1
|
Wu S, Jia W, He H, Yin J, Xu H, He C, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Cheng R. A New Dietary Fiber Can Enhance Satiety and Reduce Postprandial Blood Glucose in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:4569. [PMID: 37960222 PMCID: PMC10648557 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fiber plays a potential role in regulating energy intake and stabilizing postprandial blood glucose levels. Soluble dietary fiber has become an important entry point for nutritional research on the regulation of satiety. METHODS this was a double-blind, randomized cross-over trial enrolling 12 healthy subjects to compare the effects of RPG (R+PolyGly) dietary fiber products (bread, powder, and capsule) and pectin administered with a standard meal on satiety, blood glucose, and serum insulin level. RESULTS Adding 3.8% RPG dietary fiber to bread significantly increased the volume, water content, hardness, and chewiness of bread compared to 3.8% pectin bread and white bread and significantly improved the sensory quality of bread. RPG bread had better appetite suppression effects at some time points than the other two groups and the best postprandial blood glucose lowering effects among the three groups. Administration of RPG capsules containing 5.6 g of RPG dietary fiber with meals improved satiety and reduced hunger compared to 6 g of RPG powder and 6 g of pectin, which had the greatest effect on suppressing appetite and reducing prospective food consumption. The peak level of serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the RPG capsule group (578.17 ± 19.93 pg/mL) was significantly higher than that in other groups at 0 min and 30 min after eating. RPG powder had the best effect in reducing postprandial blood glucose and increasing serum insulin levels; the total area under the curve (AUC) of serum insulin with RPG powder was higher than other groups (5960 ± 252.46 μU min/mL). CONCLUSION RPG dietary fiber products can improve the sensory properties of food, reduce postprandial blood glucose, and enhance satiety, especially in capsule and powder forms. Further research on the physiological effects of RPG dietary fiber is required to facilitate its use as a functional ingredient in food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simou Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (W.J.)
| | - Wen Jia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (W.J.)
| | - Huimin He
- Recovery Plus USA, New York, NY 10019, USA; (H.H.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (C.H.)
| | - Jun Yin
- Recovery Plus USA, New York, NY 10019, USA; (H.H.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (C.H.)
| | - Huilin Xu
- Recovery Plus USA, New York, NY 10019, USA; (H.H.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (C.H.)
| | - Chengyuan He
- Recovery Plus USA, New York, NY 10019, USA; (H.H.); (J.Y.); (H.X.); (C.H.)
| | - Qinqiu Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yue Peng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Physiology, College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (Q.Z.); (Y.P.)
| | - Ruyue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (W.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Daniell H, Singh R, Mangu V, Nair SK, Wakade G, Balashova N. Affordable oral proinsulin bioencapsulated in plant cells regulates blood sugar levels similar to natural insulin. Biomaterials 2023; 298:122142. [PMID: 37148757 PMCID: PMC10219636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a silent epidemic affecting >500 million, which claimed 6.7 million lives in 2021, a projected increase of >670% in <20 years old in the next two decades but insulin is unaffordable for the large majority of the globe. Therefore, we engineered proinsulin in plant cells to facilitate oral delivery. Stability of the proinsulin gene and expression in subsequent generations, after removal of the antibiotic-resistance gene, was confirmed using PCR, Southern and western blots. Proinsulin expression was high (up to 12 mg/g DW or 47.5% of total leaf protein), stable up to one year after storage of freeze-dried plant cells at ambient temperature and met FDA regulatory requirements of uniformity, moisture content and bioburden. GM1 receptor binding, required for uptake via gut epithelial cells was confirmed by pentameric assembly of CTB-Proinsulin. IP insulin injections (without C peptide) in STZ mice rapidly decreased blood glucose level leading to transient hypoglycemia, followed by hepatic glucose compensation. On the other hand, other than the 15-min lag period of oral proinsulin (transit time required to reach the gut), the kinetics of blood sugar regulation of oral CTB-Proinsulin in STZ mice was very similar to naturally secreted insulin in healthy mice (both contain C-peptide), without rapid decrease or hypoglycemia. Elimination of expensive fermentation, purification and cold storage/transportation should reduce cost and increase other health benefits of plant fibers. The recent approval of plant cell delivery of therapeutic proteins by FDA and approval of CTB-ACE2 for phase I/II human clinical studies augur well for advancing oral proinsulin to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Venkata Mangu
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Smruti K Nair
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Geetanjali Wakade
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nataliya Balashova
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suresh H, Zhou J, Ho V. The Short-Term Effects and Tolerability of Low-Viscosity Soluble Fibre on Gastroparesis Patients: A Pilot Clinical Intervention Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:4298. [PMID: 34959850 PMCID: PMC8704257 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroparesis is a motility disorder that causes severe gastric symptoms and delayed gastric emptying, where the majority of sufferers are females (80%), with 29% of sufferers also diagnosed with Type-1 or Type-2 diabetes. Current clinical recommendations involve stringent dietary restriction and includes the avoidance and minimization of dietary fibre. Dietary fibre lowers the glycaemic index of food, reduces inflammation and provides laxation. Lack of dietary fibre in the diet can affect long-term gastrointestinal health. Our previously published rheological study demonstrated that "low-viscosity" soluble fibres could be a potentially tolerable source of fibre for the gastroparetic population. A randomised controlled crossover pilot clinical study was designed to compare Partially-hydrolysed guar gum or PHGG (test fibre 1), gum Arabic (test fibre 2), psyllium husk (positive control) and water (negative control) in mild-to-moderate symptomatic gastroparesis patients (requiring no enteral tube feeding). The principal aim of the study was to determine the short-term physiological effects and tolerability of the test fibres. In n = 10 female participants, post-prandial blood glucose, gastroparesis symptoms, and breath test measurements were recorded. Normalized clinical data revealed that test fibres PHGG and gum Arabic were able to regulate blood glucose comparable to psyllium husk, while causing far fewer symptoms, equivalent to negative control. The test fibres did not greatly delay mouth-to-caecum transit, though more data is needed. The study data looks promising, and a longer-term study investigating these test fibres is being planned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Suresh
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (H.S.); (V.H.)
- Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (H.S.); (V.H.)
- Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (H.S.); (V.H.)
- Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders Unit, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- University Medical Clinic of Camden & Campbelltown (UMCCC), Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ang K, Bourgy C, Fenton H, Regina A, Newberry M, Diepeveen D, Lafiandra D, Grafenauer S, Hunt W, Solah V. Noodles Made from High Amylose Wheat Flour Attenuate Postprandial Glycaemia in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082171. [PMID: 32707905 PMCID: PMC7468775 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has not considered the effect of high amylose wheat noodles on postprandial glycaemia. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of consumption of high amylose noodles on postprandial glycaemia over 2-h periods by monitoring changes in blood glucose concentration and calculating the total area under the blood glucose concentration curve. Twelve healthy young adults were recruited to a repeated measure randomised, single-blinded crossover trial to compare the effect of consuming noodles (180 g) containing 15%, 20% and 45% amylose on postprandial glycaemia. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were taken via finger-prick blood samples. Postprandial blood glucose concentrations were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Subjects consuming high amylose noodles made with flour containing 45% amylose had significantly lower blood glucose concentration at 15, 30 and 45 min (5.5 ± 0.11, 6.1 ± 0.11 and 5.6 ± 0.11 mmol/L; p = 0.01) compared to subjects consuming low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (5.8 ± 0.12, 6.6 ± 0.12 and 5.9 ± 0.12 mmol/L). The total area under the blood glucose concentration curve after consumption of high amylose noodles with 45% amylose was 640.4 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min, 3.4% lower than consumption of low amylose noodles with 15% amylose (662.9 ± 9.49 mmol/L/min), p = 0.021. Noodles made from high amylose wheat flour attenuate postprandial glycaemia in healthy young adults, as characterised by the significantly lower blood glucose concentration and a 3.4% reduction in glycaemic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Ang
- School Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; (K.A.); (C.B.); (H.F.); (W.H.)
| | - Carla Bourgy
- School Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; (K.A.); (C.B.); (H.F.); (W.H.)
| | - Haelee Fenton
- School Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; (K.A.); (C.B.); (H.F.); (W.H.)
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ahmed Regina
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; (A.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcus Newberry
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, Canberra 2601, ACT, Australia; (A.R.); (M.N.)
| | - Dean Diepeveen
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth 6151, Western Australia; Australia;
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Sara Grafenauer
- Grains and Legumes Nutrition Council, North Ryde 2113, Australia;
| | - Wendy Hunt
- School Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; (K.A.); (C.B.); (H.F.); (W.H.)
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre, South Perth 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vicky Solah
- School Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; (K.A.); (C.B.); (H.F.); (W.H.)
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Solah VA, Kerr DA, Irawati D, Hunt W, Meng X, Gahler RJ, Fenton HK, Johnson SK, James AP, Wood S. Effect of PolyGlycopleX (PGX) Consumption on Blood Lipid Profiles in Healthy, Low CVD Risk Overweight Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:E717. [PMID: 30934797 PMCID: PMC6520870 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Raised blood lipid levels are associated with a risk of a cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moderate reductions in several CVD factors such as total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol concentrations may be more effective in reducing overall risk than a major reduction in just one. A blind, randomised controlled trial was conducted with 120 healthy overweight (BMI 25⁻30) adults aged 25⁻70 years who were non-smokers, not diabetic and of low risk of cardiovascular disease, as assessed by the Framingham risk equation. Participants consumed 4.5 g PolyGlycopleX (PGX) as softgel capsules (PGXS) or 5 g PGX granules (PGXG) or 5 g rice flour (RF) with meals three times a day for 12 weeks. Total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol were all significantly reduced (-6%, -5% and -3.5%, respectively) post the PGX granule treatment; however, PGX in softgel capsule form did not affect blood lipid profiles. Daily consumption of PGX granules in overweight low CVD risk adults produced lipid changes indicating a CVD preventative benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky A Solah
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Deborah A Kerr
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Deasy Irawati
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, West Nusa Tenggara 83125, Indonesia.
| | - Wendy Hunt
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | | | - Haelee K Fenton
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Stuart K Johnson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
- InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB Y2N4Y7, Canada.
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cassidy YM, McSorley EM, Allsopp PJ. Effect of soluble dietary fibre on postprandial blood glucose response and its potential as a functional food ingredient. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
7
|
Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Engel KH, Marchelli R, Pöting A, Poulsen M, Schlatter JR, Turla E, Van Loveren H. Safety of alginate-konjac-xanthan polysaccharide complex (PGX) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04776. [PMID: 32625482 PMCID: PMC7009833 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on alginate-konjac-xanthan polysaccharide complex (PGX) as a novel food (NF) submitted pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The NF is an off-white granular powder composed of three non-starch polysaccharides: konjac glucomannan, xanthan gum and sodium alginate. The information provided on the composition, the specifications, the batch-to-batch variability and the stability of the NF is sufficient and does not raise safety concerns. The production process is sufficiently described and does not raise concerns about the safety of the NF. The applicant intends to add the NF to a variety of foods as well as to market the NF in capsules. The recommended maximum daily intake of the NF from fortified foods and food supplements is 15 g. The target population proposed by the applicant is adults from 18 to 64 years of age. Considering the no observed adverse effect level of 1.8 g/kg body weight (bw) per day in a subchronic toxicity study with PGX and the highest mean and 95th percentile anticipated daily intake of NF from fortified foods, the margin of exposure (MoE) is 12 and 6, respectively, whereas the MoE for the NF from food supplements is 9. The Panel concludes that the safety of the novel food, PGX, for the intended uses and use levels as proposed by the applicant, has not been established.
Collapse
|
8
|
Solah VA, Kerr DA, Hunt WJ, Johnson SK, Boushey CJ, Delp EJ, Meng X, Gahler RJ, James AP, Mukhtar AS, Fenton HK, Wood S. Effect of Fibre Supplementation on Body Weight and Composition, Frequency of Eating and Dietary Choice in Overweight Individuals. Nutrients 2017; 9:E149. [PMID: 28212353 PMCID: PMC5331580 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibre supplementation can potentially reduce energy intake and contribute to weight loss. The mechanism may be reduced frequency of eating, resulting in reduced food consumption. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of fibre supplementation with PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®), on body weight and composition, frequency of eating and dietary intake in 118 overweight adults. In a three-arm, parallel, blind, randomised controlled trial participants were randomised to one of three groups; 4.5 g PGX as softgels (PGXS), 5 g PGX granules (PGXG) or 5 g rice flour (RF) control. Prior to supplementation and at 12 weeks, participants captured before and after images of all food and beverages consumed within 4 days using a mobile food record app (mFR). The mFR images were analysed for food group serving sizes and number of eating occasions. In the PGXG group, per-protocol analysis [corrected] analysis showed there was a significant reduction in waist circumference (2.5 cm; p = 0.003). Subgroup analysis showed that PGXG supplementation at the recommended dose resulted in a reduction in body weight (-1.4 ± 0.10 kg, p < 0.01), body mass index (BMI) reduction (-0.5 ± 0.10, p < 0.01), reduced number of eating occasions (-1.4 ± 1.2, p < 0.01) and a reduced intake of grain food (-1.52 ± 1.84 serves, p = 0.019). PGXG at the recommended dose resulted in a reduction in weight and BMI which was significantly greater than that for RF (p = 0.001). These results demonstrate the potential benefits of PGX fibre in controlling frequency of eating and in weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky A. Solah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Deborah A. Kerr
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Wendy J. Hunt
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Stuart K. Johnson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Carol J. Boushey
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA;
| | - Edward J. Delp
- Video and Image Processing Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia;
| | | | - Anthony P. James
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Aqif S. Mukhtar
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
- Centre for Population Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Haelee K. Fenton
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia; (D.A.K.); (W.J.H.); (S.K.J.); (A.P.J.); (A.S.M.); (H.K.F.); (S.W.)
- InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB Y2N4Y7, Canada
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pal S, Ho S, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effect on Insulin, Glucose and Lipids in Overweight/Obese Australian Adults of 12 Months Consumption of Two Different Fibre Supplements in a Randomised Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020091. [PMID: 28146065 PMCID: PMC5331522 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher fibre intakes are associated with risk reduction for chronic diseases. This study investigated the effects of supplementation with PolyGlycopleX® (PGX), a complexed polysaccharide, on insulin, glucose and lipids in overweight and obese individuals. In this double-blind 12 months study, participants were randomised into three groups: control (rice flour); PGX or psyllium (PSY). Participants followed their usual lifestyle and diet but consumed 5 g of their supplement before meals. Insulin was significantly lower in the PGX and PSY groups compared to control at 3 and 6 months and in the PSY group compared to control at 12 months. Serum glucose was significantly lower in the PGX group at 3 months compared to control. Total cholesterol was significantly lower in the PGX and PSY groups compared to control at 3 and 6 months. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly increased in the PGX group compared to control at 12 months. low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was significantly lower in the PGX group at 3 and 6 months compared to control and in the PSY group at 3 months compared to control. A simple strategy of fibre supplementation may offer an effective solution to glucose, insulin and lipid management without the need for other nutrient modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebely Pal
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | - Suleen Ho
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | | | - Simon Wood
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Solah VA, O'Mara-Wallace B, Meng X, Gahler RJ, Kerr DA, James AP, Fenton HK, Johnson SK, Wood S. Consumption of the Soluble Dietary Fibre Complex PolyGlycopleX(®) Reduces Glycaemia and Increases Satiety of a Standard Meal Postprandially. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050268. [PMID: 27164135 PMCID: PMC4882681 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of consumption of PolyGlycopleX® (PGX®) was compared to wheat dextrin (WD) in combination with a standard meal, on postprandial satiety and glycaemia in a double-blind, randomised crossover trial, of 14 healthy subjects trained as a satiety panel. At each of six two-hour satiety sessions, subjects consumed one of three different test meals on two separate occasions. The test meals were: a standard meal plus 5 g PGX; a standard meal plus 4.5 g of PGX as softgels; and a standard meal plus 5 g of WD. Subjects recorded fullness using a labelled magnitude scale at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min and the total area under the curve (AUC), mean fullness vs. time was calculated. The meals with PGX (in granular and softgel form) gave higher satiety (AUC) (477 ± 121 and 454 ± 242 cm·min), than the meal with WD (215 ± 261 cm·min) (p < 0.001). Subjects had blood glucose levels measured after the meals with PGX (granules) and WD. Glucose response (AUC) was significantly lower (p < 0.001) after the PGX meal than for the WD meal. The high viscosity reported for PGX is a likely mechanism behind the significant satiety and blood glucose modulating effects observed in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky A Solah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Babette O'Mara-Wallace
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | | | - Deborah A Kerr
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Haelee K Fenton
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Stuart K Johnson
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
- InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB Y2N 4Y7, Canada.
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yong MK, Solah VA, Johnson SK, Meng X, Kerr DA, James AP, Fenton HK, Gahler RJ, Wood S. Effects of a viscous-fibre supplemented evening meal and the following un-supplemented breakfast on post-prandial satiety responses in healthy women. Physiol Behav 2015; 154:34-9. [PMID: 26562186 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The post-prandial satiety response and "second-meal effect" of a viscous fibre supplement PolyGlycopleX(®) (PGX(®)) was evaluated in a single-blind, randomised controlled crossover study of 14 healthy adult women. The two hour post-prandial satiety response, expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) of perceived hunger/fullness score versus post-prandial time, of a standardised evening meal with concurrent intake of either PGX softgel or rice flour softgel (control) was determined. On the following morning, after an overnight fast, the four hour satiety response to a standardised breakfast with no softgel supplementation was assessed. A significantly higher satiety response (AUC) to the standard dinner for the PGX-supplemented dinner compared with the control dinner (p=0.001) was found. No significant difference (p=0.09) was observed in the satiety response (AUC) of the breakfast regardless of which supplemented-dinner had been consumed prior, however the p value indicated a trend towards a higher response to the breakfast following the PGX-supplemented dinner. The fullness scores of the breakfast following the PGX-supplemented dinner at 15, 30, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 240min post-prandial were significantly higher than those for the breakfast following the control dinner (p=<0.001, 0.007, 0.009, 0.009, 0.049, 0.03, 0.003 and <0.001 respectively). PGX supplementation at dinner increased the satiety effects of both the dinner itself and the subsequent un-supplemented breakfast; a "second meal effect" indicting the potential for this fibre supplement to induce extended satiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Kei Yong
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Vicky A Solah
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Stuart K Johnson
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Xingqiong Meng
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Deborah A Kerr
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P James
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | - Haelee K Fenton
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia.
| | | | - Simon Wood
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia; Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; InovoBiologic Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robert SD, Ismail AAS, Rosli WIW. Reduction of postprandial blood glucose in healthy subjects by buns and flatbreads incorporated with fenugreek seed powder. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:2275-80. [PMID: 26358163 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether fenugreek seed powder could reduce the glycemic response and glycemic index (GI) when added to buns and flatbreads. METHODS In a randomised, controlled crossover trial, ten healthy human subjects (five men, five women) were given 50 g glucose (reference food, twice); buns (0 and 10 % fenugreek seed powder); and flatbreads (0 and 10 % fenugreek seed powder) on six different occasions. Finger prick capillary blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after the start of the meal. The palatability of the test meals was scored using Likert scales. RESULTS The incremental areas under the glucose curve value of buns and flatbreads with 10 % fenugreek (138 ± 17 mmol × min/L; 121 ± 16 mmol × min/L) were significantly lower than those of 0 % fenugreek bun and flatbreads (227 ± 15 mmol × min/L; 174 ± 14 mmol × min/L, P = <0.01). Adding 10 % fenugreek seed powder reduced the GI of buns from 82 ± 5 to 51 ± 7 (P < 0.01) and to the GI of flatbread from 63 ± 4 to 43 ± 5 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that replacing 10 % of refined wheat flour with fenugreek seed powder significantly reduces the glycemic response and the GI of buns and flatbreads. Thus, fenugreek powder may be a useful functional ingredient to reduce postprandial glycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathyasurya Daniel Robert
- Dietetics Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Aziz Al-Safi Ismail
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ishak Wan Rosli
- Nutrition Program, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ingram DK, Roth GS. Calorie restriction mimetics: can you have your cake and eat it, too? Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:46-62. [PMID: 25530568 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strong consensus exists regarding the most robust environmental intervention for attenuating aging processes and increasing healthspan and lifespan: calorie restriction (CR). Over several decades, this paradigm has been replicated in numerous nonhuman models, and has been expanded over the last decade to formal, controlled human studies of CR. Given that long-term CR can create heavy challenges to compliance in human diets, the concept of a calorie restriction mimetic (CRM) has emerged as an active research area within gerontology. In past presentations on this subject, we have proposed that a CRM is a compound that mimics metabolic, hormonal, and physiological effects of CR, activates stress response pathways observed in CR and enhances stress protection, produces CR-like effects on longevity, reduces age-related disease, and maintains more youthful function, all without significantly reducing food intake, at least initially. Over 16 years ago, we proposed that glycolytic inhibition could be an effective strategy for developing CRM. The main argument here is that inhibiting energy utilization as far upstream as possible provides the highest chance of generating a broad spectrum of CR-like effects when compared to targeting a singular molecular target downstream. As an initial candidate CRM, 2-deoxyglucose, a known anti-glycolytic, was shown to produce a remarkable phenotype of CR, but further investigation found that this compound produced cardiotoxicity in rats at the doses we had been using. There remains interest in 2DG as a CRM but at lower doses. Beyond the proposal of 2DG as a candidate CRM, the field has grown steadily with many investigators proposing other strategies, including novel anti-glycolytics. Within the realm of upstream targeting at the level of the digestive system, research has included bariatric surgery, inhibitors of fat digestion/absorption, and inhibitors of carbohydrate digestion. Research focused on downstream sites has included insulin receptors, IGF-1 receptors, sirtuin activators, inhibitors of mTOR, and polyamines. In the current review we discuss progress made involving these various strategies and comment on the status and future for each within this exciting research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Ingram
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, United States.
| | - George S Roth
- GeroScience, Inc., Pylesville, MD 21132, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ. Effect of the novel functional fibre, polyglycoplex (PGX), on body weight and metabolic parameters: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:1109-14. [PMID: 25616600 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hundreds of dietary supplements are marketed as weight loss pills, but the evidence for effectiveness for most is unproven. The objective of this review was to critically appraise and evaluate the evidence from published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness of polyglycoplex (PGX), a novel functional fibre, on body weight and metabolic parameters. METHODS We conducted electronic searches in Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl and The Cochrane Library. Only double-blinded RCTs were considered for inclusion. The reporting quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane criteria. Two reviewers independently determined eligibility, assessed the quality of reporting, and extracted the data. RESULTS We included four RCTs with a total of 217 participants. The RCTs varied in the quality of their reporting. The evidence from the RCTs suggested that PGX has no significant effects on body weight; however, significant reductions were noted for total and LDL cholesterol. Adverse events reported included diarrhea and abdominal bloating. CONCLUSION The evidence from available RCTs does not indicate that PGX intake causes reductions in body weight. PGX may cause reductions in total and LDL cholesterol. Few trials examining the effects of PGX have been conducted; they are characterized by small sample sizes, deficiencies in reporting quality, and are funded by a single manufacturer. Future clinical trials evaluating its effect should be adequately powered and better reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igho J Onakpoya
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, New Radcliffe Houses, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK.
| | - Carl J Heneghan
- University of Oxford, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, New Radcliffe Houses, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jenkins AL, Morgan LM, Bishop J, Jovanovski E, Vuksan V. Randomized clinical trial in healthy individuals on the effect of viscous fiber blend on glucose tolerance when incorporated in capsules or into the carbohydrate or fat component of the meal. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33:400-5. [PMID: 25303029 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.905762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Addition of viscous fiber to foods has been shown to significantly reduce postprandial glucose excursions. However, palatability issues and the variability in effectiveness due to different methods of administration in food limits it use. This study explores the effectiveness of a viscous fiber blend (VFB) in lowering postprandial glycemia using different methods of incorporation. METHODS Two acute, randomized, controlled studies were undertaken: Study 1: Twelve healthy individuals (mean ± SD, age: 36 ± 13 years, body mass index [BMI]: 27 ± 4 kg/m(2)) consumed 8 different breakfasts. All meals consisted of 50 g of available carbohydrate from white bread (WB) and 10 g margarine. Zero, 1, 2, or 4 g of the VFB was baked into WB or mixed with the margarine. Study 2: Thirteen healthy individuals (mean ± SD, age: 39 ± 17 years, BMI: 25 ± 5 kg/m(2)) consumed 6 test meals, consisting of 50 g of available carbohydrate from WB. Six capsules containing either cornstarch or VFB were taken at 4 different time points during the glucose tolerance test. After obtaining a fasting finger-prick blood sample, volunteers consumed the test meal over a 10-minute period. Additional blood samples were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes from the start of the meal. For study 2, an additional fasting sample was obtained at -30 minutes. RESULTS Study 1: Irrespective of VFB dose, glucose levels were lower at 30 and 45 minutes when VFB was mixed into the margarine compared to the control (p < 0.05). Incremental areas under the curve were significantly lower compared to control when 4 g of VFB was mixed into the margarine. Study 2: There was no effect of the VFB on postprandial glucose levels when administered in capsules. CONCLUSION Incorporation of VFB into margarine was more effective in lowering postprandial glycemia than when the VFB was baked into bread and no effect when given in capsules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Jenkins
- a Risk Factor Modification Center , St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto , Ontario , CANADA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smith IH, Lawson CJ, Harding SE, Gahler RJ, Lyon MR, Wood S. Viscosity development during aqueous dispersion and dissolution: A comparison of PGX® with other dietary supplements and individual polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
17
|
Solah VA, Brand-Miller JC, Atkinson FS, Gahler RJ, Kacinik V, Lyon MR, Wood S. Dose–response effect of a novel functional fibre, PolyGlycopleX®, PGX®, on satiety. Appetite 2014; 77:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
18
|
Reichert RG, Lyon MR, Kacinik V, Gahler RJ, Manjoo P, Purnama M, Wood S. Decreasing cardiovascular risk factors in obese individuals using a combination of PGX® meal replacements and PGX® granules in a 12-week clinical weight modification program. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 10:/j/jcim.2013.10.issue-1/jcim-2012-0003/jcim-2013-0003.xml. [PMID: 23652638 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2013-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this open, clinically based, weight modification program, we determined in six sedentary obese adults (five women; one male; age range 30-62 years) that the combination of a modified calorie diet plus PGX® meal replacement and PGX® supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in several cardiovascular risk factors over a 12-week time period. This included a significant improvement in lipids (-0.98 mmol/l LDL-C), reduction in average weight (-9.2 kg), mean reduction in fat (-4.1%) and an increase in fat-free mass (2.8%).
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Inadequate dietary fiber intake is common in modern diets, especially in children. Epidemiological and experimental evidence point to a significant association between a lack of fiber intake and ischemic heart disease, stroke atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, overweight and obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as gastrointestinal disorders such as diverticulosis, irritable bowel disease, colon cancer, and cholelithiasis. The physiological effects of fiber relate to the physical properties of volume, viscosity, and water-holding capacity that the fiber imparts to food leading to important influences over the energy density of food. Beyond these physical properties, fiber directly impacts a complex array of microbiological, biochemical, and neurohormonal effects directly through modification of the kinetics of digestion and through its metabolism into constituents such as short chain fatty acids, which are both energy substrates and important enteroendocrine ligands. Of particular interest to clinicians is the important role dietary fiber plays in glucoregulation, appetite, and satiety. Supplementation of the diet with highly functional fibers may prove to play an important role in long-term obesity management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Lyon
- Canadian Center for Functional Medicine, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British Columbia, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
| | - Veronica Kacinik
- Canadian Center for Functional Medicine, 1550 United Boulevard, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3K 6Y2
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kacinik V, Lyon M, Purnama M, Reimer RA, Gahler R, Green TJ, Wood S. Effect of PGX, a novel functional fibre supplement, on subjective ratings of appetite in overweight and obese women consuming a 3-day structured, low-calorie diet. Nutr Diabetes 2011; 1:e22. [PMID: 23154443 PMCID: PMC3302126 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2011.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dietary factors that help control perceived hunger might improve adherence to calorie-reduced diets. Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of supplementing a three-day, low-calorie diet with PolyGlycopleX (PGX), a highly viscous fibre, on subjective ratings of appetite compared with a placebo. Methods: In a double-blind crossover design with a 3-week washout, 45 women (aged 38±9 years, body mass index 29.9±2.8 kg m−2) were randomised to consume a 1000-kcal per day diet for 3 days, supplemented with 5 g of PGX or placebo at each of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Subjective appetite was assessed using 100 mm visual analogue scales that were completed daily before, between and after consumption of meals. Results: Thirty-five women completed the study. Consumption of PGX compared with placebo led to significantly lower mean area under the curve for hunger on day 3 (440.4 versus 375.4; P=0.048), prospective consumption on day 3 (471.0 versus 401.8; P=0.017) and the overall 3-day average (468.6 versus 420.2; P=0.026). More specifically, on day 3 PGX significantly reduced total appetite, hunger, desire to eat and prospective consumption for 2.5 and 4.5 h after lunch and before dinner times, with hunger also being reduced 2.5 h after dinner (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results show that adding 5 g of PGX to meals during consumption of a low-calorie diet reduces subjective ratings of prospective consumption and increases the feelings of satiety, especially during afternoon and evening. This highly viscous polysaccharide may be a useful adjunct to weight-loss interventions involving significant caloric reductions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kacinik
- Canadian Centre for Functional Medicine, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grover GJ, Koetzner L, Wicks J, Gahler RJ, Lyon MR, Reimer RA, Wood S. Effects of the Soluble Fiber Complex PolyGlycopleX on Glucose Homeostasis and Body Weight in Young Zucker Diabetic Rats. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:47. [PMID: 21922008 PMCID: PMC3168379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fiber can reduce insulin resistance, body weight, and hyperlipidemia depending on fiber type, water solubility, and viscosity. PolyGlycopleX(®) (PGX(®)) is a natural, novel water soluble, non-starch polysaccharide complex that with water forms a highly viscous gel compared to other naturally occurring dietary fiber. We determined the effect of dietary PGX(®) vs. cellulose and inulin on the early development of insulin resistance, body weight, hyperlipidemia, and glycemia-induced tissue damage in young Zucker diabetic rats (ZDFs) in fasted and non-fasted states. ZDFs (5 weeks old) were fed a diet containing 5% (wgt/wgt) cellulose, inulin, or PGX(®) for 8 weeks. Body weight, lipids, insulin, and glucose levels were determined throughout the study and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was used to measure insulin sensitivity throughout the study in fasted animals. At study termination, insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT) and kidney, liver, and pancreatic histopathology were determined. Body weight and food intake were significantly reduced by PGX(®) vs. inulin and cellulose. Serum insulin in fasted and non-fasted states was significantly reduced by PGX(®) as was non-fasted blood glucose. Insulin resistance, measured as a HOMA score, was significantly reduced by PGX(®) in weeks 5 through 8 as well as terminal OGTT scores in fed and fasted states. Serum total cholesterol was also significantly reduced by PGX(®). PGX(®) significantly reduced histological kidney and hepatic damage in addition to reduced hepatic steatosis and cholestasis. A greater mass of pancreatic β-cells was found in the PGX(®) group. PGX(®) therefore may be a useful dietary additive in the control of the development of the early development of the metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary James Grover
- Department of Pharmacology, Eurofins-Product Safety LaboratoriesDayton, NJ, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Lee Koetzner
- Department of Pharmacology, Eurofins-Product Safety LaboratoriesDayton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Michael R. Lyon
- Canadian Centre for Functional MedicineCoquitlam, BC, Canada
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Simon Wood
- Canadian Centre for Functional MedicineCoquitlam, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bays H, Frestedt JL, Bell M, Williams C, Kolberg L, Schmelzer W, Anderson JW. Reduced viscosity Barley β-Glucan versus placebo: a randomized controlled trial of the effects on insulin sensitivity for individuals at risk for diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:58. [PMID: 21846371 PMCID: PMC3170576 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior studies suggest soluble fibers may favorably affect glucose/insulin metabolism. Methods This prospective, randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, parallel group trial evaluated 50 generally healthy subjects without prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (44 completers), who were administered beverages containing placebo (control), lower dose (3 g/d), or higher dose (6 g/d) reduced viscosity barley β-glucan (BBG) extract. Subjects (68% women) mean age 56 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) 32 kg/m2 and baseline fasting plasma glucose 102 mg/dl were instructed to follow a weight-maintaining Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet and consumed three 11 oz study beverages daily with meals for 12 weeks. The four primary study endpoint measures were plasma glucose and insulin [each fasting and post-Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing (OGTT)]. Results Compared to placebo, administration of 3 g/d BBG over 12 weeks significantly reduced glucose incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC) measures during OGTT and 6 g/d BBG over 12 weeks significantly reduced fasting insulin as well as the related homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Beverages were generally well tolerated with no serious adverse experiences and no significant differences between groups for adverse experiences. Per protocol instruction, subjects maintained body weight. Conclusions These findings suggest 6 g/d BBG consumed in a beverage over 12 weeks may improve insulin sensitivity among hyperglycemic individuals with no prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and who experience no change in body weight. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01375803.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Bays
- Frestedt Incorporated, 2708 Vernon Avenue South, Minneapolis, 55416, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|