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Cai J, Sun X, Li M, Luo R, Wang W, Wang Z, Akkaif MA, Liu H. Dietary factors in relation to hypertension: a mendelian randomization study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2024; 43:91. [PMID: 38907314 PMCID: PMC11193250 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have elucidated the associations between dietary factors and hypertension. Nevertheless, the exploration of these relationships using Mendelian randomization remains scarce currently. METHODS The Mendelian randomization approach investigated the potential causal relationships between 16 dietary factors and hypertension. To achieve this, we identified genetic variants associated with these dietary factors by utilizing data from European-descent genome-wide association studies with a stringent significance threshold (P < 5 × 10 - 8). Subsequently, we obtained genetic associations with hypertension from the extensive FinnGen Study, encompassing 92,462 cases and 265,626 controls. Our primary analytical method was the inverse variance weighted method, and we also conducted assessments for heterogeneity and pleiotropy to ensure the robustness and reliability of our findings. RESULTS The study revealed significant associations with hypertension risk for various dietary factors. Specifically, higher weekly alcohol consumption (OR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.19-1.96) and more frequent alcohol intake (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08-1.33) were positively correlated with an increased risk of hypertension. Likewise, increased poultry intake (OR: 3.25, 95% CI: 1.83-5.78) and beef intake (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.09-2.97) were also linked to a higher risk of hypertension. Conversely, there were protective factors associated with a decreased risk of hypertension. These included consuming salad and raw vegetables, dried fruits, cheese, and cereals. It is important to note that no evidence of pleiotropy was detected, underscoring the robustness of these findings. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovered causal relationships between various dietary factors and hypertension risk. Specifically, alcohol consumption in terms of drinks per week and intake frequency, as well as poultry and beef intake, were causally associated with an elevated risk of hypertension. In contrast, consuming salad/raw vegetables, dried fruits, cheese, and cereals demonstrated an inverse causal association with hypertension, suggesting a potential protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Cai
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Zilong Wang
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China.
| | - Haibo Liu
- Departments of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, 1158 Park East Road, Shanghai, 201700, China.
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Kos M, Nađ T, Stanojević L, Lukić M, Stupin A, Drenjančević I, Pušeljić S, Davidović Cvetko E, Mihaljević Z, Dumančić D, Jukić I. Estimation of Salt Intake in Normotensive and Hypertensive Children: The Role of Body Weight. Nutrients 2023; 15:736. [PMID: 36771442 PMCID: PMC9921955 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The connection between increased dietary salt intake and arterial hypertension has been recognized for a long time, even in children. This study aimed to investigate salt consumption in normotensive and hypertensive children and evaluate their dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of fifty participants were included in this cross-sectional study: twenty-five normotensive children and 25 children of both sexes with essential arterial hypertension from 12-17 years old. Subjects' body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, body composition and arterial blood pressure were measured, and their daily salt intake was calculated from 24-h urine samples. Using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the data on the average daily total energy and food intakes were collected and analyzed using a suitable program. RESULTS Estimated daily salt intake was significantly higher in hypertensive compared to normotensive children, and this is positively associated with blood pressure and body mass index (BMI). Hypertensive children had significantly higher BMIs, which also positively correlated with blood pressure. Consistently, resting metabolic rate (kcal) is higher in hypertensive children compared to normotensive, and this is also associated with blood pressure. Reported energy intake is also enlarged in hypertensive compared to normotensive children and for both groups, levels are significantly higher than the recommended values. CONCLUSIONS Our study results confirm the relationship between daily salt consumption, blood pressure and body weight. Sodium consumption related to blood pressure and body weight among children. Cardiovascular disease prevention should start in early childhood by reducing salt intake and preventing overweight/obesity since these are two of the most important modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kos
- Clinic of Pediatrics, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tihana Nađ
- Clinic of Pediatrics, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lorena Stanojević
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Matea Lukić
- Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Silvija Pušeljić
- Clinic of Pediatrics, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Erna Davidović Cvetko
- Lavoslav Ružička College of Applied Sciences of Vukovar, Županijska 50, HR-32000 Vukovar, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dijana Dumančić
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukić
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, University of Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Wójcik M, Stochel-Gaudyn A, Szczudlik E, Suder A, Piórecka B. The Severity of Obesity Promotes Greater Dehydration in Children: Preliminary Results. Nutrients 2022; 14:5150. [PMID: 36501180 PMCID: PMC9739486 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of hydration of the body depends on the balance between the amount of water and salt consumed and excreted (the urinary extraction of excess sodium requires water). Inappropriate nutrition, particularly consuming too much processed food, causes obesity in children and additionally causes excessive sodium consumption, thus increasing the risk of excessive water loss. The aim of this study was to assess the hydration status of children with obesity and the relation between hydration, body composition, urinary sodium extraction, and nutrient intake. The study group consisted of 27 patients with obesity, with a mean age of 12.89 ± SD 2.79. Each patient's height, weight, body composition (electrical bioimpedance (BIA)), diet (7-day record), and biochemical tests were assessed. The hydration status was assessed using 24-hour urine collection, 24-hour urine osmolality, and an ultrasound of the vena cava (IVC/Ao index). Overall, 55% of children (n = 15) had urine osmolality values above 800 mOsm/kgH2O, which indicates significant dehydration, and 53% (n = 14) were dehydrated, based on the IVC/Ao index. Children with obesity and dehydration had a significantly higher BMI (31.79 vs. 27.32; p = 0.0228), fat mass percentage (37.23% vs. 30.07% p = 0.0051), and fat mass in kg (30.89 vs. 20.55; p = 0.0158), and significantly higher sodium intake from their diet (3390.0 mg vs. 2921.0 mg; p = 0.0230), as well as their sodium/potassium ratio (2.4 vs. 2.0; p = 0.0043). The 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and osmolality values were directly related to fat-mass percentage and fat-mass (in kg) in a simple linear correlation analysis. Our preliminary results confirm that obesity is related to dehydration. The overall high sodium excretion in children with obesity indicates an excessive salt intake along with low potassium intake, which is a significant predictor of dehydration, regardless of the total water intake (TWI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescents Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine,, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Stochel-Gaudyn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczudlik
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescents Endocrinology, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine,, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suder
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Cracow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Piórecka
- Department of Nutrition and Drug Research, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland
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Ferrari GT, Proserpio C, Stragliotto LK, Boff JM, Pagliarini E, Oliveira VRD. Salt reduction in bakery products: A critical review on the worldwide scenario, its impacts and different strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Validation of salt intake measurements: comparisons of a food record checklist and spot-urine collection to 24-hour-urine collection. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:2983-2994. [PMID: 35850716 PMCID: PMC7613718 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Monitoring population salt intake is operationally and economically challenging. We explored whether a questionnaire assessment and a prediction of Na intake from spot-urine could replace or complement the recommended measurement of Na in 24-h urine (24-h U). Design Compare the agreement of a Na-specific food record checklist (FRCL) and a late-afternoon spot-urine measurement (PM-spot) with 24-h U measurement in estimating Na intake at group level. Each participant’s use of these methods extended over 3 d. Agreement was assessed using mean (95 % CI) differences, linear regression models and Bland−Altman plots. Setting The validation study was part of a 1-year workplace intervention trial to lower salt intake in Switzerland. Participants Seventy women and 71 men, aged 21−61 years, completed three FRCL, and acceptable PM-spot and 24-h U samples at baseline (April−October 2015). Results Mean Na intake estimates varied slightly across methods (3·5-3·9 g/d). Mean Na intake differences from 24-h U were 0·2 (95% CI (0, 0·5)) g/d for FRCL and 0·4 (95 % CI (0·2, 0·6)) g/d for PM-spot. Linear regression models and Bland-Altmann plots more clearly depicted differences by sex and discretionary salt use. Conclusions Although 24-h U remains the best reference method for monitoring Na intake at the population level, PM-spot and FRCL might be more practical instruments for frequent, periodic Na intake assessments. Population-specific prediction models to estimate 24-h U could be developed and evaluated.
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Raphadu TT, Matshipi M, Mphekgwana PM, Monyeki KD. Assessing the Association of Sodium, Potassium Intake and Sodium/Potassium Ratio on Blood Pressure and Central Adiposity Measurements amongst Ellisras Undernourished, Rural Children Aged 5–13 Years: South Africa. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9030422. [PMID: 35327794 PMCID: PMC8947557 DOI: 10.3390/children9030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have shown how diet, such as sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake, is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study aimed to assess the relationship between sodium intake, potassium intake; and sodium/potassium ratio with blood pressure (BP) and abdominal obesity amongst Ellisras rural children. Method: In this cross-sectional study, data on dietary intake of sodium and potassium were collected using a 24-h recall questionnaire from a total of 765 participants, aged 5–13 years. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were also collected. Generalised linear models and Pearson correlation were conducted to assess the association of sodium intake, potassium intake; and their ratio with BP, waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Results: In both age groups, less than 14.9% of males and 19.8% of females consumed above the recommended adequate intake (AI) of sodium. In addition, both age groups had more than 90% of males and females who consumed below the recommended AI of potassium. Moreover, the sodium/potassium ratio was above the WHO recommended level in more than 30% of males and females. The study found a significant, weak positive correlation of sodium intake with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and with WHtR. A significant, weak positive correlation was also found between sodium/potassium ratio and WHtR. In addition, a significant association was found between potassium intake and systolic BP. Conclusion: Although our study found a notable low average intake of sodium and potassium as compared to the recommended values. There was positive correlation found between sodium intake and BP. Furthermore, a positive correlation of sodium intake and sodium/potassium ratio with WHtR was also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thato Tshepo Raphadu
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Moloko Matshipi
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
| | - Peter Modupi Mphekgwana
- Department of Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Kotsedi Daniel Monyeki
- Department of Physiology and Environmental Health, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; (T.T.R.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-152682953
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Farapti F, Buanasita A, Atmaka DR, Setyaningtyas SW, Adriani M, Rejeki PS, Yamaoka Y, Miftahussurur M. Potassium intake is associated with nutritional quality and actual diet cost: a study at formulating a low sodium high potassium (LSHP) healthy diet. J Nutr Sci 2022; 11:e11. [PMID: 35291270 PMCID: PMC8889219 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing potassium and reducing sodium intake have been identified as a priority intervention to reduce non-communicable diseases. A low sodium high potassium (LSHP) healthy diet can be a predictor of overall dietary quality and is associated with higher diet costs. The present study was a randomised controlled-feeding trial, formulating menus of low sodium and potassium-rich healthy diet and comparing with usual diet (a control diet based on typical Indonesian diet) to assess the association of potassium intake in the menus with other nutritional contents and diet cost. Totally seventy menus, which consisted of LSHP diets and the usual diets for a 7-d cycle, were composed from the analysis of the Indonesian food composition database. The correlation coefficient of the potassium content of all menus with nutritional quality and diet cost was analysed using the Pearson test. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the most important nutrient in determining diet cost. A comparison of nutrition quality and diet cost from the two menus was analysed using the independent t-test. LSHP diet had significantly higher carbohydrate, protein, fibre, magnesium, calcium, vitamin C, potassium density and diet cost but lower total fat, saturated fat and energy density than the usual diet (P < 0⋅05). Furthermore, there was a strong positive correlation between fibre, potassium and diet cost (coefficient correlation of >0⋅8). Potassium is a nutrient that is closely related to diet quality although the cost of the diet often may inhibit its intake. A targeted and effective strategy is required to provide affordable food for achieving a sustainable nutrient-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farapti Farapti
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, Indonesia
- Post Graduate Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
| | - Annas Buanasita
- Nutrition Department, Surabaya Health Polytechnic, Surabaya60282, Indonesia
| | - Dominikus R. Atmaka
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, Indonesia
| | | | - Merryana Adriani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, Indonesia
| | - Purwo S. Rejeki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60132, Indonesia
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu879-5593, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60286, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Miftahussurur
- Gastroentero-Hepatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60286, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya60115, Indonesia
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Nascimento A, Santiago S, Coelho I, Ventura M, Gueifão S, Santos M, Castanheira I. Sodium and potassium contents in food samples from the first Portuguese total diet pilot study. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Isiozor NM, Kunutsor SK, Voutilainen A, Kauhanen J, Laukkanen JA. Life's Simple 7 and the risk of stroke in Finnish men: A prospective cohort study. Prev Med 2021; 153:106858. [PMID: 34687730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-wide preventive measures constitute important approaches towards reducing stroke risk and its associated burden. We sought to examine the association between American Heart Association's (AHA) Life's Simple7 (LS7) score and the risk of stroke in men. METHODS The study is based on the prospective population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease cohort comprising men (42-60 years) without pre-existing history of stroke at baseline (1984-1989). LS7 was computed from AHA's cardiovascular health metrics for 2520 men and includes data on diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status, blood pressures, total cholesterol and blood glucose. Participants were classified into three LS7 groups based on the number of ideal metrics: low (0-2), medium (3-4) and high (5-7). Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of LS7 scores for total and ischaemic stroke. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 26 years, 428 total and 362 ischaemic incident stroke events were recorded. The risk of both stroke outcomes decreased continuously with increasing LS7 scores across the range 2-6. Men with high LS7 had 48% (HR: 0.52; 95%CI: 0.32-0.86) lower risk of total stroke when compared with those with low LS7. The association was similar for the risk of ischaemic stroke, with 50% (HR: 0.50; 95%CI: 0.29-0.87) lower risk among men with high LS7 compared with those with low LS7. CONCLUSION LS7 was strongly, inversely and linearly associated with risk of total and ischaemic strokes among a middle-aged male Finnish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzechukwu M Isiozor
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Setor K Kunutsor
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Voutilainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari A Laukkanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Central Finland Health Care District, Department of Internal Medicine, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Wójcik M, Kozioł-Kozakowska A. Obesity, Sodium Homeostasis, and Arterial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2021; 13:4032. [PMID: 34836287 PMCID: PMC8622119 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between obesity, arterial hypertension, and excessive salt intake has been known for a long time; however, the mechanism of this relationship remains not clear. METHODS The paper presents a current literature review on the relationship between salt consumption and the development of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents with obesity. RESULTS In addition to the traditional theory of hypertension development due to the increase in intravascular volume and disturbances of sodium excretion, recent studies indicate the existence of a complex mechanism related to excessive, pathological secretory activity of adipocytes, insulin resistance, and impaired function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis. That makes obese children and adolescents particularly vulnerable to the development of salt-sensitive arterial hypertension. Studies performed in many countries have shown that children and adolescents consume more sodium than recommended. It is worth noting, however, that the basis for these recommendations was the extrapolation of data from studies conducted on adults. Moreover, more important than sodium intake is the Na/K ratio and water consumption. CONCLUSION Regardless of the population-wide recommendations on reducing salt intake in children, specific recommendations for overweight and obese patients should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Kraków, Poland;
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Pourreza S, Khademi Z, Mirzababaei A, Yekaninejad MS, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Naghshi S, Mirzaei K. Association of plant-based diet index with inflammatory markers and sleep quality in overweight and obese female adults: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14429. [PMID: 34081826 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and sleep disturbances increase the risk of multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. Since diet plays a significant role in inflammatory responses and sleep quality, this study aimed to investigate the association of a plant-based diet index (PDI) with sleep quality and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese women. METHODS 390 overweight and obese women aged 18-48 years participated in this cross-sectional study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to create an overall PDI, healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Higher scores on the PSQI were indicative of poor sleep. Anthropometric measurements and serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were evaluated. Linear regression models were used to determine the association between exposure and outcomes. RESULTS After taking potential confounders into account, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to hPDI and hs-CRP (β = -0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.22,0.06, P = .001) and a significant positive association between uPDI and hs-CRP (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05,0.21, P = .001). Overall, PDI was significantly associated with TGF-β (β = 2.04, 95% CI: 0.54,3.55, P = .008). No association was detected between PDI indices and IL-1β. Higher adherence to uPDI was significantly associated with higher PSQI score (lower sleep quality) (β= 0.20, 95% CI:0.007,0.40, P = .04). A significant positive association was found between TGF-β (β = 0.05, 95% CI:0.005,0.10, P = .03) and hs-CRP (β = 0.32, 95% CI:0.02,0.62, P = .03) with PSQI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated a significant association between adherence to a plant-based diet with inflammation and sleep quality in obese and overweight females. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC?: Sleep is an essential part of life, and sleep quality has a significant impact on individual well-being and performance. There is a bidirectional relationship between disturbed sleep and elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Diet plays a major part in sleep quality and its related health consequences. Plant-based diets are associated with lower risk of chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes, obesity and reduced level of inflammation. WHAT DOES THIS ARTICLE ADD?: Adherence to a healthful plant-based diet is associated with lower level of hs-CRP, while adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet is associated with higher concentrations of hs-CRP. Adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet is associated with lower sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Pourreza
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khademi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sina Naghshi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Potassium is an essential nutrient that performs a vital role in cellular functions including maintaining fluid balance and osmolality of cells. Potassium balance is maintained by the kidney and the majority of ingested potassium is excreted in the urine. There is strong evidence of a negative association between dietary potassium and blood pressure, and some evidence (much of it indirect) of negative associations between dietary potassium and cardiovascular disease (particularly stroke and coronary heart disease) and kidney disease (chronic renal failure, and kidney stones). Blood pressure lowering is particularly associated with high potassium and low sodium diets. Important dietary sources of potassium include fruit and vegetables (including rice, potatoes, legumes and wholegrains), dairy products, and animal proteins. Worldwide, diets are low in potassium compared to dietary guidelines. Interventions focused on increasing dietary potassium will have major benefits including improvements in diet, reducing non-communicable disease and enhancing planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Mira McLean
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Nan Xin Wang
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Donfrancesco C, Lo Noce C, Russo O, Buttari B, Profumo E, Minutoli D, Di Lonardo A, Iacone R, Vespasiano F, Vannucchi S, Onder G, Galletti F, Galeone D, Bellisario P, Di Lenarda A, Giampaoli S, Palmieri L, Strazzullo P. Trend in potassium intake and Na/K ratio in the Italian adult population between the 2008 and 2018 CUORE project surveys. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:814-826. [PMID: 33546944 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Low potassium intake, in addition to high sodium, has been associated with higher risk of hypertension and CVD. The Study assessed habitual potassium intake and sodium/potassium ratio of the Italian adult population from 2008 to 2012 to 2018-2019 based on 24-h urine collection, in the framework of the CUORE Project/MINISAL-GIRCSI/MENO SALE PIU' SALUTE national surveys. METHODS AND RESULTS Data were from cross-sectional surveys of randomly selected age-and-sex stratified samples of resident persons aged 35-74 years in 10 (out of 20) Italian regions. Urinary electrolyte and creatinine measurements were performed in a central laboratory. Analyses considered 942 men and 916 women, examined in 2008-2012, and 967 men and 1010 women, examined in 2018-2019. In 2008-2012, the age-standardized mean of potassium intake (urinary potassium accounts for 70% of potassium intake) was 3147 mg (95% CI 3086-3208) in men and 2784 mg (2727-2841) in women, whereas in 2018-2019, it was 3043 mg (2968-3118) and 2561 mg (2508-2614) respectively. In 2008-2012, age-adjusted prevalence of persons with an adequate potassium intake (i.e. ≥ 3510 mg/day) was 31% (95% CI 28-34%) for men and 18% (16-21%) for women; in 2018-2019, it was 26% (23-29%) and 12% (10-14%) respectively. The sodium/potassium ratio significantly decreased both in men and women. CONCLUSIONS The average daily potassium intake of the Italian general adult population remains lower than the WHO and EFSA recommended level. These results suggest the need of a revision to strengthen initiatives for the promotion of an adequate potassium intake at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ornella Russo
- Federico II University of Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Iacone
- Federico II University of Naples Medical School, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Di Lenarda
- University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; National Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO), Florence, Italy
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Emamian MH, Ebrahimi H, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:62. [PMID: 33530964 PMCID: PMC7851910 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-01876-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of hypertension in Iranian students, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the daily intake of salt in students and its association with high blood pressure. METHODS A random sub-sample was selected from the participants of the second phase of Shahroud schoolchildren eye cohort study and then a random urine sample was tested for sodium, potassium and creatinine. Urine electrolyte esexcretion and daily salt intake were calculated by Tanaka et al.'s formula. RESULTS Among 1455 participants (including 230 participants from rural area and 472 girls), the mean age was 12.9 ± 1.7 year and the mean daily salt intake was 9.7 ± 2.6 g (95% CI 9.5-9.8). The mean salt consumption in rural areas [10.8 (95% CI 10.4-11.2)] was higher than urban areas [9.4 (95% CI 9.3-9.6)], in people with hypertension [10.8 (95% CI 10.3-11.3)] was more than people with normal blood pressure [9.4 (95% CI 9.3-9.6)], and in boys [9.8 (95% CI 9.7-10.0)] was more than girls [9.3 (95% CI 9.1-9.6)]. Higher age, BMI z-score, male sex and rural life, were associated with increased daily salt intake. Increased salt intake was associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION Daily salt intake in Iranian adolescents was about 2 times the recommended amount of the World Health Organization, was higher in rural areas and was associated with blood pressure. Reducing salt intake should be considered as an important intervention, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hossein Ebrahimi
- Randomized Controlled Trial Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sun C, Zhou X, Hu Z, Lu W, Zhao Y, Fang Y. Food and salt structure design for salt reducing. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Bhat S, Marklund M, Henry ME, Appel LJ, Croft KD, Neal B, Wu JHY. A Systematic Review of the Sources of Dietary Salt Around the World. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:677-686. [PMID: 31904809 PMCID: PMC7231587 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess salt intake contributes to hypertension and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Efforts to implement effective salt-reduction strategies require accurate data on the sources of salt consumption. We therefore performed a systematic review to identify the sources of dietary salt around the world. We systematically searched peer-reviewed and gray literature databases for studies that quantified discretionary (salt added during cooking or at the table) and nondiscretionary sources of salt and those that provided information about the food groups contributing to dietary salt intake. Exploratory linear regression analysis was also conducted to assess whether the proportion of discretionary salt intake is related to the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of a country. We identified 80 studies conducted in 34 countries between 1975 and 2018. The majority (n = 44, 55%) collected data on dietary salt sources within the past 10 y and were deemed to have a low or moderate risk of bias (n = 75, 94%). Thirty-two (40%) studies were judged to be nationally representative. Populations in Brazil, China, Costa Rica, Guatemala, India, Japan, Mozambique, and Romania received more than half of their daily salt intake from discretionary sources. A significant inverse correlation between discretionary salt intake and a country's per capita GDP was observed (P < 0.0001), such that for every $10,000 increase in per capita GDP, the amount of salt obtained from discretionary sources was lower by 8.7% (95% CI: 5.1%, 12%). Bread products, cereal and grains, meat products, and dairy products were the major contributors to dietary salt intake in most populations. There is marked variation in discretionary salt use around the world that is highly correlated with the level of economic development. Our findings have important implications for the type of salt-reduction strategy likely to be effective in a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiuj Bhat
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matti Marklund
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- The Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan E Henry
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence J Appel
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin D Croft
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce Neal
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason H Y Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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Nonalcoholic Beverages as Sources of Nutrients in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051262. [PMID: 32365534 PMCID: PMC7282011 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the sources of energy, carbohydrates, 10 minerals, and 9 vitamins from nonalcoholic beverages in the average Polish diet. For the analysis, we used data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey conducted on the representative sample of the Polish population (36,886 households, n = 99,230). According to the source of data, we included four subgroups in analyzed food category: fruit juices, vegetable juices and mixed, mineral and spring waters, and other nonalcoholic beverages. We used the cluster analysis to assess the impact of sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the households on the structure of supplying energy and nutrients from each subgroup of the nonalcoholic beverages. Our analyses have shown that nonalcoholic beverages are primarily important in providing several nutrients: vitamin C (15.9% of the total vitamin C supply), vitamin B6 (8.9% of vitamin B supply), folates (8.5% of folate supply), carbohydrates (6.8% of carbohydrate supply), calcium (5.9% of calcium supply), and magnesium (5.5% of magnesium supply). The analysis of the consumption structure of this category of food showed that the subgroup of other nonalcoholic beverages brings more than three-fourth of carbohydrates (77%), vitamin B6 and folates (76% each), and 43% of vitamin C supplied by nonalcoholic beverages. More than half (51%) of vitamin C provided by nonalcoholic beverages comes from fruit juices and the remaining 6% comes from other juices (vegetable and mixed). In the case of minerals, mineral and spring waters consumption is important as it accounts for 65% of the calcium supply and 55% of the magnesium in nonalcoholic beverages category. The share of individual subgroups of beverages in the supply of ingredients in the diet is significantly differentiated by four socioeconomic characteristics of households: family life phase, age, socioeconomic type of household, and number of people in the household. This is particularly evident in the case of other nonalcoholic beverages, that the share of this subgroup in the energy and carbohydrates supply in the households of young people, employees (both blue-collar and white-collar workers), and families with children increases to 10%. Our results show that in order to reduce the intake of free sugars and increase the intake of deficient minerals, which is crucial in preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), it is necessary to encourage consumers to replace sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with water and eat fruits instead of drinking juice.
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Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium in a Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122996. [PMID: 31817767 PMCID: PMC6949933 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A diet rich in potassium is important to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study assessed potassium intake; food sources of potassium (including NOVA level of processing, purchase origin of these foods); and sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) in a cross-section of Australian adults. Data collection included 24-h urines (n = 338) and a 24-h diet recall (subsample n = 142). The mean (SD) age of participants was 41.2 (13.9) years and 56% were females. Mean potassium (95%CI) 24-h urinary excretion was 76.8 (73.0–80.5) mmol/day compared to 92.9 (86.6–99.1) by 24-h diet recall. Na:K was 1.9 (1.8–2.0) from the urine excretion and 1.4 (1.2–1.7) from diet recall. Foods contributing most to potassium were potatoes (8%), dairy milk (6%), dishes where cereal is the main ingredient (6%) and coffee/coffee substitutes (5%). Over half of potassium (56%) came from minimally processed foods, with 22% from processed and 22% from ultraprocessed foods. Almost two-thirds of potassium consumed was from foods purchased from food stores (58%), then food service sector (15%), and fresh food markets (13%). Overall, potassium levels were lower than recommended to reduce chronic disease risk. Multifaceted efforts are required for population-wide intervention—aimed at increasing fruit, vegetable, and other key sources of potassium intake; reducing consumption of processed foods; and working in supermarket/food service sector settings to improve the healthiness of foods available.
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Górska-Warsewicz H, Rejman K, Laskowski W, Kowalcze K. Food Sources of Potassium in the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2905. [PMID: 31805745 PMCID: PMC6950722 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the food sources of potassium in the average Polish diet based on the data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey conducted on the representative sample of the Polish population (36,886 households, n = 99,230). This survey is organized by the Central Statistical Office and is related to the expenditures, quantitative consumption and revenues in households. We analyzed 91 sub-groups (i.e., milk, red meat) from 13 food categories (i.e., milk and dairy products, meat and products). Our findings indicated that the daily supply of potassium in the average Polish diet was 2617.9 mg, which meant covering the average allowance in 83%. Vegetables provided 32.5% of potassium, of which potatoes accounted for 16.2% of supply, and other vegetables for 16.2%. Tomatoes as well as other vegetables and mushrooms provided a total of 8.2% of potassium among vegetables. The next position was taken by the meat and meat products category (17.7%), with the largest share of meat products (6.7%) and red meat (5.2%). Cereal products supplied 16.64% of potassium, of which bread, rolls and bread products (12.2%) were of the greatest importance. Milk and dairy products turned out to be the fourth product category as a source of potassium (11.9%), with the highest share of milk (6.8%) and yoghurts and milk drinks (3.9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Górska-Warsewicz
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Krystyna Rejman
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Wacław Laskowski
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (W.L.)
| | - Katarzyna Kowalcze
- Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
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Petit G, Jury V, Lamballerie M, Duranton F, Pottier L, Martin J. Salt Intake from Processed Meat Products: Benefits, Risks and Evolving Practices. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1453-1473. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Petit
- ONIRIS ‐ Ecole Nationale VétérinaireAgroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes‐Atlantique Rue de la Géraudière, BP 62241 44322 Nantes Cedex France
- GEPEA ‐ Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés ‐ Environnement – Agroalimentaire ‐ MAPS2 ‐ Matrices Aliments Procédés Propriétés Structure – Sensoriel 44322 Nantes Cedex France
| | - Vanessa Jury
- ONIRIS ‐ Ecole Nationale VétérinaireAgroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes‐Atlantique Rue de la Géraudière, BP 62241 44322 Nantes Cedex France
- GEPEA ‐ Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés ‐ Environnement – Agroalimentaire ‐ MAPS2 ‐ Matrices Aliments Procédés Propriétés Structure – Sensoriel 44322 Nantes Cedex France
| | - Marie Lamballerie
- ONIRIS ‐ Ecole Nationale VétérinaireAgroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes‐Atlantique Rue de la Géraudière, BP 62241 44322 Nantes Cedex France
- GEPEA ‐ Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés ‐ Environnement – Agroalimentaire ‐ MAPS2 ‐ Matrices Aliments Procédés Propriétés Structure – Sensoriel 44322 Nantes Cedex France
| | | | - Laurence Pottier
- ONIRIS ‐ Ecole Nationale VétérinaireAgroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes‐Atlantique Rue de la Géraudière, BP 62241 44322 Nantes Cedex France
- GEPEA ‐ Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés ‐ Environnement – Agroalimentaire ‐ MAPS2 ‐ Matrices Aliments Procédés Propriétés Structure – Sensoriel 44322 Nantes Cedex France
| | - Jean‐Luc Martin
- Ifip‐Institut du PorcPôle viandes et charcuteries 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle 94700 Maisons‐Alfort France
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Sociodemographic patterns of urine sodium excretion and its association with hypertension in Chile: a cross-sectional analysis. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:2012-2021. [PMID: 30761970 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine the main factors (sociodemographic, anthropometric, lifestyle and health status) associated with high Na excretion in a representative population of Chile. DESIGN Na excretion (g/d), a valid marker of Na intake, was determined by urine analysis and Tanaka's formulas. Blood pressure was measured by trained staff and derived from the mean of three readings recorded after 15 min rest. The associations of Na excretion with blood pressure and the primary correlates of high Na excretion were determined using logistic regression. SETTING Chileans aged ≥15 years.ParticipantsParticipants (n 2913) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010. RESULTS Individuals aged 25 years or over, those who were obese and those who had hypertension, diabetes or metabolic syndrome were more likely to have higher Na excretion. The odds for hypertension increased by 10·2 % per 0·4 g/d increment in Na excretion (OR=1·10; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·14; P < 0·0001). These findings were independent of major confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Age, sex, adiposity, sitting behaviours and existing co-morbidities such as diabetes were associated with higher Na excretion levels in the Chilean population. These findings could help policy makers to implement public health strategies tailored towards individuals who are more likely to consume high levels of dietary salt.
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Ponce-Martínez X, Colin-Ramirez E, Sánchez-Puerto P, Rivera-Mancía S, Cartas-Rosado R, Infante-Vázquez O, Vallejo-Allende M, Vargas-Barrón J. Bread Consumption Is Associated with Elevated Blood Pressure among Adults Living in Mexico City⁻A Sub-Analysis of the Tlalpan 2020 Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121969. [PMID: 30551575 PMCID: PMC6316157 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive dietary sodium is associated with elevated blood pressure (EBP). Bread products are identified as one of the main sources of daily sodium intake. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the association between bread and others cereal products consumption with EBP. Frequency intake of a standard serving of bread and other cereal products was recorded and categorized as: ≤3 times/month or never (reference category group) and ≥ once/week. EBP was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥120 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥80 mmHg. Raw and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between consumption of the studied food products and blood pressure status were estimated. Overall, 2011 participants aged 37.3 ± 9.1 years old were included. In the models adjusted for relevant covariates, consumption of one piece of bolillo or telera (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.01–1.89) ≥ once/week was associated with an increased risk of EBP, compared to the reference category. Also, participants consuming one bowl of high-fiber breakfast cereal once/week were less likely to have EBP (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.53–0.98). Initiatives to reduce sodium levels in bread products such as bolillo and telera are needed in Mexico to help manage the cardiovascular risk at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl Ponce-Martínez
- Sociomedical Research Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Eloisa Colin-Ramirez
- Sociomedical Research Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City 03940, Mexico.
| | - Paulina Sánchez-Puerto
- Sociomedical Research Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Susana Rivera-Mancía
- Sociomedical Research Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City 03940, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Cartas-Rosado
- Electromechanical Instrumentation Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Oscar Infante-Vázquez
- Electromechanical Instrumentation Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Maite Vallejo-Allende
- Sociomedical Research Department, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Division of Research, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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Complementary Biomarker Assessment of Components Absorbed from Diet and Creatinine Excretion Rate Reflecting Muscle Mass in Dialysis Patients. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121827. [PMID: 30486226 PMCID: PMC6316271 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent protein energy malnutrition (PEM) and accumulation of waste products, dialysis patients require diet adjustments. Dietary intake assessed by self-reported intakes often provides biased information and standard 24-h urinary excretion is inapplicable in dialysis patients. We aimed to assess dietary intake via a complementary, less biased biomarker method, and to compare this to dietary diaries. Additionally, we investigated the prospective association of creatinine excretion rate (CER) reflecting muscle mass with mortality. Complete intradialytic dialysate and interdialytic urinary collections were used to calculate 24-h excretion of protein, sodium, potassium, phosphate and creatinine in 42 chronic dialysis patients and compared with protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphate intake assessed by 5-day dietary diaries. Cox regression analyses were employed to investigate associations of CER with mortality. Mean age was 64 ± 13 years and 52% were male. Complementary biomarker assessed (CBA) and dietary assessed (DA) protein intake were significantly correlated (r = 0.610; p < 0.001), but there was a constant bias, as dietary diaries overestimated protein intake in most patients. Correlations were found between CBA and DA sodium intake (r = 0.297; p = 0.056), potassium intake (r = 0.312; p = 0.047) and phosphate uptake/intake (r = 0.409; p = 0.008). However, Bland-Altman analysis showed significant proportional bias. During a median follow-up of 26.6 (25.3–31.5) months, nine dialysis patients (23%) died. CER was independently and inversely associated with survival (HR: 0.59 (0.42–0.84); p = 0.003). Excretion measurements may be a more reliable assessment of dietary intake in dialysis patients, as this method is relatively free from biases known to exist for self-reported intakes. CER seems to be a promising tool for monitoring PEM.
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Bogomolova S, Zarnowiecki D, Wilson A, Fielder A, Procter N, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K, Strachan J, Ballestrin M, Champion A, Parletta N. Dietary intervention for people with mental illness in South Australia. Health Promot Int 2018; 33:71-83. [PMID: 27476869 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People with serious mental illness (SMI) have a 25-30 year lower life expectancy than the general population due largely to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mediterranean diet can reduce CVD risk and repeat events by 30-70%. We conducted a pilot feasibility study (HELFIMED) with people who have SMI residing within a Community Rehabilitation Centre in South Australia, aimed at improving participants' diets according to Mediterranean diet principles. Methods During a 3-month intervention, participants were provided with nutrition education, food hampers, and twice-weekly cooking workshops and guided shopping trips. This report presents the results of a mixed method evaluation of the programme using thorough in-depth interviews with participants and support staff (n = 20), contextualized by changes in dietary biomarkers and CVD risk factors. Results The framework thematic analysis revealed evidence of improvements in participants' knowledge of and intake of the key elements of a Mediterranean-style diet (fruit and vegetables, olive oil, fish, legumes), reduction in poor nutrition habits (soft drinks, energy drinks, take away meals) and development of independent living skills-culinary skills such as food preparation and cooking based on simple recipes, food shopping and budgeting, healthy meal planning and social interaction. These changes were supported by dietary biomarkers, and were associated with reduced CVD risk factors. Conclusions A Mediterranean diet-based pilot study achieved positive change in dietary behaviours associated with CVD risk for participants with SMI. This supports a need to include dietary education and cooking skills into rehabilitation programmes for people with SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Wilson
- Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science
| | - Andrea Fielder
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas Procter
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine Itsiopoulos
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences
| | - John Strachan
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matt Ballestrin
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Champion
- Mental Health Directorate, Local Southern Adelaide Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie Parletta
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences
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Barberio AM, Sumar N, Trieu K, Lorenzetti DL, Tarasuk V, Webster J, Campbell NRC, McLaren L. Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction: a Cochrane Review. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:1551-1405. [PMID: 28204481 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, excessive salt consumption is common and is a leading cause of high blood pressure. Our objectives were to assess the overall and differential impact (by social and economic indicators) of population-level interventions for dietary sodium reduction in government jurisdictions worldwide. Methods This is a Cochrane systematic review. We searched nine peer-reviewed databases, seven grey literature resources and contacted national programme leaders. We appraised studies using an adapted version of the Cochrane risk of bias tool. To assess impact, we computed the mean change in salt intake (g/day) from before to after intervention. Results Fifteen initiatives met the inclusion criteria and 10 provided sufficient data for quantitative analysis of impact. Of these, five showed a mean decrease in salt intake from before to after intervention including: China, Finland (Kuopio area), France, Ireland and the UK. When the sample was constrained to the seven initiatives that were multicomponent and incorporated activities of a structural nature (e.g. procurement policy), most (4/7) showed a mean decrease in salt intake. A reduction in salt intake was more apparent among men than women. There was insufficient information to assess differential impact by other social and economic axes. Although many initiatives had methodological strengths, all scored as having a high risk of bias reflecting the observational design. Study heterogeneity was high, reflecting different contexts and initiative characteristics. Conclusions Population-level dietary sodium reduction initiatives have the potential to reduce dietary salt intake, especially if they are multicomponent and incorporate intervention activities of a structural nature. It is important to consider data infrastructure to permit monitoring of these initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nureen Sumar
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathy Trieu
- Food Policy, George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Department of Community Health Sciences.,Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Valerie Tarasuk
- Department of Nutritional Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqui Webster
- Food Policy, George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Loudiyi M, Aït-Kaddour A. Evaluation of the effect of salts on chemical, structural, textural, sensory and heating properties of cheese: Contribution of conventional methods and spectral ones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2442-2457. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1455637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Loudiyi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, Lempdes, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR sur le Fromage, UMRF, Aurillac, France
| | - A. Aït-Kaddour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, VetAgro Sup, Lempdes, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR sur le Fromage, UMRF, Aurillac, France
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Colin-Ramirez E, Espinosa-Cuevas Á, Miranda-Alatriste PV, Tovar-Villegas VI, Arcand J, Correa-Rotter R. Food Sources of Sodium Intake in an Adult Mexican Population: A Sub-Analysis of the SALMEX Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080810. [PMID: 28749449 PMCID: PMC5579604 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive dietary sodium intake increases blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. In Western diets, the majority of dietary sodium comes from packaged and prepared foods (≈75%); however, in Mexico there is no available data on the main food sources of dietary sodium. The main objective of this study was to identify and characterize the major food sources of dietary sodium in a sample of the Mexican Salt and Mexico (SALMEX) cohort. Adult male and female participants of the SALMEX study who provided a complete and valid three-day food record during the baseline visit were included. Overall, 950 participants (mean age 38.6 ± 10.7 years) were analyzed to determine the total sodium contributed by the main food sources of sodium identified. Mean daily sodium intake estimated by three-day food records and 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 2647.2 ± 976.9 mg/day and 3497.2 ± 1393.0, in the overall population, respectively. Processed meat was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 8% of total sodium intake per capita as measured by three-day food records. When savory bread (8%) and sweet bakery goods (8%) were considered together as bread products, these were the major contributor to daily sodium intake, accounting for the 16% of total sodium intake, followed by processed meat (8%), natural cheeses (5%), and tacos (5%). These results highlight the need for public health policies focused on reducing the sodium content of processed food in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Colin-Ramirez
- Sociomedical Research Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez', Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City 03940, Mexico.
| | - Ángeles Espinosa-Cuevas
- Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Paola Vanessa Miranda-Alatriste
- Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | | | - JoAnne Arcand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Correa-Rotter
- Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
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de Mestral C, Mayén AL, Petrovic D, Marques-Vidal P, Bochud M, Stringhini S. Socioeconomic Determinants of Sodium Intake in Adult Populations of High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:e1-e12. [PMID: 28207328 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A poorer quality diet among individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) may partly explain the higher burden of noncommunicable disease among disadvantaged populations. Because there is a link between sodium intake and noncommunicable diseases, we systematically reviewed the current evidence on the social patterning of sodium intake. OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the evidence on the association between SES and sodium intake in healthy adult populations of high-income countries. SEARCH METHODS We followed the PRISMA-Equity guidelines in conducting a literature search that ended June 3, 2016, via MEDLINE, Embase, and SciELO. We imposed no publication date limits. SELECTION CRITERIA We considered only peer-reviewed articles meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) reported a measure of sodium intake disaggregated by at least 1 measure of SES (education, income, occupation, or any other socioeconomic indicator); (2) were written in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Italian; and (3) were conducted in a high-income country as defined by the World Bank (i.e., per capita national gross income was higher than $12 746). We also excluded articles that exclusively sampled low-SES individuals, pregnant women, children, adolescents, elderly participants, or diseased patients or that reported results from a trial or intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS As summary measures, we extracted (1) the direction (positive, negative, or neutral) and the magnitude of the association between each SES indicator and sodium intake, and (2) the estimated sodium intake according to SES level. When possible and if previously unreported, we calculated the magnitude of the relative difference in sodium intake between high- and low-SES groups for each article, applying this formula: ([value for high-SES group - value for low-SES group]/[value for high-SES group]) × 100. We considered an association significant if reported as such, and we set an arbitrary 10% relative difference as clinically relevant and significant. We conducted a meta-analysis of the relative difference in sodium intake between high- and low-SES groups. We included articles in the meta-analysis if they reported urine-based sodium estimates and provided the total participant numbers in the low- and high-SES groups, the estimated sodium intake means for each group (in mg/day or convertible units), and the SDs (or transformable measures). We chose a random-effects model to account for both within-study and between-study variance. MAIN RESULTS Fifty-one articles covering 19 high-income countries met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 22 used urine-based methods to assess sodium intake, and 30 used dietary surveys. These articles assessed 171 associations between SES and sodium intake. Among urine-based estimates, 67% were negative (higher sodium intake in people of low SES), 3% positive, and 30% neutral. Among diet-based estimates, 41% were negative, 21% positive, and 38% neutral. The random-effects model indicated a 14% relative difference between low- and high-SES groups (95% confidence interval [CI] = -18, -9), corresponding to a global 503 milligrams per day (95% CI = 461, 545) of higher sodium intake among people of low SES. CONCLUSIONS People of low SES consume more sodium than do people of high SES, confirming the current evidence on socioeconomic disparities in diet, which may influence the disproportionate noncommunicable disease burden among disadvantaged socioeconomic groups. Public Health Implications. It is necessary to focus on disadvantaged populations to achieve an equitable reduction in sodium intake to a population mean of 2 grams per day as part of the World Health Organization's target to achieve a 25% relative reduction in noncommunicable disease mortality by 2025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de Mestral
- Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Murielle Bochud, and Silvia Stringhini are with the Division of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Pedro Marques-Vidal is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
| | - Ana-Lucia Mayén
- Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Murielle Bochud, and Silvia Stringhini are with the Division of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Pedro Marques-Vidal is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
| | - Dusan Petrovic
- Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Murielle Bochud, and Silvia Stringhini are with the Division of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Pedro Marques-Vidal is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Murielle Bochud, and Silvia Stringhini are with the Division of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Pedro Marques-Vidal is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Murielle Bochud, and Silvia Stringhini are with the Division of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Pedro Marques-Vidal is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Carlos de Mestral, Ana-Lucia Mayén, Dusan Petrovic, Murielle Bochud, and Silvia Stringhini are with the Division of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. Pedro Marques-Vidal is with the Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital
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McLaren L, Sumar N, Barberio AM, Trieu K, Lorenzetti DL, Tarasuk V, Webster J, Campbell NRC. Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 9:CD010166. [PMID: 27633834 PMCID: PMC6457806 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010166.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess dietary sodium consumption is a risk factor for high blood pressure, stroke and cardiovascular disease. Currently, dietary sodium consumption in almost every country is too high. Excess sodium intake is associated with high blood pressure, which is common and costly and accounts for significant burden of disease. A large number of jurisdictions worldwide have implemented population-level dietary sodium reduction initiatives. No systematic review has examined the impact of these initiatives. OBJECTIVES • To assess the impact of population-level interventions for dietary sodium reduction in government jurisdictions worldwide.• To assess the differential impact of those initiatives by social and economic indicators. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following electronic databases from their start date to 5 January 2015: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); Cochrane Public Health Group Specialised Register; MEDLINE; MEDLINE In Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations; EMBASE; Effective Public Health Practice Project Database; Web of Science; Trials Register of Promoting Health Interventions (TRoPHI) databases; and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS). We also searched grey literature, other national sources and references of included studies.This review was conducted in parallel with a comprehensive review of national sodium reduction efforts under way worldwide (Trieu 2015), through which we gained additional information directly from country contacts.We imposed no restrictions on language or publication status. SELECTION CRITERIA We included population-level initiatives (i.e. interventions that target whole populations, in this case, government jurisdictions, worldwide) for dietary sodium reduction, with at least one pre-intervention data point and at least one post-intervention data point of comparable jurisdiction. We included populations of all ages and the following types of study designs: cluster-randomised, controlled pre-post, interrupted time series and uncontrolled pre-post. We contacted study authors at different points in the review to ask for missing information. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors extracted data, and two review authors assessed risk of bias for each included initiative.We analysed the impact of initiatives by using estimates of sodium consumption from dietary surveys or urine samples. All estimates were converted to a common metric: salt intake in grams per day. We analysed impact by computing the mean change in salt intake (grams per day) from pre-intervention to post-intervention. MAIN RESULTS We reviewed a total of 881 full-text documents. From these, we identified 15 national initiatives, including more than 260,000 people, that met the inclusion criteria. None of the initiatives were provided in lower-middle-income or low-income countries. All initiatives except one used an uncontrolled pre-post study design.Because of high levels of study heterogeneity (I2 > 90%), we focused on individual initiatives rather than on pooled results.Ten initiatives provided sufficient data for quantitative analysis of impact (64,798 participants). As required by the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method, we graded the evidence as very low due to the risk of bias of the included studies, as well as variation in the direction and size of effect across the studies. Five of these showed mean decreases in average daily salt intake per person from pre-intervention to post-intervention, ranging from 1.15 grams/day less (Finland) to 0.35 grams/day less (Ireland). Two initiatives showed mean increase in salt intake from pre-intervention to post-intervention: Canada (1.66) and Switzerland (0.80 grams/day more per person. The remaining initiatives did not show a statistically significant mean change.Seven of the 10 initiatives were multi-component and incorporated intervention activities of a structural nature (e.g. food product reformulation, food procurement policy in specific settings). Of those seven initiatives, four showed a statistically significant mean decrease in salt intake from pre-intervention to post-intervention, ranging from Finland to Ireland (see above), and one showed a statistically significant mean increase in salt intake from pre-intervention to post-intervention (Switzerland; see above).Nine initiatives permitted quantitative analysis of differential impact by sex (men and women separately). For women, three initiatives (China, Finland, France) showed a statistically significant mean decrease, four (Austria, Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom) showed no significant change and two (Canada, United States) showed a statistically significant mean increase in salt intake from pre-intervention to post-intervention. For men, five initiatives (Austria, China, Finland, France, United Kingdom) showed a statistically significant mean decrease, three (Netherlands, Switzerland, United States) showed no significant change and one (Canada) showed a statistically significant mean increase in salt intake from pre-intervention to post-intervention.Information was insufficient to indicate whether a differential change in mean salt intake occurred from pre-intervention to post-intervention by other axes of equity included in the PROGRESS framework (e.g. education, place of residence).We identified no adverse effects of these initiatives.The number of initiatives was insufficient to permit other subgroup analyses, including stratification by intervention type, economic status of country and duration (or start year) of the initiative.Many studies had methodological strengths, including large, nationally representative samples of the population and rigorous measurement of dietary sodium intake. However, all studies were scored as having high risk of bias, reflecting the observational nature of the research and the use of an uncontrolled study design. The quality of evidence for the main outcome was low. We could perform a sensitivity analysis only for impact. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Population-level interventions in government jurisdictions for dietary sodium reduction have the potential to result in population-wide reductions in salt intake from pre-intervention to post-intervention, particularly if they are multi-component (more than one intervention activity) and incorporate intervention activities of a structural nature (e.g. food product reformulation), and particularly amongst men. Heterogeneity across studies was significant, reflecting different contexts (population and setting) and initiative characteristics. Implementation of future initiatives should embed more effective means of evaluation to help us better understand the variation in the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay McLaren
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Community Health Sciences3rd floor TRW, 3280 Hospital Dr. NWCalgaryAlbertaCanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Nureen Sumar
- University of CalgaryDepartment of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine3330 Hospital Dr. NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Amanda M Barberio
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Community Health Sciences3rd floor TRW, 3280 Hospital Dr. NWCalgaryAlbertaCanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Kathy Trieu
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyFood PolicyCamperdownNSWAustralia2050
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartment of Community Health Sciences3rd floor TRW, 3280 Hospital Dr. NWCalgaryAlbertaCanadaT2N 4Z6
| | - Valerie Tarasuk
- University of TorontoDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine150 College StreetTorontoONCanadaM5S 3E2
| | - Jacqui Webster
- The George Institute for Global Health, The University of SydneyFood PolicyCamperdownNSWAustralia2050
| | - Norman RC Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine, University of CalgaryDepartments of Medicine; Community Health Sciences; Physiology and PharmacologyTRW Building, 3280 Hospital Dr. NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 4Z6
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Zarnowiecki D, Cho J, Wilson A, Bogomolova S, Villani A, Itsiopoulos C, Niyonsenga T, O’Dea K, Blunden S, Meyer B, Segal L, Parletta N. A 6-month randomised controlled trial investigating effects of Mediterranean-style diet and fish oil supplementation on dietary behaviour change, mental and cardiometabolic health and health-related quality of life in adults with depression (HELFIMED): study protocol. BMC Nutr 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-016-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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O'Halloran SA, Grimes CA, Lacy KE, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA. Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium and the Relationship to Dietary Sodium in a Sample of Australian Pre-School Children. Nutrients 2016; 8:E496. [PMID: 27529278 PMCID: PMC4997409 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the intake and food sources of potassium and the molar sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratio in a sample of Australian pre-school children. Mothers provided dietary recalls of their 3.5 years old children (previous participants of Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial). The average daily potassium intake, the contribution of food groups to daily potassium intake, the Na:K ratio, and daily serves of fruit, dairy, and vegetables, were assessed via three unscheduled 24 h dietary recalls. The sample included 251 Australian children (125 male), mean age 3.5 (0.19) (SD) years. Mean potassium intake was 1618 (267) mg/day, the Na:K ratio was 1.47 (0.5) and 54% of children did not meet the Australian recommended adequate intake (AI) of 2000 mg/day for potassium. Main food sources of potassium were milk (27%), fruit (19%), and vegetable (14%) products/dishes. Food groups with the highest Na:K ratio were processed meats (7.8), white bread/rolls (6.0), and savoury sauces and condiments (5.4). Children had a mean intake of 1.4 (0.75) serves of fruit, 1.4 (0.72) dairy, and 0.52 (0.32) serves of vegetables per day. The majority of children had potassium intakes below the recommended AI. The Na:K ratio exceeded the recommended level of 1 and the average intake of vegetables was 2 serves/day below the recommended 2.5 serves/day and only 20% of recommended intake. An increase in vegetable consumption in pre-school children is recommended to increase dietary potassium and has the potential to decrease the Na:K ratio which is likely to have long-term health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan A O'Halloran
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Carley A Grimes
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kathleen E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Karen J Campbell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
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Salt intake and eating habits of school-aged children. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:812-817. [PMID: 27357057 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Salt restriction is important for the prevention and treatment of hypertension; however, salt consumption is still high in Japan. Improvements in dietary habits, including salt reduction in childhood, may contribute to the prevention of hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate the salt intake of school-aged children and the relationship between their diet diary and actual salt intake. The subjects comprised 580 schoolchildren (471 elementary school pupils and 109 junior high school pupils) who wanted to evaluate their salt intake in Kuji, a northeast coastal area in Japan. We estimated salt intake using spot urine samples and a formula. Lifestyle was assessed using a questionnaire. We also evaluated the salt intake and the lifestyles of 440 parents. The estimated salt intakes of elementary school pupils, junior high school pupils and their parents were 7.1±1.5, 7.6±1.5 and 8.0±1.7 g per day, respectively. The proportion of lower-grade children who achieved the recommended salt intake was low. In the multivariate analysis, the estimated salt intake of school-aged children correlated with their age, estimated salt intake of their parents and the menu priorities of the household. The estimated salt intake of the parents was associated with female gender, obesity, age and the habitual consumption of bread and noodles. In conclusion, the estimated salt intake of school-aged children positively correlated with the estimated salt intake of their parents, and the proportion of lower-grade children who achieved the recommended salt intake was low. Guidance on salt restriction for children and their parents may reduce the salt intake of school-aged children.
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Monteiro C, Costa AR, Peleteiro B. Sodium intake and Helicobacter pylori infection in the early stages of life. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:52-58. [PMID: 32258550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highlights H. pylori was observed in 30% of children and 26% had excessive sodium intake.No association was found between sodium intake and H. pylori infection in early life.This is the first study testing sodium effect in H. pylori infection in children. Introduction Helicobacter pylori infection is mainly acquired during childhood and is associated with an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. High amounts of sodium intake can lead to the onset of pre-malignant lesions contributing to the process of carcinogenesis, and potentiate the effect of H. pylori infection. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure to sodium in children until 4 years of age and to quantify its association with H. pylori infection. Methods This study includes 503 children from the cohort Generation XXI, recruited after childbirth and re-evaluated at 6 months and at 4 years of age. Information about socio-demographic characteristics, food intake after birth and status of H. pylori infection (assessed by serum ELISA) was collected. Scores of sodium exposure were calculated using the consumption of milk and other food items (evaluated at 6 months), and food items with the highest contribution to sodium intake and sodium intake (evaluated at 4 years). Logistic regression models were used to compute adjusted odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results We found that 28.2% of children were infected with H. pylori at 4 years of age, with a daily sodium intake that exceeded World Health Organization recommendations in 26%. No statistically significant association between sodium intake and H. pylori infection was observed, with the exception of the 2nd quarter in the score concerning consumption of "other food items" in the assessment at 6 months of age (OR = 2.41; 95%CI: 1.29-4.50). Conclusion No association between sodium intake and H. pylori infection was found; however, to the best of our knowledge, the present epidemiologic study is the first to test the influence of sodium intake in H. pylori infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Monteiro
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rute Costa
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Peleteiro
- EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gonçalves C, Abreu S, Padrão P, Pinho O, Graça P, Breda J, Santos R, Moreira P. Sodium and potassium urinary excretion and dietary intake: a cross-sectional analysis in adolescents. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:29442. [PMID: 27072344 PMCID: PMC4829664 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is the leading cause for heart disease and stroke, for mortality and morbidity worldwide, and a high sodium-to-potassium intake ratio is considered a stronger risk factor for hypertension than sodium alone. Objective This study aims to evaluate sodium and potassium urinary excretion, and assess the food sources of these nutrients in a sample of Portuguese adolescents. Design A cross-sectional study with a sample of 250 Portuguese adolescents. Sodium and potassium excretion were measured by one 24-h urinary collection, and the coefficient of creatinine was used to validate completeness of urine collections. Dietary sources of sodium and potassium were assessed using a 24-h dietary recall. Results Valid urine collections were provided by 200 adolescents (118 girls) with a median age of 14.0 in both sexes (p=0.295). Regarding sodium, the mean urinary excretion was 3,725 mg/day in boys and 3,062 mg/day in girls (p<0.01), and 9.8% of boys and 22% of girls met the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for sodium intake. Concerning potassium, the mean urinary excretion was 2,237 mg/day in boys and 1,904 mg/day in girls (p<0.01), and 6.1% of boys and 1.7% of girls met the WHO recommendations for potassium intake. Major dietary sources for sodium intake were cereal and cereal products (41%), meat products (16%), and milk and milk products (11%); and for potassium intake, main sources were milk and milk products (21%), meat products (17%), and vegetables (15%). Conclusions Adolescents had a high-sodium and low-potassium diet, well above the WHO recommendations. Health promotion interventions are needed in order to decrease sodium and increase potassium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gonçalves
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Abreu
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Public Health, University of Porto (ISPUP), EPIUnit-Epidemiology Research Unit, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olívia Pinho
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV/REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Graça
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Directorate General of Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Breda
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Health through the Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Denmark
| | - Rute Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Maia University Institute, Maia, Portugal.,Early Start Research Institute, School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Public Health, University of Porto (ISPUP), EPIUnit-Epidemiology Research Unit, Porto, Portugal
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Elevated urinary Na/K ratio among Lebanese elementary school children is attributable to low K intake. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1149-1156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Colin-Ramirez E, Arcand J, Ezekowitz JA. Estimates of Dietary Sodium Consumption in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2015; 21:981-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.08.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Choi JH, Woo HD, Lee JH, Kim J. Dietary Patterns and Risk for Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1424. [PMID: 26313795 PMCID: PMC4602901 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns are a risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The prevalence of MetS has increased in Korea, and this condition has become a public health issue. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to identify the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of MetS among Korean women.The data of 5189 participants were analyzed to determine dietary intake and lifestyle. A principal components analysis was employed to determine participant dietary patterns with regard to 106 food items. MetS was diagnosed using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the associations between dietary pattern quintiles and MetS and to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for potential confounders.Three dietary patterns were identified: "traditional," "western," and "prudent." The "prudent" dietary pattern consisted of a high intake of fruits and fruit products as well as nuts, dairy, and a low consumption of grains; this pattern was negatively associated with the risk of MetS. The highest quintile of the "prudent" dietary pattern was significantly less likely to develop MetS (OR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.36-0.68, P for trend <0.001) compared with the lowest quintile. This pattern was also negatively associated with all of the MetS diagnostic criteria: abdominal obesity (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.41-0.65), blood pressure (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.59-0.87), triglycerides (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.52-0.85), fasting glucose (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43-0.95), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.42-0.68). However, the "traditional" and "western" dietary patterns were not associated with the risk of MetS.The "prudent" dietary pattern was negatively associated with the risk of developing MetS among Korean women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwa Choi
- From the Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggi-do, Korea (J-HC, HDW, J-HL, JK)
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Sodium intake and its reduction by food reformulation in the European Union — A review. NFS JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Oliveira AC, Padrão P, Moreira A, Pinto M, Neto M, Santos T, Madureira J, Fernandes EDO, Graça P, Breda J, Moreira P. Potassium urinary excretion and dietary intake: a cross-sectional analysis in 8-10 year-old children. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:60. [PMID: 25982707 PMCID: PMC4448853 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data from studies assessing the intake of potassium, and the concomitant sodium-to-potassium ratio are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate potassium and sodium-to-potassium ratio intake in 8-10 year-old children. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was carried out from January to June 2014 and data from 163 children (81 boys) were included. Potassium intake was estimated by 24-h urine collection and coefficient of creatinine was used to validate completeness of urine collections. Urinary sodium and sodium-to-potassium ratio were also analysed. A 24-h dietary recall was used to provide information on dietary sources of potassium. Height and weight were measured according to international standards. RESULTS The mean urinary potassium excretion was 1701 ± 594 mg/day in boys, and 1682 ± 541 mg/day in girls (p = 0.835); 8.0% of children met the WHO recommendations for potassium intake. The mean sodium excretion was 2935 ± 1075 mg/day in boys and 2381 ± 1045 mg/day in girls (p <0.001) and urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio was 3.2 ± 1.4 in boys, and 2.5 ± 1.1 in girls (p = 0.002). The mean fruit and vegetable intake was 353.1 ± 232.5 g/day in boys, and 290.8 ± 213.1 g/day in girls (p = 0.101). CONCLUSIONS This study reported a low compliance of potassium intake recommendations in 8-10 year-old children. Health promotion interventions are needed in order to broaden public awareness of potassium inadequacy and to increase potassium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Oliveira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Padrão
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
- Institute of Public Health - University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - André Moreira
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Immunoallergology, Hospital of São João, Rua Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Pinto
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Neto
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tânia Santos
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Madureira
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Pedro Graça
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
- Directorate General for Health (Direcção Geral de Saúde), Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João Breda
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-course, WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Pedro Moreira
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal.
- Research Centre on Physical Activity and Health, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, Portugal.
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High sodium and low potassium intake among Italian children: relationship with age, body mass and blood pressure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121183. [PMID: 25853242 PMCID: PMC4390153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is the leading cause of death in developed countries and reduction of salt intake is recommended as a key preventive measure. Objective To assess the dietary sodium and potassium intakes in a national sample of Italian children and adolescents and to examine their relationships with BMI and blood pressure (BP) in the framework of the MINISAL survey, a program supported by the Italian Ministry of Health. Population and Methods The study population included 1424 healthy subjects (766 boys, 658 girls) aged 6-18 years (mean age: 10.1±2.9) who were consecutively recruited in participating National Health Service centers in 10 Italian regions. Electrolyte intake was estimated from 24 hour urine collections tested for completeness by the concomitant measurement of creatinine content. Anthropometric indices and BP were measured with standardized procedures. Results The average estimated sodium intake was 129 mmol (7.4 g of salt) per day among boys and 117 mmol (6.7 g of salt) among girls. Ninety-three percent of the boys and 89% of the girls had a consumption higher than the recommended age-specific standard dietary target. The estimated average daily potassium intakes were 39 mmol (1.53 g) and 36 mmol (1.40 g), respectively, over 96% of the boys and 98% of the girls having a potassium intake lower than the recommended adequate intake. The mean sodium/potassium ratio was similar among boys and girls (3.5 and 3.4, respectively) and over 3-fold greater than the desirable level. Sodium intake was directly related to age, body mass and BP in the whole population. Conclusions The Italian pediatric population is characterized by excessive sodium and deficient potassium intake. These data suggest that future campaigns should focus on children and adolescents as a major target in the framework of a population strategy of cardiovascular prevention.
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Drewnowski A, Rehm CD, Maillot M, Mendoza A, Monsivais P. The feasibility of meeting the WHO guidelines for sodium and potassium: a cross-national comparison study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006625. [PMID: 25795689 PMCID: PMC4369002 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine joint compliance with the WHO sodium-potassium goals in four different countries, using data from nationally representative dietary surveys. SETTING Compared to national and international recommendations and guidelines, the world's population consumes too much sodium and inadequate amounts of potassium. The WHO recommends consuming less than 2000 mg sodium (86 mmol) and at least 3510 mg potassium (90 mmol) per person per day. PARTICIPANTS Dietary surveillance data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2007-2010) for the USA; the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 for Mexico; the Individual and National Study on Food Consumption (INCA2) for France; and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) for the UK. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES We estimated the proportion of adults meeting the joint WHO sodium-potassium goals in the USA, the UK, France and Mexico. RESULTS The upper bounds of joint compliance with the WHO sodium-potassium goals were estimated at 0.3% in the USA, 0.15% in Mexico, 0.5% in France and 0.1% in the UK. CONCLUSIONS Given prevailing food consumption patterns and the current food supply, implementing WHO guidelines will be an enormous challenge for global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris VI, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpetrière, Paris, France
| | - Colin D Rehm
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Mendoza
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Centro de Investigación e Inteligencia Económica, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Pablo Monsivais
- The Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Rossier BC, Baker ME, Studer RA. Epithelial sodium transport and its control by aldosterone: the story of our internal environment revisited. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:297-340. [PMID: 25540145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and translation require a high concentration of potassium across the entire tree of life. The conservation of a high intracellular potassium was an absolute requirement for the evolution of life on Earth. This was achieved by the interplay of P- and V-ATPases that can set up electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane, an energetically costly process requiring the synthesis of ATP by F-ATPases. In animals, the control of an extracellular compartment was achieved by the emergence of multicellular organisms able to produce tight epithelial barriers creating a stable extracellular milieu. Finally, the adaptation to a terrestrian environment was achieved by the evolution of distinct regulatory pathways allowing salt and water conservation. In this review we emphasize the critical and dual role of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the control of the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in salt and water conservation in vertebrates. The action of aldosterone on transepithelial sodium transport by activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) at the apical membrane and that of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase at the basolateral membrane may have evolved in lungfish before the emergence of tetrapods. Finally, we discuss the implication of RAAS in the origin of the present pandemia of hypertension and its associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Rossier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A Studer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Grimes CA, Baxter JR, Campbell KJ, Riddell LJ, Rigo M, Liem DG, Keast RS, He FJ, Nowson CA. Cross-Sectional Study of 24-Hour Urinary Electrolyte Excretion and Associated Health Outcomes in a Convenience Sample of Australian Primary Schoolchildren: The Salt and Other Nutrients in Children (SONIC) Study Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc 2015; 4:e7. [PMID: 25592666 PMCID: PMC4319086 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary sodium and potassium are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Data exploring the cardiovascular outcomes associated with these electrolytes within Australian children is sparse. Furthermore, an objective measure of sodium and potassium intake within this group is lacking. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the Salt and Other Nutrient Intakes in Children ("SONIC") study was to measure sodium and potassium intakes in a sample of primary schoolchildren located in Victoria, Australia, using 24-hour urine collections. Secondary aims were to identify the dietary sources of sodium and potassium, examine the association between these electrolytes and cardiovascular risk factors, and assess children's taste preferences and saltiness perception of manufactured foods. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of schoolchildren attending primary schools in Victoria, Australia. Participants completed one 24-hour urine collection, which was analyzed for sodium, potassium, and creatinine. Completeness of collections was assessed using collection time, total volume, and urinary creatinine. One 24-hour dietary recall was completed to assess dietary intake. Other data collected included blood pressure, body weight, height, waist and hip circumference. Children were also presented with high and low sodium variants of food products and asked to discriminate salt level and choose their preferred variant. Parents provided demographic information and information on use of discretionary salt. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe sodium and potassium intakes. Linear and logistic regression models with clustered robust standard errors will be used to assess the association between electrolyte intake and health outcomes (blood pressure and body mass index/BMI z-score and waist circumference) and to assess differences in taste preference and discrimination between high and low sodium foods, and correlations between preference, sodium intake, and covariates. RESULTS A total of 780 children across 43 schools participated. The results from this study are expected at the end of 2015. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide the first objective measure of sodium and potassium intake in Australian schoolchildren and improve our understanding of the relationship of these electrolytes to cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, this study will provide insight into child taste preferences and explore related factors. Given the cardiovascular implications of consuming too much sodium and too little potassium, monitoring of these nutrients during childhood is an important public health initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley A Grimes
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Research Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Lajous M, Bijon A, Fagherazzi G, Rossignol E, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and hypertension in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:948-52. [PMID: 25080454 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.080598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High processed red meat consumption is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The high sodium content of processed red meat could increase blood pressure and explain the association with cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relation between the consumption of unprocessed and processed red meat and incident hypertension. DESIGN In a prospective cohort of 44,616 disease-free French women who responded to a validated dietary questionnaire, we observed 10,256 incident cases of hypertension between 1993 and 2008. Cases were identified through self-reports of diagnosed or treated hypertension. Multivariate Cox regression models were adjusted for age, education, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, menopause, menopausal hormone therapy, and alcohol, bread, coffee, and fruit and vegetable consumption. RESULTS Women who consumed ≥5 servings of processed red meat/wk (50 g = 1 serving) had a 17% higher rate of hypertension than that of women who consumed <1 serving/wk (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.26; P-trend = 0.0002). No association was observed between unprocessed red meat consumption and hypertension. When women who consumed ≥5 servings of unprocessed red meat/wk (100 g = 1 serving) were compared with women who consumed <1 serving unprocessed red meat/wk, the multivariate HR was 0.99 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.08; P-trend = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective cohort of French women, we observed an association between the consumption of processed red meat and hypertension. We observed no association for unprocessed red meat consumption and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lajous
- From the Center for Research on Population Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México (ML); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Unit 1018, Villejuif, France (ML, AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C); and the Paris-South University, Unité Mixte de Recherche et de Service 1018, Villejuif, France (AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C)
| | - Anne Bijon
- From the Center for Research on Population Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México (ML); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Unit 1018, Villejuif, France (ML, AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C); and the Paris-South University, Unité Mixte de Recherche et de Service 1018, Villejuif, France (AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C)
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- From the Center for Research on Population Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México (ML); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Unit 1018, Villejuif, France (ML, AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C); and the Paris-South University, Unité Mixte de Recherche et de Service 1018, Villejuif, France (AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C)
| | - Emilie Rossignol
- From the Center for Research on Population Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México (ML); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Unit 1018, Villejuif, France (ML, AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C); and the Paris-South University, Unité Mixte de Recherche et de Service 1018, Villejuif, France (AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C)
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- From the Center for Research on Population Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México (ML); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Unit 1018, Villejuif, France (ML, AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C); and the Paris-South University, Unité Mixte de Recherche et de Service 1018, Villejuif, France (AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C)
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- From the Center for Research on Population Health, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México (ML); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Unit 1018, Villejuif, France (ML, AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C); and the Paris-South University, Unité Mixte de Recherche et de Service 1018, Villejuif, France (AB, GF, ER, M-CB-R, and FC-C)
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Bouhlal S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S. 'Just a pinch of salt'. An experimental comparison of the effect of repeated exposure and flavor-flavor learning with salt or spice on vegetable acceptance in toddlers. Appetite 2014; 83:209-217. [PMID: 25171850 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Children's vegetable intake is below the recommended amounts. No studies to date have tested the relevance of using salt or spices to increase children's vegetable acceptance. Our objective was to compare the effect of repeated exposure (RE) and of flavor-flavor learning (FFL) on toddlers' acceptance of a non-familiar vegetable. Two unconditioned stimuli were used: salt and a salt-associated spice. Toddlers attending six nurseries were assigned to 3 groups in a between subject design. Groups were exposed 8 times to a basic salsify puree (0.2% salt w/w; RE group; n = 47), a salty salsify puree (0.5% salt w/w; FFL-Salt group; n = 54) or a spiced salsify puree (0.2% salt and 0.02% nutmeg w/w; FFL-Nutmeg group; n = 50). Acceptance (intake and liking) of the target vegetable (basic salsify puree) and of a control vegetable (carrot puree) was evaluated at pre-exposure, at each exposure of the learning period, at post-exposure, and at 1, 3 and 6 months after exposure. In all groups, intake of the target vegetable increased from pre- to post-exposure. This increase was significantly higher in the RE group (64 ± 11 g) than in the FFL-Salt group (23 ± 11 g) and marginally higher than in the FFL-Nutmeg group (36 ± 11 g). No difference between groups was observed on the increase in liking of the target vegetable from pre- to post-exposure. The increase of the target vegetable intake was still observed after 6 months for all groups. Thus, repeated exposure appears to be the simplest choice to increase vegetable intake on the short and long term in toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bouhlal
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Issanchou
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Claire Chabanet
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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46
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Dietary sodium, added salt, and serum sodium associations with growth and depression in the U.S. general population. Appetite 2014; 79:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Stephens LD, McNaughton SA, Crawford D, Ball K. Predictors of high-energy foods and beverages: a longitudinal study among socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:324-37. [PMID: 23122445 PMCID: PMC10282232 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001200482x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents tend to have poor dietary intakes, some manage to eat healthily. Understanding how some disadvantaged adolescents restrict high-energy foods and beverages may inform initiatives promoting healthier diets among this population. The present investigation aimed to: (i) identify disadvantaged adolescents' high-energy food and beverage intakes; and (ii) explore cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between intrapersonal, social and environmental factors and disadvantaged adolescents' high-energy food intakes. DESIGN Longitudinal online surveys were completed at baseline (2004-2005) and follow-up (2006-2007), each comprising a thirty-eight-item FFQ and questions examining intrapersonal, social and environmental factors. SETTING Thirty-seven secondary schools in metropolitan and non-metropolitan Victoria, Australia. SUBJECTS Of 1938 adolescents aged 12-15 years participating at both time points, 529 disadvantaged adolescents (whose mothers had low education levels) were included in the present investigation. RESULTS At baseline and follow-up, respectively 32% and 39% of adolescents consumed high-energy foods less frequently (≤2 high-energy food meals/week); 61% and 65% consumed high-energy beverages less frequently (≤1 time/d). More girls than boys had less frequent high-energy food intakes, and baseline consumption frequency predicted consumption frequency at follow-up. Adolescents with less frequent consumption of high-energy foods and beverages seldom ate fast food for main meals, reported reduced availability of high-energy foods at home and were frequently served vegetables at dinner. CONCLUSIONS Nutrition promotion initiatives could help improve disadvantaged adolescents' eating behaviours by promoting adolescents and their families to replace high-energy meals with nutritious home-prepared meals and decrease home availability of high-energy foods in place of more nutritious foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena D Stephens
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - David Crawford
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Kylie Ball
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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48
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Excess dietary sodium and inadequate potassium intake by hypertensive patients in Italy. J Hypertens 2014; 32:48-56. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Margerison C, Riddell LJ, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Nowson CA. Dietary sources and meal distribution of sodium and potassium in a sample of Australian adults. Nutr Diet 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Margerison
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Lynnette J. Riddell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Naiyana Wattanapenpaiboon
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Caryl A. Nowson
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences; Deakin University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Drewnowski A, Rehm CD. Sodium intakes of US children and adults from foods and beverages by location of origin and by specific food source. Nutrients 2013; 5:1840-55. [PMID: 23760055 PMCID: PMC3725480 DOI: 10.3390/nu5061840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium intakes, from foods and beverages, of 22,852 persons in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES 2003-2008) were examined by specific food source and by food location of origin. Analyses were based on a single 24-h recall. Separate analyses were conducted for children (6-11 years of age), adolescents (12-19), and adults (20-50 and ≥51 years). Grouping of like foods (e.g., food sources) used a scheme proposed by the National Cancer Institute, which divides foods/beverages into 96 food subgroups (e.g., pizza, yeast breads or cold cuts). Food locations of origin were stores (e.g., grocery, convenience and specialty stores), quick-service restaurant/pizza (QSR), full-service restaurant (FSR), school, or other. Food locations of sodium were also evaluated by race/ethnicity amongst adults. Stores provided between 58.1% and 65.2% of dietary sodium, whereas QSR and FSR together provided between 18.9% and 31.8% depending on age. The proportion of sodium from QSR varied from 10.1% to 19.9%, whereas that from FSR varied from 3.4% to 13.3%. School meals provided 10.4% of sodium for 6-11 year olds and 6.0% for 12-19 year olds. Pizza from QSR, the top away from home food item, provided 5.4% of sodium in adolescents. QSR pizza, chicken, burgers and Mexican dishes combined provided 7.8% of total sodium in adult diets. Most sodium came from foods purchased in stores. Food manufacturers, restaurants, and grocery stores all have a role to play in reducing the amount of sodium in the American diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drewnowski
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie—Paris VI, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 boulevard de l’Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Box 353410, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Colin D. Rehm
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Box 353410, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; E-Mail:
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