germany
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48
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Flies AS, Blackburn NB, Lyons AB, Hayball JD, Woods GM. Comparative Analysis of Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Their Potential Role in the Transmissible Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:513. [PMID: 28515726 PMCID: PMC5413580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules function as a system of checks and balances that enhance or inhibit immune responses to infectious agents, foreign tissues, and cancerous cells. Immunotherapies that target immune checkpoint molecules, particularly the inhibitory molecules programmed cell death 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), have revolutionized human oncology in recent years, yet little is known about these key immune signaling molecules in species other than primates and rodents. The Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease is caused by transmissible cancers that have resulted in a massive decline in the wild Tasmanian devil population. We have recently demonstrated that the inhibitory checkpoint molecule PD-L1 is upregulated on Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) facial tumor cells in response to the interferon-gamma cytokine. As this could play a role in immune evasion by tumor cells, we performed a thorough comparative analysis of checkpoint molecule protein sequences among Tasmanian devils and eight other species. We report that many of the key signaling motifs and ligand-binding sites in the checkpoint molecules are highly conserved across the estimated 162 million years of evolution since the last common ancestor of placental and non-placental mammals. Specifically, we discovered that the CTLA-4 (MYPPPY) ligand-binding motif and the CTLA-4 (GVYVKM) inhibitory domain are completely conserved across all nine species used in our comparative analysis, suggesting that the function of CTLA-4 is likely conserved in these species. We also found that cysteine residues for intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds were also highly conserved. For instance, all 20 cysteine residues involved in disulfide bonds in the human 4-1BB molecule were also present in devil 4-1BB. Although many key sequences were conserved, we have also identified immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs) in genes and protein domains that have not been previously reported in any species. This checkpoint molecule analysis and review of salient features for each of the molecules presented here can serve as road map for the development of a Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease immunotherapy. Finally, the strategies can be used as a guide for veterinarians, ecologists, and other researchers willing to venture into the nascent field of wild immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicholas B. Blackburn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- School of Medicine, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Alan Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Department of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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49
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Dunham J, van Driel N, Eggen BJ, Paul C, 't Hart BA, Laman JD, Kap YS. Analysis of the cross-talk of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cells with T cells in the marmoset. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e127. [PMID: 28243437 PMCID: PMC5311918 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known association of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a lymphocryptovirus (LCV), with multiple sclerosis, a clear pathogenic role for disease progression has not been established. The translationally relevant experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in marmoset monkeys revealed that LCV-infected B cells have a central pathogenic role in the activation of T cells that drive EAE progression. We hypothesized that LCV-infected B cells induce T-cell functions relevant for EAE progression. In the current study, we examined the ex vivo cross-talk between lymph node mononuclear cells (MNCs) from EAE marmosets and (semi-) autologous EBV-infected B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs). Results presented here demonstrate that infection with EBV B95-8 has a strong impact on gene expression profile of marmoset B cells, particularly those involved with antigen processing and presentation or co-stimulation to T cells. At the cellular level, we observed that MNC co-culture with B-LCLs induced decrease of CCR7 expression on T cells from EAE responder marmosets, but not in EAE monkeys without clinically evident disease. B-LCL interaction with T cells also resulted in significant loss of CD27 expression and reduced expression of IL-23R and CCR6, which coincided with enhanced IL-17A production. These results highlight the profound impact that EBV-infected B-LCL cells can have on second and third co-stimulatory signals involved in (autoreactive) T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon Dunham
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Driel
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Jl Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chaitali Paul
- Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, University Groningen, University Medical Center , Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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50
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Folate deficiency affects dendritic cell function and subsequent T helper cell differentiation. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 41:65-72. [PMID: 28040582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient folate status may be related to the increasing prevalence of immune- or inflammation-related chronic diseases. To investigate the effects of folate on immune regulation, we examined the impact of folate deficiency (FD) on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function and, thus, T helper (Th) cells differentiation. First, bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were generated from BALB/c mice bone marrow cells cultured in folate-containing (F-BMDCs) or folate-deficient (FD-BMDCs) medium. FD-BMDC displayed more immature phenotype including reduced levels of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), co-stimulatory molecules and characteristic of higher endocytic activity. FD-BMDC produced less IL-12p70 and proinflammatory cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide. This aberrant DC maturation due to FD resulted in reduced BMDC-induced Th cell activity and lower IL-2, IFNγ, IL-13 and IL-10 productions. Further in vivo study confirmed significantly lower IFNγ and IL-10 productions by T cells and showed higher splenic naïve Th and lower memory T, effector T and regulatory T cell (Treg) percentages in mice fed with the FD diet for 13 weeks. To investigate the role of DCs on T cell activity, splenic DCs (spDC) from FD mice were cocultured with Th cells. The FD spDC had lower MHC II and CD80 expressions and subsequently impaired DC-induced Th differentiation, shown as decreased cytokine productions. This study demonstrated that folate deficiency impaired DC functions and, thus, Th differentiation and responses, suggesting that folate plays a crucial role in maintaining Th cells homeostasis.
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