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Borhani K, Bamdad T, Hashempour A, Salek Farrokhi A, Moayedi J. Comparison of the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of Core and NS3 candidate HCV vaccines on the cellular immune response. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 12:153-163. [PMID: 38187363 PMCID: PMC10767197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Currently, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects nearly 3% of the global population, the majority of whom are chronically infected; however, hepatitis C vaccines are still in the developmental stage. Numerous studies suggest that the spontaneous resolution of HCV infection and the design of its vaccine are reliant on vital contributions from CTL cell responses and T regulatory cells. Multiple researchers have identified both Core and nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) proteins as crucial immune genes and potential candidates for HCV DNA vaccine design. In this study, Core and NS3 were subcloned and inserted into pcDNA3.1 to construct HCV DNA vaccines administered in mouse models. Furthermore, the effects of Core and NS3 on the induction of CTL and NK were compared in spleen mouse models using the LDH method. Additionally, flow cytometry was employed to investigate the percentage of T regulatory cells (Treg cells) and cells expressing PD-1 in the spleens of the mouse models. Our data indicated that pcDNA3.1+NS3 and pcDNA3.1+Core could enhance CTL and NK activity in mouse models. Importantly, the Treg and PD-1 analysis in mouse models revealed a substantial reduction in the proportions of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ T cells and PD-1+ cells in experimental subjects treated with HCV NS3 along with 5 mg/kg of lenalidomide, utilized as a novel adjuvant, compared to those administered an equivalent dosage of lenalidomide in conjunction with HCV Core. In conclusion, our observations indicated that the NS3-HCV gene had a limited impact on the activation of inhibitory factors. Therefore, NS3 is considered a more suitable candidate for DNA vaccine design compared to Core HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiandokht Borhani
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Taravat Bamdad
- Department of Virology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Ava Hashempour
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Salek Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Javad Moayedi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical SciencesShiraz, Iran
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Li Y, Yang Y, Li T, Wang Z, Gao C, Deng R, Ma F, Li X, Ma L, Tian R, Li H, Zhu H, Zeng L, Gao Y, Lv G, Niu J, Crispe IN, Tu Z. Activation of AIM2 by hepatitis B virus results in antiviral immunity that suppresses hepatitis C virus during coinfection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0109023. [PMID: 37787533 PMCID: PMC10617567 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01090-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clinical data suggest that Hepatitis C virus (HCV) levels are generally lower in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infected patients, but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that HBV, but not HCV, activated absent in melanoma-2. This in turn results in inflammasome-mediated cleavage of pro-IL-18, leading to an innate immune activation cascade that results in increased interferon-γ, suppressing both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengmin Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunfeng Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Rilin Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Faxiang Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Licong Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Renyun Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiyi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haizhen Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology of College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zhengkun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun , Jilin, China
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3
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Liu B, Zhang E, Ma X, Luo S, Wang C, Zhang L, Wang W, Fu Y, Allain JP, Li C, Li T. Early Phase of Specific Cellular Immune Status Associates with HCV Infection Outcomes in Marmosets. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051082. [PMID: 37243168 DOI: 10.3390/v15051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The major mechanism for determination of HCV infection outcomes has not been fully described, particularly in the early phase of the "window-period" of infection. Based on two groups of marmosets infected with HCV-CE1E2p7/GBV-B chimeric virus (HCV chimera) or GBV-B, the immune mechanism correlating with the different outcomes of virus infections was explored in this study. HCV chimera containing the entire HCV core and envelope proteins (CE1E2p7) and GBV-B RNA were intrahepatically injected into four marmosets in each group, respectively. Blood samples were taken from individual animals in an interval of 2 weeks. Viral load and specific T cell responses were detected in two groups of HCV chimera- and GBV-B-infected marmosets. HCV chimera-infected marmosets appeared to have a virally persistent infection over 6 months post inoculation of the virus. Of these, the specific IFN-γ-secretion T cell response slowly developed over 13 to 19 weeks and was maintained at a relatively low level with 40-70 SFC/106 PBMCs, while the specific Treg cell response was rapidly activated over 3 weeks and was maintained at a high level around 5% among lymphocytes. In contrast, GBV-B-infected marmosets presented spontaneous viral clearance within 6 months; the specific IFN-γ-secretion T cell response was quickly established over 5 to 7 weeks and was maintained at a high level with 50-130 SFC/106 PBMCs, while the specific Treg cell response was inactivated and maintained at a baseline below 3% among lymphocytes. In conclusion, the HCV structural proteins inducing immune suppression in the early phase of HCV infection contributed to the viral persistence, of which the activation of Treg cells might play an important role in the inhibition of an effective T cell antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Enhui Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaorui Ma
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shengxue Luo
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Allain
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK
| | - Chengyao Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Zhao S, Si M, Deng X, Wang D, Kong L, Zhang Q. HCV inhibits M2a, M2b and M2c macrophage polarization via HCV core protein engagement with Toll‑like receptor 2. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:522. [PMID: 35837038 PMCID: PMC9257937 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shixing Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Si
- Department of Foreign Languages, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Xianpei Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Dengqin Wang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Lingbin Kong
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
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Nabeel MM, Darwish RK, Alakel W, Maher R, Mostafa H, Hashem A, Elbeshlawy M, Abul-Fotouh A, Shousha HI, Saeed Marie M. Changes in Serum Interferon Gamma and Interleukin-10 in Relation to Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype 4: A Pilot Study. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:428-434. [PMID: 35535108 PMCID: PMC9077187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study analyzes the changing levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-10 (as the main cytokines of T-helper-1 and T-helper-2 immune responses) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection undergoing therapy with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and to correlate them with laboratory markers. Methods This Pilot study included 50 HCV monoinfected patients who received DAAs for 12 or 24 weeks. They were followed up monthly during therapy and 3 months after the end of the treatment. Liver disease was determined by transient elastography, in addition to FIB-4 indices. Analysis of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was carried out using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results All patients carried HCV genotype 4. The Sustained virological response was 100% and 92% in cirrhotics and noncirrhotics, respectively. There was no significant difference between groups in baseline IL-10 or IFN-gamma. In noncirrhotics, IL-10 showed a significant reduction at Week 4 after treatment start. In cirrhotics, IL-10 showed a significant reduction at Week 4 after treatment starts and a significant reduction at Week 12 after the end of the treatment. At Week 12 after the end of the treatment, serum IL-10 levels were significantly lower in cirrhotics. IFN-γ showed nonsignificant changes in noncirrhotics. A significant increase of IFN-γ occurred in cirrhotics from Week 4 after treatment starts to 12 weeks after the end of the treatment. IFN-γ was significantly higher in cirrhotics at Week 12 after the end of the treatment. IFN-γ and IL-10 showed different correlations with laboratory markers. Conclusion Viral eradication induced by DAAs caused a significant change in IL-10 and IFN-gamma.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine transaminase
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- CHC, chronic hepatitis c
- DAA, Direct-acting antivirals
- DAC, daclatasvir
- DM, diabetes melliteus
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HTN, systemic hypertension
- IFN-γ, interferon gamma
- IL-10, interleukin 10
- INR, international normalized ratio
- NCCVH, National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis
- SOF, sofosbuvir
- STROBE, strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology
- SVR, sustained virological response rates
- Th, T-helper
- cytokines
- direct-acting antivirals
- hepatitis C virus
- interferon gamma
- interleukin-10
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Nabeel
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania K. Darwish
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Alakel
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab Maher
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hossam Mostafa
- Internal Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Students' Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hashem
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbeshlawy
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Abul-Fotouh
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend I. Shousha
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamad Saeed Marie
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,Address for correspondence. Mohamad Saeed Marie, Endemic Hepato-gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. Tel.: +966560352933.
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6
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Song X, Gao X, Wang Y, Raja R, Zhang Y, Yang S, Li M, Yao Z, Wei L. HCV Core Protein Induces Chemokine CCL2 and CXCL10 Expression Through NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654998. [PMID: 34531848 PMCID: PMC8438213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV core protein is the first structural protein synthesized during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and replication. It is released from virus infected liver cells and mediates multiple functions to affect host cell response. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against viral infection. After HCV infection, Kupffer cells (KCs) which are liver macrophages play an important role in host innate immune response. Kupffer cells act as phagocytes and release different cytokines and chemokines to counter viral infection and regulate inflammation and fibrosis in liver. Earlier, we have demonstrated that HCV core protein interacts with gC1qR and activates MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways in macrophages. In this study, we explored the effect of HCV core protein on CCL2 and CXCL10 expression in macrophages and the signaling pathways involved. Upon silencing of gC1qR, we observed a significant decrease expression of CCL2 and CXCL10 in macrophages in the presence of HCV core protein. Inhibiting NF-κB pathway, but not P38, JNK, ERK and AKT pathways greatly reduced the expression of CCL2 and CXCL10. Therefore, our results indicate that interaction of HCV core protein with gC1qR could induce CCL2 and CXCL10 secretion in macrophages via NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings may shed light on the understanding of how leukocytes migrate into the liver and exaggerate host-derived immune responses and may provide novel therapeutic targets in HCV chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rameez Raja
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yaoyu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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McPhie ML, Ren KYM, Hendry JM, Molin S, Herzinger T. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reaction to Red Tattoo Ink Triggered by Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir for Hepatitis C: A Case Report. Case Rep Dermatol 2021; 13:379-383. [PMID: 34413736 PMCID: PMC8339442 DOI: 10.1159/000513926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tattoos have become increasingly popular worldwide making adverse effects from tattoos a growing concern. In our report, we present a 51-year-old man who developed an unusual allergic reaction to the red ink portions of his tattoos that coincided with the initiation of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment for his hepatitis C. Clinical and histological features were consistent with a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to red ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L McPhie
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Y M Ren
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Michael Hendry
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonja Molin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Herzinger
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Zhou R, Liu L, Wang Y. Viral proteins recognized by different TLRs. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6116-6123. [PMID: 34375002 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Virus invasion activates the host's innate immune response, inducing the production of numerous cytokines and interferons to eliminate pathogens. Except for viral DNA/RNA, viral proteins are also targets of pattern recognition receptors. Membrane-bound receptors such as Toll-like receptor (TLR)1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10 relate to the recognition of viral proteins. Distinct TLRs perform both protective and detrimental roles for a specific virus. Here, we review viral proteins serving as pathogen-associated molecular patterns and their corresponding TLRs. These viruses are all enveloped, including respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis C virus, measles virus, herpesvirus human immunodeficiency virus, and coronavirus, and can encode proteins to activate innate immunity in a TLR-dependent way. The TLR-viral protein relationship plays an important role in innate immunity activation. A detailed understanding of their pathways contributes to a novel direction for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Saraceni C, Birk J. A Review of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Immunopathogenesis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:409-418. [PMID: 34221927 PMCID: PMC8237136 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in therapy, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) still represent a significant global health burden, both as major causes of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death worldwide. HBV is capable of incorporating its covalently closed circular DNA into the host cell's hepatocyte genome, making it rather difficult to eradicate its chronic stage. Successful viral clearance depends on the complex interactions between the virus and host's innate and adaptive immune response. One encouraging fact on hepatitis B is the development and effective distribution of the HBV vaccine. This has significantly reduced the spread of this virus. HCV is a RNA virus with high mutagenic capacity, thus enabling it to evade the immune system and have a high rate of chronic progression. High levels of HCV heterogeneity and its mutagenic capacity have made it difficult to create an effective vaccine. The recent advent of direct acting antivirals has ushered in a new era in hepatitis C therapy. Sustained virologic response is achieved with DAAs in 85-99% of cases. However, this still leads to a large population of treatment failures, so further advances in therapy are still needed. This article reviews the immunopathogenesis of HBV and HCV, their properties contributing to host immune system avoidance, chronic disease progression, vaccine efficacy and limitations, as well as treatment options and common pitfalls of said therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Saraceni
- Correspondence to: Corey Saraceni, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-8074, USA. Tel: +1-203-733-7408, Fax: +1-860-679-3159, E-mail:
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10
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Zientarska A, Kaczmarek M, Mozer-Lisewska I, Kowala-Piaskowska A, Witkowska A, Żeromski J. Treg cells in the course of chronic hepatitis C virus infection partially normalize in longitudinal observation after successful DAA treatment regardless of hepatic fibrosis stage. Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 7:196-204. [PMID: 34295988 PMCID: PMC8284172 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2021.107122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Elevated circulating CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) play an unspecified role in liver fibrosis development. This study aimed to determine whether Treg cells diminish after successful treatment with directacting antivirals (DAA) in patients at different liver fibrosis stages. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined 44 patients with CHC (including 29 with liver cirrhosis) seven days before DAA treatment (T0), six months later (T1) and then 22 of them were examined one year (T2) after the first dose. Subsequently, these were compared with 28 volunteers without hepatitis C virus (HCV) (15 with excessive alcohol intake). We assessed the degree of liver fibrosis with FibroScan, aspartate transaminase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI), FibroIndex, the Forns index and Fib-4. Circulating Treg cells were measured using flow cytometry. RESULTS All patients achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). After the treatment, all liver fibrosis indicators decreased significantly. The number of circulating Tregs was lower in healthy controls than in patients with CHC (0.0066 × 103 cells/µl and 0.0084 × 103 cells/µl, respectively, p = 0.048). After the treatment we observed an insignificant change to 0.0047 × 103 cells/µl for T1 (p > 0.05) and a significant fall to 0.0041 × 103 cells/µl for T2 (p = 0.03). There was no correlation between the degree of hepatic fibrosis and number of Tregs or post-treatment dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that Treg cells normalize gradually over a prolonged period of time after a successful DAA treatment. Their number and dynamics remain independent of liver fibrosis degree. The correlation of this revelation with metabolic disorders, increased susceptibility to infections or persistent risk of HCC remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zientarska
- Chair and Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Chair of Clinical Immunology and Department of Cancer Immunology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Mozer-Lisewska
- Chair and Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Arleta Kowala-Piaskowska
- Chair and Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Witkowska
- Chair and Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Żeromski
- Chair of Clinical Immunology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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11
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Immunogenomic Identification for Predicting the Prognosis of Cervical Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052442. [PMID: 33671013 PMCID: PMC7957482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is primarily caused by the infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Moreover, tumor immune microenvironment plays a significant role in the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively identify predictive biomarkers from immunogenomics associated with cervical cancer prognosis. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public database has stored abundant sequencing or microarray data, and clinical data, offering a feasible and reliable approach for this study. In the present study, gene profile and clinical data were downloaded from TCGA, and the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) database. Wilcoxon-test was used to compare the difference in gene expression. Univariate analysis was adopted to identify immune-related genes (IRGs) and transcription factors (TFs) correlated with survival. A prognostic prediction model was established by multivariate cox analysis. The regulatory network was constructed and visualized by correlation analysis and Cytoscape, respectively. Gene functional enrichment analysis was performed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A total of 204 differentially expressed IRGs were identified, and 22 of them were significantly associated with the survival of cervical cancer. These 22 IRGs were actively involved in the JAK-STAT pathway. A prognostic model based on 10 IRGs (APOD, TFRC, GRN, CSK, HDAC1, NFATC4, BMP6, IL17RD, IL3RA, and LEPR) performed moderately and steadily in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients with FIGO stage I, regardless of the age and grade. Taken together, a risk score model consisting of 10 novel genes capable of predicting survival in SCC patients was identified. Moreover, the regulatory network of IRGs associated with survival (SIRGs) and their TFs provided potential molecular targets.
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Aghbash PS, Hemmat N, Nahand JS, Shamekh A, Memar MY, Babaei A, Baghi HB. The role of Th17 cells in viral infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 91:107331. [PMID: 33418239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present review provides an overview of recent advances regarding the function of Th17 cells and their produced cytokines in the progression of viral diseases. Viral infections alone do not lead to virus-induced malignancies, as both genetic and host safety factors are also involved in the occurrence of malignancies. Acquired immune responses, through the differentiation of Th17 cells, form the novel components of the Th17 cell pathway when reacting with viral infections all the way from the beginning to its final stages. As a result, instead of inducing the right immune responses, these events lead to the suppression of the immune system. In fact, the responses from Th17 cells during persistent viral infections causes chronic inflammation through the production of IL-17 and other cytokines which provide a favorable environment for tumor growth and its development. Additionally, during the past decade, these cells have been understood to be involved in tumor progression and metastasis. However, further research is required to understand Th17 cells' immune mechanisms in the vast variety of viral diseases. This review aims to determine the roles and effects of the immune system, especially Th17 cells, in the progression of viral diseases; which can be highly beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, ZIP Code 14155 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ZIP Code 15731 Tabriz, Iran.
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13
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Llorens-Revull M, Costafreda MI, Rico A, Guerrero-Murillo M, Soria ME, Píriz-Ruzo S, Vargas-Accarino E, Gabriel-Medina P, Rodríguez-Frías F, Riveiro-Barciela M, Perales C, Quer J, Sauleda S, Esteban JI, Bes M. Partial restoration of immune response in Hepatitis C patients after viral clearance by direct-acting antiviral therapy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254243. [PMID: 34242330 PMCID: PMC8270431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS HCV CD4+ and CD8+ specific T cells responses are functionally impaired during chronic hepatitis C infection. DAAs therapies eradicate HCV infection in more than 95% of treated patients. However, the impact of HCV elimination on immune responses remain controversial. Here, we aimed to investigate whether HCV cure by DAAs could reverse the impaired immune response to HCV. METHODS We analyzed 27 chronic HCV infected patients undergoing DAA treatment in tertiary care hospital, and we determined the phenotypical and functional changes in both HCV CD8+ and CD4+ specific T-cells before and after viral clearance. PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 cell-surface expression was assessed by flow cytometry to determine CD4+ T cell exhaustion. Functional responses to HCV were analyzed by IFN-Ɣ ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining (IL-2 and IFN-Ɣ) and CFSE-based proliferation assays. RESULTS We observed a significant decrease in the expression of PD-1 in CD4+ T-cells after 12 weeks of viral clearance in non-cirrhotic patients (p = 0.033) and in treatment-naive patients (p = 0.010), indicating a partial CD4 phenotype restoration. IFN-Ɣ and IL-2 cytokines production by HCV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remained impaired upon HCV eradication. Finally, a significant increase of the proliferation capacity of both HCV CD4+ and CD8+ specific T-cells was observed after HCV elimination by DAAs therapies. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in chronically infected patients HCV elimination by DAA treatment lead to partial reversion of CD4+ T cell exhaustion. Moreover, proliferative capacity of HCV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is recovered after DAA's therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Llorens-Revull
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Costafreda
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angie Rico
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Guerrero-Murillo
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Eugenia Soria
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía Píriz-Ruzo
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Vargas-Accarino
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gabriel-Medina
- Liver Pathology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Microbiology Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Frías
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Pathology Laboratory, Biochemistry and Microbiology Unit, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Riveiro-Barciela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Perales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Quer
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Sauleda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Esteban
- Liver Diseases-Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Liver Unit, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (HUVH), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Transfusion Safety Laboratory, Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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George JA, Park SO, Choi JY, Uyangaa E, Eo SK. Double-faced implication of CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells expanded by acute dengue infection via TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1000-1018. [PMID: 32125695 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dengue infection causes dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs are expanded in patients during dengue infection, and appear to be associated with clinical severity. However, molecular pathways involved in Treg proliferation and the reason for their insufficient control of severe diseases are poorly understood. Here, dengue infection induced the proliferation of functional CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs via TLR2/MyD88 pathway. Surface TLR2 on Tregs was responsible for their proliferation, and dengue-expanded Tregs subverted in vivo differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells. An additional interesting finding was that dengue-infected hosts displayed changed levels of susceptibility to other diseases in TLR2-dependent manner. This change included enhanced susceptibility to tumors and bacterial infection, but highly enhanced resistance to viral infection. Further, the transfer of dengue-proliferated Tregs protected the recipients from dengue-induced DHF/DSS and LPS-induced sepsis. In contrast, dengue-infected hosts were more susceptible to sepsis, an effect attributable to early TLR2-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines. These facts may explain the reason why in some patients, dengue-proliferated Tregs is insufficient to control DF and DHF/DSS. Also, our observations lead to new insights into Treg responses activated by dengue infection in a TLR2-dependent manner, which could differentially act on subsequent exposure to other disease-producing situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junu A George
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebelig Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
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15
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Fang Q, Deng Y, Liang R, Mei Y, Hu Z, Wang J, Sun J, Zhang X, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG. CD19 +CD24 hiCD38 hi regulatory B cells: a potential immune predictive marker of severity and therapeutic responsiveness of hepatitis C. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:889-900. [PMID: 32269721 PMCID: PMC7137049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with abnormal immune responses. Since regulatory T (Tregs) and B (Bregs) cells modulate the progression of infectious diseases, this study aimed at examining how these cells are involved with the development of HCV infection. METHODS The frequencies of circulating Bregs and Tregs were characterized using flow cytometry. Both the association and dynamic changes of these cells with related clinical parameters were analyzed after Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) agent treatments. Additionally, both regulatory B and T and naïve B and T cells were sorted and stimulated with healthy or HCV sera in vitro. RESULTS Bregs frequency in HCV-infected patients increased significantly and were positively correlated with levels of sera HCV RNA load, Alanine aminotransferase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBILI). Additionally, the increased Bregs returned to normal levels after DAA treatment. However, Tregs increased markedly in patients with HCV-cirrhosis and were significantly associated with Aspartate aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and Fibrosis 4 (FIB-4) scores. Furthermore, HCV sera doesn't expand either Tregs or Bregs, however, it does induce the IL-10 expression in B cells although it fails to induce FOXP3 expression in CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased Bregs not only may be associated with poor viral eradication and liver injury but also may provide a predictive marker of HCV disease therapeutic efficacy following DAA-treatment. HCV sera may selectively induce Bregs. Tregs probably do not control disease status in the early stages but may contribute to the progression of liver fibrosis in the late stages of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Fang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Yanan Deng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongzhen Liang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyu Mei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoxia Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical CenterColumbus, OH 43210, United States
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Nair A, Shukla D, Chauhan P, Khorramdelazad H, Sarkar A, Saha B. Leishmania species-dependent functional duality of toll-like receptor 2. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1685-1700. [PMID: 31329370 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a subset of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) in innate immunity and act as a connecting link between innate and adaptive immune systems. During Leishmania infection, the activation of TLRs influences the pathogen-specific immune responses, which may play a decisive role in determining the outcome of infection, toward elimination or survival of the pathogen. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the innate immune system such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells express TLR2, which plays a crucial role in the parasite recognition and elicitation of immune responses in Leishmania infection. Depending on the infecting Leishmania species, the TLR2 pathways may result in a host-protective or a disease-exacerbating response. While Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani infections trigger TLR2-related host-protective and non-protective immune responses, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania infantum infections are reported to elicit TLR2-mediated host-protective responses and Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania braziliensis infections are reported to evoke a disease-exacerbating response. These findings illustrate that TLR2-related effector functions are diverse and may be exerted in a species- or strain-dependent manner. TLR2 agonists or antagonists may have therapeutic potentials to trigger the desired immune response during leishmaniasis. In this review, we discuss the TLR2-related immune responses during leishmaniasis and highlight the novel insights into the possible role of TLR2-driven resistance or susceptibility to Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Hossain Khorramdelazad
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Chronic Hepatitis C: Conspectus of immunological events in the course of fibrosis evolution. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219508. [PMID: 31318916 PMCID: PMC6638930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronically infected HCV patients emergence and evolution of fibrosis, as a consequence of virus persistence, can be considered as an indicator of disease advancement. Therefore the aim of this study was to correlate alterations of immune response in chronic HCV patients with liver histopathology. Sera cytokine levels and frequency of circulating and liver infiltrating cells were evaluated using 13plex Kit Flow Cytomix, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. We found that the number of circulating T lymphocytes (including CD4+, CD8+ and Treg) and B lymphocytes, as well as DCs, was higher in patients with no fibrosis than in healthy subjects. In patients with fibrosis frequency of these cells decreased, and contrarily, in the liver, number of T and B lymphocytes gradually increased with fibrosis. Importantly, in patients with advanced fibrosis, liver infiltrating regulatory T cells and DC-SIGN+ mononuclear cells with immunosuppressive and wound-healing effector functions were abundantly present. Cytokine profiling showed predominance of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with no fibrosis and a tendency of decline in level of all cytokines with severity of liver injury. Lower but sustained IL-4 production refers to Th2 predominance in higher stages of fibrosis. Altogether, our results reveal graduall alterations of immunological parameters during fibrosis evolution and illustrate the course of immunological events through disease progression.
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Zhang H, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Dual effect of T helper cell 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cell (Treg) in liver pathological process: From occurrence to end stage of disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 69:50-59. [PMID: 30669025 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease is a complicated pathological status with acute or chronic progressions, causing a series of damages to liver and massive burden to public health and society. Th17 and Treg, two subsets of CD4+ T helper cells, seem to keep a subtle balance in the maintenance of organic immune homeostasis including liver. The dysfunction of Th17/Treg balance in liver has been proved associated with hepatic injury and disease. Herein, we summarized the research advance of Th17 and Treg cells in different phenotypes of liver diseases in the past decade. It is known to all that hepatic diseases start from stimulations or infections like virus, autoimmune, alcohol and so on in the early stage, which would cause inflammation. With the disease consistently existed, severe outcomes like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma appear finally. In conclusion, it is found that Th17 and Treg cells serve as an important role in the immune response imbalance of liver diseases from the beginning to the end stage. However, the effect of these two subsets of CD4+ T helper cells is not a stereotype. Pathological role which exacerbates the disease and protective character which inhibits damage to liver are co-existed in the effect of Th17 and Treg cells. Still, more studies should be carried out to enrich the understandings of liver disease and Th17/Treg immune balance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Balasubramanian PK, Kim J, Son K, Durai P, Kim Y. 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone: A Potent Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory Activity Targeting Toll-like Receptor 2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | - Kkabi Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
| | | | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 South Korea
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20
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Wang W, Tong Z, Zhong J, Zhang L, Zhang H, Su Y, Gao B, Zhang C. Identification of IL-10-secreting CD8 +CD28 -PD-1 + regulatory T cells associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Immunol Lett 2018; 202:16-22. [PMID: 30055200 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8+CD28- regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in chronic viral infections. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is highly expressed on hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CTLs. However, little is known regarding the role of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells in hepatitis C. Herein, we found that the frequency of CD8+CD28-PD1+, but not CD8+CD28-PD1- T cells, correlated with markers of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the response to treatment. Our results showed that CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells were significantly elevated in chronic HCV-infected patients and there was a distinct correlation between the frequency of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells and serum levels of HCV RNA. During a 48-week course of treatment with peg-IFN-a2a plus ribavirin, dynamic changes in the frequencies of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells were observed, associated with the virologic response. IL-10 secretion may explain the suppressive function of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells in chronic HCV-infected patients. Overall, our study demonstrates that PD-1 is an important marker of CD8+CD28- Tregs in chronic HCV infection. Thus, the frequency and regulatory function of CD8+CD28-PD1+ T cells play vital roles in HCV infection and the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Zhaowei Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Longqi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Yanguang Su
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Bingbing Gao
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases,Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China.
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21
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Restoring Inflammatory Mediator Balance after Sofosbuvir-Induced Viral Clearance in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8578051. [PMID: 29977152 PMCID: PMC5994301 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8578051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at analyzing circulating levels of inflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection undergoing therapy with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) and correlating these immune biomarkers with liver disease status. We studied 88 Brazilian monoinfected chronic hepatitis C patients receiving interferon- (IFN-) free sofosbuvir-based regimens for 12 or 24 weeks, followed-up before therapy initiation and three months after the end of treatment. Liver disease was determined by transient elastography, in addition to APRI and FIB-4 indexes. Analysis of 30 immune mediators was carried out by multiplex or enzymatic immunoassays. Sustained virological response rate was 98.9%. Serum levels of cytokines were increased in HCV-infected patients when compared to control group. CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CXCL-8, CXCL-10, IL-1β, IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β, FGFb, and PAI-1 decreased significantly after antiviral therapy, reaching values similar to noninfected controls. TGF-β and suPAR levels were associated with fibrosis/cirrhosis. Also, we observed amelioration in hepatic parameters after DAA treatment. Together, our results suggest that viral control induced by IFN-free DAA therapy restores inflammatory mediators in association with improvement in liver function.
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22
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HCV immune evasion and regulatory T cell activation: cause or consequence? Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:536-538. [PMID: 29176743 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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23
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are important effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, playing critical roles in antitumor and anti-infection host defense. Tumor progression or chronic infections, however, usually leads to exhaustion of NK cells, thus limiting the antitumor/infection potential of NK cells. In many tumors or chronic infections, multiple mechanisms might contribute to the exhaustion of NK cells, such as dysregulated NK cell receptors signaling, as well as suppressive effects by regulatory cells or soluble factors within the microenvironment. Better understanding of the characteristics, as well as the underlying mechanisms of NK cell exhaustion, not only should increase our understanding of the basic biology of NK cells but also could reveal novel NK cell-based antitumor/infection targets. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on NK cell exhaustion in tumors, and in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Comarmond C, Garrido M, Pol S, Desbois AC, Costopoulos M, Le Garff-Tavernier M, Si Ahmed SN, Alric L, Fontaine H, Bellier B, Maciejewski A, Rosenzwajg M, Klatzmann D, Musset L, Poynard T, Cacoub P, Saadoun D. Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy Restores Immune Tolerance to Patients With Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:2052-2062.e2. [PMID: 28274850 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interferon-free direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies are effective in patients with hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia vasculitis (HCV-CV). We analyzed blood samples from patients with HCV-CV before and after DAA therapy to determine mechanisms of these drugs and their effects on cellular immunity. METHODS We performed a prospective study of 27 consecutive patients with HCV-CV (median age, 59 y) treated with DAA therapy (21 patients received sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for 24 weeks, 4 patients received sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir for 12 weeks, and 2 patients received sofosbuvir plus simeprevir for 12 weeks) in Paris, France. Blood samples were collected from these patients before and after DAA therapy, and also from 12 healthy donors and 12 individuals with HCV infection without CV. HCV load, cryoglobulins, and cytokines were quantified by flow cytometry, cytokine multiplex assays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Twenty-four patients (88.9%) had a complete clinical response of CV to DAA therapy at week 24, defined by improvement of all the affected organs and the absence of relapse. Compared with healthy donors and patients with HCV infection without CV, patients with HCV-CV, before DAA therapy, had a lower percentage of CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ regulatory T cells (P < .01), but higher proportions of IgM+CD21-/low memory B cells (P < .05), CD4+IFNγ+ cells (P < .01), CD4+IL17A+ cells (P < .01), and CD4+CXCR5+interleukin 21+ follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells (P < .01). In patients with HCV-CV, there was a negative correlation between numbers of IgM+CD21-/low memory B cells and T-regulatory cells (P = .03), and positive correlations with numbers of Tfh cells (P = .03) and serum levels of cryoglobulin (P = .01). DAA therapy increased patients' numbers of T-regulatory cells (1.5% ± 0.18% before therapy vs 2.1% ± 0.18% after therapy), decreased percentages of IgM+CD21-/low memory B cells (35.7% ± 6.1% before therapy vs 14.9% ± 3.8% after therapy), and decreased numbers of Tfh cells (12% ± 1.3% before therapy vs 8% ± 0.9% after therapy). Expression levels of B lymphocyte stimulator receptor 3 and programmed cell death 1 on B cells increased in patients with HCV-CV after DAA-based therapy (mean fluorescence units, 37 ± 2.4 before therapy vs 47 ± 2.6 after therapy, P < .01; and 29 ± 7.3 before therapy vs 48 ± 9.3 after therapy, P < .05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In a prospective clinical trial of patients with HCV-CV, DAA-based therapy restored disturbances in peripheral B- and T-cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Comarmond
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Marlène Garrido
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Department of Hepatology, assistance publique des hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claire Desbois
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Myrto Costopoulos
- Biological Hematology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Alric
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Purpan, unité mixte de recherche 152, institut de recherche pour le développement Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- Department of Hepatology, assistance publique des hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Bellier
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Anna Maciejewski
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Rosenzwajg
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - David Klatzmann
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Musset
- Department of Immunology, unité fonctionnelle d'Immunochimie et d'Autoimmunité, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Poynard
- Department of Hepatology, unité mixte de recherche_S 938, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, assistance publique des hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Cacoub
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - David Saadoun
- Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Inflammation-Immunopathologie-Biotherapie (département hospitalo-unniversitaire i2B), Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, unité mixte de recherche 7211, Paris, France; INSERM, unité mixte de recherche_S 959, Paris, France; centre national de recherche et de santé, FRE3632, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France.
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25
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Naciute M, Maciunaite G, Mieliauskaite D, Rugiene R, Zinkeviciene A, Mauricas M, Murovska M, Girkontaite I. Increased Numbers of CD4 +CD25 + and CD8 +CD25 + T-Cells in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis with Parvovirus B19 Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 31:181-185. [PMID: 28358698 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate T-cell subpopulations in peripheral blood of human parvovirus B19 DNA-positive (B19+) and -negative (B19-) patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy persons. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood samples were collected from 115 patients with RA and 47 healthy volunteers; 27 patients with RA and nine controls were B19+ Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4, 8, 25 and 45RA were analyzed on blood cells. CD25 expression on CD4+CD45RA+, CD4+CD45RA-, CD8+CD45RA+, CD8+CD45RA- subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentage of CD25low and CD25hi cells was increased on CD4+CD45RA+, CD4+CD45RA- T-cells and the percentage of CD25+ cells was increased on CD8+CD45RA+, CD8+CD45RA- T-cells of B19+ patients with RA in comparison with B19- patients and controls. CONCLUSION Raised levels of CD4 and CD8 regulatory T-cells in B19+ RA patients could cause down-regulation of antiviral clearance mechanisms and lead to activation of persistent human parvovirus B19 infection in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milda Naciute
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gabriele Maciunaite
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Diana Mieliauskaite
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rita Rugiene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Centre of Rheumatology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aukse Zinkeviciene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mykolas Mauricas
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Modra Murovska
- A. Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Irute Girkontaite
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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26
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Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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27
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Zhai N, Li H, Song H, Yang Y, Cui A, Li T, Niu J, Crispe IN, Su L, Tu Z. Hepatitis C Virus Induces MDSCs-Like Monocytes through TLR2/PI3K/AKT/STAT3 Signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170516. [PMID: 28114346 PMCID: PMC5256909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent studies reveal the accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) following HCV infection, which may facilitate and maintain HCV persistent infection. The mechanisms by which HCV induces MDSCs are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which HCV induces MDSCs that lead to suppression of T cell proliferation and expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. METHODS Purified monocytes from healthy donors were cultured with HCV core protein (HCVc) or cell culture-derived HCV virions (HCVcc), and characterized the phenotype and function of these monocytes by flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, ELISA and western blot assays. In addition, peripheral blood from healthy donors and chronic HCV infected patients was collected, and MDSCs and CD4+CD25+CD127- regulatory T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both HCVc and HCVcc induced expression of IDO1, PD-L1 and IL-10, and significantly down-regulated HLA-DR expression in human monocytes. HCVc-treated monocytes triggered CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs expansion, and inhibited autologous CD4+ T cell activation in an IDO1-dependent fashion. Our results showed that HCV virions or HCV core proteins induced MDSC-like suppressive monocytes via the TLR2/PI3K/AKT/STAT3 signaling pathway. Monocytes derived from patients with chronic HCV infection displayed MDSCs characteristics. Moreover, the percentages of CD14+ MDSCs and CD4+CD25+CD127- Tregs in chronic HCV infected patients were significantly higher than healthy individuals, and the frequency of MDSCs correlated with CD4+CD25+CD127- Tregs. CONCLUSIONS HCV induced MDSC-like suppressive monocytes through TLR2/PI3K/AKT/STAT3 signaling pathway to induce CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and inhibit autologous CD4+ T cell activation. It will be of interest to test whether antagonizing suppressive functions of MDSCs could enhance immune responses and virus control in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naicui Zhai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - An Cui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lishan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zhengkun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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28
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Hartling HJ, Ballegaard VC, Nielsen NS, Gaardbo JC, Nielsen SD. Immune regulation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:1387-97. [PMID: 27436030 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2016.1170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The immunological result of infection with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) depends on the delicate balance between a vigorous immune response that may clear the infection, but with a risk of unspecific inflammation and, or a less inflammatory response that leads to chronic infection. In general, exhaustion and impairment of cytotoxic function of HCV-specific T cells and NK cells are found in patients with chronic HCV infection. In contrast, an increase in immune regulatory functions is found primarily in form of increased IL-10 production possibly due to increased level and function of anti-inflammatory Tregs. Thus, the major immune players during chronic HCV infection are characterized by a decrease of cytotoxic function and increase of inhibitory functions. This may be an approach to diminish intrahepatic and systemic inflammation. Finally, there has been increasing awareness of regulatory functions of epigenetic changes in chronic HCV infection. A vast amount of studies have revealed the complexity of immune regulation in chronic HCV infection, but the interplay between immune regulation in virus and host remains incompletely understood. This review provides an overview of regulatory functions of HCV-specific T cells, NK cells, Tregs, IL-10, and TGF-β, as well as epigenetic changes in the setting of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jakob Hartling
- a Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Copenhagen , Rigshospitalet , Denmark
| | - Vibe Cecilie Ballegaard
- a Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Copenhagen , Rigshospitalet , Denmark
| | - Nick Schou Nielsen
- a Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Copenhagen , Rigshospitalet , Denmark
| | - Julie Christine Gaardbo
- a Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Copenhagen , Rigshospitalet , Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- a Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Copenhagen , Rigshospitalet , Denmark
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29
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Fouad H, El Raziky M, Hassan EM, Aziz GMA, Darweesh SK, Sayed AR. Regulatory and activated effector T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus: Relation to autoimmunity. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1287-1294. [PMID: 27843539 PMCID: PMC5084058 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i30.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate how Tregs are regulated in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients via assessment of Tregs markers (granzyme 2, CD69 and FoxP3), Teffs markers [TNFRSF4 (OX40), INFG] and CD4, CD25 genes. METHODS A prospective study was conducted on 120 subjects divided into 4 groups: Group I (n = 30) treatment naïve chronic HCV patients; Group II (n = 30) chronic HCV treated with Peg/Riba; Group III (n = 30) chronic HCV associated with non-organ specific autoantibody and Group IV (n = 30) healthy persons as a control group. Tregs and Teffs markers were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Chronic HCV patients exhibited significant higher levels of both Teffs and Tregs in comparison to healthy control group. Tregs markers were significantly decreased in Peg/Riba treated HCV patients in comparison to treatment naïve HCV group. In HCV patients with antinuclear antibody (ANA) +ve, Tregs markers were significantly decreased in comparison to all other studied groups. Teffs markers were significantly elevated in all HCV groups in comparison to control and in HCV group with ANA +ve in comparison to treatment naïve HCV group. CONCLUSION Elevated Tregs cells in chronic HCV patients dampen both CD4+ and CD8+ autologous T cell immune response. Interferon-α and ribavirin therapy suppress proliferation of Tregs. More significant suppression of Tregs was observed in HCV patients with autoantibodies favoring pathological autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Fouad
- Hanan Fouad, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Maissa El Raziky
- Hanan Fouad, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman Medhat Hassan
- Hanan Fouad, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mahmoud Abdel Aziz
- Hanan Fouad, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Samar K Darweesh
- Hanan Fouad, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Reda Sayed
- Hanan Fouad, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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30
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhai N, Song H, Li H, Yang Y, Li T, Guo X, Chi B, Niu J, Crispe IN, Su L, Tu Z. HCV core protein inhibits polarization and activity of both M1 and M2 macrophages through the TLR2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36160. [PMID: 27786268 PMCID: PMC5082373 DOI: 10.1038/srep36160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes persistent infection in most infected patients, and eventually causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in some patients. Monocytes and macrophages provide the first line of defense against pathogens, but their roles in HCV infection remains unclear. We have reported that HCV core protein (HCVc) manipulates human blood-derived dendritic cell development. In the present study, we tested whether HCVc affects human blood-derived monocyte differentiating into macrophages. Results showed that HCVc inhibits monocyte differentiation to either M1 or M2 macrophages through TLR2, associated with impaired STATs signaling pathway. Moreover, HCVc inhibits phagocytosis activity of M1 and M2 macrophages, M1 macrophage-induced autologous and allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation, but promotes M2 macrophage-induced autologous and allogeneic CD4+ T cell activation. In conclusion, HCVc inhibits monocyte-derived macrophage polarization via TLR2 signaling, leading to dysfunctions of both M1 and M2 macrophages in chronic HCV infected patients. This may contribute to the mechanism of HCV persistent infection, and suggest that blockade of HCVc might be a novel therapeutic approach to treating HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Naicui Zhai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianyang Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baorong Chi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ian Nicholas Crispe
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhengkun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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31
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Ren JP, Zhao J, Dai J, Griffin JWD, Wang L, Wu XY, Morrison ZD, Li GY, El Gazzar M, Ning SB, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Hepatitis C virus-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate T-cell differentiation and function via the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. Immunology 2016; 148:377-86. [PMID: 27149428 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a pivotal role in controlling viral infection; however, the precise mechanisms responsible for regulating T-cell differentiation and function during infections are incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrated an expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), in particular the monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs; CD14(+) CD33(+) CD11b(+) HLA-DR(-/low) ), in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Notably, HCV-induced M-MDSCs express high levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared with healthy subjects. Blocking STAT3 signalling reduced HCV-mediated M-MDSC expansion and decreased IL-10 expression. Importantly, we observed a significant increase in the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells following incubation of healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with MDSCs derived from HCV-infected patients or treated with HCV core protein. In addition, depletion of MDSCs from PBMCs led to a significant reduction of Foxp3(+) Treg cells developed during chronic HCV infection. Moreover, depletion of MDSCs from PBMCs significantly increased interferon-γ production by CD4(+) T effector (Teff) cells derived from HCV patients. These results suggest that HCV-induced MDSCs promote Treg cell development and inhibit Teff cell function, suggesting a novel mechanism for T-cell regulation and a new strategy for immunotherapy against human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun P Ren
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jun Dai
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jeddidiah W D Griffin
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zheng D Morrison
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Guang Y Li
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Shun B Ning
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.,Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, USA
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32
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Song X, Yao Z, Yang J, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Li M, Ma C, Yang L, Gao X, Li W, Liu J, Wei L. HCV core protein binds to gC1qR to induce A20 expression and inhibit cytokine production through MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2016; 7:33796-808. [PMID: 27183919 PMCID: PMC5085119 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a strong propensity toward chronicity. During chronic HCV infection, HCV core protein is implicated in deregulating cytokine expression that associates with chronic inflammation. A20 is known as a powerful suppressor in cytokine signaling, in this study, we explored the A20 expression in macrophages induced by HCV core protein and the involved signaling pathways. Results demonstrated that HCV core protein induced A20 expression in macrophages. Silencing A20 significantly enhanced the secretion of IL-6, IL-1β and TGF-β1, but not IL-8 and TNF. Additionally, HCV core protein interacted with gC1qR, but not TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 in pull-down assay. Silencing gC1qR abrogated core-induced A20 expression. Furthermore, HCV core protein activated MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/AKT pathways in macrophages. Inhibition of P38, JNK and NF-κB but not ERK and AKT activities greatly reduced the A20 expression. In conclusion, the study suggests that HCV core protein ligates gC1qR to induce A20 expression in macrophages via P38, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways, which leads to a low-grade chronic inflammation during HCV infection. It represents a novel mechanism by which HCV usurps the host for persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianling Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhengzheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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