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Puigròs M, Calderon A, Martín-Ruiz D, Serradell M, Fernández M, Muñoz-Lopetegi A, Mayà G, Santamaria J, Gaig C, Colell A, Tolosa E, Iranzo A, Trullas R. Mitochondrial DNA deletions in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105065. [PMID: 38502973 PMCID: PMC10963194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (IRBD) represents the prodromal stage of Lewy body disorders (Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)) which are linked to variations in circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA). Here, we assessed whether altered cf-mtDNA release and integrity are already present in IRBD. METHODS We used multiplex digital PCR (dPCR) to quantify cf-mtDNA copies and deletion ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum in a cohort of 71 participants, including 1) 17 patients with IRBD who remained disease-free (non-converters), 2) 34 patients initially diagnosed with IRBD who later developed either PD or DLB (converters), and 3) 20 age-matched controls without IRBD or Parkinsonism. In addition, we investigated whether CD9-positive extracellular vesicles (CD9-EVs) from CSF and serum samples contained cf-mtDNA. FINDINGS Patients with IRBD, both converters and non-converters, exhibited more cf-mtDNA with deletions in the CSF than controls. This finding was confirmed in CD9-EVs. The high levels of deleted cf-mtDNA in CSF corresponded to a significant decrease in cf-mtDNA copies in CD9-EVs in both IRBD non-converters and converters. Conversely, a significant increase in cf-mtDNA copies was found in serum and CD9-EVs from the serum of patients with IRBD who later converted to a Lewy body disorder. INTERPRETATION Alterations in cf-mtDNA copy number and deletion ratio known to occur in Lewy body disorders are already present in IRBD and are not a consequence of Lewy body disease conversion. This suggests that mtDNA dysfunction is a primary molecular mechanism of the pathophysiological cascade that precedes the full clinical motor and cognitive manifestation of Lewy body disorders. FUNDING Funded by Michael J. Fox Foundation research grant MJFF-001111. Funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 "ERDF A way of making Europe", grants PID2020-115091RB-I00 (RT) and PID2022-143279OB-I00 (ACo). Funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR, grant PMP22/00100 (RT and ACo). Funded by AGAUR/Generalitat de Catalunya, grant SGR00490 (RT and ACo). MP has an FPI fellowship, PRE2018-083297, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 "ESF Investing in your future".
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Puigròs
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Calderon
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Martín-Ruiz
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Serradell
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaia Muñoz-Lopetegi
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Mayà
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Santamaria
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Gaig
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Iranzo
- Sleep Disorders Center, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Lee W, Zamudio-Ochoa A, Buchel G, Podlesniy P, Marti Gutierrez N, Puigròs M, Calderon A, Tang HY, Li L, Mikhalchenko A, Koski A, Trullas R, Mitalipov S, Temiakov D. Molecular basis for maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1632-1639. [PMID: 37723262 PMCID: PMC10763495 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an evolutionary trait found in nearly all eukaryotes. In many species, including humans, the sperm mitochondria are introduced to the oocyte during fertilization1,2. The mechanisms hypothesized to prevent paternal mtDNA transmission include ubiquitination of the sperm mitochondria and mitophagy3,4. However, the causative mechanisms of paternal mtDNA elimination have not been defined5,6. We found that mitochondria in human spermatozoa are devoid of intact mtDNA and lack mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM)-the major nucleoid protein required to protect, maintain and transcribe mtDNA. During spermatogenesis, sperm cells express an isoform of TFAM, which retains the mitochondrial presequence, ordinarily removed upon mitochondrial import. Phosphorylation of this presequence prevents mitochondrial import and directs TFAM to the spermatozoon nucleus. TFAM relocalization from the mitochondria of spermatogonia to the spermatozoa nucleus directly correlates with the elimination of mtDNA, thereby explaining maternal inheritance in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angelica Zamudio-Ochoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gina Buchel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Marti Gutierrez
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margalida Puigròs
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Calderon
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aleksei Mikhalchenko
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Amy Koski
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shoukhrat Mitalipov
- Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dmitry Temiakov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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de Dios C, Abadin X, Roca-Agujetas V, Jimenez-Martinez M, Morales A, Trullas R, Mari M, Colell A. Inflammasome activation under high cholesterol load triggers a protective microglial phenotype while promoting neuronal pyroptosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:10. [PMID: 36895045 PMCID: PMC9996936 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammatory response in the brain can lead to tissue damage and neurodegeneration. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is an aberrant activation of inflammasomes, molecular platforms that drive inflammation through caspase-1-mediated proteolytic cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines and gasdermin D (GSDMD), the executor of pyroptosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the sustained activation of inflammasomes in AD are largely unknown. We have previously shown that high brain cholesterol levels promote amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we investigate whether these cholesterol-mediated changes may regulate the inflammasome pathway. METHODS SIM-A9 microglia and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were cholesterol-enriched using a water-soluble cholesterol complex. After exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus muramyl dipeptide or Aβ, activation of the inflammasome pathway was analyzed by immunofluorescence, ELISA and immunoblotting analysis. Fluorescently-labeled Aβ was employed to monitor changes in microglia phagocytosis. Conditioned medium was used to study how microglia-neuron interrelationship modulates the inflammasome-mediated response. RESULTS In activated microglia, cholesterol enrichment promoted the release of encapsulated IL-1β accompanied by a switch to a more neuroprotective phenotype, with increased phagocytic capacity and release of neurotrophic factors. In contrast, in SH-SY5Y cells, high cholesterol levels stimulated inflammasome assembly triggered by both bacterial toxins and Aβ peptides, resulting in GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Glutathione (GSH) ethyl ester treatment, which recovered the cholesterol-mediated depletion of mitochondrial GSH levels, significantly reduced the Aβ-induced oxidative stress in the neuronal cells, resulting in lower inflammasome activation and cell death. Furthermore, using conditioned media, we showed that neuronal pyroptosis affects the function of the cholesterol-enriched microglia, lowering its phagocytic activity and, therefore, the ability to degrade extracellular Aβ. CONCLUSIONS Changes in intracellular cholesterol levels differentially regulate the inflammasome-mediated immune response in microglia and neuronal cells. Given the microglia-neuron cross-talk in the brain, cholesterol modulation should be considered a potential therapeutic target for AD treatment, which may help to block the aberrant and chronic inflammation observed during the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de Dios
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xenia Abadin
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Roca-Agujetas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla., Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Mari
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Puigròs M, Calderon A, Pérez-Soriano A, de Dios C, Fernández M, Colell A, Martí MJ, Tolosa E, Trullas R. Cell-free mitochondrial DNA deletions in idiopathic, but not LRRK2, Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Podlesniy P, Puigròs M, Serra N, Fernández-Santiago R, Ezquerra M, Tolosa E, Trullas R. Accumulation of mitochondrial 7S DNA in idiopathic and LRRK2 associated Parkinson's disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 48:554-567. [PMID: 31631040 PMCID: PMC6838390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both idiopathic and familial Parkinson's disease are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria have their own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and previous studies have reported that the release of mtDNA is a biomarker of Parkinson's disease. METHODS We have now investigated the relationship between mtDNA replication, transcription and release in fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic (iPD) and Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2G2019S -associated Parkinson's disease (LRRK2-PD), using Selfie-digital PCR, a method that allows absolute quantification of mtDNA genomes and transcripts. FINDINGS In comparison with healthy controls, we found that fibroblasts from patients with iPD or LRRK2-PD had a high amount of mitochondrial 7S DNA along with a low mtDNA replication rate that was associated with a reduction of cf-mtDNA release. Accumulation of 7S DNA in iPD and LRRK2-PD fibroblasts was related with an increase in H-strand mtDNA transcription. INTERPRETATION These results show that 7S DNA accumulation, low mtDNA replication, high H-strand transcription, and low mtDNA release compose a pattern of mtDNA dysfunction shared by both iPD and LRRK2-PD fibroblasts. Moreover, these results suggest that the deregulation of the genetic switch formed by 7SDNA that alternates between mtDNA replication and transcription is a fundamental pathophysiological mechanism in both idiopathic and monogenic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margalida Puigròs
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Serra
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Fernández-Santiago
- Neurology Service, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Neurology Service, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Neurology Service, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Alvarez‐Mora MI, Podlesniy P, Gelpi E, Hukema R, Madrigal I, Pagonabarraga J, Trullas R, Mila M, Rodriguez‐Revenga L. Fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: Regional decrease of mitochondrial DNA copy number relates to clinical manifestations. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2019; 18:e12565. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Alvarez‐Mora
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics DepartmentHospital Clinic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology UnitInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc‐Hospital Clinic Barcelona Spain
- Institute of NeurologyMedical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Renate Hukema
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Irene Madrigal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics DepartmentHospital Clinic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Javier Pagonabarraga
- Neurology DepartmentUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
- Neurobiology UnitInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
| | - Montserrat Mila
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics DepartmentHospital Clinic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
| | - Laia Rodriguez‐Revenga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics DepartmentHospital Clinic of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) Barcelona Spain
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Abstract
Absolute measurement of the number of RNA transcripts per gene is necessary to compare gene transcription among different tissues or experimental conditions and to assess transcription of genes that have a variable copy number per cell such as mitochondrial DNA. Here, we present a method called Selfie-digital PCR that measures the absolute amount of an RNA transcript produced by its own coding DNA at a particular moment. Overcoming the limitations of previous approaches, Selfie-digital PCR allows for the quantification of nuclear and mitochondrial gene transcription in a strand-specific manner that is comparable among tissues and cell types that differ in gene copy number or metabolic state. Using Selfie-digital PCR, we found that, with the exception of the liver, different organs exhibit marked variations in mitochondrial DNA copy number but similar transcription of mitochondrial DNA heavy and light chains, thus suggesting a preferential role of mitochondrial DNA abundance over its transcription in organ function. Moreover, the strand-specific analysis of mitochondrial transcription afforded by Selfie-digital PCR showed that transcription of the heavy strand was significantly higher than that of the light strand in all the tissues studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology Unit. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, 08036, Spain. .,Neurobiology Unit, IIBB/CSIC, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Rosselló 161, sexta planta, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Leurs CE, Podlesniy P, Trullas R, Balk L, Steenwijk MD, Malekzadeh A, Piehl F, Uitdehaag BM, Killestein J, van Horssen J, Teunissen CE. Cerebrospinal fluid mtDNA concentration is elevated in multiple sclerosis disease and responds to treatment. Mult Scler 2017; 24:472-480. [PMID: 28294696 PMCID: PMC5987988 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517699874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an important feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology and may be relevant for clinical disease progression. However, it is unknown whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) associate with disease progression and therapeutic response. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether CSF concentrations of mtDNA in MS patients can serve as a marker of ongoing neuropathology and may be helpful to differentiate between MS disease subtypes. To explore the effect of disease-modifying therapies on mtDNA levels in the CSF. METHODS CSF mtDNA was measured using a digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) CSF mtDNA in two independent MS cohorts. The cohorts included 92 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients, 40 progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) patients (27 secondary progressive and 13 primary progressive), 50 various neurologic disease controls, and 5 healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with PMS showed a significant increase in CSF mtDNA compared to non-inflammatory neurologic disease controls. Patients with higher T2 lesion volumes and lower normalized brain volumes showed increased concentration of mtDNA. Patients treated with fingolimod had significantly lower mtDNA copy levels at follow-up compared to baseline. CONCLUSION Our results showed a non-specific elevation of concentration of mtDNA in PMS patients. mtDNA concentrations respond to fingolimod and may be used to monitor biological effect of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyra E Leurs
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, CSIC-IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, CSIC-IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisanne Balk
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D Steenwijk
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Malekzadeh
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bernard Mj Uitdehaag
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Podlesniy P, Vilas D, Taylor P, Shaw LM, Tolosa E, Trullas R. Mitochondrial DNA in CSF distinguishes LRRK2 from idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:10-7. [PMID: 27260835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA regulates mitochondrial function which is altered in both idiopathic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease. To investigate whether these two disease forms exhibit an altered regulation of mitochondrial DNA we measured cell free mitochondrial DNA content in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from idiopathic and LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease patients. The concentration of mitochondrial DNA was measured using a digital droplet polymerase chain reaction technique in a total of 98 CSF samples from a cohort of subjects including: 20 LRRK2(G2019S) mutation carriers with Parkinson's disease, 26 asymptomatic LRRK2(G2019S) mutation carriers, 31 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 21 first-degree relatives of LRRK2 Parkinson's disease patients without the mutation. Here we report that LRRK2(G2019S) mutation carriers with Parkinson's disease exhibit a high concentration of mitochondrial DNA in CSF compared with asymptomatic LRRK2(G2019S) mutation carriers and with idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients. In addition, idiopathic, but not LRRK2 Parkinson's disease is associated with low CSF concentration of α-synuclein. These results show that high mitochondrial DNA content in CSF distinguishes idiopathic from LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease suggesting that different biochemical pathways underlie neurodegeneration in these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Vilas
- Neurology Service, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eduard Tolosa
- Neurology Service, Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Popik P, Holuj M, Nikiforuk A, Kos T, Trullas R, Skolnick P. 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) produces procognitive but not antipsychotic-like effects in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1025-38. [PMID: 25260339 PMCID: PMC4336651 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In addition to the negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, cognitive deficits, including prefrontal cortical dysfunction, are now recognized as core features of this disorder. Compounds increasing the NMDA receptor function via the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors have been proposed as potential antipsychotics. Depending on the ambient concentrations of glutamate and glycine, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) behaves as either a partial agonist or a functional antagonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors. OBJECTIVES We investigated the procognitive and antipsychotic-like effects of ACPC in rats treated with phencyclidine (PCP) or ketamine (KET), compounds that produce psychotic-like symptoms in humans and laboratory animals. METHODS Cognitive effects were investigated in the novel object recognition (NOR) and attentional set-shifting tests (ASST). In addition, the effects of ACPC were investigated in PCP-induced hyperactivity, conditioned avoidance response (CAR), and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests. The effects on attention and impulsivity were measured in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). RESULTS ACPC (200-400 mg/kg) inhibited memory fading in naive rats and like clozapine prevented PCP- and KET-induced amnesia in the NOR. In naive animals, ACPC at 400 but not 200 mg/kg enhanced cognitive flexibility in the ASST, as the animals required fewer trials to reach the criteria during the extra-dimensional phase. In contrast, ACPC did not affect PCP-induced hyperactivity, CAR, and PPI as well as attention and impulsivity in the 5-CSRTT. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that ACPC enhanced both object recognition memory and cognitive flexibility dependent on the prefrontal cortex, but did not affect impulsivity nor exhibit an antipsychotic-like profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Popik
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland,
| | - Malgorzata Holuj
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nikiforuk
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kos
- Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, IDIBAPS-CSIC, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Phil Skolnick
- Division of Pharmacotherapies & Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-9551 USA
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11
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Serrat R, Mirra S, Figueiro-Silva J, Navas-Pérez E, Quevedo M, López-Doménech G, Podlesniy P, Ulloa F, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Trullas R, Soriano E. The Armc10/SVH gene: genome context, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and protection against Aβ-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1163. [PMID: 24722288 PMCID: PMC5424104 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and dynamics are essential for neurotransmission, neural function and neuronal viability. Recently, we showed that the eutherian-specific Armcx gene cluster (Armcx1-6 genes), located in the X chromosome, encodes for a new family of proteins that localise to mitochondria, regulating mitochondrial trafficking. The Armcx gene cluster evolved by retrotransposition of the Armc10 gene mRNA, which is present in all vertebrates and is considered to be the ancestor gene. Here we investigate the genomic organisation, mitochondrial functions and putative neuroprotective role of the Armc10 ancestor gene. The genomic context of the Armc10 locus shows considerable syntenic conservation among vertebrates, and sequence comparisons and CHIP-data suggest the presence of at least three conserved enhancers. We also show that the Armc10 protein localises to mitochondria and that it is highly expressed in the brain. Furthermore, we show that Armc10 levels regulate mitochondrial trafficking in neurons, but not mitochondrial aggregation, by controlling the number of moving mitochondria. We further demonstrate that the Armc10 protein interacts with the KIF5/Miro1-2/Trak2 trafficking complex. Finally, we show that overexpression of Armc10 in neurons prevents Aβ-induced mitochondrial fission and neuronal death. Our data suggest both conserved and differential roles of the Armc10/Armcx gene family in regulating mitochondrial dynamics in neurons, and underscore a protective effect of the Armc10 gene against Aβ-induced toxicity. Overall, our findings support a further degree of regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in the brain of more evolved mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Serrat
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - S Mirra
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - J Figueiro-Silva
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - E Navas-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - M Quevedo
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - G López-Doménech
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - P Podlesniy
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - F Ulloa
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - J Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - R Trullas
- 1] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona E-08036, Spain
| | - E Soriano
- 1] Department of Cell Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain [2] Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED, ISCIII), Barcelona E-08028, Spain [3] Fundación CIEN, Vallecas E-28031, Madrid, Spain [4] Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona E-08035, Spain
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Podlesniy P, Figueiro-Silva J, Llado A, Antonell A, Sanchez-Valle R, Alcolea D, Lleo A, Molinuevo JL, Serra N, Trullas R. Reply. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:460-1. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology Unit; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSIC
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; CIBERNED
| | - Joana Figueiro-Silva
- Neurobiology Unit; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSIC
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; CIBERNED
| | - Albert Llado
- Neurology Service; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; IDIBAPS
| | - Anna Antonell
- Neurology Service; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; IDIBAPS
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Neurology Service; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; IDIBAPS
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; CIBERNED
- Neurology Department; Hospital de Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
| | - Alberto Lleo
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; CIBERNED
- Neurology Department; Hospital de Sant Pau; Barcelona Spain
| | - Jose Luis Molinuevo
- Neurology Service; Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; IDIBAPS
| | - Nuria Serra
- Neurobiology Unit; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSIC
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; CIBERNED
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSIC
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas; CIBERNED
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer; IDIBAPS
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13
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Podlesniy P, Figueiro-Silva J, Llado A, Antonell A, Sanchez-Valle R, Alcolea D, Lleo A, Molinuevo JL, Serra N, Trullas R. Low cerebrospinal fluid concentration of mitochondrial DNA in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:655-68. [PMID: 23794434 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a novel biochemical marker that precedes clinical symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques, we measured circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from study participants, selected from a cohort of 282 subjects, who were classified according to their concentrations of amyloid β1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau and by the presence or absence of dementia, into asymptomatic subjects at risk of AD, symptomatic patients diagnosed with sporadic AD, presymptomatic subjects carrying pathogenic PSEN1 mutations, and patients diagnosed with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We performed equivalent studies in a separate validation cohort of sporadic AD and FTLD patients. In addition, we measured mtDNA copy number in cultured cortical neurons from mutant amyloid precursor protein/presenilin1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. RESULTS Asymptomatic patients at risk of AD and symptomatic AD patients, but not FTLD patients, exhibit a significant decrease in circulating cell-free mtDNA in the CSF. These observations were confirmed in the validation cohort. In addition, presymptomatic subjects carrying pathogenic PSEN1 gene mutations show low mtDNA content in CSF before the appearance of AD-related biomarkers in CSF. Moreover, mtDNA content in CSF discriminates with high sensitivity and specificity AD patients from either controls or patients with FTLD. Furthermore, cultured cortical neurons from APP/PS1 transgenic mice have fewer mtDNA copies before the appearance of altered synaptic markers. INTERPRETATION Low content of mtDNA in CSF may be a novel biomarker for the early detection of preclinical AD. These findings support the hypothesis that mtDNA depletion is a characteristic pathophysiological factor of neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Podlesniy
- Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Skolnick P, Popik P, Trullas R. Glutamate-based antidepressants: 20 years on. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 30:563-9. [PMID: 19837463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a chronic recurring illness that affects more than 120 million people worldwide. Drugs increasing the synaptic availability of serotonin and norepinephrine (biogenic amine-based agents) have been used to treat depression for more than 50 years. However, significant symptom improvement requires > or =2-4 weeks of treatment and a first course of therapy provides symptom relief to only 60-65% of patients. Roche and Evotec recently announced plans to develop N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists targeting the NR2B subtype for treatment-resistant depression. This announcement closely follows a report that another NR2B antagonist, traxoprodil (CP 101 606), has antidepressant effects in patients unresponsive to a serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor, as well as reports of rapid and sustained antidepressant effects following a single injection of the NMDA antagonist ketamine. Here we describe evidence that glutamate-based therapies might represent an effective alternative to biogenic-amine-based agents for depression and provide perspectives on the development of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Skolnick
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Zapata A, Schepers R, Gehrke B, Oh E, Trullas R, Shippenberg T. 213 NEURONAL PENTRAXIN 1 CONTRIBUTES TO THE DESCENDING MODULATION OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN. Eur J Pain 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1090-3801(09)60216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Zapata
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, United States
| | - R. Schepers
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, United States
| | - B. Gehrke
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, United States
| | - E. Oh
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, United States
| | - R. Trullas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques de Barcelona, CSIC/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T. Shippenberg
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, United States
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Alvira D, Tajes M, Verdaguer E, de Arriba SG, Allgaier C, Matute C, Trullas R, Jiménez A, Pallàs M, Camins A. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases is neuroprotective in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-induced apoptosis in neurons. Neuroscience 2007; 146:350-65. [PMID: 17343987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical pathways involved in neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease are not completely characterized. Mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically alteration of the mitochondrial complex I, is the primary target of the parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) induced apoptosis in neurons. In the present study, we examine the role of caspase-dependent and -independent routes in MPP+-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). We show a distinct increase in the expression of the cell cycle proteins cyclin D, cyclin E, cdk2, cdk4 and the transcription factor E2F-1 following a MPP+ treatment of CGNs. Flavopiridol (FLAV), a broad inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), attenuated the neurotoxic effects of MPP+ and significantly attenuates apoptosis mediated by MPP+ 200 microM. Likewise, the antioxidant vitamin E (vit E) increases neuronal cell viability and attenuates apoptosis induced by MPP+. Moreover, the expression levels of cyclin D and E2F-1 induced by this parkinsonian neurotoxin were also attenuated by vit E. Since, the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk did not attenuate MPP+-induced apoptosis in CGNs, our data provide a caspase-independent mechanism mediated by neuronal reentry in the cell cycle and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor E2F-1. Our results also suggest a potential role of oxidative stress in neuronal reentry in the cell cycle mediated by MPP+. Finally, our data further support the therapeutic potential of flavopiridol, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alvira
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abad MA, Enguita M, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Ferrer I, Trullas R. Neuronal pentraxin 1 contributes to the neuronal damage evoked by amyloid-beta and is overexpressed in dystrophic neurites in Alzheimer's brain. J Neurosci 2006; 26:12735-47. [PMID: 17151277 PMCID: PMC6674827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0575-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) is thought to play a central role in the progressive loss of synapses, the neurite damage, and the neuronal death that are characteristic in brains affected by Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms through which Abeta produces such neurotoxicity remain unclear. Because Abeta depresses synaptic activity, we investigated whether the neurotoxicity of Abeta depends on the expression of NP1, a protein involved in excitatory synapse remodeling that has recently been shown to mediate neuronal death induced by reduction in neuronal activity in mature neurons. We found that treatment of cortical neurons in culture with Abeta produces a marked increase in NP1 protein that precedes apoptotic neurotoxicity. Silencing NP1 gene expression by RNA interference (short hairpin RNA for RNA interference) prevents the loss of synapses, the reduction in neurite outgrowth, and the apoptosis evoked by Abeta. Transgene overexpression of NP1 reproduced these neurotoxic effects of Abeta. Moreover, we found that NP1 was increased in dystrophic neurites of brains from patients with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Dual immunohistochemistry for NP1 and tau showed that NP1 colocalizes with tau deposits in dystrophic neurites. Furthermore, NP1 colocalized with SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa) in the majority of dystrophic neurites surrounding amyloid deposits. NP1 was also increased in cell processes surrounding amyloid plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 (mutant amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1) transgenic mice. These findings show that NP1 is a key factor for the synapse loss, the neurite damage, and the apoptotic neuronal death evoked by Abeta and indicate that Abeta contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease by regulating NP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Abad
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Marta Enguita
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Nuria DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08097 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain, and
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Mahy N, Adroer R, de Gregorio-Rocasolano N, Blesa R, Trullas R, Yebra L. P1–343: Reduced KIAA0471 MRNA expression in Alzheimer's patients: A new candidate gene linked to the disease? Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Enguita M, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Abad A, Trullas R. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity mediates neuronal pentraxin 1 expression and cell death induced by potassium deprivation in cerebellar granule cells. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 67:1237-46. [PMID: 15630079 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.007062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1) is part of the apoptotic cell death program activated in mature cerebellar granule neurons when potassium concentrations drop below depolarizing levels. NP1 is a glycoprotein homologous to the pentraxins of the acute phase immune response, and it is involved in both synaptogenesis and synaptic remodeling. However, how it participates in the process of apoptotic neuronal death remains unclear. We have studied whether the signaling pathways known to control neuronal cell death and survival influence NP1 expression. Both activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI-3-K/AKT) pathway by insulin-like growth factor I and pharmacological blockage of the stress activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) offer transitory neuroprotection from the cell death evoked by nondepolarizing concentrations of potassium. However, neither of these neuroprotective treatments prevents the overexpression of NP1 upon potassium depletion, indicating that nondepolarizing conditions activate additional cell death signaling pathways. Inhibiting the phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase without modifying JNK, neither diminishes cell death nor inhibits NP1 overexpression in nondepolarizing conditions. In contrast, impairing the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) completely blocks NP1 overexpression induced by potassium depletion and provides transient protection against cell death. Moreover, simultaneous pharmacological blockage of both JNK and GSK3 activities provides long-term protection against the cell death evoked by potassium depletion. These results show that both the JNK and GSK3 signaling pathways are the main routes by which potassium deprivation activates apoptotic cell death, and that NP1 overexpression is regulated by GSK3 activity independently of the PI-3-K/AKT or JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Enguita
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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de Yebra L, Adroer R, de Gregorio-Rocasolano N, Blesa R, Trullas R, Mahy N. Reduced KIAA0471 mRNA expression in Alzheimer's patients: a new candidate gene product linked to the disease? Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2607-12. [PMID: 15367492 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) phenotype complexity raises the question whether genetic features remain unknown. Although a few percentage of patients are familial cases linked to mutations in amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1 or presenilin 2 genes, the remainder are considered mainly sporadic late-onset cases with a complex etiology. However, changes in gene expression or other genetic features of the individual can clearly contribute to develop the illness. Consequently, in this paper we have focused on the identification of new genes, the expression of which is altered in AD. We used the technique of differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) in order to study the gene expression differences in brain tissue from patients in an advanced stage of AD. After studying medial septum and hippocampus brain areas, we found an inhibition of the KIAA0471 gene expression in three out of six AD patients, including one with a presenilin 1 gene mutation. This gene encodes for a large protein that presents, in its predicted form, 95% homology with IDN4-GGTR sequences. These results may provide significant clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying septohippocampal neurodegeneration. In addition, they may open a new area of research for diagnostic and therapeutic tools, the relevance of which is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluïsa de Yebra
- Unitat de Bioquímica, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Gasull T, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Enguita M, Hurtan JM, Trullas R. Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis is associated with excitotoxic cell death in cerebellar granule cell cultures. Amino Acids 2004; 23:19-25. [PMID: 12373513 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-001-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucose deprivation (GD) enhances the sensitivity of cerebellar granule cells to die by excitotoxicity. Neither 70 min of GD, a treatment that depletes cell energy resources, nor exposure to 20 microM glutamate (GLU) for 30 min, induce significant cell death in cultures of cerebellar granule cells. However, the combined treatment with GLU and GD induces choline (Cho) release before excitotoxic cell death. We investigated whether the neurotoxic effect of this treatment is related with inhibition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis. We found that exposure to GLU for 30 min, to GD for 70 min, and to the combination of both, inhibited PC synthesis at the end of treatment by 71%, 92% and 91%, respectively. The inhibition of PC synthesis was accompanied by a decrease in the incorporation of [(3)H]Cho into phosphocholine and by an increase of the intracellular content of free [(3)H]Cho, indicating that these treatments inhibit the synthesis of PC by inhibiting choline kinase activity. However, only the combined treatment with GLU and GD induced a prolonged inhibition of PC synthesis that extended after the end of treatment. These results show that excitotoxic death is associated with sustained inhibition of PC synthesis and suggest that this effect of the combined treatment with GLU and GD on PC synthesis is produced by an action on an enzymatic step downstream of choline kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gasull
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Gasull T, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Trullas R. Overactivation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate and N-methyl-d-aspartate but not kainate receptors inhibits phosphatidylcholine synthesis before excitotoxic neuronal death. J Neurochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gasull T, Sarri E, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Trullas R. NMDA receptor overactivation inhibits phospholipid synthesis by decreasing choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase activity. J Neurosci 2003; 23:4100-7. [PMID: 12764097 PMCID: PMC6741076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of NMDA receptors is believed to induce neuronal death by increasing phospholipid hydrolysis and subsequent degradation. We showed previously that NMDA releases choline and inhibits incorporation of [3H]choline into phosphatidylcholine before excitotoxic neuronal death. On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that excitotoxicity results from inhibition of synthesis rather than from increased degradation of phospholipids. We now investigated the effect of NMDA receptor overactivation on synthesis and degradation of major membrane phospholipids in the early stages of the excitotoxic process. Exposure of cortical neurons to neurotoxic concentrations of NMDA increased extracellular choline and activated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol by phospholipase A2 but did not induce significant degradation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, or phosphatidylserine. In contrast, NMDA strongly reduced the incorporation of [3H]choline and [3H]ethanolamine into their respective phospholipids. Metabolic labeling experiments in whole cells showed that NMDA receptor overactivation does not modify the activity of phosphocholine or phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferases but strongly inhibits choline-ethanolamine phosphotransferase activity. This effect was observed well before any significant membrane damage and cell death. Moreover, cholinephosphotransferase activity was lower in microsomes from NMDA-treated cells. These results show that membrane damage by NMDA is preceded by inhibition of phospholipid synthesis and not by phospholipid degradation in the early stages of the excitotoxic process, and that NMDA receptor overactivation decreases phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis by inhibiting choline-ethanolaminophosphotransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gasull
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Gasull T, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Trullas R. Overactivation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate and N-methyl-D-aspartate but not kainate receptors inhibits phosphatidylcholine synthesis before excitotoxic neuronal death. J Neurochem 2001; 77:13-22. [PMID: 11279257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.t01-2-00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor overactivation induces excitotoxic neuronal death, but the contribution of glutamate receptor subtypes to this excitotoxicity is unclear. We have previously shown that excitotoxicity by NMDA receptor overactivation is associated with choline release and inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. We have now investigated whether the ability of non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes to induce excitotoxicity is related to the ability to inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis. alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-induced a concentration-dependent increase in extracellular choline and inhibited phosphatidylcholine synthesis when receptor desensitization was prevented. Kainate released choline and inhibited phosphatidylcholine synthesis by an action at AMPA receptors, because these effects of kainate were blocked by the AMPA receptor antagonist LY300164. Selective activation of kainate receptors failed to release choline, even when kainate receptor desensitization was prevented. The inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis evoked by activation of non-desensitizing AMPA receptors was followed by neuronal death. In contrast, specific kainate receptor activation, which did not inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis, did not produce neuronal death. Choline release and inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis were induced by AMPA at non-desensitizing AMPA receptors well before excitotoxicity. Furthermore, choline release by AMPA required the entry of Ca(2+) through the receptor channel. Our results show that AMPA, but not kainate, receptor overactivation induces excitotoxic cell death, and that this effect is directly related to the ability to inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Moreover, these results indicate that inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis is an early event of the excitotoxic process, downstream of glutamate receptor-mediated Ca(2+) overload.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzothiadiazines/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Choline/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology
- Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Phosphatidylcholines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphatidylcholines/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, AMPA/agonists
- Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/metabolism
- alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gasull
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Gasull T, Trullas R. Overexpression of neuronal pentraxin 1 is involved in neuronal death evoked by low K(+) in cerebellar granule cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:796-803. [PMID: 11031272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007967200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature cerebellar granule cells in culture die by a process that requires new RNA and protein synthesis when deprived of depolarizing concentrations of potassium. We investigated gene expression during the early phase of the cell death program evoked by potassium deprivation. Using a differential gene display technique, we isolated a cDNA that was increased by potassium deprivation. This cDNA was homologous to the 3' mRNA end of neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1), a gene encoding a secreted glycoprotein whose expression is restricted to the nervous system. Reverse-Northern and Northern blot analyses confirmed that treatment with low potassium induces overexpression of NP1 mRNA, with a subsequent increase in NP1 protein levels. Time-course studies indicated that overexpression of NP1 protein reaches a maximum after 4 h of exposure to potassium deprivation and 4 h before significant cell death. Incubation of cerebellar granule cells with an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide directed against NP1 mRNA reduced low potassium-evoked NP1 protein levels by 60% and attenuated neuronal death by 50%, whereas incubation with the corresponding sense oligodeoxyribonucleotide was ineffective. Furthermore, acute treatment with lithium significantly inhibited both overexpression of NP1 and cell death evoked by low potassium. These results indicate that NP1 is part of the gene expression program of apoptotic cell death activated by nondepolarizing culture conditions in cerebellar granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N DeGregorio-Rocasolano
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Viu E, Zapata A, Capdevila J, Skolnick P, Trullas R. Glycine(B) receptor antagonists and partial agonists prevent memory deficits in inhibitory avoidance learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2000; 74:146-60. [PMID: 10933900 DOI: 10.1006/nlme.1999.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been hypothesized to mediate certain forms of learning and memory. This hypothesis is based on the ability of competitive and uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonists to disrupt learning. We investigated the effects of glycine site antagonists and partial agonists on deficits of acquisition (learning) and consolidation (memory) in a single trial inhibitory avoidance learning paradigm. Posttraining administration of either hypoxia (exposure to 7% oxygen) or the convulsant drug pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (45 mg/kg) to mice impaired consolidation without producing neuronal cell death. Pretreatment with the competitive glycine antagonist 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7KYN) and the glycine partial agonists 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) and (+)HA-966 prevented memory deficits induced by hypoxia and PTZ, but did not affect scopolamine-induced learning impairment. In addition, ACPC prevented consolidation deficits evoked by a nonexcitotoxic concentration of l-trans-pyrrolidine-2, 4-dicarboxylate, a competitive inhibitor of glutamate transport that increases extracellular levels of glutamate. Moreover, (+)HA-966, 7KYN, and ACPC facilitated both acquisition and consolidation of inhibitory avoidance training, an effect that was dose-dependent and reversed by glycine. These results indicate that memory deficits induced by both hypoxia and PTZ involve NMDA receptor activation. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrate that glycine site antagonists and partial agonists prevent memory deficits of inhibitory avoidance learning by affecting consolidation, but not acquisition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Viu
- Neurobiology Unit, IIBB/IDIBAPS, CSIC, Rossello 161, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Gasull T, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Zapata A, Trullas R. Choline release and inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis precede excitotoxic neuronal death but not neurotoxicity induced by serum deprivation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:18350-7. [PMID: 10748226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m910468199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor overactivation has been proposed to induce excitotoxic neuronal death by enhancing membrane phospholipid degradation. In previous studies, we have shown that NMDA releases choline and reduces membrane phosphatidylcholine in vivo. We now observed that glutamate and NMDA induce choline release in primary neuronal cortical cell cultures. This effect is Ca(2+)-dependent and is blocked by MK-801 ((+)-5-methyl-10, 11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate). In cortical neurons, the NMDA receptor-mediated choline release precedes excitotoxic cell death but not neuronal death induced by either osmotic lysis or serum deprivation. Glutamate, at concentrations that release arachidonic acid, does not release choline in cerebellar granule cells, unless these cells are rendered susceptible to excitotoxic death by energy deprivation. The NMDA-evoked release of choline is not mediated by phospholipases A(2) or C. Moreover, NMDA does not activate phospholipase D in cortical cells. However, NMDA inhibits incorporation of [methyl-(3)H]choline into both membrane phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. These results show that the increase in extracellular choline induced by NMDA receptor activation is directly related with excitotoxic cell death and indicate that choline release is an early event of the excitotoxic process produced by inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis and not by activation of membrane phospholipid degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gasull
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that NMDA evokes a calcium-dependent and region-specific increase in extracellular choline that is associated with a reduction of membrane phosphatidylcholine and precedes neuronal cell death. We investigated, using in vivo microdialysis, the contribution of high-affinity choline uptake on the increase in extracellular choline evoked by NMDA. Dialysis was performed in the presence of Neostigmine (0.5 microM), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in prefrontal cortex or hippocampus of freely moving rats. Drugs were administered through the dialysis probe. In cholinergic denervation experiments, rats were subjected to sham or AMPA-induced lesion of cholinergic nuclei at least 2 weeks before microdialysis. Excitotoxic lesion of the medial septum / ventral diagonal band nuclei reduced hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity by 74%, [(3)H]hemicholinium-3 binding by 32%, and completely abolished potassium-evoked acetylcholine release. Despite this reduction of presynaptic cholinergic function, perfusion of NMDA (300 microM) by retrodialysis produced an increase in hippocampal extracellular choline (249 +/- 22% of basal levels) that was similar to that observed in sham controls (301 +/- 35%). Inhibition of choline uptake with hemicholinium-3 in nonlesioned rats produced a sustained increase in dialysate choline (163 +/- 8%) and reduced acetylcholine to 33 +/- 2% of basal levels, consistent with a depletion of the acetylcholine pool due to precursor deficit. Simultaneous perfusion of hemicholinium-3 and NMDA produced a synergistic increase in dialysate choline (664 +/- 95% of basal levels), indicating that part of the choline released by NMDA is taken up. In contrast, NMDA antagonized the decrease of acetylcholine produced by hemicholinium-3. These results show that NMDA-evoked choline release is not mediated by inhibition of high-affinity choline uptake and indicate that choline released by NMDA can be used to sustain acetylcholine synthesis when there is a precursor deficit secondary to uptake inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zapata
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
We have investigated the influence of age (3, 18, 24 months) on Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and Prostacyclin (PGI2) levels in hippocampal slices from F344/NHSD rats. A significant increase in TXA2 and PGI2 levels was observed in 18 and 24 months old compared to 3 months old animals. A significant reduction in the ratio TXA2/PGI2 produced by a higher increase in PGI2 was observed in 24 month old animals. The reduction in the TXA2/PGI2 ratio has been related to vasodilatory and antiaggregating effects that may contribute to protect the brain against neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marmol
- Unitat de Farmacologia.IDIBAPS.(Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer) Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, Spain
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Olmos G, DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Paz Regalado M, Gasull T, Assumpció Boronat M, Trullas R, Villarroel A, Lerma J, García-Sevilla JA. Protection by imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells through blockade of NMDA receptor. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:1317-26. [PMID: 10455281 PMCID: PMC1760666 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the potential neuroprotective effect of several imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine on glutamate-induced necrosis and on apoptosis induced by low extracellular K+ in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Exposure (30 min) of energy deprived cells to L-glutamate (1-100 microM) caused a concentration-dependent neurotoxicity, as determined 24 h later by a decrease in the ability of the cells to metabolize 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) into a reduced formazan product. L-glutamate-induced neurotoxicity (EC50=5 microM) was blocked by the specific NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine). Imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine fully prevented neurotoxicity induced by 20 microM (EC100) L-glutamate with the rank order (EC50 in microM): antazoline (13)>cirazoline (44)>LSL 61122 [2-styryl-2-imidazoline] (54)>LSL 60101 [2-(2-benzofuranyl) imidazole] (75)>idazoxan (90)>LSL 60129 [2-(1,4-benzodioxan-6-yl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole](101)>RX82 1002 (2-methoxy idazoxan) (106)>agmatine (196). No neuroprotective effect of these drugs was observed in a model of apoptotic neuronal cell death (reduction of extracellular K+) which does not involve stimulation of NMDA receptors. Imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine fully inhibited [3H]-(+)-MK-801 binding to the phencyclidine site of NMDA receptors in rat brain. The profile of drug potency protecting against L-glutamate neurotoxicity correlated well (r=0.90) with the potency of the same compounds competing against [3H]-(+)-MK-801 binding. In HEK-293 cells transfected to express the NR1-1a and NR2C subunits of the NMDA receptor, antazoline and agmatine produced a voltage- and concentration-dependent block of glutamate-induced currents. Analysis of the voltage dependence of the block was consistent with the presence of a binding site for antazoline located within the NMDA channel pore with an IC50 of 10-12 microM at 0 mV. It is concluded that imidazol(ine) drugs and agmatine are neuroprotective against glutamate-induced necrotic neuronal cell death in vitro and that this effect is mediated through NMDA receptor blockade by interacting with a site located within the NMDA channel pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Olmos
- Associate Unit of the Institute Cajal/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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DeGregorio-Rocasolano N, Olmos G, Gasull T, Boronat MA, Trullas R, García-Sevilla JA. Protection by imidazol(ine) compounds of L-glutamate neurotoxicity through NMDA receptor blockade. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 881:452. [PMID: 10415949 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zapata A, Capdevila JL, Trullas R. Region-specific and calcium-dependent increase in dialysate choline levels by NMDA. J Neurosci 1998; 18:3597-605. [PMID: 9570791 PMCID: PMC6793164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor-induced excitotoxicity has been hypothesized to mediate abnormal choline (Cho) metabolism that is involved in alterations in membrane permeability and cell death in certain neurodegenerative disorders. To determine whether NMDA receptor overactivation modulates choline metabolism in vivo, we investigated the effects of NMDA on interstitial choline concentrations using microdialysis. Perfusion of NMDA by retrodialysis increased dialysate choline (approximately 400%) and reduced dialysate acetylcholine (Ach) (approximately 40%). Choline levels remained increased for at least 2.5 hr, but acetylcholine returned to pretreatment values 75 min after NMDA perfusion. The NMDA-evoked increase in dialysate choline was calcium and concentration dependent and was prevented with 1 mM AP-5, a competitive NMDA antagonist, but was not altered by mepacrine, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor. NMDA increased extracellular choline levels four- to fivefold in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, produced a slight increase in neostriatum, and did not modify dialysate choline in cerebellum. Perfusion with NMDA for 2 hr produced a delayed, but not acute, reduction in choline acetyltransferase activity in the area surrounding the dialysis probe. Consistent with a lack of acute cholinergic neurotoxicity evoked by this treatment, basal acetylcholine levels were unaltered by 2 hr of continuous NMDA perfusion. Prolonged NMDA perfusion produced a 34% decrease in phosphatidylcholine content in the lipid fraction of the tissue surrounding the dialysis probe. These results show that NMDA modulates choline metabolism, eliciting a receptor-mediated, calcium-dependent, and region-specific increase in extracellular choline from membrane phospholipids that is not mediated by phospholipase A2 and precedes delayed excitotoxic neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zapata
- Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Viu E, Zapata A, Capdevila JL, Fossom LH, Skolnick P, Trullas R. Glycine site antagonists and partial agonists inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated [3H]arachidonic acid release in cerebellar granule cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 285:527-32. [PMID: 9580593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is known to produce arachidonic acid release, which has been implicated in excitotoxicity. Antagonists and partial agonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, despite exhibiting functional differences in electrophysiological studies, inhibit glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and ischemia-induced neurodegeneration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of both glycine site antagonists and partial agonists on NMDA receptor-mediated [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) release evoked by glutamate, NMDA or a competitive inhibitor of the glutamate/aspartate uptake carrier. The [3H]AA release evoked by a maximally effective concentration of glutamate (100 microM) was blocked by the glycine site antagonists 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKYN) and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-DCKYN) and by a low intrinsic efficacy glycine partial agonist (+)-1-hydroxy-3-aminopyrrolid-2-one [(+)-HA-966]. 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), a high intrinsic efficacy glycine partial agonist, did not modify [3H]AA release evoked by 100 microM glutamate. However, ACPC blocked (in a glycine reversible manner) the [3H]AA release induced by NMDA (100 microM) with an IC50 of 131 +/- 2 microM. Furthermore, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC), a competitive inhibitor of the glutamate transporter, also released [3H]AA (Emax and EC50 of 127 +/- 4% and 30 +/- 1 microM, respectively). ACPC, 7-CKYN and (+/-)-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP-7), a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, inhibited [3H]AA release evoked by PDC. These results demonstrate that both glycine site antagonists and partial agonists can inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated [3H]AA release in cerebellar granule cells, an action consistent with the neuroprotective effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Viu
- Department of Bioanalítica Mèdica, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Spain
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Trullas R. Neuroprotective effects of functional antagonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997; 19 Suppl A:55-6. [PMID: 9403859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Trullas
- Neurobiology Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC, Spain
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Zapata A, Capdevila JL, Tarrason G, Adan J, Martínez JM, Piulats J, Trullas R. Effects of NMDA-R1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide administration: behavioral and radioligand binding studies. Brain Res 1997; 745:114-20. [PMID: 9037399 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(96)01134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of an antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) directed to the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor mRNA and of its corresponding sense ODN were investigated in mice. Treatment with the antisense ODN significantly increased the time mice spent in the open arms of an elevated maze while the total number of arm entries was unaltered. Furthermore, seizure latencies after the administration of an ED100 dose of NMDA (150 mg/kg) were significantly higher in antisense treated animals compared to vehicle controls. At the same time, treatment with NR1 antisense ODN significantly reduced the Bmax of [3H]CGS-19755 binding (2101 fmol/mg protein) compared to both vehicle (2787 fmol/mg protein) and sense (2832 +/- 39 fmol/mg protein) controls without any significant change in KD (33 nM). A corresponding reduction of [3H]CGP-39653 binding was also observed after treatment with NR1 antisense compared to both sense and vehicle controls. In contrast, neither antisense nor sense ODNs altered the proportion of high affinity glycine sites or the potency of glycine at either high or low affinity glycine binding sites to inhibit [3H]CGP-39653 binding. These results show that in vivo treatment with NR1 antisense ODNs to the NMDA receptor complex reduces antagonist binding at NMDA receptors and has pharmacological effects similar to those observed with some NMDA receptor antagonists. These results also suggest that treatment with antisense ODNs may provide another means to investigate allosteric modulation of receptor subtypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zapata
- Departament de Bioanalítica Mèdica, CSIC, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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36
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Sureda FX, Viu E, Zapata A, Capdevila JL, Camins A, Escubedo E, Camarasa J, Trullas R. Modulation of NMDA-induced cytosolic calcium levels by ACPC in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Neuroreport 1996; 7:1824-8. [PMID: 8905673 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199607290-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) on the potentiation by glycine of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked increases in intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i was examined in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. NMDA (50 microM) produced a rapid and sustained increase in [Ca2+]i from 72 +/- 3 to 205 +/- 18 nM. Addition of exogenous glycine potentiated (EC50 -2 microM) the effects of NMDA, increasing [Ca2+]i to an Emax of 323 +/- 5 nM. ACPC increased the EC50 of glycine from 2 microM (no ACPC) to 17 microM (400 microM ACPC). Concomitant with reduced potency of glycine, ACPC also inhibited the Emax of glycine to enhance NMDA-evoked cytosolic free calcium to values (224 +/- 1 nM) approaching those observed in the nominal absence of glycine. These results show that ACPC, a compound previously reported to prevent excitotoxic cell death, inhibits the glycine-induced increase of Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptors in cerebellar granule cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Sureda
- Unitat de Neurobiologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Spain
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Abstract
The effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular calcium in rat dissociated cerebellar cells were examined by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry allows the selection of a specific viable neuronal population with high sensitivity. We used 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a marker of intracellular oxidative stress, and intracellular calcium was measured using Indo-1 as a calcium-sensitive indicator. The cerebellar cell population was isolated by size, granularity and NMDA-sensitivity by cell-sorting. In this cerebellar cell preparation, in which no glial cells were found, NMDA induced a concentration-dependent increase in ROS and intracellular calcium levels. These effects were inhibited by the non-competitive NMDA antagonist (+)MK-801. These results indicate that flow cytometry could be a useful tool to study the effect of neuroprotective drugs on NMDA receptor in isolated cerebellar neurons. Moreover, due to its high speed of analysis and the possibility to detect simultaneously a variety of fluorescent markers, we stated the utility of this technique in the pharmacology and physiology of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Sureda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Spain
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38
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Clos MV, Garcia Sanz A, Trullas R, Badia A. Effect of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid on N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated [3H]-noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal synaptosomes. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 118:901-4. [PMID: 8799560 PMCID: PMC1909537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1996.tb15484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The effect of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), a partial agonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex that exhibits neuroprotective, anxiolytic and antidepressant-like actions, was investigated in a functional assay for presynaptic NMDA receptors. 2. NMDA (100 microM) produced a 36% increase of tritium efflux above basal efflux in rat hippocampal synaptosomes preincubated with [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA), reflecting a release of tritiated noradrenaline. This effect was prevented by 10 microM 7-chlorokynurenic acid, an antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. 3. Glycine enhanced the effect of NMDA with Emax and EC50 values of 84 +/- 11% and 1.82 +/- 0.04 microM, respectively. ACPC potentiated the effect of NMDA on tritium overflow with a lower EC50 (43 +/- 6 nM) and a lower maximal effect (Emax = 40 +/- 9%) than glycine. Furthermore, ACPC (0.1 microM) shifted the EC50 of glycine from 1.82 microM to > or = 3 mM. 4. These results show that ACPC can reduce the potentiation by glycine of NMDA-evoked [3H]-NA release and hence, may act as an antagonist at the glycine site of presynaptic hippocampal NMDA receptors when the concentration of glycine is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Clos
- Department de Farmacologia i Psiquiatria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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39
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Abstract
The effect of systemic treatment with 1-aminocyclopro-panecarboxylic acid (ACPC), a partial agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, on convulsions and neurodegeneration induced by intrahippocampal injection of NMDA was investigated in mice. Five days after intrahippocampal NMDA infusion, 80-100% pyramidal cell death was observed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Pretreatment with ACPC prevented the lethal effects of NMDA and significantly reduced seizure induction. ACPC reduced cell death to 40% of that induced by a dose of NMDA (6 nmol) that damaged 80% of hippocampal CA1 neurones in untreated animals. These findings provide further evidence that ACPC can reduce NMDA receptor function in vivo and suggest that partial agonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor complex may be useful anticonvulsant and neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zapata
- Unitat de Neurobiologia, CID, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Skolnick P, Layer RT, Popik P, Nowak G, Paul IA, Trullas R. Adaptation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors following antidepressant treatment: implications for the pharmacotherapy of depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29:23-6. [PMID: 8852530 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-979537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NMDA antagonists mimic the effects of clinically effective antidepressants in both preclinical tests predictive of antidepressant action and procedures designed to model aspects of depressive symptomatology. These findings led to experiments demonstrating that chronic administration of NMDA antagonists to rodents results in a downregulation of cortical beta-adrenoceptors, a phenomenon also observed following chronic treatment with many antidepressants. These neurochemical and behavioral similarities between antidepressants and NMDA antagonists prompted us to examine the impact of chronic antidepressant treatment on NMDA receptors. Chronic (14 days) but not acute (1 day) administration of seventeen different antidepressants to mice produced adaptive changes in radioligand binding to NMDA receptors. Detailed studies with three antidepressants (imipramine, citalopram, and electroconvulsive shock) show that these changes develop slowly, persist for some time after cessation of treatment, and (for imipramine and citalopram) are dose dependent. Moreover, following chronic treatment with imipramine, these changes in radioligand binding to NMDA receptors appear restricted to the cerebral cortex. Based on the consistency of these effects across antidepressant treatments, we propose that adaptive changes in NMDA receptors may be the final common pathway for antidepressant action. The recent demonstration (Nowak et al., 1995) that radioligand binding to NMDA receptors is altered in frontal cortex of suicide victims (compared to age and post-mortem interval matched controls) is consistent with the hypothesis (Trullas and Skolnick, 1990) that this family of ligand gated ion channels is involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Skolnick
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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Sureda F, Viu E, Zapata A, Capdevila J, Faiman C, Escubedo E, Camarasa J, Trullas R. Effects of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid on NMDA-induced increases in cytosolic calcium in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Pharmacol Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1043-6618(95)87617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Faiman CP, Viu E, Skolnick P, Trullas R. Differential effects of compounds that act at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors in a punishment procedure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 270:528-33. [PMID: 8071846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The anxiolytic and memory-impairing effects of compounds that act at strychnine-insensitive (SI) glycine receptors were examined and compared with those of a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7); a use-dependent channel blocker, dizocilpine; and a benzodiazepine agonist, diazepam (DZP). Mice were trained to avoid a dark compartment and their latencies to step through were measured either within 1 hr after training in the presence of the drug (to assess the anxiolytic effects) or 24 hr after pre- or post-training treatment (to assess the effects on learning and memory). Post-training administration of the glycinergic compounds 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 7-chlorokynurenic acid and D-cycloserine reduced step-through latencies when testing was performed 30 min after drug treatment and within 1 h after training. Latencies were unaltered by these glycinergic compounds when testing was performed 24 hr later. Similar results were obtained with AP7 and DZP. In contrast, an amnesic dose of pentylenetetrazole reduced latencies both within 1 and 24 hr after training. Pretreatment with glycine abolished the reduction in latencies observed with SI glycine receptor ligands 1 hr after training but did not antagonize the reduction produced by AP7. Pretraining administration of SI glycine receptor ligands did not alter step-through latencies measured 24 hr later. In contrast, under these same conditions, AP7, dizocilpine and DZP produced a significant reduction in latencies. These results demonstrate that compounds that act at SI glycine receptors do not impair learning and memory at doses that are anxiolytic in a single-trial punishment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Faiman
- Neurobiology Unit, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Nowak G, Trullas R, Layer RT, Skolnick P, Paul IA. Adaptive changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex after chronic treatment with imipramine and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 265:1380-6. [PMID: 8099620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic (14 daily injections) treatment of mice with the prototypic tricyclic antidepressant imipramine significantly alters ligand binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex. These effects were compared to a chronic regimen of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, a high-affinity partial agonist at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors which mimics the effects of imipramine in preclinical models predictive of antidepressant action. Changes in the NMDA receptor complex after chronic, but not acute treatment with imipramine were manifested as: 1) a reduction in the potency of glycine to inhibit [3H]5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid binding to strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors; 2) a decrease in the proportion of high-affinity glycine sites inhibiting [3H]CGP 39653 binding to NMDA receptors; and 3) a decrease in basal [3H]MK-801 binding (under nonequilibrium conditions) to sites within NMDA receptor-coupled cation channels which was reversible by the addition of glutamate. These effects were observed in cerebral cortex, but not in hippocampus, striatum or basal forebrain. Chronic treatment with 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid resulted in changes which paralleled those of imipramine on ligand binding to the NMDA receptor complex, but the reduction in basal [3H]MK-801 binding did not achieve statistical significance. These findings indicate that adaptive changes in the NMDA receptor complex could be a feature common to chronic treatment with structurally unrelated antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nowak
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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44
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Abstract
The behavioral performance of inbred mouse strains was examined in animal models of anxiety to evaluate the potential contribution of genetic factors to fear-motivated behaviors. The preference that randomly bred mice and rats exhibit for the enclosed as opposed to the open arms of an elevated maze has been considered a fear-motivated behavior. Pronounced differences were observed in this measure among 16 inbred mouse strains. An estimate of the proportion of the variance attributable to between-strain differences, eta 2, revealed that 78% and 69% of the variance in time and number of entries in the open arms of an elevated maze, respectively, can be attributed to genetic factors. In contrast, only 27% and 42% of the variance could be attributed to between-strain differences in ambulatory activity in the open field and elevated maze, respectively. Furthermore, performance in the elevated maze was predictive of behavior in other animal models of anxiety. Thus, significant negative correlations were observed among inbred mouse strains between the percent time spent in the open arms of the elevated maze and amplitude of an acoustic startle response (rs = -0.88m P < 0.01) or latency to initiate chow consumption in a hyponeophagia paradigm (rs = -0.71, P < 0.05). These results indicate that genetic factors substantially contribute to fear motivated behaviors in these animal models of anxiety. The use of such inbred mouse strains may provide a novel approach to investigate the biochemical and genetic bases of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trullas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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45
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Tusell JM, Vendrell M, Serratosa J, Trullas R. Lindane-induced convulsions in NMRI and OF1 mice: antagonism with (+)MK-801 and voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers. Brain Res 1992; 593:209-14. [PMID: 1280523 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The convulsant profile of lindane was investigated in OF1 and NMRI mice lines in relation to other convulsants acting at the GABAA and NMDA receptor complexes. Thus, a specific GABA-gated chloride channel blocker, PTX, a GABAA receptor antagonist, PTZ, and an excitatory amino acid receptor agonist, NMDA, were used. Antagonism of the convulsant effects of each of these drugs was investigated with (+)MK-801, a blocker of the NMDA-operated cation channel, and with nifedipine, a voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonist. While no differences in potency for PTX or PTZ to induce seizures were observed between OF1 and NMRI mice, lindane was approximately 80 and 90% more potent in its ability to induce seizures and lethality, respectively, in OF1 than in NMRI mice. Brain lindane concentrations at the moment of convulsion, measured after ED100 doses of lindane (400 and 200 mg/kg for NMRI and OF1 mice, respectively), did not differ between OF1 and NMRI mice, suggesting that the different potency of lindane between these mouse lines is a consequence of pharmacokinetic factors. Furthermore, (+)MK-801 antagonized seizures induced by either lindane, PTX or PTZ with similar potencies in both mouse lines. These results, coupled with the different pharmacokinetics of lindane in OF1 and NMRI mice, suggest that the distinct effects of lindane in these mice are not mediated by different activities at either NMDA or GABAA receptor complexes. Nonetheless, nifedipine antagonized lindane-induced seizures with a three-fold higher potency in NMRI than in OF1 mice. In contrast, nifedipine failed to antagonize PTX and PTZ convulsions in both OF1 and NMRI mice. These results suggest that besides the GABAA receptor complex other mechanisms related to calcium mobilization may be involved in the convulsant action of lindane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tusell
- Department of Neurochemistry, C.S.I.C., Barcelona, Spain
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Skolnick P, Miller R, Young A, Boje K, Trullas R. Chronic treatment with 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid desensitizes behavioral responses to compounds acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 107:489-96. [PMID: 1534910 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional antagonists at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex produce anti-depressant-like actions in preclinical models. Thus, an injection of a glycine partial agonist (1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; ACPC), a competitive NMDA antagonist (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid; AP-7) or a use-dependent cation channel blocker (MK-801) reduced immobility in the forced swim test (FST) with efficacies comparable to imipramine (Trullas and Skolnick 1990). Seven daily injections of ACPC (200-400 mg/kg) abolished the effects of both this compound (200-1200 mg/kg) and AP-7 (200-300 mg/kg) in the FST. The loss in effectiveness of ACPC required 7 days of treatment to become fully manifest, and was reversed by discontinuing treatment. Other agents active in the FST (e.g. MK-801, imipramine, and nifedipine) were unaffected by this regimen. Moreover, ACPC and AP-7 remained active in the FST following repeated injections of MK-801, AP-7, or imipramine. Chronic treatment with ACPC did not affect its actions in the elevated plus-maze, but significantly attenuated the convulsant and lethal effects of NMDA (125 mg/kg). Tissue levels of ACPC indicate the modified behavioral responses produced by chronic treatment are not attributable to pharmacokinetic factors. These findings suggest repeated administration of ACPC may effect an "uncoupling" of NMDA and glycine receptors, resulting in an apparent desensitization of the behavioral actions of substances acting at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Skolnick
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
Down-regulation of cortical beta-adrenoceptors is observed in laboratory animals following chronic treatment with many clinically effective antidepressant therapies. [3H]Dihydroalprenolol (DHA) binding to cortical beta-adrenoceptors was examined in mice treated with the functional NMDA antagonists 1-aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACPC) and MK-801. ACPC and MK-801 reduced [3H]DHA binding by 19 (P less than 0.05) and 21% (P less than 0.05), respectively, while imipramine produced a 23% (P less than 0.05) reduction. No corresponding changes in the KD of [3H]DHA were observed. These findings are consistent with the observation that functional NMDA antagonists are active in animal models commonly used to evaluate antidepressants and may represent a novel approach to the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Paul
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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48
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Trullas R, Folio T, Young A, Miller R, Boje K, Skolnick P. 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylates exhibit antidepressant and anxiolytic actions in animal models. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 203:379-85. [PMID: 1685448 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90894-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) is a high affinity ligand at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors that exhibits partial agonist properties in both biochemical and electrophysiological measures. While ACPC was reported active in animal models commonly used to evaluate potential antidepressants (forced swim) and anxiolytics (plus-maze), the zwitterionic character of this compound could limit both penetration into the central nervous system and oral availability. The present experiments were designed to determine the duration of action of ACPC, its efficacy following oral administration, and to compare these effects with the more lipophilic ACPC methyl ester. Parenterally and orally administered ACPC were equipotent in reducing immobility in the forced swim test, an action manifested for at least 6 h. Both orally and parenterally administered ACPC methyl ester were approximately 3.3-fold more potent than ACPC in the forced swim test. In the elevated plus-maze, both ACPC and ACPC methyl ester were active for 1-2 h after parenteral administration. These findings suggest that 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylates may constitute a novel class of antidepressant/anxiolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trullas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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49
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Abstract
Compounds that reduce ion flux through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) coupled cation channels were evaluated for their effects on rat pup ultrasonic vocalizations (USV). Previous studies have demonstrated that rat pups emit ultrasonic calls during social isolation and that several classes of anxiolytics decrease, while putative anxiogenics increase, the number of these calls. The competitive NMDA antagonists 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP-7) and (+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid [+/-)-CPP) as well as a partial agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC), reduced USV at doses that did not affect either motor activity or core temperature. A dose of glycine sufficient to elevate hippocampal glycine concentrations by 85% antagonized the effects of ACPC, but not AP-7. Glycine alone did not alter USV, but NMDA when given by itself increased USV by almost 50% at subconvulsant doses. Moreover, a dose of NMDA that did not affect USV antagonized the effects of AP-7 but not ACPC. Taken together, these findings are consistent with previous studies using conflict procedures which indicate that agents which reduce activity at NMDA receptor coupled cation channels may constitute a new class of anxiolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Winslow
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH, ADAMHA, Poolesville, MD 20837
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50
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Abstract
Inescapable, but not escapable, stress inhibits the induction of Long Term Potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of hippocampus, a process that is dependent upon activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor. Since inescapable stress also produces a syndrome of behavioral depression sensitive to clinically effective antidepressants, we examined the actions of functional antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex in animal models commonly used to evaluate potential antidepressants. A competitive NMDA antagonist (2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid [AP-7]), a non-competitive NMDA antagonist (Dizolcipine [MK-801]), and a partial agonist at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors (1-aminocylopropanecarboxylic acid [ACPC]) mimicked the effects of clinically effective antidepressants in these models. These findings indicate that the NMDA receptor complex may be involved in the behavioral deficits induced by inescapable stress, and that substances capable of reducing neurotransmission at the NMDA receptor complex may represent a new class of antidepressants. Based on these findings, the hypothesis that pathways subserved by the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders may have heuristic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trullas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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