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Shen W, Wu J, Shi L, Feng H, Yang X, Zhang Y. Explore the mechanisms of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum in the protection against Alzheimer's disease via microbiota-gut-brain axis with the aid of network pharmacology. Fitoterapia 2024; 178:106150. [PMID: 39089595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst.(G. lucidum) is a kind of fungi, which also a traditional Chinese medicine used for "wisdom growth" in China. Triterpenoids from G. lucidum (GLTs) are one of the main active ingredients. Based on the strategy of early intervention on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the inextricable association between disordered gut microbiota and metabolites with AD, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms of GLTs in the protection against AD via microbiota-gut-brain axis with the aid of network pharmacology. In this study, LC-MS/MS was used to identify the main active ingredients of GLTs. Network pharmacology was used to predict the potential target and validated with Caco-2 cell model. D-galactose was used to induce the slow-onset AD on rats. Metabolomics methods basing on GC-MS combined with 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to carry out microbiota-gut-metabolomics analysis in order to reveal the potential mechanisms of GLTs in the protection of AD. As results, GLTs showed a protection against AD effect on rats by intervening administration. The mechanisms were inextricably linked to GLTs interference with the balance of gut microbiota and metabolites. The main fecal metabolites involved were short-chain fatty acids and aromatic amino acid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanping Shen
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China; Graduate school, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Jiming Wu
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Liyan Shi
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Haisong Feng
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Xiudong Yang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Gao M, Luo J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gao Y, Yang L, Wang J, Wang N. Association between glioma and neurodegenerative diseases risk: a two-sample bi-directional Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1413015. [PMID: 39015316 PMCID: PMC11250058 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1413015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier observational studies have demonstrated a correlation between glioma and the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), but the causality and direction of their associations remain unclear. The objective of this study was to ascertain the causal link between glioma and NDs using Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology. Methods Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data were used in a two-sample bi-directional MR analysis. From the largest meta-analysis GWAS, encompassing 18,169 controls and 12,488 cases, summary statistics data on gliomas was extracted. Summarized statistics for NDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD) were obtained from the GWAS of European ancestry. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was elected as the core MR approach with weighted median (WM) method and MR-Egger method as complementary methods. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed. A Bonferroni correction was used to correct the results. Results Genetically predicted glioma had been related to decreased risk of AD. Specifically, for all glioma (IVW: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.90-0.96, p = 4.88 × 10-6) and glioblastoma (GBM) (IVW: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.91-0.95, p = 5.11 × 10-9). We also found that genetically predicted all glioma has a suggestive causative association with MS (IVW: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.81-1.00, p = 0.045). There was no evidence of causal association between glioma and ALS or PD. According to the results of reverse MR analysis, no discernible causal connection of NDs was found on glioma. Sensitivity analyses validated the robustness of the above associations. Conclusion We report evidence in support of potential causal associations of different glioma subtypes with AD and MS. More studies are required to uncover the underlying mechanisms of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Youqi Chen
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Luo
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Bethune Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Clinical College, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Laiyu Yang
- Bethune Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingning Wang
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ningxin Wang
- Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Fatemi Langroudi SR, Zeinaly M, Ajamian F. TBX21, the Master regulator of the type 1 immune response, overexpresses in the leukocytes of peripheral blood in patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:59. [PMID: 37950255 PMCID: PMC10636817 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of the peripheral immune system in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases has recently been emphasized. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently identified several candidate immune genes linked to development of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression. TBX21 (T-bet) which drives the Th1 immune response, is linked to the major depressive disorder (MDD) phenotype. This study investigated the association between the TBX21 immune gene and the possibility of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) incidence in 194 LOAD and 200 control subjects using the real-time qPCR and the Tetra-ARMS-PCR methods. We also used an in silico approach to analyze the potential effects imparted by TBX21 rs17244587 and rs41515744 polymorphisms in LOAD pathogenesis. RESULTS We found that the TBX21 "immune gene" had significantly elevated mRNA expression levels in the leukocytes of peripheral blood in patients with LOAD (P < 0.0001). We also found an upward trend in TBX21 expression with increasing age in LOAD patients compared to the control group (P < 0.05; CI = 95%). We noticed that the TT genotype of rs41515744 plays a protective role in LOAD incidence, as it attenuates the expression of TBX21 in the control group. We observed that the dominant model of rs41515744 represented a substantial association with LOAD (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time the likely impact of the TBX21 (T-bet) immune gene in LOAD development and that the elevated TBX21 mRNAs in the WBCs of LOAD patients may represent a new easy diagnostic test for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Fatemi Langroudi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, C.P., Namjoo St., Rasht, 41335-1914, Iran
| | - M Zeinaly
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, C.P., Namjoo St., Rasht, 41335-1914, Iran
| | - F Ajamian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, C.P., Namjoo St., Rasht, 41335-1914, Iran.
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yao J. Global trends and prospects about synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease: a bibliometric analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1234719. [PMID: 37731952 PMCID: PMC10508060 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1234719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose In recent years, synaptic plasticity disorders have been identified as one of the key pathogenic factors and the early pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we tried to use bibliometric analysis to gain a systematic understanding about synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease. Methods We extracted relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) on August 29th, 2022. Then, we used CiteSpace, VOSviewer and other online bibliometric platforms to further analyze the obtained data. Results A total of 2,348 published articles and reviews about synaptic plasticity in AD from 2002 to 2022 were identified. During the past two decades, the overall trends of the numbers and citations of manuscripts were on the rise. The United States was the leading country with the largest number of publications which showed its crucial role in this field. The collaboration network analysis showed that the United States and China had the most frequent collaboration. In addition, Harvard University was the institution with the greatest number of publications and cited times. Among all authors, Selkoe DJ was the most influential author with the greatest cited times. The journal of Alzheimer's disease published the maximum number of documents in the field of synaptic plasticity in AD within 20 years. Furthermore, the results of keywords burst detection showed that the hot topics have shifted from the synaptic transmission, precursor protein and plaque formation to neuroinflammation, microglia and alpha synuclein. Conclusion This study analyzed 2,348 publications with 82,025 references covering the topic of synaptic plasticity in AD and presented the research trends. The results indicated that neuroinflammation, microglia and alpha synuclein were the current research hotspots, which implied the potential clinical applications to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Dong Z, Xu M, Sun X, Wang X. Mendelian randomization and transcriptomic analysis reveal an inverse causal relationship between Alzheimer's disease and cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:527. [PMID: 37542274 PMCID: PMC10403895 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer are common age-related diseases, and epidemiological evidence suggests an inverse relationship between them. However, investigating the potential mechanism underlying their relationship remains insufficient. METHODS Based on genome-wide association summary statistics for 42,034 AD patients and 609,951 cancer patients from the GWAS Catalog using the two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Moreover, we utilized two-step MR to identify metabolites mediating between AD and cancer. Furthermore, we employed colocalization analysis to identify genes whose upregulation is a risk factor for AD and demonstrated the genes' upregulation to be a favorable prognostic factor for cancer by analyzing transcriptomic data for 33 TCGA cancer types. RESULTS Two-sample MR analysis revealed a significant causal influence for increased AD risk on reduced cancer risk. Two-step MR analysis identified very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) as a key mediator of the negative cause-effect relationship between AD and cancer. Colocalization analysis uncovered PVRIG upregulation to be a risk factor for AD. Transcriptomic analysis showed that PVRIG expression had significant negative correlations with stemness scores, and positive correlations with antitumor immune responses and overall survival in pan-cancer and multiple cancer types. CONCLUSION AD may result in lower cancer risk. VLDL is a significant intermediate variable linking AD with cancer. PVRIG abundance is a risk factor for AD but a protective factor for cancer. This study demonstrates a causal influence for AD on cancer and provides potential molecular connections between both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Dong
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Mengli Xu
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
- Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Luhe People's Hospital, Nanjing, 211500, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Luhe Hospital Affiliated with Yangzhou University Medical College, Nanjing, 211500, China.
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
- Cancer Genomics Research Center, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
- Big Data Research Institute, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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de Dios C, Abadin X, Roca-Agujetas V, Jimenez-Martinez M, Morales A, Trullas R, Mari M, Colell A. Inflammasome activation under high cholesterol load triggers a protective microglial phenotype while promoting neuronal pyroptosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:10. [PMID: 36895045 PMCID: PMC9996936 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammatory response in the brain can lead to tissue damage and neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is an aberrant activation of inflammasomes, molecular platforms that drive inflammation through caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines and gasdermin D (GSDMD), the executor of pyroptosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the sustained activation of inflammasomes in AD are largely unknown. We have previously shown that high brain cholesterol levels promote amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we investigate whether these cholesterol-mediated changes may regulate the inflammasome pathway. METHODS SIM-A9 microglia and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were cholesterol-enriched using a water-soluble cholesterol complex. After exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus muramyl dipeptide or Aβ, activation of the inflammasome pathway was analyzed by immunofluorescence, ELISA and immunoblotting analysis. Fluorescently-labeled Aβ was employed to monitor changes in microglia phagocytosis. Conditioned medium was used to study how microglia-neuron interrelationship modulates the inflammasome-mediated response. RESULTS In activated microglia, cholesterol enrichment promoted the release of encapsulated IL-1β accompanied by a switch to a more neuroprotective phenotype, with increased phagocytic capacity and release of neurotrophic factors. In contrast, in SH-SY5Y cells, high cholesterol levels stimulated inflammasome assembly triggered by both bacterial toxins and Aβ peptides, resulting in GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Glutathione (GSH) ethyl ester treatment, which recovered the cholesterol-mediated depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels, significantly reduced the Aβ-induced oxidative stress in the neuronal cells, resulting in lower inflammasome activation and cell death. Furthermore, using conditioned media, we showed that neuronal pyroptosis affects the function of the cholesterol-enriched microglia, lowering its phagocytic activity and, therefore, the ability to degrade extracellular Aβ. CONCLUSIONS Changes in intracellular cholesterol levels differentially regulate the inflammasome-mediated immune response in microglia and neuronal cells. Given the microglia-neuron cross-talk in the brain, cholesterol modulation should be considered a potential therapeutic target for AD treatment, which may help to block the aberrant and chronic inflammation observed during the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de Dios
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xenia Abadin
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Roca-Agujetas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla., Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Mari
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Shen R, Chen Y, Li X, Wang X, Yang A, Kou X. Carrier-free Chinese herbal small molecules self-assembly with 3D-porous crystal framework as a synergistic anti-AD agent. Int J Pharm 2023; 630:122458. [PMID: 36462740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease caused by multiple factors. Single-target drugs have limited efficacy for AD treatment. Therefore, multi-target intervention strategy has great potential. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is mostly used in the form of compound prescription, which has the polypharmacology behavior. Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei are frequently used as the couplet medicines of TCM for AD therapy. In this study, the novel carrier-free nanoassembly with 3D-porous frame crystal structure has formulated from supramolecular self-assembly of berberine (BER) and rhein (RHE), the main active components of Rhizoma Coptidis and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, respectively. Combining with the spectral data and single crystal structure, the self-assembly process was clarified as dominated by electrostatic interaction and π-π stacking. In vitro release property, cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation regulation, radical elimination, metal ions chelation and cytotoxicity assay indicated that the obtained BER-RHE assembly had the Fickian diffusion-controlled sustained release ability, synergistic biological activities and virtually no neurotoxicity. In addition, in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) level evaluation showed that the assembly could reduce the accumulation of intracellular ROS in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Meanwhile, BER-RHE assembly could also be used as a novel potential carrier for drug delivery due to its superior 3D-porous frame. This green and facile strategy for carrier-free nanoassembly microscopic construction via supramolecular self-assembly might provide inspiration for the development of multi-target therapy for AD and the design of the novel drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xi Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Aihong Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiaodi Kou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Xia ZD, Ma RX, Wen JF, Zhai YF, Wang YQ, Wang FY, Liu D, Zhao XL, Sun B, Jia P, Zheng XH. Pathogenesis, Animal Models, and Drug Discovery of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1265-1301. [PMID: 37424469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease induced by multiple factors. The high incidence and the aging of the global population make it a growing global health concern with huge implications for individuals and society. The clinical manifestations are progressive cognitive dysfunction and lack of behavioral ability, which not only seriously affect the health and quality of life of the elderly, but also bring a heavy burden to the family and society. Unfortunately, almost all the drugs targeting the classical pathogenesis have not achieved satisfactory clinical effects in the past two decades. Therefore, the present review provides more novel ideas on the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, including classical pathogenesis and a variety of possible pathogenesis that have been proposed in recent years. It will be helpful to find out the key target and the effect pathway of potential drugs and mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of AD. In addition, the common animal models in AD research are outlined and we examine their prospect for the future. Finally, Phase I, II, III, and IV randomized clinical trials or on the market of drugs for AD treatment were searched in online databases (Drug Bank Online 5.0, the U.S. National Library of Medicine, and Alzforum). Therefore, this review may also provide useful information in the research and development of new AD-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Di Xia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Ruo-Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jin-Feng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Feng-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Pu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, PR China
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9
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Goel P, Chakrabarti S, Goel K, Bhutani K, Chopra T, Bali S. Neuronal cell death mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: An insight. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937133. [PMID: 36090249 PMCID: PMC9454331 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is an ordered and tightly orchestrated set of changes/signaling events in both gene expression and protein activity and is responsible for normal development as well as maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of this pathway results in cell death by various mechanisms including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. Such pathological changes in neurons alone or in combination have been observed in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks of AD focus primarily on the accumulation of two main protein markers: amyloid β peptides and abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins. These protein aggregates result in the formation of A-β plaques and neuro-fibrillary tangles (NFTs) and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration over years to decades leading to a multitude of cognitive and behavioral deficits. Autopsy findings of AD reveal massive neuronal death manifested in the form of cortical volume shrinkage, reduction in sizes of gyri to up to 50% and an increase in the sizes of sulci. Multiple forms of cell death have been recorded in neurons from different studies conducted so far. However, understanding the mechanism/s of neuronal cell death in AD patients remains a mystery as the trigger that results in aberrant activation of RCD is unknown and because of the limited availability of dying neurons. This review attempts to elucidate the process of Regulated cell death, how it gets unregulated in response to different intra and extracellular stressors, various forms of unregulated cell death, their interplay and their role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease in both human and experimental models of AD. Further we plan to explore the correlation of both amyloid-beta and Tau with neuronal loss as seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College Chhainsa, Faridabad, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Kapil Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Karanpreet Bhutani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Tanya Chopra
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Sharadendu Bali
- Department of Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
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Soares JZ, Valeur J, Šaltytė Benth J, Knapskog AB, Selbæk G, Bogdanovic N, Pettersen R. Associations Between Intrathecal Levels of Vitamin D, Cytokines, and Core Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 89:825-834. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Several studies have examined association between vitamin D levels in serum and cognition, but little is known of vitamin D levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and association with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: In this cross-sectional, explorative study we investigated possible associations of vitamin D in CSF with biomarkers for AD, amyloid-β, tau protein/phosphorylated tau protein in CSF, and with the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in CSF in patients with cognitive impairment and cognitively healthy controls. Methods: We included 100 outpatients ≥65 years referred for assessment of cognitive impairment and 76 age- and sex-matched cognitively healthy controls. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), amyloid-β, tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein, as well as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were analyzed in CSF in both groups. Results: Higher levels of 25(OH)D in CSF in all groups together were associated with lower levels of tau protein (p = 0.01) and phosphorylated tau protein (p = 0.005). We found no association between 25(OH)D levels in CSF and pathological levels of amyloid-β in CSF nor levels of IL-6 or TNF-α in CSF. Higher levels of 25(OH)D in CSF were associated with higher levels of IL-8 in CSF (p = 0.002). However, vitamin D explained only 6% of variance in IL-8. There was no significant difference between the patient groups and the control group regarding the association between 25(OH)D in CSF and any of the three cytokines in CSF. Conclusion: Participants with higher CSF levels of 25(OH)D exhibited reduced CSF levels of tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zugic Soares
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | | | - Geir Selbæk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department for Neurobiology, Caring Science and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renate Pettersen
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Fateh Basharzad S, Hamidi M, Maleki A, Karami Z, Mohamadpour H, Reza Saghatchi Zanjani M. Polysorbate-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an efficient carrier for improved rivastigmine brain delivery. Brain Res 2022; 1781:147786. [PMID: 35041841 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of neurological therapeutic to the brain has been attracting more and more attention to the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Nonetheless, the main obstacle in this road map is the existence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB) which limits the penetration efficiency of most CNS drugs into the brain parenchyma. This present investigation describes a facile synthetic strategy to prepare a highly biocompatible calcium-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized by polysorbate-80 (PS) as targeting ligand to deliver rivastigmine (RV) into the brain via crossing the BBB. The developed nanosystem was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Zeta potential, and N2-adsorption-desorption analysis. In vitro hemolysis studies were carried out to confirm the biocompatibility of the nanocarriers. Our in vivo studies in an animal model of rats showed that the RV-loaded nanosystem was able to enhance the brain-to-plasma concentration ratio, brain uptake clearance, and plasma elimination half-life of the drug compared to the free one drug following intravenous (IV) administration. The results revealed that functionalization of MSNs by PS is crucial to deliver RV into the brain, suggesting PS-functionalized MSNs could be an effective carrier to deliver RV to the brain while overcoming BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Fateh Basharzad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Karami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohamadpour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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12
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Bai H, Zhang Q. Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and Onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701282. [PMID: 34381452 PMCID: PMC8350495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is an important pattern recognition receptor in human innate immunity. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome play a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Theories explaining activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome include the reactive oxygen species theory, the lysosomal damage theory and the mitochondrial DNA theory. The NLRP3 activation promotes occurrence of AD by producing IL-1β, IL-18 and other cytokines, and then by affecting the deposition of Aβ and tau proteins. Over-activated NLRP3 inflammasome often impair cell function and induces immune-related diseases. Some mechanisms have been found to negatively regulate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, which may be through receptor binding blocking mechanism, autophagy related mechanism, abnormal cytokine secretion mechanism, or interference related gene expression regulation mechanism. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms by which the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes affects the pathogenesis of AD, and the recent advances in the prevention and treatment of AD by controlling the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes. By researching the activation or inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome, it is possible to reveal the pathogenesis of AD from a new perspective and provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, China.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Medical Experimental Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun, China
| | - Qifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Severini C, Barbato C, Di Certo MG, Gabanella F, Petrella C, Di Stadio A, de Vincentiis M, Polimeni A, Ralli M, Greco A. Alzheimer's Disease: New Concepts on the Role of Autoimmunity and NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathogenesis of the Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:498-512. [PMID: 32564756 PMCID: PMC8206463 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200621204546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), recognized as the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is clinically characterized by the presence of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and by intracellular neurofibrillary tau tangles, accompanied by glial activation and neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that self-misfolded proteins stimulate an immune response mediated by glial cells, inducing the release of inflammatory mediators and the recruitment of peripheral macrophages into the brain, which in turn aggravate AD pathology. The present review aims to update the current knowledge on the role of autoimmunity and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of the disease, indicating a new target for therapeutic intervention. We mainly focused on the NLRP3 microglial inflammasome as a critical factor in stimulating innate immune responses, thus sustaining chronic inflammation. Additionally, we discussed the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the gut-brain axis. Direct targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the associated receptors could be a potential pharmacological strategy since its inhibition would selectively reduce AD neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Severini
- Address correspondence to this author at the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council of Italy, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; E-mail:
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14
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Galantamine-Memantine combination in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and beyond. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113409. [PMID: 32829072 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population worldwide. Despite the major unmet clinical need, no new medications for the treatment of AD have been approved since 2003. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is also a positive allosteric modulator at the α4β2 and α7nACh receptors. Memantine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor modulator/agonist. Both galantamine and memantine are FDA-approved medications for the treatment of AD. The objective of this review is to highlight the potential of the galantamine-memantine combination to conduct randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in AD. Several studies have shown the combination to be effective. Neurodegenerative diseases involve multiple pathologies; therefore, combination treatment appears to be a rational approach. Although underutilized, the galantamine-memantine combination is the standard of care in the treatment of AD. Positive RCTs with the combination with concurrent improvement in symptoms and biomarkers may lead to FDA approval, which may lead to greater utilization of this combination in clinical practice.
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15
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Positron Emission Tomography in the Inflamed Cerebellum: Addressing Novel Targets among G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Immune Receptors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100925. [PMID: 32998351 PMCID: PMC7601272 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes preceding clinical manifestation of brain diseases are moving increasingly into the focus of positron emission tomographic (PET) investigations. A key role in inflammation and as a target of PET imaging efforts is attributed to microglia. Cerebellar microglia, with a predominant ameboid and activated subtype, is of special interest also regarding improved and changing knowledge on functional involvement of the cerebellum in mental activities in addition to its regulatory role in motor function. The present contribution considers small molecule ligands as potential PET tools for the visualization of several receptors recognized to be overexpressed in microglia and which can potentially serve as indicators of inflammatory processes in the cerebellum. The sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), neuropeptide Y receptor 2 (NPY2) and purinoceptor Y12 (P2Y12) cannabinoid receptors and the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 as G-protein-coupled receptors and the ionotropic purinoceptor P2X7 provide structures with rather classical binding behavior, while the immune receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) might depend for instance on further accessory proteins. Improvement in differentiation between microglial functional subtypes in comparison to the presently used 18 kDa translocator protein ligands as well as of the knowledge on the role of polymorphisms are special challenges in such developments.
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Kitaguchi N, Tatebe H, Sakai K, Kawaguchi K, Matsunaga S, Kitajima T, Tomizawa H, Kato M, Sugiyama S, Suzuki N, Mizuno M, Takechi H, Nakai S, Hiki Y, Kushimoto H, Hasegawa M, Yuzawa Y, Tokuda T. Influx of Tau and Amyloid-β Proteins into the Blood During Hemodialysis as a Therapeutic Extracorporeal Blood Amyloid-β Removal System for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:687-707. [PMID: 31156161 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and tau in the brain is a major pathological change related to Alzheimer's disease. We have continued to develop Extracorporeal Blood Aβ Removal Systems (E-BARS) as a method for enhancing Aβ clearance from the brain. Our previous report revealed that dialyzers effectively remove blood Aβ and evoke large Aβ influxes into the blood, resulting in a decrease in brain Aβ accumulation after initiating hemodialysis, and that patients who underwent hemodialysis had lower brain Aβ accumulation than those who did not. Here, plasma total tau concentrations from 30 patients undergoing hemodialysis were measured using an ultrasensitive immunoassay and compared to those from 11 age-matched controls. Plasma total tau concentrations were higher in patients with renal failure regardless of whether they underwent hemodialysis, suggesting the involvement of the kidneys in tau degradation and excretion. Hemodialyzers effectively removed blood Aβ but not extracorporeal blood tau. The influx of tau into the blood was observed at around the 1 h period during hemodialysis sessions. However, the influx amount of tau was far smaller than that of Aβ. Furthermore, histopathological analysis revealed similar, not significantly less, cerebral cortex phosphorylated tau accumulation between the 17 patients who underwent hemodialysis and the 16 age-matched subjects who did not, although both groups showed sparse accumulation. These findings suggest that hemodialysis may induce both tau and Aβ migration into the blood. However, as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease, it may only be effective for removing Aβ from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Kitaguchi
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Harutsugu Tatebe
- Department of Zaitaku (Homecare) Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Sakai
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsunaga
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kitajima
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Masao Kato
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hajime Takechi
- Department of Geriatrics and Cognitive Disorders, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nakai
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hiki
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Midori Hasegawa
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukio Yuzawa
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiko Tokuda
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Rahman MS, Behl T, Jeandet P, Ashraf GM, Najda A, Bin-Jumah MN, El-Seedi HR, Abdel-Daim MM. Revisiting the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis: From Anti-Aβ Therapeutics to Auspicious New Ways for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165858. [PMID: 32824102 PMCID: PMC7461598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder related to age, characterized by the cerebral deposition of fibrils, which are made from the amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide of 40–42 amino acids. The conversion of Aβ into neurotoxic oligomeric, fibrillar, and protofibrillar assemblies is supposed to be the main pathological event in AD. After Aβ accumulation, the clinical symptoms fall out predominantly due to the deficient brain clearance of the peptide. For several years, researchers have attempted to decline the Aβ monomer, oligomer, and aggregate levels, as well as plaques, employing agents that facilitate the reduction of Aβ and antagonize Aβ aggregation, or raise Aβ clearance from brain. Unluckily, broad clinical trials with mild to moderate AD participants have shown that these approaches were unsuccessful. Several clinical trials are running involving patients whose disease is at an early stage, but the preliminary outcomes are not clinically impressive. Many studies have been conducted against oligomers of Aβ which are the utmost neurotoxic molecular species. Trials with monoclonal antibodies directed against Aβ oligomers have exhibited exciting findings. Nevertheless, Aβ oligomers maintain equivalent states in both monomeric and aggregation forms; so, previously administered drugs that precisely decrease Aβ monomer or Aβ plaques ought to have displayed valuable clinical benefits. In this article, Aβ-based therapeutic strategies are discussed and several promising new ways to fight against AD are appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-171-022-0110
| | - Md. Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh;
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham R. El-Seedi
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koom 32512, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Kavanagh E, Engskog-Vlachos P, Engskog MK, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Joseph B, Hajji N, Venero JL, Burguillos MA. Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:E1717. [PMID: 32709045 PMCID: PMC7407646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pinelopi Engskog-Vlachos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Mikael K.R. Engskog
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Espinosa-Oliva
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Division of Brain Sciences, The John Fulcher Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - José L. Venero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Burguillos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
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Drug-based magnetic imprinted nanoparticles: Enhanced lysozyme amyloid fibrils cleansing and anti-amyloid fibrils toxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:723-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Yuan Q, Liu X, Xian YF, Yao M, Zhang X, Huang P, Wu W, Lin ZX. Satellite glia activation in dorsal root ganglion contributes to mechanical allodynia after selective motor fiber injury in adult rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110187. [PMID: 32361638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that activation of satellite glia cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia play important roles in the development of neuropathic pain. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of SGC activation in a novel model of motor nerve injury induced pain hypersensitivity. The neuropathic pain model was established by cervical 8 ventral root avulsion (C8VA). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was used as a marker of SGC activation. Unilateral C8VA resulted in mechanical allodynia, but not thermal hyperalgesia in bilateral paws. Expectedly, SGCs were robustly activated on as early as 1 day and persisted for at least 7 days in the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of C6, C7 and C8 after C8VA. Double immunofluorescence showed that almost all the activated SGCs enveloped neurofilament 200 (NF200) positive myelinated neurons in DRG. Local application of fluorocitrate (FC), a glial metabolism inhibitor, significantly decreased the number of activated SGCs and alleviated bilateral mechanical allodynia. These results suggest that SGC activation contributed to ipsilateral and mirror-image pain hypersensitivity after C8VA. Inhibition of SGC activation represented a promising therapeutic strategy for the management of neuropathic pain following brachial plexus root avulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan-Fang Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Pengyun Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China; GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China; Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Guo Q, Xu S, Yang P, Wang P, Lu S, Sheng D, Qian K, Cao J, Lu W, Zhang Q. A dual-ligand fusion peptide improves the brain-neuron targeting of nanocarriers in Alzheimer's disease mice. J Control Release 2020; 320:347-362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Zheng Y, Deng Y, Gao JM, Lv C, Lang LH, Shi JS, Yu CY, Gong QH. Icariside II inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and amyloid production in rat astrocytes by regulating IKK/IκB/NF-κB/BACE1 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:154-162. [PMID: 31554962 PMCID: PMC7470889 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid (Aβ) is one of the inducing factors of astrocytes activation and neuroinflammation, and it is also a crucial factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icariside II (ICS II) is an active component isolated from a traditional Chinese herb Epimedium, which has shown to attnuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation through regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway. In this study we investigated the effects of ICS II on LPS-induced astrocytes activation and Aβ accumulation. Primary rat astrocytes were pretreated with ICS II (5, 10, and 20 μM) or dexamethasone (DXMS, 1 μM) for 1 h, thereafter, treated with LPS for another 24 h. We found that ICS II pretreatment dose dependently mitigated the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the astrocytes. Moreover, ICS II not only exerted the inhibitory effect on LPS-induced IκB-α degradation and NF-κB activation, but also decreased the levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta secretase 1 (BACE1) in the astrocytes. Interestingly, molecular docking revealed that ICS II might directly bind to BACE1. It is concluded that ICS II has potential value as a new therapeutic agent to treat neuroinflammation-related diseases, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jian-Mei Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chun Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ling-Hu Lang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chang-Yin Yu
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Qi-Hai Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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23
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Saito Y, Sakata M, Kobayakawa M, Kawachi H, Kawaguchi K, Hiki Y, Kato M, Mori M, Hasegawa M, Ohashi N, Yuzawa Y, Kitaguchi N. Removal of Aβ Oligomers from the Blood: A Potential Therapeutic System for Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:607-627. [PMID: 32210564 PMCID: PMC7064818 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s241074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is one of the causative proteins of Alzheimer's disease. We have been developing extracorporeal blood Aβ-removal systems as a method for enhancing Aβ clearance from the brain. We reported previously that medical adsorbents and hemodialyzers removed Aβ monomers from peripheral blood, which was associated with influx of Aβ monomers from the brain into the bloodstream. Our intent here was to develop a method to promote clearance of Aβ oligomers and to provide an estimate of the molecular size of intact Aβ oligomers in plasma. METHODS Two hollow-fiber devices with different pore sizes (Membranes A and B) were evaluated as removers of Aβ oligomers with human plasma in vitro. The concomitant removal of Aβ oligomers and monomers was investigated by using Membrane B and hexadecyl alkylated cellulose beads or polysulfone hemodialyzers. Double-filtration plasmapheresis with Membrane A was investigated as an approach for the removal of plasma Aβ oligomers in humans. RESULTS Aβ oligomers were effectively removed by both Membranes A and B. The increase of Aβ oligomers in plasma was observed just after the removal of plasma Aβ oligomers in humans. The intact molecular size of major Aβ oligomers in the plasma was estimated to be larger than albumin at approximately 60 kDa or more. Additionally, the concomitant removal of Aβ monomers and oligomers evoked dissociation of larger Aβ oligomers into smaller ones and monomers. CONCLUSION Aβ oligomers were cleared from plasma both in vitro and in human subjects by using hollow-fiber membranes with large pores, indicating that their intact sizes were mostly larger than 60 kDa. Aβ oligomers in peripheral circulation were increased after some clearances in human. Further investigation will determine whether the Aβ oligomers detected in circulation after clearance were via influx from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Saito
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.,Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miwa Sakata
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Moe Kobayakawa
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Kawaguchi
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hiki
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masao Kato
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayuko Mori
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.,Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Midori Hasegawa
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Yuzawa
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuya Kitaguchi
- Faculty of Clinical Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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24
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Li Y, Xu P, Shan J, Sun W, Ji X, Chi T, Liu P, Zou L. Interaction between hyperphosphorylated tau and pyroptosis in forskolin and streptozotocin induced AD models. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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25
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A dual inhibitor of the proteasome catalytic subunits LMP2 and Y attenuates disease progression in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18393. [PMID: 31804556 PMCID: PMC6895163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome (iP) is a variant of the constitutive proteasome (cP) that is abundantly expressed in immune cells which can also be induced in somatic cells by cytokines such as TNF-α or IFN-γ. Accumulating evidence support that the iP is closely linked to multiple facets of inflammatory response, eventually leading to the development of several iP inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases. Recent studies also found that the iP is upregulated in reactive glial cells surrounding amyloid β (Aβ) deposits in brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, but the role it plays in the pathogenesis of AD remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of several proteasome inhibitors on cognitive function in AD mouse models and found that YU102, a dual inhibitor of the iP catalytic subunit LMP2 and the cP catalytic subunit Y, ameliorates cognitive impairments in AD mouse models without affecting Aβ deposition. The data obtained from our investigation revealed that YU102 suppresses the secretion of inflammatory cytokines from microglial cells. Overall, this study indicates that there may exist a potential link between LMP2/Y and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and that inhibition of these subunits may offer a new therapeutic strategy for AD.
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26
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Faravelli I, Costamagna G, Tamanini S, Corti S. Back to the origins: Human brain organoids to investigate neurodegeneration. Brain Res 2019; 1727:146561. [PMID: 31758922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a high burden in terms of individual, social and economical resources. No ultimate therapy has been established so far; human brain morphology and development can not be entirely reproduced by animal models, and genomic, metabolic and biochemical differences might contribute to a limited predictive power for human translation. Thus, the development of human brain organoid models holds a wide potential to investigate the range of physiological and pathological features that characterise the early onset of the degeneration. Moreover, central nervous system development has gained a crucial role in the study of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Premature alterations during brain maturation have been related to late disease manifestations; genetic mutations responsible for neurodegeneration have been found in genes highly expressed during neural development. Elucidating the mechanisms triggering neuronal susceptibility to degeneration is crucial for pathogenetic studies and therapeutic discoveries. In the present work, we provide an overview on the current applications of human brain organoids towards studies of neurodegenerative diseases, with a survey on the recent discoveries and a closing discussion on the present challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Faravelli
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - G Costamagna
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Tamanini
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - S Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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27
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Xin YR, Jiang JX, Hu Y, Pan JP, Mi XN, Gao Q, Xiao F, Zhang W, Luo HM. The Immune System Drives Synapse Loss During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:279. [PMID: 31803043 PMCID: PMC6873885 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been used to establish animal models of memory loss akin to what is observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the exact mechanisms involved have not been substantiated. In this study, we established an animal model of learning and memory impairment induced by LPS and explored the biological processes and pathways involved. Mice were continuously intraperitoneally injected with LPS for 7 days. Learning- and memory-related behavioral performance and the pathological processes involved were assessed using the Morris water maze test and immunostaining, respectively. We detected comprehensive expression of C1q, C3, microglia, and their regulatory cytokines in the hippocampus. After 7 days of LPS administration, we were able to observe LPS-induced learning and memory impairment in the mice, which was attributed to neural impairment and synapse loss in the hippocampus. We elucidated that the immune system was activated, with the classical complement pathway and microglial phagocytosis being involved in the synapse loss. This study demonstrates that an LPS-injected mouse can serve as an early memory impairment model for studies on anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Rong Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ping Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Nan Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huan-Min Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Brain Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Zou Z, Shao S, Zou R, Qi J, Chen L, Zhang H, Shen Q, Yang Y, Ma L, Guo R, Li H, Tian H, Li P, Yu M, Wang L, Kong W, Li C, Yu Z, Huang Y, Chen L, Shao Q, Gao X, Chen X, Zhang Z, Yan J, Shao X, Pan R, Xu L, Fang J, Zhao L, Huang Y, Li A, Zhang Y, Huang W, Tian K, Hu M, Xie L, Wu L, Wu Y, Luo Z, Xiao W, Ma S, Wang J, Huang K, He S, Yang F, Zhou S, Jia M, Zhang H, Lu H, Wang X, Tan J. Linking the low-density lipoprotein receptor-binding segment enables the therapeutic 5-YHEDA peptide to cross the blood-brain barrier and scavenge excess iron and radicals in the brain of senescent mice. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2019; 5:717-731. [PMID: 31921964 PMCID: PMC6944740 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Iron accumulates in the brain during aging, which catalyzes radical formation, causing neuronal impairment, and is thus considered a pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To scavenge excess iron-catalyzed radicals and thereby protect the brain and decrease the incidence of AD, we synthesized a soluble pro-iron 5-YHEDA peptide. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) blocks large drug molecules from entering the brain and thus strongly reduces their therapeutic effects. However, alternative receptor- or transporter-mediated approaches are possible. Methods A low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-binding segment of Apolipoprotein B-100 was linked to the 5-YHEDA peptide (bs-5-YHEDA) and intracardially injected into senescent (SN) mice that displayed symptoms of cognitive impairment similar to those of people with AD. Results We successfully delivered 5-YHEDA across the BBB into the brains of the SN mice via vascular epithelium LDLR-mediated endocytosis. The data showed that excess brain iron and radical-induced neuronal necrosis were reduced after the bs-5-YHEDA treatment, together with cognitive amelioration in the SN mouse, and that the senescence-associated ferritin and transferrin increase, anemia and inflammation reversed without kidney or liver injury. Discussion bs-5-YHEDA may be a mild and safe iron remover that can cross the BBB and enter the brain to relieve excessive iron- and radical-induced cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyou Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China.,Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China.,Biochemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Shengxi Shao
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruyi Zou
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Jini Qi
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Liguan Chen
- Zhejiang Armed Police Corps, Hangzhou, ZJ, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, HN, China
| | - Qiqiong Shen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Wenzhou Medical University, ZJ, China
| | - Liman Ma
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Ruzeng Guo
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Haibo Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Pengxin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Mingfang Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Wenjuan Kong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Caiyu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Zhenhai Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Yuping Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Li Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Qi Shao
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Xinyan Gao
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Zhengbo Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Jianguo Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Xiaoyun Shao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Ru Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Clinical Laboratory of Jingyou Hospital, Xiaoshan, ZJ, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Yaohui Huang
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Yuchong Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Wenkao Huang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Kechun Tian
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Minxin Hu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Linchao Xie
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Lingbin Wu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Wenxin Xiao
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Kaixin Huang
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Siyuan He
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Chemistry Engineering Department, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao, JX, China
| | - Shuni Zhou
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Mo Jia
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pathology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University, ZJ, China
| | - Hongsheng Lu
- Pathology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University, ZJ, China
| | - Xinjuan Wang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX, China
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29
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Aldape K, Brindle KM, Chesler L, Chopra R, Gajjar A, Gilbert MR, Gottardo N, Gutmann DH, Hargrave D, Holland EC, Jones DTW, Joyce JA, Kearns P, Kieran MW, Mellinghoff IK, Merchant M, Pfister SM, Pollard SM, Ramaswamy V, Rich JN, Robinson GW, Rowitch DH, Sampson JH, Taylor MD, Workman P, Gilbertson RJ. Challenges to curing primary brain tumours. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:509-520. [PMID: 30733593 PMCID: PMC6650350 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, brain tumours remain among the deadliest of all forms of cancer. The ability of these tumours to resist almost all conventional and novel treatments relates, in part, to the unique cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental properties of neural tissues. In an attempt to encourage progress in our understanding and ability to successfully treat patients with brain tumours, Cancer Research UK convened an international panel of clinicians and laboratory-based scientists to identify challenges that must be overcome if we are to cure all patients with a brain tumour. The seven key challenges summarized in this Position Paper are intended to serve as foci for future research and investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Amar Gajjar
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Eric C Holland
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David T W Jones
- Pediatric Glioma Research Group, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Kearns
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark W Kieran
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M Pollard
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Giles W Robinson
- Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge and Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - John H Sampson
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke Cancer Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Richard J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- CRUK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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30
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Asanomi Y, Shigemizu D, Miyashita A, Mitsumori R, Mori T, Hara N, Ito K, Niida S, Ikeuchi T, Ozaki K. A rare functional variant of SHARPIN attenuates the inflammatory response and associates with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Mol Med 2019; 25:20. [PMID: 31216982 PMCID: PMC6585023 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD), the most common form of dementia, results from complicated interactions among multiple environmental and genetic factors. Despite recent advances in genetic analysis of LOAD, more than half of the heritability for the disease remains unclear. Although genetic studies in Caucasians found rare risk variants for LOAD with large effect sizes, these variants are hardly detectable in the Japanese population. Methods To identify rare variants possibly explaining part of the genetic architecture for LOAD in Japanese people, we performed whole-exome sequencing analyses of 202 LOAD individuals without the APOE ε4 risk allele, a major genetic factor for LOAD susceptibility. We also implemented in vitro functional analyses of the variant(s) to reveal possible functions associated with LOAD risk. Results Via step-by-step selection of whole-exome variants, we found seven candidate risk variants. We then conducted a case-control association study in a large Japanese cohort consisting of 4563 cases and 16,459 controls. We finally identified a rare nonsynonymous variant, rs572750141 (NM_030974.3:p.Gly186Arg), in SHARPIN that was potentially associated with increased risk of LOAD (corrected P = 8.05 × 10− 5, odds ratio = 6.1). The amino acid change in SHARPIN resulted in aberrant cellular localization of the variant protein and attenuated the activation of NF-κB, a central mediator of inflammatory and immune responses. Conclusions Our work identified a rare functional SHARPIN variant as a previously unknown genetic risk factor for LOAD. The functional alteration in SHARPIN induced by the rare coding variant is associated with an attenuated inflammatory/immune response that may promote LOAD development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-019-0090-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Asanomi
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigemizu
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Risa Mitsumori
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taiki Mori
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shumpei Niida
- Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kouichi Ozaki
- Division for Genomic Medicine, Medical Genome Center, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan. .,Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.
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Aggregated Tau activates NLRP3-ASC inflammasome exacerbating exogenously seeded and non-exogenously seeded Tau pathology in vivo. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:599-617. [PMID: 30721409 PMCID: PMC6426830 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-01957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brains of Alzheimer's disease patients are characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, both invariably associated with neuroinflammation. A crucial role for NLRP3-ASC inflammasome [NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)] in amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced microgliosis and Aβ pathology has been unequivocally identified. Aβ aggregates activate NLRP3-ASC inflammasome (Halle et al. in Nat Immunol 9:857-865, 2008) and conversely NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation exacerbates amyloid pathology in vivo (Heneka et al. in Nature 493:674-678, 2013), including by prion-like ASC-speck cross-seeding (Venegas et al. in Nature 552:355-361, 2017). However, the link between inflammasome activation, as crucial sensor of innate immunity, and Tau remains unexplored. Here, we analyzed whether Tau aggregates acting as prion-like Tau seeds can activate NLRP3-ASC inflammasome. We demonstrate that Tau seeds activate NLRP3-ASC-dependent inflammasome in primary microglia, following microglial uptake and lysosomal sorting of Tau seeds. Next, we analyzed the role of inflammasome activation in prion-like or templated seeding of Tau pathology and found significant inhibition of exogenously seeded Tau pathology by ASC deficiency in Tau transgenic mice. We furthermore demonstrate that chronic intracerebral administration of the NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, inhibits exogenously seeded Tau pathology. Finally, ASC deficiency also decreased non-exogenously seeded Tau pathology in Tau transgenic mice. Overall our findings demonstrate that Tau-seeding competent, aggregated Tau activates the ASC inflammasome through the NLRP3-ASC axis, and we demonstrate an exacerbating role of the NLRP3-ASC axis on exogenously and non-exogenously seeded Tau pathology in Tau mice in vivo. The NLRP3-ASC inflammasome, which is an important sensor of innate immunity and intensively explored for its role in health and disease, hence presents as an interesting therapeutic approach to target three crucial pathogenetic processes in AD, including prion-like seeding of Tau pathology, Aβ pathology and neuroinflammation.
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Panza F, Lozupone M, Logroscino G, Imbimbo BP. A critical appraisal of amyloid-β-targeting therapies for Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:73-88. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zou Z, Cai J, Zhong A, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wu Z, Yang Y, Li X, Cheng X, Tan J, Fan Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Fu D, Shen Q, Chen J, Bai S, Wu L, Chen Y, Chen X, Chen J, Zheng H, Wang H, Lou Y, Ding Y, Shen S, Ye Y, Chen L, Lin Y, Huang J, Zou K, Zhang J, Bian B, Huang C, Rong C, Dai L, Xu Y, Cheng L, Chen Y, Luo Y, Zhang S, Li L. Using the synthesized peptide HAYED (5) to protect the brain against iron catalyzed radical attack in a naturally senescence Kunming mouse model. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:458-470. [PMID: 30448512 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain. It cannot be cured currently, and those suffering from AD place a great burden on their caregivers and society. AD is characterized by high levels of iron ions in the brain, which catalyze radicals that damage the neurons. Knowing that the Aβ42 peptide precipitates iron by binding iron ions at amino acid residues D1, E3, H11, H13, and H14, we synthesized a 5-repeat (HAYED) sequence peptide. By treating iron-stressed SH-SY5Y cells with it and injecting it into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of naturally senescence Kunming mouse, which displaying AD-similar symptoms such as learning and memory dysfunction, neuron degeneration and high level of iron in brain, we found that HAYED (5) decreased the iron and radical levels in the cell culture medium and in the CSF. Specially, the synthesized peptide prevented cell and brain damage. Furthermore, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests demonstrated that the peptide ameliorated brain blood-oxygen metabolism and slowed cognitive loss in the experimental senescence mice, and clinical and blood tests showed that HAYED (5) was innoxious to the kidney, the liver and blood and offset the AD-associated inflammation and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyou Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China; Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China; Biochemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Jing Cai
- Genetic Department of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, JS 210000, China
| | - Aiguo Zhong
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China.
| | - Zengxian Wang
- Medical Image Center of Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China.
| | - Zhongmin Wu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cheng
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China
| | - Yihao Fan
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yuxiang Lu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Derong Fu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Qiqiong Shen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Shi Bai
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yongfeng Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jiaren Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Hongjie Zheng
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Hongdian Wang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yingjie Lou
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yarong Ding
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Shiyi Shen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yukai Lin
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jue Huang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Kechun Zou
- Shangli Teacher Training School, Pingxiang, JX 337009, China
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Baohua Bian
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Chengbo Huang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Cuiping Rong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China
| | - Limiao Dai
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yewen Luo
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Liangxian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China
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Abstract
Background: Cancer mortality and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mortality increase with age, but some studies have shown an inverse relationship of the two diseases, that is, older persons with cancer have a reduced risk of AD and vice versa. However, other analyses suggest that AD and brain tumor might be positively correlated. Objective: In the current study, we wished to determine the relationship of AD mortality to malignant brain tumor mortality in US states and counties. Methods: Data and maps of malignant brain tumor mortality and Alzheimer’s disease mortality (1999–2016) are from the CDC Wonder tool (https://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd10.html). Data on malignant brain tumor types and their frequencies are from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER, https://seer.cancer.gov). Data on the genetics of lower grade glioma are from the TCGA Lower Grade Glioma (LGG) dataset in TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). Results: SEER data indicate that astrocytomas make up 58.2% of malignant brain tumors in patients 65 and older; glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma make up 41.6%. We found a significant positive correlation between AD mortality rate and malignant brain tumor mortality rate 1999–2016 in persons age 65 and older in A) 1,101 US counties, p < 0.001 and B) 50 US states, p < 0.001. Conclusion: Adult malignant brain tumors may share some environmental risks with AD. Malignant brain tumors and AD also have some genes in common: TREM2, SPI1, CD33, and INPP5D. The interaction of environment and genetics is complex and overlaps in malignant brain tumors and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lehrer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics - 2: Beyond amyloid - Re-defining AD and its causality to discover effective therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:376-401. [PMID: 30273552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compounds targeted for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have consistently failed in clinical trials despite evidence for target engagement and pharmacodynamic activity. This questions the relevance of compounds acting at current AD drug targets - the majority of which reflect the seminal amyloid and, to a far lesser extent, tau hypotheses - and limitations in understanding AD causality as distinct from general dementia. The preeminence of amyloid and tau led to many alternative approaches to AD therapeutics being ignored or underfunded to the extent that their causal versus contributory role in AD remains unknown. These include: neuronal network dysfunction; cerebrovascular disease; chronic, local or systemic inflammation involving the innate immune system; infectious agents including herpes virus and prion proteins; neurotoxic protein accumulation associated with sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm and glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system and blood-brain-barrier dysfunction; metabolic related diseases including diabetes, obesity hypertension and hypocholesterolemia; mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental factors. As AD has become increasingly recognized as a multifactorial syndrome, a single treatment paradigm is unlikely to work in all patients. However, the biomarkers required to diagnose patients and parse them into mechanism/disease-based sub-groups remain rudimentary and unvalidated as do non-amyloid, non-tau translational animal models. The social and economic impact of AD is also discussed in the context of new FDA regulatory draft guidance and a proposed biomarker-based Framework (re)-defining AD and its stages as part of the larger landscape of treating dementia via the 2013 G8 initiative to identify a disease-modifying therapy for dementia/AD by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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Narayanaswami V, Dahl K, Bernard-Gauthier V, Josephson L, Cumming P, Vasdev N. Emerging PET Radiotracers and Targets for Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Outlook Beyond TSPO. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118792317. [PMID: 30203712 PMCID: PMC6134492 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118792317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic and multicellular processes of neuroinflammation are mediated by the nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system, which include astrocytes and the brain's resident macrophages, microglia. Although initiation of an inflammatory response may be beneficial in response to injury of the nervous system, chronic or maladaptive neuroinflammation can have harmful outcomes in many neurological diseases. An acute neuroinflammatory response is protective when activated neuroglia facilitate tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. On the other hand, chronic neuroglial activation is a major pathological mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, likely contributing to neuronal dysfunction, injury, and disease progression. Therefore, the development of specific and sensitive probes for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of neuroinflammation is attracting immense scientific and clinical interest. An early phase of this research emphasized PET studies of the prototypical imaging biomarker of glial activation, translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO), which presents difficulties for quantitation and lacks absolute cellular specificity. Many alternate molecular targets present themselves for PET imaging of neuroinflammation in vivo, including enzymes, intracellular signaling molecules as well as ionotropic, G-protein coupled, and immunoglobulin receptors. We now review the lead structures in radiotracer development for PET studies of neuroinflammation targets for neurodegenerative diseases extending beyond TSPO, including glycogen synthase kinase 3, monoamine oxidase-B, reactive oxygen species, imidazoline-2 binding sites, cyclooxygenase, the phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1, cannabinoid-2 receptor, the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, purinergic receptors: P2X7 and P2Y12, the receptor for advanced glycation end products, Mer tyrosine kinase, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1. We provide a brief overview of the cellular expression and function of these targets, noting their selectivity for astrocytes and/or microglia, and highlight the classes of PET radiotracers that have been investigated in early-stage preclinical or clinical research studies of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Narayanaswami
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vadim Bernard-Gauthier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Cumming
- School of Psychology and Counselling and IHBI, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health & Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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