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You YL, Choi HS. Nootkatone (NK), a grapefruit-derived aromatic compound, inhibited lipid accumulation by regulating JAK2-STAT signaling and antioxidant response in adipocyte. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:2631-2641. [PMID: 39144189 PMCID: PMC11319697 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01522-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Nootkatone (NK) is an aromatic compound derived from grapefruit. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of NK on lipid accumulation and its underlying mechanism in adipocytes. NK effectively inhibited adipogenic lipid storage by downregulating C/EBPα and PPARγ, while upregulating KLF2, an early inhibitory factor, downregulating C/EBPβ, an early promoting factor. In addition, NK inhibited the JAK2-STAT signaling pathway by decreasing the phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT5 in the early adipogenic stage. NK significantly reduced ROS generation while elevating antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase. It activated NRF2-HO-1 signaling, responsible for antioxidant response, by increasing protein levels. Furthermore, NK regulated adipokines, increasing adiponectin and visfatin, while downregulating resistin. Collectively, NK inhibited adipogenic lipid accumulation through the suppression of JAK2-STAT signaling and the augmentation of antioxidant response. This study highlights the potential of NK as an edible agent to alleviate obesity and its associated metabolic diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01522-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Lim You
- Department of Food Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-Gil 20, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03016 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Son Choi
- Department of Food Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Hongjimun 2-Gil 20, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03016 Republic of Korea
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2
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Erdelsky MR, Groves SA, Shah C, Delios SB, Umana MB, Maurice DH. Phosphodiesterase 4 activity uniquely regulates ciliary cAMP-dependent 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110981. [PMID: 37981066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the presence of a primary cilium (PC), and of selective cAMP signaling within this smallest of organelles, promotes adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes incubated in media supplemented with either a natural (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), or a synthetic (TUG-891), free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) agonist. Indeed, in this earlier work, activation of ciliary FFAR4 in 3T3-L1 cells was correlated with selective increases in PC cAMP and adipogenesis in these cells. However, this study was silent on the role of local PC cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs)-mediated events in regulating these adipogenic responses and on the identity of cAMP PDEs that could regulate the "pool" of ciliary cAMP accessed by FFAR4 agonists. In this context, we have identified the PDEs expressed by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and showed that of these, only PDE4 inhibition promotes FFAR4-mediated adipogenesis. We propose that this work will identify more selective therapeutic targets through which to control adipogenesis, and perhaps the differentiation of other stem cells in which ciliary cAMP is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla R Erdelsky
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah A Groves
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Charmi Shah
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Samantha B Delios
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Bibiana Umana
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald H Maurice
- Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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3
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Bourebaba L, Zyzak M, Sikora M, Serwotka-Suszczak A, Mularczyk M, Al Naem M, Marycz K. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) Maintains Proper Equine Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells (ASCs)' Metabolic Functions and Negatively Regulates their Basal Adipogenic Potential. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:2251-2273. [PMID: 37402098 PMCID: PMC10579166 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) deteriorated expression has been recently strongly correlated to increased level of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance, which are typical manifestations of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Despite previous reports demonstrated the potential therapeutic application of SHBG for liver-related dysfunctions, whether SHBG might modulate equine adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (EqASCs) metabolic machinery remains unknown. Therefore, we evaluated for the first time the impact of SHBG protein on metabolic changes in ASCs isolated from healthy horses. METHODS Beforehand, SHBG protein expression has been experimentally lowered using a predesigned siRNA in EqASCs to verify its metabolic implications and potential therapeutic value. Then, apoptosis profile, oxidative stress, mitochondrial network dynamics and basal adipogenic potential have been evaluated using various molecular and analytical techniques. RESULTS The SHBG knockdown altered the proliferative and metabolic activity of EqASCs, while dampening basal apoptosis via Bax transcript suppression. Furthermore, the cells treated with siRNA were characterized by senescent phenotype, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, as well as decreased mitochondrial potential that was shown by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and lower expression of key mitophagy factors: PINK, PARKIN and MFN. The addition of SHBG protein reversed the impaired and senescent phenotype of EMS-like cells that was proven by enhanced proliferative activity, reduced apoptosis resistance, lower ROS accumulation and greater mitochondrial dynamics, which is proposed to be related to a normalization of Bax expression. Crucially, SHBG silencing enhanced the expression of key pro-adipogenic effectors, while decreased the abundance of anti-adipogenic factors namely HIF1-α and FABP4. The addition of exogenous SHBG further depleted the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα and restored the levels of FABP4 and HIF1-α evoking a strong inhibitory potential toward ASCs adipogenesis. CONCLUSION Herein, we provide for the first time the evidence that SHBG protein in importantly involved in various key metabolic pathways governing EqASCs functions, and more importantly we showed that SHBG negatively affect the basal adipogenic potential of tested ASCs through a FABP4-dependant pathway, and provide thus new insights for the development of potential anti-obesity therapeutic approach in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zyzak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Serwotka-Suszczak
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malwina Mularczyk
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mohamad Al Naem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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4
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Nartey MNN, Shimizu H, Sugiyama H, Higa M, Syeda PK, Nishimura K, Jisaka M, Yokota K. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Induces the Inhibition of Adipogenesis by Reducing the Effect of PPARγ Activator and Mediating PKA Activation and Increased COX-2 Expression in 3T3-L1 Cells at the Differentiation Stage. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 37629561 PMCID: PMC10456008 DOI: 10.3390/life13081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has received increasing attention in recent years because it is a factor in the development of non-communicable diseases. The current study aimed to analyze how representative fatty acids (FAs) such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) affected adipogenesis when/if introduced at the differentiation stage of 3T3-L1 cell culture. These FAs are assumed to be potentially relevant to the progression or prevention of obesity. EPA added during the differentiation stage reduced intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation, as well as the expression of the established adipocyte-specific marker genes, during the maturation stage. However, no other FAs inhibited intracellular TAG accumulation. Coexistence of Δ12-prostaglandin J2, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activator, with EPA during the differentiation stage partially attenuated the inhibitory effect of EPA on intracellular TAG accumulation. EPA increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and protein kinase A (PKA) activity at the differentiation stage, which could explain the inhibitory actions of EPA. Taken together, exposure of preadipocytes to EPA only during the differentiation stage may be sufficient to finally reduce the mass of white adipose tissue through increasing COX-2 expression and PKA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. N. Nartey
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH20, Ghana;
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- Estuary Research Center, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan;
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan; (H.S.); (M.H.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan;
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Tottori, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan; (H.S.); (M.H.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Manami Higa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan; (H.S.); (M.H.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Pinky Karim Syeda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan;
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan; (H.S.); (M.H.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan;
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Tottori, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Jisaka
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan; (H.S.); (M.H.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan;
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Tottori, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kazushige Yokota
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan; (H.S.); (M.H.); (K.N.); (K.Y.)
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan;
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Tottori, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, Japan
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5
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Wang Z, Liu J, Huang Y, Liu Q, Chen M, Ji C, Feng J, Ma Y. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-activating Polypeptide (PACAP) -derived Peptide MPAPO Stimulates Adipogenic Differentiation by Regulating the Early Stage of Adipogenesis and ERK Signaling Pathway. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:516-530. [PMID: 36112309 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have delivered new healing possibilities to the treatment of soft tissue defects, but the selection of seed cells is critical for treatment. Adipose-derived stem cells have perpetually been a preferred candidate for seed cells due to their wealthy sources, simple access, high plasticity, and powerful value-added capabilities. How to improve the efficiency of adipogenic differentiation is the key to the treatment. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, as a biologically active peptide secreted by the pituitary, is widely involved in regulating the body's sugar metabolism and lipid metabolism. However, the effects of MPAPO in ADSCs adipogenic differentiation remain unknown. Our results reveal that MPAPO treatment improves the adipogenic differentiation efficiency of ADSCs, including promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets and triglycerides, and the expression of adipocyte protein biomarkers PPARγ and C/EBPa. Additionally, the mechanism studies showed that the effective window of MPAPO-induced adipogenesis was the first 3 days during ADSCs differentiation. MPAPO selectively binds to the PAC1 receptor and promotes adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs by activating the ERK signaling pathway and elevating cell proliferation during postconfluent mitosis stage. Altogether, we demonstrate that MPAPO plays a crucial role in ADSCs adipogenesis, providing experimental basis and data for exploring therapeutic options in tissue defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Huang
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Choi SW, Oh H, Park SY, Cho W, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacimuftuoglu A, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Myokine musclin alleviates lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through PKA/p38-mediated upregulation of lipolysis and suppression of lipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:113-117. [PMID: 36566562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Musclin (MUS), an exercise-responsive myokine, has been documented to attenuate inflammation and enhance physical endurance. However, the effects of MUS on differentiation and related molecular mechanisms in adipocytes have not yet been studied. In this study, we found that treatment with MUS attenuated lipid accumulation in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, MUS treatment enhanced lipolysis assessed by glycerol release, and caused apoptosis, whereas it reduced the expression of lipogenic proteins, such as PPARγ and processed SREBP1. Treatment with MUS augmented phosphorylated PKA expression, whereas suppressed p38 phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. H89, a selective PKA inhibitor reduced the effects of MUS on lipogenic lipid accumulation as well as lipolysis except for apoptosis. These results suggest that MUS promotes lipolysis and suppresses lipogenesis through a PKA/p38-dependent pathway, thereby ameliorating lipid deposition in cultured adipocytes. The current study offers the potential of MUS as a therapeutic approach for treating obesity with few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseung Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey; Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Nartey MNN, Jisaka M, Syeda PK, Nishimura K, Shimizu H, Yokota K. Arachidonic Acid Added during the Differentiation Phase of 3T3-L1 Cells Exerts Anti-Adipogenic Effect by Reducing the Effects of Pro-Adipogenic Prostaglandins. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020367. [PMID: 36836723 PMCID: PMC9962328 DOI: 10.3390/life13020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A linoleic acid (LA) metabolite arachidonic acid (AA) added to 3T3-L1 cells is reported to suppress adipogenesis. The purpose of the present study aimed to clarify the effects of AA added during the differentiation phase, including adipogenesis, the types of prostaglandins (PG)s produced, and the crosstalk between AA and the PGs produced. Adipogenesis was inhibited by AA added, while LA did not. When AA was added, increased PGE2 and PGF2α production, unchanged Δ12-PGJ2 production, and reduced PGI2 production were observed. Since the decreased PGI2 production was reflected in decreased CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ) and C/EBPδ expression, we expected that the coexistence of PGI2 with AA would suppress the anti-adipogenic effects of AA. However, the coexistence of PGI2 with AA did not attenuate the anti-adipogenic effects of AA. In addition, the results were similar when Δ12-PGJ2 coexisted with AA. Taken together, these results indicated that the metabolism of ingested LA to AA is necessary to inhibit adipogenesis and that exposure of AA to adipocytes during only the differentiation phase is sufficient. As further mechanisms for suppressing adipogenesis, AA was found not only to increase PGE2 and PGF2α and decrease PGI2 production but also to abrogate the pro-adipogenic effects of PGI2 and Δ12-PGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N. N. Nartey
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute, Achimota, Accra P.O. Box AH20, Ghana
| | - Mitsuo Jisaka
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Pinky Karim Syeda
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
| | - Kazushige Yokota
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Shimane, Matsue 690-8504, Japan
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8
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Kim HJ, Kim DH, Um SH. The Novel Inhibitory Effect of YM976 on Adipocyte Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020205. [PMID: 36672141 PMCID: PMC9856710 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrimidine derivative YM976 (4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,7-diethylpyrido(2,3-d)-pyrimidin-2(1H)-one) exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic effects. Considering that accumulation of lipids in adipose tissue is accompanied by inflammation, we investigated whether YM976 affects adipocyte differentiation. We found that YM976 significantly decreased lipid accumulation without cytotoxicity and reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) as well as their lipogenic regulators including fatty acid synthase (FASN) and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in 3T3-L1 cells induced for differentiation. YM976 mainly inhibited the early stage of adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, intracellular cAMP level was elevated by YM976 resulting in increased phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Conversely, decreasing the levels of AMPK or treatment with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, lessened the suppressive effects of YM976 on PPARγ transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. Thus, our results suggest YM976 as a novel potential compound for controlling lipid accumulation and formation of adipocytes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence (BICS) at Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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9
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Tao X, Du R, Guo S, Feng X, Yu T, OuYang Q, Chen Q, Fan X, Wang X, Guo C, Li X, Xue F, Chen S, Tong M, Lazarus M, Zuo S, Yu Y, Shen Y. PGE 2 -EP3 axis promotes brown adipose tissue formation through stabilization of WTAP RNA methyltransferase. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110439. [PMID: 35781818 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) functions as a thermogenic organ and is negatively associated with cardiometabolic diseases. N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modulation regulates the fate of stem cells. Here, we show that the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 )-E-prostanoid receptor 3 (EP3) axis was activated during mouse interscapular BAT development. Disruption of EP3 impaired the browning process during adipocyte differentiation from pre-adipocytes. Brown adipocyte-specific depletion of EP3 compromised interscapular BAT formation and aggravated high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in vivo. Mechanistically, activation of EP3 stabilized the Zfp410 mRNA via WTAP-mediated m6 A modification, while knockdown of Zfp410 abolished the EP3-induced enhancement of brown adipogenesis. EP3 prevented ubiquitin-mediated degradation of WTAP by eliminating PKA-mediated ERK1/2 inhibition during brown adipocyte differentiation. Ablation of WTAP in brown adipocytes abrogated the protective effect of EP3 overexpression in high-fat diet-fed mice. Inhibition of EP3 also retarded human embryonic stem cell differentiation into mature brown adipocytes by reducing the WTAP levels. Thus, a conserved PGE2 -EP3 axis promotes BAT development by stabilizing WTAP/Zfp410 signaling in a PKA/ERK1/2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ronglu Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shumin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xutong Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaozhou Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghan Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Japan
| | - Shengkai Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Zhang H, Liu J, Yang Z, Zeng L, Wei K, Zhu L, Tang L, Wang D, Zhou Y, Lv J, Zhou N, Tang K, Ma J, Huang B. TCR activation directly stimulates PYGB-dependent glycogenolysis to fuel the early recall response in CD8 + memory T cells. Mol Cell 2022; 82:3077-3088.e6. [PMID: 35738262 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis facilitates the rapid recall response of CD8+ memory T (Tm) cells. However, it remains unclear whether Tm cells uptake exogenous glucose or mobilize endogenous sugar to fuel glycolysis. Here, we show that intracellular glycogen rather than extracellular glucose acts as the major carbon source for the early recall response. Following antigenic stimulation, Tm cells exhibit high glycogen phosphorylase (brain form, PYGB) activity, leading to glycogenolysis and release of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). Elevated G6P mainly flows to glycolysis but is also partially channeled to the pentose phosphate pathway, which maintains the antioxidant capacity necessary for later recall stages. Mechanistically, TCR signaling directly induces phosphorylation of PYGB by LCK-ZAP70. Functionally, the glycogenolysis-fueled early recall response of CD8+ Tm cells accelerates the clearance of OVA-Listeria monocytogenes in an infected mouse model. Thus, we uncover a specific dependency on glycogen for the initial activation of memory T cells, which may have therapeutic implications for adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoshun Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keke Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dianheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yabo Zhou
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Zhou
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China.
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11
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Nartey MNN, Jisaka M, Syeda PK, Nishimura K, Shimizu H, Yokota K. Prostaglandin D2 and its analog, 11d-11m-PGD2, added during the differentiation phase contribute to adipogenic program inhibition in 3T3-L1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:628-634. [DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
We previously reported that prostaglandin (PG)D2 and its isosteric analog, 11-deoxy-11-methylene-PGD2 (11d-11m-PGD2), promote adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells during the maturation phase. Focusing on the differentiation phase, although both PGs inhibited adipogenesis, this effect was canceled out by PGI2 and PGJ2 derivatives. Thus, PGD2 and 11d-11m-PGD2 play different roles during the phases, but do not affect PGI2- and PGJ2-derivative-induced adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N N Nartey
- The , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Animal Research Institute , Achimota, Accra , Ghana
| | - Mitsuo Jisaka
- The , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Project Center for Fortification of Local Specialty Food Functions, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
| | - Pinky Karim Syeda
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
| | - Kohji Nishimura
- The , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Project Center for Fortification of Local Specialty Food Functions, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Raman Project Center for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
| | - Hidehisa Shimizu
- The , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Project Center for Fortification of Local Specialty Food Functions, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Raman Project Center for Medical and Biological Applications, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Estuary Research Center, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
| | - Kazushige Yokota
- The , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University , 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori , Japan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Project Center for Fortification of Local Specialty Food Functions, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Academic Assembly, Shimane University , 1060 Nishikawatsu-Cho, Matsue, Shimane , Japan
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12
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London E, Stratakis CA. The regulation of PKA signaling in obesity and in the maintenance of metabolic health. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108113. [PMID: 35051439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) system represents a primary cell-signaling pathway throughout systems and across species. PKA facilitates the actions of hormones, neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules that bind G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) to modulate cAMP levels. Through its control of synaptic events, exocytosis, transcriptional regulation, and more, PKA signaling regulates cellular metabolism and emotional and stress responses making it integral in the maintenance and dysregulation of energy homeostasis. Neural PKA signaling is regulated by afferent and peripheral efferent signals that link specific neural cell populations to the regulation of metabolic processes in adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, adrenal, skeletal muscle, and gut. Mouse models have provided invaluable information on the roles for PKA subunits in brain and key metabolic organs. While limited, human studies infer differential regulation of the PKA system in obese compared to lean individuals. Variants identified in PKA subunit genes cause Cushing syndrome that is characterized by metabolic dysregulation associated with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Under healthy physiologic conditions, the PKA system is exquisitely regulated by stimuli that activate GPCRs to alter intracellular cAMP concentrations, and by PKA cellular localization and holoenzyme stability. Adenylate cyclase activity generates cAMP while phosphodiesterase-mediated cAMP degradation to AMP decreases cAMP levels downstream of GPCRs. Chronic perturbations in PKA signaling appear to be capable of resetting PKA regulation at several levels; in addition, sex differences in PKA signaling regulation, while not well understood, impact the physiologic consequences of metabolic dysregulation and obesity. This review explores the roles for PKA signaling in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated co-morbidities through neural-peripheral crosstalk and cAMP/PKA signaling pathway targets that hold therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edra London
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA.
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA; Human Genetics & Precision Medicine, IMBB, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Greece; Research Institute, ELPEN, SA, Athens, Greece
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13
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Kim HJ, Im DU, Chau GC, Mishra NK, Kim IS, Um SH. Novel anti-adipogenic effect of CF 3-allylated indole in 3T3-L1 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 352:109782. [PMID: 34932954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indole derivatives from various plants are known to have health benefits because of their anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tubercular effects. However, their effects on adipogenesis have not been fully elucidated yet. Herein, we show that a newly synthesized indole derivative, CF3-allylated indole, [(E)-1-(pyrimidin- 2-yl)-2-(4,4,4- trifluorobut-2-enyl)-1H-indole], effectively inhibits adipogenesis. We found that CF3-allylated indole inhibited lipid accumulation and suppressed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibitory effect of CF3-allylated indole primarily occurred at the early phase of adipocyte differentiation by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and enhancing protein kinase A (PKA) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Conversely, depletion of PKA or treatment with a protein kinase A inhibitor (H89) reversed such inhibitory effects of CF3-allylated indole on adipogenesis and PPARγ expression. These results suggest that CF3-allylated indole inhibits early stages of adipogenesis by increasing phosphorylation of PKA/AMPK, leading to decreased expression of adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 cells. These results indicate that CF3-allylated indole has potential for controlling initial adipocyte differentiation in metabolic disorders such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Uk Im
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Gia Cac Chau
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Neeraj Kumar Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute Convergence at Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Jasaszwili M, Wojciechowicz T, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW, Skrzypski M. The effects of neuronostatin on proliferation and differentiation of rat primary preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159018. [PMID: 34332074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronostatin is a peptide hormone encoded by the somatostatin gene. Biological effects of neuronostatin are mediated through activation of GPR107. There is evidence indicating that neuronostatin modulates energy homeostasis by suppressing food intake and insulin secretion, while stimulating glucagon secretion. While it was found that neuronostatin receptor is expressed in white adipose tissue, the role of neuronostatin in controlling adipose tissue formation is unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of neuronostatin on proliferation and differentiation of rat primary preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. We found that neuronostatin receptor GPR107 is expressed in rat preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Neuronostatin promotes proliferation of preadipocytes via AKT activation. Downregulation of GPR107 mRNA expression and protein production results in an attenuation of neuronostatin-induced stimulation of preadipocyte proliferation. Moreover, neuronostatin reduces intracellular lipid content and the expression of adipogenesis-modulating genes C/ebpα, C/ebpβ, Pparγ, and Fabp4. In summary, these results show that neuronostatin, AKT-dependently, stimulates the proliferation of preadipocytes via GPR107. In contrast, neuronostatin inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariami Jasaszwili
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology & Oncology, Park-Klinik Weissensee, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
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15
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Mamontova ED, Michurina SS, Stafeev IS, Sorkina EL, Sklyanik IA, Koksharova EO, Menshikov MY, Shestakova MV, Parfyonova YV. Direct Effect of the Synthetic Analogue of Glucagon-Like Peptide Type 1, Liraglutide, on Mature Adipocytes Is Realized through Adenylate-Cyclase-Dependent Enhancing of Insulin Sensitivity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:350-360. [PMID: 33838634 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792103010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Incretin hormones analogues, including glucagon-like peptide type 1 (GLP-1), exhibit complex glucose-lowering, anorexigenic, and cardioprotective properties. Mechanisms of action of GLP-1 and its analogues are well known for pancreatic β-cells, hepatocytes, and other tissues. Nevertheless, local effects of GLP-1 and its analogues in adipose tissue remain unclear. In the present work effects of the GLP-1 synthetic analogue, liraglutide, on adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes were examined. Enhancement of insulin sensitivity of mature adipocytes by the GLP-1 synthetic analogue liraglutide mediated by adenylate cyclase was demonstrated. The obtained results imply existence of the positive direct insulin-sensitizing effect of liraglutide on mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta D Mamontova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Diabetes Institute, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, 117036, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Michurina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Iurii S Stafeev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | | | - Igor A Sklyanik
- Diabetes Institute, Endocrinology Research Centre, Moscow, 117036, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail Y Menshikov
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | | | - Yelena V Parfyonova
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Centre for Cardiology, Moscow, 121552, Russia.,Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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16
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Porwal K, Pal S, Bhagwati S, Siddiqi MI, Chattopadhyay N. Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of osteoporosis: Scopes for therapeutic repurposing and discovery of new oral osteoanabolic drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174015. [PMID: 33711307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are ubiquitously expressed enzymes that hydrolyze phosphodiester bond in the second messenger molecules including cAMP and cGMP. A wide range of drugs blocks one or more PDEs thereby preventing the inactivation of cAMP/cGMP. PDEs are differentially expressed in bone cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Intracellular increases in cAMP/cGMP levels in osteoblasts result in osteogenic response. Acting via the type 1 PTH receptor, teriparatide and abaloparatide increase intracellular cAMP and induce osteoanabolic effect, and many PDE inhibitors mimic this effect in preclinical studies. Since all osteoanabolic drugs are injectable and that oral drugs are considered to improve the treatment adherence and persistence, osteogenic PDE inhibitors could be a promising alternative to the currently available osteogenic therapies and directly assessed clinically in drug repurposing mode. Similar to teriparatide/abaloparatide, PDE inhibitors while stimulating osteoblast function also promote osteoclast function through stimulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand production from osteoblasts. In this review, we critically discussed the effects of PDE inhibitors in bone cells from cellular signalling to a variety of preclinical models that evaluated the bone formation mechanisms. We identified pentoxifylline (a non-selective PDE inhibitor) and rolipram (a PDE4 selective inhibitor) being the most studied inhibitors with osteogenic effect in preclinical models of bone loss at ≤ human equivalent doses, which suggest their potential for post-menopausal osteoporosis treatment through therapeutic repurposing. Subsequently, we treated pentoxifylline and rolipram as prototypical osteogenic PDEs to predict new chemotypes via the computer-aided design strategies for new drugs, based on the structural biology of PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), India
| | - Subhashis Pal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), India
| | - Sudha Bhagwati
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10/1 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Mohd Imran Siddiqi
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10/1 Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226 031, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for Research in Anabolic Skeletal Targets in Health and Illness (ASTHI), India.
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17
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Galgaro BC, Beckenkamp LR, van den M Nunnenkamp M, Korb VG, Naasani LIS, Roszek K, Wink MR. The adenosinergic pathway in mesenchymal stem cell fate and functions. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2316-2349. [PMID: 33645857 DOI: 10.1002/med.21796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an important role in tissue homeostasis and damage repair through their ability to differentiate into cells of different tissues, trophic support, and immunomodulation. These properties made them attractive for clinical applications in regenerative medicine, immune disorders, and cell transplantation. However, despite multiple preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating beneficial effects of MSCs, their native identity and mechanisms of action remain inconclusive. Since its discovery, the CD73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase is known as a classic marker for MSCs, but its role goes far beyond a phenotypic characterization antigen. CD73 contributes to adenosine production, therefore, is an essential component of purinergic signaling, a pathway composed of different nucleotides and nucleosides, which concentrations are finely regulated by the ectoenzymes and receptors. Thus, purinergic signaling controls pathophysiological functions such as proliferation, migration, cell fate, and immune responses. Despite the remarkable progress already achieved in considering adenosinergic pathway as a therapeutic target in different pathologies, its role is not fully explored in the context of the therapeutic functions of MSCs. Therefore, in this review, we provide an overview of the role of CD73 and adenosine-mediated signaling in the functions ascribed to MSCs, such as homing and proliferation, cell differentiation, and immunomodulation. Additionally, we will discuss the pathophysiological role of MSCs, via CD73 and adenosine, in different diseases, as well as in tumor development and progression. A better understanding of the adenosinergic pathway in the regulation of MSCs functions will help to provide improved therapeutic strategies applicable in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C Galgaro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Liziane R Beckenkamp
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Martha van den M Nunnenkamp
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitória G Korb
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Liliana I S Naasani
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Márcia R Wink
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Chen JY, Peng SY, Cheng YH, Lee IT, Yu YH. Effect of Forskolin on Body Weight, Glucose Metabolism and Adipocyte Size of Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:645. [PMID: 33804418 PMCID: PMC8000574 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of forskolin on body weight, glucose metabolism and fat cell diameter in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Four-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: a high-fat diet plus 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle), high-fat diet plus 2 mg/kg of forskolin (dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide) and high-fat diet plus 4 mg/kg of forskolin (dissolved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide). Forskolin or dimethyl sulfoxide was administered intraperitoneally every two days. The results indicated that no significant difference was observed in the body weight, feed intake and serum lipid parameters among groups at 20 weeks of age. The blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the groups treated with 2 mg/kg of forskolin before glucose tolerance test. Forskolin administration linearly decreased blood glucose levels of high-fat diet-fed mice at 90 min and total area under curve (AUC) after insulin tolerance test. The subcutaneous adipocyte diameter was significantly reduced in the groups treated with 2 mg/kg of forskolin. Forskolin administration linearly reduced the gonadal adipocyte diameter of high-fat diet-fed mice. Forskolin significantly reduced the differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes and this was accompanied by a decrease in intracellular triglyceride content and an increase in glycerol concentration in the culture medium. The subcutaneous adipocyte diameter, gonadal adipocyte diameter and total AUC of insulin tolerance test were moderately negatively correlated with the concentration of forskolin in the high-fat diet-induced obese model. These results demonstrate that forskolin can regulate glucose metabolism and reduce fat cell diameter of high-fat diet-fed mice and inhibit the adipocyte differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Shao-Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912301, Taiwan;
| | - Yeong-Hsiang Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan 26047, Taiwan; (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-H.C.)
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Puckett D, Alquraishi M, Alani DS, Chahed S, Frankel VD, Donohoe D, Voy B, Whelan J, Bettaieb A. Zyflamend, a unique herbal blend, induces cell death and inhibits adipogenesis through the coordinated regulation of PKA and JNK. Adipocyte 2020; 9:454-471. [PMID: 32779962 PMCID: PMC7469463 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1803642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities has sparked a worldwide concern to address rates of adipose tissue accrual. Recent studies have demonstrated a novel role of Zyflamend, a blend of natural herbal extracts, in regulating lipid metabolism in several cancer cell lines through the activation of the AMPK signalling pathway. Yet, the role of Zyflamend in adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Zyflamend on white 3T3-MBX pre-adipocyte differentiation and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. We demonstrate that Zyflamend treatment altered cell cycle progression, attenuated proliferation, and increased cell death of 3T3-MBX pre-adipocytes. In addition, treatment with Zyflamend inhibited lipid accumulation during the differentiation of 3T3-MBX cells, consistent with decreased expression of lipogenic genes and increased lipolysis. Mechanistically, Zyflamend-induced alterations in adipogenesis were mediated, at least in part, through the activation of AMPK, PKA, and JNK. Inhibition of AMPK partially reversed Zyflamend-induced inhibition of differentiation, whereas the inhibition of either JNK or PKA fully restored adipocyte differentiation and decreased lipolysis. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that Zyflamend, as a novel anti-adipogenic bioactive mix, inhibits adipocyte differentiation through the activation of the PKA and JNK pathways. Abbreviation: 7-AAD: 7-amino-actinomycin D; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AKT: protein kinase B; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATGL: adipose triglyceride lipase; C/EBPα: CCAAT-enhancer binding protein alpha; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium; DMSO: dimethyl sulphoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; EGTA: ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid; ERK: extracellular signal–regulated kinases; FASN: fatty acid synthase; FBS: foetal bovine serum; GLUT: glucose transporter; HSL: hormone-sensitive lipase; IR: insulin receptor; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; JNK: c-JUN N-terminal kinase; MGL: monoacylglycerol lipase; NaF: sodium fluoride; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PBS: phosphate buffered- saline; PCB: pyruvate carboxylase; PDE: phosphodiesterase; PKA: protein kinase cAMP-dependent; PMSF: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride; PPARγ: perilipin peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; PREF-1: pre-adipocyte factor 1; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; RIPA: radio-immunoprecipitation assay; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEM: standard error of the mean; SOX9: suppressor of cytokine signalling 9; TGs: triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dina S. Alani
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Samah Chahed
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Victoria D. Frankel
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Brynn Voy
- Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Optimization of Co-Culture Conditions for a Human Vascularized Adipose Tissue Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030114. [PMID: 32957541 PMCID: PMC7552791 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro adipose tissue models can be used to provide insight into fundamental aspects of adipose physiology. These systems may serve as replacements for animal models, which are often poor predictors of obesity and metabolic diseases in humans. Adipose tissue consists of a rich vasculature that is essential to its function. However, the study of endothelial cell–adipocyte interactions has been challenging due to differences in culture conditions required for the survival and function of each cell type. To address this issue, we performed an extensive evaluation of the cell culture media composition to identify the conditions optimal for the co-culture of endothelial cells and adipocytes. The effects of individual media factors on cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation were systematically explored. Several media factors were determined to disrupt the co-culture system. Optimized culture conditions were identified and used to generate a vascularized human adipose microtissue. An interconnected vascular network was established within an adipose micro-tissue, and the networks were anastomosed with perfused channels to form a functional network. In conclusion, media conditions were identified that enabled endothelial cell–adipocyte co-culture and were used to support the formation of a vascularized adipose tissue within a microfluidic device.
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The Gintonin-Enriched Fraction of Ginseng Regulates Lipid Metabolism and Browning via the cAMP-Protein Kinase a Signaling Pathway in Mice White Adipocytes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071048. [PMID: 32679738 PMCID: PMC7407952 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health concern and is becoming an increasingly serious societal problem worldwide. The browning of white adipocytes has received considerable attention because of its potential protective effect against obesity-related metabolic disease. The gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) is a non-saponin, glycolipoprotein component of ginseng that is known to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the anti-obesity and browning effects of GEF have not been explored to date. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether GEF has a preventive effect against obesity. We differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and mouse primary subcutaneous adipocytes for 8 days in the presence or absence of GEF, and then measured the expression of intermediates in signaling pathways that regulate triglyceride (TG) synthesis and browning by Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. We found that GEF reduced lipid accumulation by reducing the expression of pro-adipogenic and lipogenic factors, and increased lipolysis and thermogenesis, which may be mediated by an increase in the phosphorylation of protein kinase A. These findings suggest that GEF may induce fat metabolism and energy expenditure in white adipocytes and therefore may represent a potential treatment for obesity.
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Sawamoto A, Nakanishi M, Okuyama S, Furukawa Y, Nakajima M. Heptamethoxyflavone inhibits adipogenesis via enhancing PKA signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Filbertone Ameliorates Adiposity in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet via Activation of cAMP Signaling. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081749. [PMID: 31366045 PMCID: PMC6723245 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to estimate the preventive effects of filbertone, the main flavor compound in hazelnuts, on lipid accumulation in the adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed chow, a HFD, or a 0.025% filbertone-supplemented HFD for 14 weeks. We found that filbertone supplementation resulted in significant reductions in body weight gain and lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, with parallel improvements in plasma lipid levels (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acids) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)). Molecular analysis revealed that filbertone treatment led to reprogramming of metabolic signatures in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. Filbertone supplementation significantly increased the cAMP level and increased downstream protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA) signaling in mouse adipose tissue. The mRNA level of adipogenesis-related genes was downregulated in the adipose tissue of filbertone-fed mice compared to control mice fed the HFD alone. Furthermore, filbertone treatment elevated the expression of thermogenic genes in mouse adipose tissue. Filbertone reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and increased the oxygen consumption rate in 3T3-L1 cells and these filbertone-induced changes were abrogated by the adenylate cyclases (ADCY) inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that the beneficial effects of filbertone on lipid accumulation may be associated with the activation of cAMP signaling.
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Samimi A, Ghanavat M, Shahrabi S, Azizidoost S, Saki N. Role of bone marrow adipocytes in leukemia and chemotherapy challenges. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2489-2497. [PMID: 30715556 PMCID: PMC11105633 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is an extramedullary reservoir of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Adipocytes prevent the production of normal HSCs via secretion of inflammatory factors, and adipocyte-derived free fatty acids may contribute to the development and progression of leukemia via providing energy for leukemic cells. In addition, adipocytes are able to metabolize and inactivate therapeutic agents, reducing the concentrations of active drugs in adipocyte-rich microenvironments. The aim of this study was to detect the role of adipocytes in the progression and treatment of leukemia. Relevant literature was identified through a PubMed search (2000-2018) of English-language papers using the following terms: leukemia, adipocyte, leukemic stem cell, chemotherapy, and bone marrow. Findings suggest the striking interplay between leukemic cells and adipocytes to create a unique microenvironment supporting the metabolic demands and survival of leukemic cells. Based on these findings, targeting lipid metabolism of leukemic cells and adipocytes in combination with standard therapeutic agents might present novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Samimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Ghanavat
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shirin Azizidoost
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Regulation of Adipogenesis and Thermogenesis through Mouse Olfactory Receptor 23 Stimulated by α-Cedrene in 3T3-L1 Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111781. [PMID: 30453511 PMCID: PMC6265911 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors that perform important physiological functions beyond their role as odorant detectors in the olfactory sensory neurons. In the present study, we describe a novel role for one of these ORs, mouse olfactory receptor 23 (MOR23), as a regulator of adipogenesis and thermogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Downregulation of MOR23 by small interfering RNA in 3T3-L1 cells enhanced intracellular lipid accumulation and reduced the oxygen consumption rate. In agreement with this phenotype, MOR23 deletion significantly decreased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and protein amounts of adenylyl cyclase 3 (ADCY3), protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα), phospho-5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phospho-cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), along with upregulation of adipogenic genes and downregulation of genes involved in thermogenesis. Activation of MOR23 by α-cedrene, a novel natural ligand of MOR23, significantly reduced lipid content, increased the oxygen consumption rate, and stimulated reprogramming of the metabolic signature of 3T3-L1 cells, and these changes elicited by α-cedrene were absent in MOR23-deficient cells. These findings point to the role of MOR23 as a regulator of adipogenesis and thermogenesis in adipocytes.
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26
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cAMP/Protein Kinase A Signaling Inhibits Dlx5 Expression via Activation of CREB and Subsequent C/EBPβ Induction in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103161. [PMID: 30322210 PMCID: PMC6213991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5) is a negative regulator of adipogenesis. Dlx5 expression is decreased by adipogenic stimuli, but the mechanisms of Dlx5 downregulation by adipogenic stimuli have not yet been determined. Here, we tested the impact of cAMP/PKA (protein kinase A) signaling induced by 3-isobutyl-1 methyl xanthine (IBMX), forskolin, and 8-CPT-cAMP on the expression of Dlx5 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Significant downregulation of Dlx5 mRNA expression and protein production levels were observed via cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling. Forced expression of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) was sufficient for downregulation of Dlx5 expression and revealed that CREB functions upstream of C/EBPβ. In addition, C/EBPβ knockdown by siRNA rescued Dlx5 expression in IBMX-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Luciferase assays using a Dlx5-luc-2935 reporter construct demonstrated the requirement of the Dlx5 promoter region, ranging from −774 to −95 bp that contains two putative C/EBPβ binding elements (site-1: −517 to −510 bp and site-2: −164 to −157 bp), in the suppression of Dlx5 transcription. Consequently, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed the importance of site-1, but not site-2, in C/EBPβ binding and transcriptional suppression of Dlx5. In conclusion, we elucidated the underling mechanism of Dlx5 downregulation in IBMX-induced adipogenesis. IBMX activated cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling and subsequently upregulated C/EBPβ, which binds to the Dlx5 promoter to suppress Dlx5 transcription.
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27
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Phoenixin-14 stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1449-1457. [PMID: 30251651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phoenixin-14 (PNX) is a newly discovered peptide produced by proteolytic cleavage of the small integral membrane protein 20 (Smim20). Previous studies showed that PNX is involved in controlling reproduction, pain, anxiety and memory. Furthermore, in humans, PNX positively correlates with BMI suggesting a potential role of PNX in controlling fat accumulation in obesity. Since the influence of PNX on adipose tissue formation has not been so far demonstrated, we investigated the effects of PNX on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes using 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes. We detected Smim20 and Gpr173 mRNA in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes as well as in rat primary preadipocytes. Furthermore, we found that PNX peptide is produced and secreted from 3T3-L1 and rat primary adipocytes. PNX increased 3T3-L1 preadipocytes proliferation and viability. PNX stimulated the expression of adipogenic genes (Pparγ, C/ebpβ and Fabp4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of PNX had increased lipid content. Stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation by PNX was also confirmed in rat preadipocytes. PNX failed to induce AKT phosphorylation, however, PNX increased cAMP levels in 3T3-L1 cells. Suppression of Epac signalling attenuated PNX-induced Pparγ expression without affecting cell proliferation. Our data show that PNX stimulates differentiation of 3T3-L1 and rat primary preadipocytes into mature adipocytes via cAMP/Epac-dependent pathway. In conclusion our data shows that phoenixin promotes white adipogenesis, thereby may be involved in controlling body mass regulation.
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28
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Ding Y, Cui J, Wang Q, Shen S, Xu T, Tang H, Han M, Wu X. The Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Vkorc1l1 Promotes Preadipocyte Differentiation in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1303-1311. [PMID: 29963761 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identification of novel regulators involved in adipose development is important to understand the molecular mechanism underlying obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Through isolation and analysis of a vitamin K epoxide reductase Vkorc1l1 mutant, this study aimed to disclose its function and underlying mechanism in adipose development and to obtain valuable insights regarding the mechanism of obesity. METHODS A Vkorc1l1 mutation recovered from a forward genetic screen for obesity-related loci in mice was characterized to explore its effects in gene expression, animal metabolism, and adipose development. Adipogenesis was evaluated in both Vkorc1l1 mutant stromal vascular fraction and Vkorc1l1 knockdown preadipocytes. Intracellular vitamin K2 level and the effect of vitamin K2 on adipogenesis were tested in primary preadipocytes. RESULTS Vkorc1l1 mutants displayed a considerably lower fat to body weight ratio, substantially decreased plasma leptin, and significantly underdeveloped white adipose tissue. Adipogenic defects related with Vkorc1l1 deficiency were observed both in vivo and in vitro. Vitamin K2 could inhibit adipogenesis in stromal vascular fraction. Increased intracellular vitamin K2 level was detected in Vkorc1l1 mutant preadipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Vkorc1l1 promotes adipogenesis and possibly obesity. Downregulation of Vkorc1l1 increases intracellular vitamin K2 level and impedes preadipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Suqin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Huiru Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Yang B, Kumoto T, Arima T, Nakamura M, Sanada Y, Kumrungsee T, Sotomaru Y, Shimada M, Yanaka N. Transgenic mice specifically expressing amphiregulin in white adipose tissue showed less adipose tissue mass. Genes Cells 2018; 23:136-145. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takahiro Kumoto
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takeshi Arima
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Minako Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yohei Sanada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Sotomaru
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimada
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanaka
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima Japan
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30
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Chu S, Narayan VP, Sung MK, Park T. Piperonal attenuates visceral adiposity in mice fed a high-fat diet: potential involvement of the adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A dependent pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28699236 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Piperonal is an aromatic compound found in vanilla and has a floral odor resembling vanillin. This study was aimed to test whether piperonal attenuates visceral adiposity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6N mice were fed a normal diet, HFD, or 0.05% piperonal-supplemented HFD (PSD) for 10 weeks. PSD-fed mice showed attenuation of body weight gain, total visceral fat pad weights, and plasma lipid levels compared to HFD-fed mice. Piperonal supplementation of the HFD increased the mRNA expression of certain isotypes of adenylate cyclase (Adcy) and protein kinase A (PKA) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice. The adipogenesis-related genes were downregulated, whereas fatty acid oxidation- and thermogenesis-related genes were upregulated in the WAT of PSD-fed mice compared to those in HFD-fed mice. Piperonal directly activated Adcy by decreasing the Km for its substrate (ATP) in plasma membranes prepared from the WAT of mice. Furthermore, piperonal-induced inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and elevation of Adcy and PKA activities in 3T3-L1 cells were abrogated by an Adcy inhibitor. CONCLUSION The anti-adipogenic effect of piperonal in mice fed the high-fat diet appears to be associated with increased Adcy-PKA signaling in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Chu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vikram P Narayan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rabiee A, Schwämmle V, Sidoli S, Dai J, Rogowska-Wrzesinska A, Mandrup S, Jensen ON. Nuclear phosphoproteome analysis of 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation reveals system-wide phosphorylation of transcriptional regulators. Proteomics 2016; 17. [PMID: 27717184 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes (fat cells) are important endocrine and metabolic cells critical for systemic insulin sensitivity. Both adipose excess and insufficiency are associated with adverse metabolic function. Adipogenesis is the process whereby preadipocyte precursor cells differentiate into lipid-laden mature adipocytes. This process is driven by a network of transcriptional regulators (TRs). We hypothesized that protein PTMs, in particular phosphorylation, play a major role in activating and propagating signals within TR networks upon induction of adipogenesis by extracellular stimulus. We applied MS-based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics to monitor the alteration of nuclear proteins during the early stages (4 h) of preadipocyte differentiation. We identified a total of 4072 proteins including 2434 phosphorylated proteins, a majority of which were assigned as regulators of gene expression. Our results demonstrate that adipogenic stimuli increase the nuclear abundance and/or the phosphorylation levels of proteins involved in gene expression, cell organization, and oxidation-reduction pathways. Furthermore, proteins acting as negative modulators involved in negative regulation of gene expression, insulin stimulated glucose uptake, and cytoskeletal organization showed a decrease in their nuclear abundance and/or phosphorylation levels during the first 4 h of adipogenesis. Among 288 identified TRs, 49 were regulated within 4 h of adipogenic stimulation including several known and many novel potential adipogenic regulators. We created a kinase-substrate database for 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by investigating the relationship between protein kinases and protein phosphorylation sites identified in our dataset. A majority of the putative protein kinases belong to the cyclin-dependent kinase family and the mitogen-activated protein kinase family including P38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases, suggesting that these kinases act as orchestrators of early adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jie Dai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Adelina Rogowska-Wrzesinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Epigenetics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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32
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Datta S, Tomilov A, Cortopassi G. Identification of small molecules that improve ATP synthesis defects conferred by Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy mutations. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:177-86. [PMID: 27497748 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mitochondrial complex I mutations cause blinding Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), for which no curative therapy exists. A specific biochemical consequence of LHON mutations in the presence of trace rotenone was observed: deficient complex I-dependent ATP synthesis (CIDAS) and mitochondrial O2 consumption, proportional to the clinical severity of the three primary LHON mutations. We optimized a high-throughput assay of CIDAS to screen 1600 drugs to 2, papaverine and zolpidem, which protected CIDAS in LHON cells concentration-dependently. TSPO and cAMP were investigated as protective mechanisms, but a conclusive mechanism remains to be elucidated; next steps include testing in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Datta
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Dept. of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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33
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Targeting Tumor Mitochondrial Metabolism Overcomes Resistance to Antiangiogenics. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2705-18. [PMID: 27292634 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial malignancies are effectively treated by antiangiogenics; however, acquired resistance is a major problem in cancer therapeutics. Epithelial tumors commonly have mutations in the MAPK/Pi3K-AKT pathways, which leads to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. Here, we show how multikinase inhibitor antiangiogenics (TKIs) induce hypoxia correction in spontaneous breast and lung tumor models. When this happens, the tumors downregulate glycolysis and switch to long-term reliance on mitochondrial respiration. A transcriptomic, metabolomic, and phosphoproteomic study revealed that this metabolic switch is mediated by downregulation of HIF1α and AKT and upregulation of AMPK, allowing uptake and degradation of fatty acids and ketone bodies. The switch renders mitochondrial respiration necessary for tumor survival. Agents like phenformin or ME344 induce synergistic tumor control when combined with TKIs, leading to metabolic synthetic lethality. Our study uncovers mechanistic insights in the process of tumor resistance to TKIs and may have clinical applicability.
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34
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Armani A, Marzolla V, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Cellular mechanisms of MR regulation of adipose tissue physiology and pathophysiology. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 55:R1-10. [PMID: 26272942 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the well-documented expression and activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the kidney, in the last decade research on MR has also revealed its important role in regulating functions of extrarenal tissues, including adipose tissue, where MR is involved in adipocyte fundamental processes such as differentiation, autophagy and adipokine secretion. MR expression is increased in adipose tissue of murine models of obesity and in obese human subjects, suggesting that over-activation of the mineralocorticoid signaling leads to dysfunctional adipocyte and associated metabolic disorders. Notably, pharmacological blockade of MR prevents metabolic dysfunctions observed in obese mice and suggests a potential therapeutic use of MR antagonists in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the molecular pathways affected by MR blockade have been poorly investigated. This review summarizes the functions of MR in the adipocyte, discusses potential signaling pathways mediating MR action, and describes post-translational modifications regulating its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Armani
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, Rome, Italy Endocrinology Unit Department of Systems Medicine, S. Eugenio and CTO A. Alesini Hospitals, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy University San Raffaele Rome, Italy
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35
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Chen X, Hausman BS, Luo G, Zhou G, Murakami S, Rubin J, Greenfield EM. Protein kinase inhibitor γ reciprocally regulates osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation by downregulating leukemia inhibitory factor. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2789-99. [PMID: 23963683 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase inhibitor (Pki) gene family inactivates nuclear protein kinase A (PKA) and terminates PKA-induced gene expression. We previously showed that Pkig is the primary family member expressed in osteoblasts and that Pkig knockdown increases the effects of parathyroid hormone and isoproterenol on PKA activation, gene expression, and inhibition of apoptosis. Here, we determined whether endogenous levels of Pkig regulate osteoblast differentiation. Pkig is the primary family member in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), murine marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and human mesenchymal stem cells. Pkig deletion increased forskolin-dependent nuclear PKA activation and gene expression and Pkig deletion or knockdown increased osteoblast differentiation. PKA signaling is known to stimulate adipogenesis; however, adipogenesis and osteogenesis are often reciprocally regulated. We found that the reciprocal regulation predominates over the direct effects of PKA since adipogenesis was decreased by Pkig deletion or knockdown. Pkig deletion or knockdown also simultaneously increased osteogenesis and decreased adipogenesis in mixed osteogenic/adipogenic medium. Pkig deletion increased PKA-induced expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) mRNA and LIF protein. LIF neutralizing antibodies inhibited the effects on osteogenesis and adipogenesis of either Pkig deletion in MEFs or PKIγ knockdown in both murine and human mesenchymal stem cells. Collectively, our results show that endogenous levels of Pkig reciprocally regulate osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation and that this reciprocal regulation is mediated in part by LIF. Stem Cells 2013;31:2789-2799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Zha W, Edin ML, Vendrov KC, Schuck RN, Lih FB, Jat JL, Bradbury JA, DeGraff LM, Hua K, Tomer KB, Falck JR, Zeldin DC, Lee CR. Functional characterization of cytochrome P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in adipogenesis and obesity. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2124-36. [PMID: 25114171 PMCID: PMC4174005 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of obesity. Although cytochrome P450 (CYP)-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic target for cardiometabolic disease, the functional contribution of EETs to adipogenesis and the pathogenesis of obesity remain poorly understood. Our studies demonstrated that induction of adipogenesis in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells (in vitro) and obesity-associated adipose expansion in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice (in vivo) significantly dysregulate the CYP epoxygenase pathway and evoke a marked suppression of adipose-derived EET levels. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that exogenous EET analog administration elicits potent anti-adipogenic effects via inhibition of the early phase of adipogenesis. Furthermore, EET analog administration to mice significantly mitigated HFD-induced weight gain, adipose tissue expansion, pro-adipogenic gene expression, and glucose intolerance. Collectively, these findings suggest that suppression of EET bioavailability in adipose tissue is a key pathological consequence of obesity, and strategies that promote the protective effects of EETs in adipose tissue offer enormous therapeutic potential for obesity and its downstream pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zha
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Matthew L. Edin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kimberly C. Vendrov
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert N. Schuck
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Fred B. Lih
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Jawahar Lal Jat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - J. Alyce Bradbury
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Laura M. DeGraff
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kunjie Hua
- UNC Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - John R. Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Darryl C. Zeldin
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Craig R. Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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Zhang L, Grennan-Jones F, Draman MS, Lane C, Morris D, Dayan CM, Tee AR, Ludgate M. Possible targets for nonimmunosuppressive therapy of Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1183-90. [PMID: 24758182 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is caused by expansion of the orbital contents by excess adipogenesis and overproduction of hyaluronan (HA). Immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory treatments of GO are not always effective and can have side effects, whereas targeting GO-associated tissue remodeling might be a more logical therapeutic strategy. Previously we reported that signaling cascades through IGF1 receptor and thyrotropin receptor within orbital preadipocytes/fibroblasts drove adipogenesis and HA production. Our current study combined the stimulation of IGF1 receptor and thyrotropin receptor increase of HA accumulation, which we hypothesize is by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-1A/PI3K1B, respectively. The central aim of this study was to investigate whether PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitors affected adipogenesis and/or HA production within orbital preadipocyte/fibroblasts. METHODS Human orbital preadipocytes were treated with/without inhibitors, LY294002 (PI3K1A/mTORC1), AS-605240 (PI3K1B), or PI103 (PI3K1A/mTORC1) in serum-free medium for 24 hours or cultured in adipogenic medium for 15 days. Quantitative PCR was used to measure hyaluronan synthases (HAS2) transcripts and the terminal adipogenesis differentiation marker lipoprotein lipase. HA accumulation in the medium was measured by an ELISA. RESULTS Unlike AS-605240, both LY294002 (10 μM) and PI-103 (5 μM) significantly decreased HAS2 transcripts/HA accumulation and adipogenesis. Because PI-103 and LY294002 are dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, we investigated the inhibition of mTORC1 (rapamycin 100 nM), which significantly decreased adipogenesis but had no effect on HAS2 transcripts/HA, implicating PI3K-1A in the latter. CONCLUSIONS The combined inhibition of PI3K1A and mTORC1 signaling in vitro decreased both HA accumulation and adipogenesis. Because PI3K and mTOR inhibitors are clinically used to treat other conditions, they have the potential to be repositioned to be used as an alternative nonimmunosuppressive therapy of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine (L.Z., F.G.-J., M.S.D., C.M.D., M.L.), Department of Medical Genetics (A.R.T.), Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, and Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., D.M.), Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Fujimori K, Yano M, Miyake H, Kimura H. Termination mechanism of CREB-dependent activation of COX-2 expression in early phase of adipogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 384:12-22. [PMID: 24378735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We elucidated the molecular mechanism of prostaglandin (PG) E2- and PGF2α-mediated suppression of the early phase of adipogenesis through enhanced COX-2 expression in 3T3-L1 cells. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase which catalyzes the conversion of cAMP to AMP, enhanced the activity of protein kinase A (PKA). Dibutyryl cAMP activated PKA and enhanced the phosphorylation of cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB). The ability of CREB binding to the CRE of the COX-2 promoter was elevated for enhancement of the expression of the COX-2 gene. CREB siRNA suppressed the expression of the COX-2 gene. Furthermore, okadaic acid, a protein phosphatase (PP) 1/2A inhibitor, suppressed the progression of adipogenesis by preventing PP1/2A-mediated suppression of CREB-dependent COX-2 expression, thus resulting in increased production of anti-adipogenic PGE2 and PGF2α. These results indicate that CREB-dependent expression of COX-2 for the production of anti-adipogenic PGs is critical for the regulation of the early phase of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Yano
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyake
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kimura
- Laboratory of Biodefense and Regulation, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Eisenstein A, Ravid K. G protein-coupled receptors and adipogenesis: a focus on adenosine receptors. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:414-21. [PMID: 24114647 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of proteins that coordinate extracellular signals to produce physiologic outcomes. Adenosine receptors (AR) are one class of GPCRs that have been shown to regulate functions as diverse as inflammation, blood flow, and cellular differentiation. Adenosine signals through four GPCRs that either inhibit (A1AR and A3AR) or activate (A2aAR and A2bAR) adenylyl cyclase. This review will focus on the role of GPCRs, and in particular, adenosine receptors, in adipogenesis. Preadipocytes differentiate to mature adipocytes as the adipose tissue expands to compensate for the consumption of excess nutrients. These newly generated adipocytes contribute to maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Understanding the key drivers of this differentiation process can aid the development of therapeutics to combat the growing obesity epidemic and associated metabolic consequences. Although much literature has covered the transcriptional events that culminate in the formation of an adipocyte, less focus has been on receptor-mediated extracellular signals that direct this process. This review will highlight GPCRs and their downstream messengers as significant players controlling adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eisenstein
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Gabrielli M, Martini CN, Brandani JN, Iustman LJR, Romero DG, del C Vila M. Exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP is involved in the regulation of adipogenic genes during 3T3-L1 fibroblasts differentiation. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:143-51. [PMID: 24444094 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is stimulated in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts by a combination of insulin, dexamethasone and isobutylmethylxanthine, IBMX, (I+D+M). Two transcription factors are important for the acquisition of the adipocyte phenotype, C/EBP beta (CCAT enhancer-binding protein beta) and PPAR gamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma). IBMX increases cAMP content, which can activate protein kinase A (PKA) and/or EPAC (exchange protein activated by cAMP). To investigate the importance of IBMX in the differentiation mixture, we first evaluated the effect of the addition of IBMX on the increase of C/EBP beta and PPAR gamma and found an enhancement of the amount of both proteins. IBMX addition (I+D+M) or its replacement with a cAMP analogue, dibutyryl-cAMP or 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-2-O'-methyl-cAMP (8CPT-2-Me-cAMP), the latter activates EPAC and not PKA, remarkably increased PPAR gamma mRNA. However, neither I+D nor any of the inducers alone, increased PPAR gamma mRNA to a similar extent, suggesting the importance of the presence of both IBMX and I+D. It was also found that the addition of IBMX or 8CPT-2-Me-cAMP was able to increase the content of C/EBP beta with respect to I+D. In agreement with these findings, a microarray analysis showed that the presence of either 8CPT-2-Me-cAMP or IBMX in the differentiation mixture was able to upregulate PPAR gamma and PPAR gamma-activated genes as well as other genes involved in lipid metabolism. Our results prove the involvement of IBMX-cAMP-EPAC in the regulation of adipogenic genes during differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and therfore contributes to elucidate the role of cyclic AMP in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Gabrielli
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
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Peverelli E, Ermetici F, Corbetta S, Gozzini E, Avagliano L, Zappa MA, Bulfamante G, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A, Mantovani G. PKA regulatory subunit R2B is required for murine and human adipocyte differentiation. Endocr Connect 2013; 2:196-207. [PMID: 24145613 PMCID: PMC3847920 DOI: 10.1530/ec-13-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ADIPOGENESIS IS A COMPLEX PROCESS MODULATED BY SEVERAL FACTORS, INCLUDING CAMP SIGNALING. THE MAIN CAMP TARGET IS PROTEIN KINASE A (PKA), A TETRAMERIC ENZYME WITH FOUR REGULATORY SUBUNITS SHOWING TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION: PRKAR2B is the main regulatory subunit in adipose tissue in mice and in adult humans. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of PKA regulatory subunits in human adipose tissue during fetal development and to investigate their role in the differentiation of 3T3-L1 and primary human preadipocytes. The expression of PKA regulatory subunits was evaluated in fetal adipose tissue (immunohistochemistry) and in cultured 3T3-L1 and primary human preadipocytes (western blot analysis). Cultured cells were transiently transfected with siRNA against PRKAR2B and induced to differentiate. Differentiation was evaluated by intracellular triglyceride staining (Oil Red O) and expression of molecular markers of adipocyte differentiation. In this study, we found that PRKAR2B is the main regulatory subunit in human adipose tissue during fetal development, from 12 weeks of gestation to the end of gestation, as well as in 3T3-L1 and primary human preadipocytes. The expression of PRKAR2B increases progressively during in vitro differentiation. The silencing of PRKAR2B abolishes the increase in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ (PPARG)), fatty acid synthase, aP2 (FABP4), and lipoprotein lipase, as well as intracellular triglyceride accumulation, resulting in impaired adipocyte differentiation in both mouse and human cell systems. In conclusion, PRKAR2B is the key PKA regulatory subunit involved in mouse and human adipose tissue development. The physiological increase in the expression of PRKAR2B is an essential event in adipogenesis in both mice and humans, and it might represent a possible target for future strategies for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Peverelli
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoPad.Granelli Via F. Sforza 3520122, MilanItaly
| | - Federica Ermetici
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoPad.Granelli Via F. Sforza 3520122, MilanItaly
- Diabetology and Metabolic Disease UnitIRCCS Policlinico San DonatoSan Donato MilaneseItaly
| | - Sabrina Corbetta
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico S.Donato, Department of Biomedical Sciences for HealthUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ettore Gozzini
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoPad.Granelli Via F. Sforza 3520122, MilanItaly
| | - Laura Avagliano
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Human Pathology – San Paolo Hospital Medical SchoolUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | - Marco A Zappa
- Surgical DepartmentOspedale Sacra Famiglia FatebenefratelliErbaItaly
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Department of Health Sciences, Unit of Human Pathology – San Paolo Hospital Medical SchoolUniversity of MilanMilanoItaly
| | - Paolo Beck-Peccoz
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoPad.Granelli Via F. Sforza 3520122, MilanItaly
| | - Anna Spada
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoPad.Granelli Via F. Sforza 3520122, MilanItaly
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoPad.Granelli Via F. Sforza 3520122, MilanItaly
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Mantovani
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Park BO, Ahrends R, Teruel MN. Consecutive positive feedback loops create a bistable switch that controls preadipocyte-to-adipocyte conversion. Cell Rep 2012; 2:976-90. [PMID: 23063366 PMCID: PMC4959269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipogenesis, or the conversion of proliferating preadipocytes into nondividing adipocytes, is an important part of the vertebrate weight-maintenance program. It is not yet understood how and when an irreversible transition occurs into a distinct state capable of accumulating lipid. Here, we use single-cell fluorescence imaging to show that an all-or-none switch is induced before lipid accumulation occurs. Conversion begins by glucocorticoid and cAMP signals raising C/EBPβ levels above a critical threshold, triggering three consecutive positive feedback loops: from PPARγ to C/EBPα, then to C/EBPβ, and last to the insulin receptor. Experiments and modeling show that these feedbacks create a robust, irreversible transition to a terminally differentiated state by rejecting short- and low-amplitude stimuli. After the differentiation switch is triggered, insulin controls fat accumulation in a graded fashion. Altogether, our study introduces a regulatory motif that locks cells in a differentiated state by engaging a sequence of positive feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ouk Park
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary N. Teruel
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence:
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43
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Kadota Y, Yanagawa M, Nakaya T, Kawakami T, Sato M, Suzuki S. Gene expression of mesoderm-specific transcript is upregulated as preadipocytes differentiate to adipocytes in vitro. J Physiol Sci 2012; 62:403-11. [PMID: 22753118 PMCID: PMC10717349 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-012-0217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mesoderm-specific transcript (Mest) is a distinct gene associated with adipocyte differentiation and proliferation. The mechanisms regulating expression of the Mest gene are not established. Therefore, we investigated Mest gene expression during adipogenic differentiation in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipose-derived stromal cells (ADCs) from C57BL/6J mouse adipose tissue. Expression of Mest mRNA increased significantly in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation. Additionally, Mest mRNA expression levels were additively enhanced by the inhibition of DNA methylation. Expression levels of the Mest gene were also markedly elevated in differentiating ADCs in vitro. Additionally, we showed that Mest mRNA can be upregulated by increasing intracellular cAMP, and that Mest expression is suppressed by inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA). Mest expression was regulated through cAMP-dependent PKA pathways during differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes in vitro, supporting the critical role of Mest in proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kadota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180 Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
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44
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Doorn J, Leusink M, Groen N, van de Peppel J, van Leeuwen JPTM, van Blitterswijk CA, de Boer J. Diverse effects of cyclic AMP variants on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1431-42. [PMID: 22646480 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) may potentially be used in cell-based bone tissue-engineering applications to enhance the bone-forming potential of these cells. Osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic differentiation are thought to be mutually exclusive, and although several signaling pathways and cues that induce osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation, respectively, have been identified, there is no general consensus on how to optimally differentiate hMSCs into the osteogenic lineage. Some pathways have also been reported to be involved in both adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, as for example, the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, and the aim of this study was to investigate the role of cAMP/PKA signaling in differentiation of hMSCs in more detail. We show that activation of this pathway with dibutyryl-cAMP results in enhanced alkaline phosphatase expression, whereas another cAMP analog induces adipogenesis in long-term mineralization cultures. Adipogenic differentiation, induced by 8-bromo-cAMP, was accompanied by stronger PKA activity and higher expression of cAMP-responsive genes, suggesting that stronger activation correlates with adipogenic differentiation. In addition, a whole-genome expression analysis showed an increase in expression of adipogenic genes in 8-br-cAMP-treated cells. Furthermore, by means of quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we show differences in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation, either alone or in combination with dexamethasone, thus demonstrating differential effects of the PKA pathway, most likely depending on its mode of activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Doorn
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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45
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Rogers C, Moukdar F, McGee MA, Davis B, Buehrer BM, Daniel KW, Collins S, Barakat H, Robidoux J. EGF receptor (ERBB1) abundance in adipose tissue is reduced in insulin-resistant and type 2 diabetic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E329-40. [PMID: 22238402 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Indications of adipose tissue dysfunction correlate with systemic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It has been suggested that a defect in adipose tissue turnover may be involved in the development of these disorders. Whether this dysfunction causes or exacerbates systemic insulin resistance is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASURES: We tested whether the expression of members of the mitogenic ErbB family was reduced in adipose tissue of insulin-resistant individuals and whether ErbB1 and ErbB2 were involved in adipogenesis. Thirty-two women covering a wide range of body mass index values and insulin sensitivity participated in the cross-sectional portion of this study. We also studied preadipocytes isolated from 12 insulin-sensitive individuals to evaluate the impact of ErbB1 or ErbB2 inhibition on adipogenesis in vitro. For this purpose, we measured phospho-ErbB1 and phospho-ErbB2 levels using ELISA and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ-regulated genes by real-time PCR. RESULTS Among the ErbB family members, only ErbB1 expression was correlated with insulin sensitivity. Additionally, ErbB1 levels correlated positively with PPARγ and several PPARγ-regulated genes including acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 1 (ACSL1), adiponectin, adipose tissue triacylglycerol lipase (ATGL), diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL), but negatively with CD36 and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). In preadipocyte culture, ErbB1, but not ErbB2, inhibition was associated with a reduction in the expression of all the above-mentioned genes. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a key role for ErbB1 in adipogenesis and suggest that lower ErbB1 protein abundance may lead to adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyle Rogers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA
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Cui ZG, Hong NY, Guan J, Kang HK, Lee DH, Lee YK, Park DB. cAMP antagonizes ERK-dependent antiapoptotic action of insulin. BMB Rep 2011; 44:205-10. [PMID: 21429300 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.3.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin has antiapoptotic activity in various cell types. However, the signaling pathways underlying the antiapoptotic activity of insulin is not yet known. This study was conducted to determine if cAMP affects the antiapoptotic activity of insulin and the activity of PI3K and ERK in CHO cells expressing human insulin receptors (CHO-IR). Insulin-stimulated ERK activity was completely suppressed by cAMP-elevating agents like as pertussis toxin (Ptx) and cholera toxin (Ctx) after 4 h treatment. Insulin-stimulated PKB/Akt activity was not affected at all. Ptx treatment together with insulin increased the number of apoptotic cells and the degree of DNA fragmentation. Ctx or 8-brcAMP treatment also increased the number of apoptotic cells and stimulated the cleavage of caspase-3 and the hydrolysis of PARP. Taken together, cAMP antagonizes the antiapoptotic activity of insulin and the main target molecule of cAMP in this process is likely ERK, not PI3K-dependent PKB/Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Gang Cui
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Korea
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Santangelo C, Varì R, Scazzocchio B, Filesi C, D'Archivio M, Giovannini C, Masella R. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β participates in oxidized LDL-enhanced proliferation in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:1510-9. [PMID: 21621583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increased circulating oxidized LDL (oxLDL) have been found in obese subjects. Obesity is characterized by an excess of fat mass resulting from an increase in adipocyte number and size. The generation of new adipocytes is a tightly controlled process where multiple factors acting in a signaling cascade follow a precise temporal expression pattern; oxLDL appear to have a role in the impairment of this process. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of oxLDL on the mechanisms involved in the proliferative stage of the differentiation process in 3T3-L1 cells. After hormonal induction, 3T3-L1 cells undergo approximately two rounds of mitotic clonal expansion (MCE), a process required for adipogenesis. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is immediately expressed after induction, and plays a crucial role in MCE, but its expression must decrease to allow preadipocytes to mature into adipocytes. We found that, in the presence of stimuli to differentiate, oxLDL induced a higher proliferation rate in this cell line, associated with a sustained up-regulation of C/EBPβ, which remained activated inside the nucleus for several days. RNAi-mediated knockdown of C/EBPβ 24 h after oxLDL treatment counteracted the increase in proliferation rate. Both C/EBPβ expression and proliferation processes appear to be influenced by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2) pathways. OxLDL treatment led to increased levels of cAMP, and to a strong, prolonged phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and C/EBPβ. The addition of cAMP and PKA inhibitors, SQ22536 and H-89, respectively, reduced proliferation only in oxLDL-treated cells, whereas the addition of ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 blocked proliferation in both control and oxLDL-treated cells. C/EBPβ nuclear expression and DNA-binding activity were reduced by U0126, under all tested conditions. These findings show that the altered expression pattern of C/EBPβ is involved in the increase in the number of proliferating cells induced by oxLDL, in hormone-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Santangelo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute of Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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48
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Xiao H, Leblanc SE, Wu Q, Konda S, Salma N, Marfella CGA, Ohkawa Y, Imbalzano AN. Chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding at the PPARγ2 promoter during adipogenesis is protein kinase A-dependent. J Cell Physiol 2010; 226:86-93. [PMID: 20625991 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that specifies formation of the adipocyte lineage. PPARγ also serves as a primary target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, illustrating both its medical relevance as well as the need to understand fundamental aspects of PPARγ expression and function. Here, we characterize molecular changes that occur at the PPARγ2 promoter within the first several hours of adipocyte differentiation in culture. Our results demonstrate that changes in chromatin accessibility at the PPARγ2 promoter and occupancy of the promoter by the c-Fos transcription factor occur within an hour of the onset of differentiation, followed closely by the binding of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) transcription factor. All three events show a remarkable dependency on protein kinase A (PKA) activity. These results reflect novel requirements for the PKA signaling pathway and reinforce the importance of PKA function during the onset of adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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49
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Gao S, Ito H, Murakami M, Yoshida K, Tagawa Y, Hagiwara K, Takagi A, Kojima T, Suzuki M, Banno Y, Ohguchi K, Nozawa Y, Murate T. Mechanism of increased PLD1 gene expression during early adipocyte differentiation process of mouse cell line 3T3-L1. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:375-82. [PMID: 19950202 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A mouse cell line 3T3-L1 is differentiated into adipocytes when treated with an inducer cocktail (IDX) (insulin, dexametahsone, and a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor of isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX)). Here, we report that PLD1, but not PLD2, mRNA and protein increased during the early differentiation process. Our analysis shows that IDX resulted in a sequential induction of C/EBPbeta, PLD1, and C/EBPalpha which is a key transcription factor of late adipocyte differentiation. Among the three inducers, IBMX + any other inducer induced mild adipocyte differentiation, whereas insulin + dexamethasone did not. IBMX increased PLD1 but not PLD2 mRNA. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, and dbcAMP also increased PLD1 mRNA, suggesting the cellular cAMP as the inducer of both adipocyte differentiation and PLD1 transcription. We focused on the regulatory mechanism of PLD1 transcription during this differentiation process. IDX or a combination of inducers including IBMX increased PLD1 promoter activity, which is consistent with mRNA analysis. Promoter analysis identified two adjacent C/EBP motifs located between -338 and -231 bp from the first exon as the IBMX responsive elements. Furthermore, overexpression of C/EBPbeta, but not C/EBPalpha, increased PLD1 mRNA and PLD1 5' promoter activity. EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed the direct binding of C/EBPbeta, but not C/EBPalpha, to these C/EBP motifs of PLD1 5' promoter. Our results show that PLD1 is a target gene of C/EBPbeta through the increased cellular cAMP during early adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Gao
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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50
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Yoshie M, Kaneyama K, Kusama K, Higuma C, Nishi H, Isaka K, Tamura K. Possible role of the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (Epac) in the cyclic AMP-dependent functional differentiation and syncytialization of human placental BeWo cells. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:2229-38. [PMID: 20663796 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mononuclear villous cytotrophoblast (CTB) differentiates and fuses to the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast (STB), which produces hCG and progesterone. cAMP-mediated intracellular pathways are involved in the process of endocrine differentiation and fusion (syncytialization). The exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) is a mediator of cAMP signaling. We examined the differential roles of Epac and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in the cell fusion and differentiation of trophoblast-derived BeWo cells. METHODS Epac1 and Epac2 were localized in human placental tissue (n = 9) by immunohistochemistry. The PKA-selective cAMP analog (N(6)-phenyl-cAMP, Phe) or Epac-selective cAMP analog (CPT) was tested for effects on hCG and progesterone production, and syncytialization in BeWo cells. The effect of knockdown of Epac or its downstream target molecule (Rap1) on syncytialization was evaluated. RESULTS Epac1 and Epac2 proteins were expressed in villous CTB, STB, stroma, blood vessels and extravillous CTB of the placenta. Phe increased the expression of hCG alpha/beta mRNA and secretion of hCG protein in BeWo cells (P < 0.01 versus control). CPT-stimulated production of hCG (P < 0.05), albeit to a lesser extent than Phe. Progesterone production was also enhanced by Phe or CPT (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). CPT or a stable cAMP analog (dibutyryl-cAMP: Db) increased the number of syncytialized BeWo cells (P < 0.01), whereas Phe did not stimulate fusion. CPT- or Db-induced syncytialization was observed, even in the presence of a PKA inhibitor. Knockdown of Epac1 or Rap1 repressed the Db-, CPT- or forskolin-induced cell fusion. CONCLUSIONS The Epac signaling pathway may be associated with the cAMP-mediated functional differentiation and syncytialization of human trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Yoshie
- Department of Endocrine Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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