1
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Ludzia P, Hayashi H, Robinson T, Akiyoshi B, Redfield C. NMR study of the structure and dynamics of the BRCT domain from the kinetochore protein KKT4. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2024; 18:15-25. [PMID: 38453826 PMCID: PMC11081923 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-024-10163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
KKT4 is a multi-domain kinetochore protein specific to kinetoplastids, such as Trypanosoma brucei. It lacks significant sequence similarity to known kinetochore proteins in other eukaryotes. Our recent X-ray structure of the C-terminal region of KKT4 shows that it has a tandem BRCT (BRCA1 C Terminus) domain fold with a sulfate ion bound in a typical binding site for a phosphorylated serine or threonine. Here we present the 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments for the BRCT domain of KKT4 (KKT4463-645) from T. brucei. We show that the BRCT domain can bind phosphate ions in solution using residues involved in sulfate ion binding in the X-ray structure. We have used these assignments to characterise the secondary structure and backbone dynamics of the BRCT domain in solution. Mutating the residues involved in phosphate ion binding in T. brucei KKT4 BRCT results in growth defects confirming the importance of the BRCT phosphopeptide-binding activity in vivo. These results may facilitate rational drug design efforts in the future to combat diseases caused by kinetoplastid parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Ludzia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Hanako Hayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Timothy Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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2
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Ballmer D, Akiyoshi B. Dynamic localization of the chromosomal passenger complex in trypanosomes is controlled by the orphan kinesins KIN-A and KIN-B. eLife 2024; 13:RP93522. [PMID: 38564240 PMCID: PMC10987093 DOI: 10.7554/elife.93522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is an important regulator of cell division, which shows dynamic subcellular localization throughout mitosis, including kinetochores and the spindle midzone. In traditional model eukaryotes such as yeasts and humans, the CPC consists of the catalytic subunit Aurora B kinase, its activator INCENP, and the localization module proteins Borealin and Survivin. Intriguingly, Aurora B and INCENP as well as their localization pattern are conserved in kinetoplastids, an evolutionarily divergent group of eukaryotes that possess unique kinetochore proteins and lack homologs of Borealin or Survivin. It is not understood how the kinetoplastid CPC assembles nor how it is targeted to its subcellular destinations during the cell cycle. Here, we identify two orphan kinesins, KIN-A and KIN-B, as bona fide CPC proteins in Trypanosoma brucei, the kinetoplastid parasite that causes African sleeping sickness. KIN-A and KIN-B form a scaffold for the assembly of the remaining CPC subunits. We show that the C-terminal unstructured tail of KIN-A interacts with the KKT8 complex at kinetochores, while its N-terminal motor domain promotes CPC translocation to spindle microtubules. Thus, the KIN-A:KIN-B complex constitutes a unique 'two-in-one' CPC localization module, which directs the CPC to kinetochores from S phase until metaphase and to the central spindle in anaphase. Our findings highlight the evolutionary diversity of CPC proteins and raise the possibility that kinesins may have served as the original transport vehicles for Aurora kinases in early eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ballmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological SciencesEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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3
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McGory JM, Verma V, Barcelos DM, Maresca TJ. Multimerization of a disordered kinetochore protein promotes accurate chromosome segregation by localizing a core dynein module. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202211122. [PMID: 38180477 PMCID: PMC10770731 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores connect chromosomes and spindle microtubules to maintain genomic integrity through cell division. Crosstalk between the minus-end directed motor dynein and kinetochore-microtubule attachment factors promotes accurate chromosome segregation by a poorly understood pathway. Here, we identify a linkage between the intrinsically disordered protein Spc105 (KNL1 orthologue) and dynein using an optogenetic oligomerization assay. Core pools of the checkpoint protein BubR1 and the adaptor complex RZZ contribute to the linkage. Furthermore, a minimal segment of Spc105 with a propensity to multimerize and which contains protein binding motifs is sufficient to link Spc105 to RZZ/dynein. Deletion of the minimal region from Spc105 compromises the recruitment of its binding partners to kinetochores and elevates chromosome missegregation due to merotelic attachments. Restoration of normal chromosome segregation and localization of BubR1 and RZZ requires both protein binding motifs and oligomerization of Spc105. Together, our results reveal that higher-order multimerization of Spc105 contributes to localizing a core pool of RZZ that promotes accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. McGory
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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4
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Serafim RB, Cardoso C, Storti CB, da Silva P, Qi H, Parasuram R, Navegante G, Peron JPS, Silva WA, Espreafico EM, Paçó-Larson ML, Price BD, Valente V. HJURP is recruited to double-strand break sites and facilitates DNA repair by promoting chromatin reorganization. Oncogene 2024; 43:804-820. [PMID: 38279062 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
HJURP is overexpressed in several cancer types and strongly correlates with patient survival. However, the mechanistic basis underlying the association of HJURP with cancer aggressiveness is not well understood. HJURP promotes the loading of the histone H3 variant, CENP-A, at the centromeric chromatin, epigenetically defining the centromeres and supporting proper chromosome segregation. In addition, HJURP is associated with DNA repair but its function in this process is still scarcely explored. Here, we demonstrate that HJURP is recruited to DSBs through a mechanism requiring chromatin PARylation and promotes epigenetic alterations that favor the execution of DNA repair. Incorporation of HJURP at DSBs promotes turnover of H3K9me3 and HP1, facilitating DNA damage signaling and DSB repair. Moreover, HJURP overexpression in glioma cell lines also affected global structure of heterochromatin independently of DNA damage induction, promoting genome-wide reorganization and assisting DNA damage response. HJURP overexpression therefore extensively alters DNA damage signaling and DSB repair, and also increases radioresistance of glioma cells. Importantly, HJURP expression levels in tumors are also associated with poor response of patients to radiation. Thus, our results enlarge the understanding of HJURP involvement in DNA repair and highlight it as a promising target for the development of adjuvant therapies that sensitize tumor cells to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo B Serafim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Cibele Cardoso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Camila B Storti
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Patrick da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hongyun Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ramya Parasuram
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Geovana Navegante
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre S Peron
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Enilza M Espreafico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Maria L Paçó-Larson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Brendan D Price
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Valeria Valente
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rodovia Araraquara - Jaú, Km 01 - s/n, Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil.
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy-CEPID/FAPESP, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501, Ribeirão Preto, 14051-140, Brazil.
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5
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Wang Y, Tamori Y. Polyploid Cancer Cell Models in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:96. [PMID: 38254985 PMCID: PMC10815460 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes have been found in more than 90% of solid tumors, and among these, polyploidy accounts for about 40%. Polyploidized cells most often have duplicate centrosomes as well as genomes, and thus their mitosis tends to promote merotelic spindle attachments and chromosomal instability, which produces a variety of aneuploid daughter cells. Polyploid cells have been found highly resistant to various stress and anticancer therapies, such as radiation and mitogenic inhibitors. In other words, common cancer therapies kill proliferative diploid cells, which make up the majority of cancer tissues, while polyploid cells, which lurk in smaller numbers, may survive. The surviving polyploid cells, prompted by acute environmental changes, begin to mitose with chromosomal instability, leading to an explosion of genetic heterogeneity and a concomitant cell competition and adaptive evolution. The result is a recurrence of the cancer during which the tenacious cells that survived treatment express malignant traits. Although the presence of polyploid cells in cancer tissues has been observed for more than 150 years, the function and exact role of these cells in cancer progression has remained elusive. For this reason, there is currently no effective therapeutic treatment directed against polyploid cells. This is due in part to the lack of suitable experimental models, but recently several models have become available to study polyploid cells in vivo. We propose that the experimental models in Drosophila, for which genetic techniques are highly developed, could be very useful in deciphering mechanisms of polyploidy and its role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Tamori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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6
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Nagpal H, Ali-Ahmad A, Hirano Y, Cai W, Halic M, Fukagawa T, Sekulić N, Fierz B. CENP-A and CENP-B collaborate to create an open centromeric chromatin state. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8227. [PMID: 38086807 PMCID: PMC10716449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are epigenetically defined via the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A. Contacting CENP-A nucleosomes, the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) and the kinetochore assemble, connecting the centromere to spindle microtubules during cell division. The DNA-binding centromeric protein CENP-B is involved in maintaining centromere stability and, together with CENP-A, shapes the centromeric chromatin state. The nanoscale organization of centromeric chromatin is not well understood. Here, we use single-molecule fluorescence and cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM) to show that CENP-A incorporation establishes a dynamic and open chromatin state. The increased dynamics of CENP-A chromatin create an opening for CENP-B DNA access. In turn, bound CENP-B further opens the chromatin fiber structure and induces nucleosomal DNA unwrapping. Finally, removal of CENP-A increases CENP-B mobility in cells. Together, our studies show that the two centromere-specific proteins collaborate to reshape chromatin structure, enabling the binding of centromeric factors and establishing a centromeric chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Nagpal
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SB ISIC LCBM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ahmad Ali-Ahmad
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway
| | - Yasuhiro Hirano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wei Cai
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SB ISIC LCBM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Halic
- Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
| | - Tatsuo Fukagawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nikolina Sekulić
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0318, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315, Norway.
| | - Beat Fierz
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), SB ISIC LCBM, Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Li S, Garcia-Rodriguez LJ, Tanaka TU. Chromosome biorientation requires Aurora B's spatial separation from its outer kinetochore substrates, but not its turnover at kinetochores. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4557-4569.e3. [PMID: 37788666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
For correct chromosome segregation in mitosis, sister kinetochores must interact with microtubules from opposite spindle poles (biorientation). For this, aberrant kinetochore-microtubule interaction must be resolved (error correction) by Aurora B kinase. Once biorientation is formed, tension is applied on kinetochore-microtubule interaction, stabilizing this interaction. The mechanism for this tension-dependent process has been debated. Here, we study how Aurora B localizations at different kinetochore sites affect the biorientation establishment and maintenance in budding yeast. Without the physiological Aurora B-INCENP recruitment mechanisms, engineered recruitment of Aurora B-INCENP to the inner kinetochore, but not to the outer kinetochore, prior to biorientation supports the subsequent biorientation establishment. Moreover, when the physiological Aurora B-INCENP recruitment mechanisms are present, an engineered Aurora B-INCENP recruitment to the outer kinetochore, but not to the inner kinetochore, during metaphase (after biorientation establishment) disrupts biorientation, which is dependent on the Aurora B kinase activity. These results suggest that the spatial separation of Aurora B from its outer kinetochore substrates is required to stabilize kinetochore-microtubule interaction when biorientation is formed and tension is applied on this interaction. Meanwhile, Aurora B exhibits dynamic turnover on the centromere/kinetochore during early mitosis, a process thought to be crucial for error correction and biorientation. However, using the engineered Aurora B-INCENP recruitment to the inner kinetochore, we demonstrate that, even without such a turnover, Aurora B-INCENP can efficiently support biorientation. Our study provides important insights into how Aurora B promotes error correction for biorientation in a tension-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Li
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Luis J Garcia-Rodriguez
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Tomoyuki U Tanaka
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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8
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Popchock AR, Larson JD, Dubrulle J, Asbury CL, Biggins S. Direct observation of coordinated assembly of individual native centromeric nucleosomes. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114534. [PMID: 37469281 PMCID: PMC10476280 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires the kinetochore, a megadalton-sized machine that forms on specialized centromeric chromatin containing CENP-A, a histone H3 variant. CENP-A deposition requires a chaperone protein HJURP that targets it to the centromere, but it has remained unclear whether HJURP has additional functions beyond CENP-A targeting and why high AT DNA content, which disfavors nucleosome assembly, is widely conserved at centromeres. To overcome the difficulties of studying nucleosome formation in vivo, we developed a microscopy assay that enables direct observation of de novo centromeric nucleosome recruitment and maintenance with single molecule resolution. Using this assay, we discover that CENP-A can arrive at centromeres without its dedicated centromere-specific chaperone HJURP, but stable incorporation depends on HJURP and additional DNA-binding proteins of the inner kinetochore. We also show that homopolymer AT runs in the yeast centromeres are essential for efficient CENP-A deposition. Together, our findings reveal requirements for stable nucleosome formation and provide a foundation for further studies of the assembly and dynamics of native kinetochore complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Popchock
- Basic Sciences Division, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Joshua D Larson
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Charles L Asbury
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Basic Sciences Division, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteFred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattleWAUSA
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9
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Eibes S, Rajendraprasad G, Guasch-Boldu C, Kubat M, Steblyanko Y, Barisic M. CENP-E activation by Aurora A and B controls kinetochore fibrous corona disassembly. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5317. [PMID: 37658044 PMCID: PMC10474297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis depends on multiprotein structures called kinetochores that are built on the centromeric region of sister chromatids and serve to capture mitotic spindle microtubules. In early mitosis, unattached kinetochores expand a crescent-shaped structure called fibrous corona whose function is to facilitate initial kinetochore-microtubule attachments and chromosome transport by microtubules. Subsequently, the fibrous corona must be timely disassembled to prevent segregation errors. Although recent studies provided new insights on the molecular content and mechanism of fibrous corona assembly, it remains unknown what triggers the disassembly of the outermost and dynamic layer of the kinetochore. Here, we show that Aurora A and B kinases phosphorylate CENP-E to release it from an autoinhibited state. At kinetochores, Aurora B phosphorylates CENP-E to prevent its premature removal together with other corona proteins by dynein. At the spindle poles, Aurora A phosphorylates CENP-E to promote chromosome congression and prevent accumulation of corona proteins at the centrosomes, allowing for their intracellular redistribution. Thus, we propose the Aurora A/B-CENP-E axis as a critical element of the long-sought-for mechanism of fibrous corona disassembly that is essential for accurate chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Eibes
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mirela Kubat
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yulia Steblyanko
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marin Barisic
- Cell Division and Cytoskeleton, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Angrisani A, Fachinetti D. The KaryoCreate technology generates specific aneuploid karyotypes on demand. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100514. [PMID: 37426746 PMCID: PMC10326432 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Cell, Bosco et al. present an innovative methodology named KaryoCreate that allows the generation of chromosome-specific aneuploidy in human cells in order to investigate the ontogenesis and the multifaceted aspects of aneuploidy in physio-pathological contexts.
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11
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Amin MA, Chakraborty M, Wallace DA, Varma D. Coordination between the Ndc80 complex and dynein is essential for microtubule plus-end capture by kinetochores during early mitosis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104711. [PMID: 37060995 PMCID: PMC10206188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic kinetochores are initially captured by dynamic microtubules via a "search-and-capture" mechanism. The microtubule motor, dynein, is critical for kinetochore capture as it has been shown to transport microtubule-attached chromosomes toward the spindle pole during prometaphase. The microtubule-binding nuclear division cycle 80 (Ndc80) complex that is recruited to kinetochores in prophase is known to play a central role in forming kinetochore-microtubule (kMT) attachments in metaphase. It is not yet clear, however, how Ndc80 contributes to initial kMT capture during prometaphase. Here, by combining CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout and RNAi technology with assays specific to study kMT capture, we show that mitotic cells lacking Ndc80 exhibit substantial defects in this function during prometaphase. Rescue experiments show that Ndc80 mutants deficient in microtubule-binding are unable to execute proper kMT capture. While cells inhibited of dynein alone are predominantly able to make initial kMT attachments, cells co-depleted of Ndc80 and dynein show severe defects in kMT capture. Further, we use an in vitro total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy assay to reconstitute microtubule capture events, which suggest that Ndc80 and dynein coordinate with each other for microtubule plus-end capture and that the phosphorylation status of Ndc80 is critical for productive kMT capture. A novel interaction between Ndc80 and dynein that we identify in prometaphase extracts might be critical for efficient plus-end capture. Thus, our studies, for the first time, identify a distinct event in the formation of initial kMT attachments, which is directly mediated by Ndc80 and in coordination with dynein is required for efficient kMT capture and chromosome alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdullahel Amin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Destiny Ariel Wallace
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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12
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Shi T, Hu Z, Tian L, Yang Y. Advances in lung adenocarcinoma: A novel perspective on prognoses and immune responses of CENPO as an oncogenic superenhancer. Transl Oncol 2023; 34:101691. [PMID: 37207381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent form of lung cancer globally, and its treatment remains a significant challenge. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the microenvironment to improve therapy and prognosis urgently. In this study, we utilized bioinformatic methods to analyze the transcription expression profile of patient samples with complete clinical information from the TCGA-LUAD datasets. To validate our findings, we also analyzed the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. The super-enhancer (SE) was visualized using the peaks of the H3K27ac and H3K4me1 ChIP-seq signal, which were identified by the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV). To further investigate the role of Centromere protein O (CENPO) in LUAD, we conducted various assays including Western blot, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell assays to assess the cell functions of CENPO in vitro. The overexpression of CENPO is linked to a poor prognosis in patients with LUAD. Strong signal peaks of H3K27ac and H3K4me1 were also observed near the predicted SE regions of CENPO. CENPO was found to be positively associated with the expression levels of immune checkpoints and drug IC50 value (Roscovitine and TGX221), but negatively associated with the fraction levels of several immature cells and drug IC50 value (CCT018159, GSK1904529A, Lenaildomide, and PD-173074). Additionally, CENPO-associated prognostic signature (CPS) was identified as an independent risk factor. The high-risk group for LUAD is identified based on CPS enrichment, which involved not only endocytosis that transfers mitochondria to promote cell survival in response to chemotherapy but also cell cycle promotion that leads to drug resistance. The removal of CENPO significantly suppressed metastasis and induced arrest and apoptosis of LUAD cells. The involvement of CENPO in the immunosuppression of LUAD provides a prognostic signature for LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongdong Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.288 Tianwen Avenue, Nan'an District, Chongqing 401336, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoxiu Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No.519 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.288 Tianwen Avenue, Nan'an District, Chongqing 401336, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Popchock AR, Larson JD, Dubrulle J, Asbury CL, Biggins S. Direct observation of coordinated assembly of individual native centromeric nucleosomes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524981. [PMID: 36711558 PMCID: PMC9882320 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromosome segregation requires the kinetochore, a megadalton-sized machine that forms on specialized centromeric chromatin containing CENP-A, a histone H3 variant. CENP-A deposition requires a chaperone protein HJURP that targets it to the centromere, but it has remained unclear whether HJURP has additional functions beyond CENP-A targeting and why high AT DNA content, which disfavors nucleosome assembly, is widely conserved at centromeres. To overcome the difficulties of studying nucleosome formation in vivo, we developed a microscopy assay that enables direct observation of de novo centromeric nucleosome recruitment and maintenance with single molecule resolution. Using this assay, we discover that CENP-A can arrive at centromeres without its dedicated centromere-specific chaperone HJURP, but stable incorporation depends on HJURP and additional DNA-binding proteins of the inner kinetochore. We also show that homopolymer AT runs in the yeast centromeres are essential for efficient CENP-A deposition. Together, our findings reveal requirements for stable nucleosome formation and provide a foundation for further studies of the assembly and dynamics of native kinetochore complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Popchock
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua D. Larson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julien Dubrulle
- Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles L. Asbury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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14
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McGory JM, Barcelos DM, Verma V, Maresca TJ. An intrinsically disordered kinetochore protein coordinates mechanical regulation of chromosome segregation by dynein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.07.539709. [PMID: 37214933 PMCID: PMC10197574 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.07.539709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores connect chromosomes and spindle microtubules to maintain genomic integrity through cell division. Crosstalk between the minus-end directed motor dynein and kinetochore-microtubule attachment factors promotes accurate chromosome segregation through a poorly understood pathway. Here we identify a physical linkage between the intrinsically disordered protein Spc105 (KNL1 orthologue) and dynein using an optogenetic oligomerization assay. Core pools of the checkpoint protein BubR1 and the adaptor complex RZZ mediate the connection of Spc105 to dynein. Furthermore, a minimal segment of Spc105 that contains regions with a propensity to multimerize and binding motifs for Bub1 and BubR1 is sufficient to functionally link Spc105 to RZZ and dynein. Deletion of the minimal region from Spc105 reduces recruitment of its binding partners to bioriented kinetochores and causes chromosome mis-segregation. Restoration of normal chromosome segregation and localization of BubR1 and RZZ requires both protein binding motifs and higher-order oligomerization of Spc105. Together, our results reveal that higher-order multimerization of Spc105 is required to recruit a core pool of RZZ that modulates microtubule attachment stability to promote accurate chromosome segregation.
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15
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Haase MAB, Lazar-Stefanita L, Ólafsson G, Wudzinska A, Shen MJ, Truong DM, Boeke JD. Human macroH2A1 drives nucleosome dephasing and genome instability in histone-humanized yeast. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.06.538725. [PMID: 37205538 PMCID: PMC10187286 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.06.538725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In addition to replicative histones, eukaryotic genomes encode a repertoire of non-replicative variant histones providing additional layers of structural and epigenetic regulation. Here, we systematically replaced individual replicative human histones with non-replicative human variant histones using a histone replacement system in yeast. Variants H2A.J, TsH2B, and H3.5 complemented for their respective replicative counterparts. However, macroH2A1 failed to complement and its expression was toxic in yeast, negatively interacting with native yeast histones and kinetochore genes. To isolate yeast with "macroH2A1 chromatin" we decoupled the effects of its macro and histone fold domains, which revealed that both domains sufficed to override native yeast nucleosome positioning. Furthermore, both modified constructs of macroH2A1 exhibited lower nucleosome occupancy that correlated with decreased short-range chromatin interactions (<20 Kb), disrupted centromeric clustering, and increased chromosome instability. While supporting viability, macroH2A1 dramatically alters chromatin organization in yeast, leading to genome instability and massive fitness defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. B. Haase
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, 430 East 29th Street, New York, 10016, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Luciana Lazar-Stefanita
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, 430 East 29th Street, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Guðjón Ólafsson
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, 430 East 29th Street, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Aleksandra Wudzinska
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, 430 East 29th Street, New York, 10016, USA
| | - Michael J. Shen
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, 430 East 29th Street, New York, 10016, USA
| | - David M. Truong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jef D. Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, 430 East 29th Street, New York, 10016, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
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16
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Natalino M, Fumasoni M. Experimental approaches to study evolutionary cell biology using yeasts. Yeast 2023; 40:123-133. [PMID: 36896914 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The past century has witnessed tremendous advances in understanding how cells function. Nevertheless, how cellular processes have evolved is still poorly understood. Many studies have highlighted surprising molecular diversity in how cells from diverse species execute the same processes, and advances in comparative genomics are likely to reveal much more molecular diversity than was believed possible until recently. Extant cells remain therefore the product of an evolutionary history that we vastly ignore. Evolutionary cell biology has emerged as a discipline aiming to address this knowledge gap by combining evolutionary, molecular, and cellular biology thinking. Recent studies have shown how even essential molecular processes, such as DNA replication, can undergo fast adaptive evolution under certain laboratory conditions. These developments open new lines of research where the evolution of cellular processes can be investigated experimentally. Yeasts naturally find themselves at the forefront of this research line. Not only do they allow the observation of fast evolutionary adaptation, but they also provide numerous genomic, synthetic, and cellular biology tools already developed by a large community. Here we propose that yeasts can serve as an "evolutionary cell lab" to test hypotheses, principles, and ideas in evolutionary cell biology. We discuss various experimental approaches available for this purpose, and how biology at large can benefit from them.
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17
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Lan H, Yuan J, Zhang R, Jiang B, Li Q, Huang Z, Chen P, Xiang H, Zeng X, Xiao S. Pancancer analysis of SKA1 mutation and its association with the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancers. Genomics 2023; 115:110554. [PMID: 36587749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role of SKA1 in cancer diagnosis and prognosis and to investigate the mechanism by which SKA1 affects the malignant behaviors of ovarian cancer. Herein, we analyzed the oncogenic role of SKA1 at pan-cancer level by multiple informatics databases and verified the analysis by in vitro experiments. As a result, SKA1 was upregulated across cancers and was related to poor clinical outcome and immune infiltration. Specifically, the constructed nomogram showed superior performance in predicting the prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Furthermore, the in vitro experiments revealed that silencing SKA1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migratory ability and enhanced the cisplatin sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, we explored the oncogenic and potential therapeutic role of SKA1 across cancers through multiple bioinformatic analysis and revealed that SKA1 may promote ovarian cancer progression and chemoresistance to cisplatin by activating the AKT-FOXO3a signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changsha Central Hospital of University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Oncology, Huaihua Hospital of University of South China, Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Biyao Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiaofen Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zongyan Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peiling Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huimin Xiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyang Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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18
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Gupta A, Dagar G, Chauhan R, Sadida HQ, Almarzooqi SK, Hashem S, Uddin S, Macha MA, Akil ASAS, Pandita TK, Bhat AA, Singh M. Cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer: Role, regulation, and therapeutic targeting. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:21-55. [PMID: 37061333 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell division is one of the fundamental phenomena which is the basis of all life on earth. Even a single base pair mutation in DNA leads to the production of the dysregulated protein that can have catastrophic consequences. Cell division is tightly controlled and orchestrated by proteins called cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKs), which serve as licensing factors during different phases of cell division. Dysregulated cell division is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer and is commonly associated with a mutation in cyclins and CDKs along with tumor suppressor proteins. Therefore, targeting the component of the cell cycle which leads to these characteristics would be an effective strategy for treating cancers. Specifically, Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) involved in cell cycle regulation have been identified to be overexpressed in many cancers. Many studies indicate that oncogenesis occurs in cancerous cells by the overactivity of different CDKs, which impact cell cycle progression and checkpoint dysregulation which is responsible for development of tumor. The development of CDK inhibitors has emerged as a promising and novel approach for cancer treatment in both solid and hematological malignancies. Some of the novel CDK inhibitors have shown remarkable results in clinical trials, such as-Ribociclib®, Palbociclib® and Abemaciclib®, which are CDK4/6 inhibitors and have received FDA approval for the treatment of breast cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the molecular mechanism through which cyclins and CDKs regulate cell cycle progression and the emergence of cyclins and CDKs as rational targets in cancer. We also discuss recent advances in developing CDK inhibitors, which have emerged as a novel class of inhibitors, and their associated toxicities in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Chauhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara K Almarzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Research Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B.R Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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19
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Embacher PA, Germanova TE, Roscioli E, McAinsh AD, Burroughs NJ. Bayesian inference of multi-point macromolecular architecture mixtures at nanometre resolution. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010765. [PMID: 36574448 PMCID: PMC9829179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaussian spot fitting methods have significantly extended the spatial range where fluorescent microscopy can be used, with recent techniques approaching nanometre (nm) resolutions. However, small inter-fluorophore distances are systematically over-estimated for typical molecular scales. This bias can be corrected computationally, but current algorithms are limited to correcting distances between pairs of fluorophores. Here we present a flexible Bayesian computational approach that infers the distances and angles between multiple fluorophores and has several advantages over these previous methods. Specifically it improves confidence intervals for small lengths, estimates measurement errors of each fluorophore individually and infers the correlations between polygon lengths. The latter is essential for determining the full multi-fluorophore 3D architecture. We further developed the algorithm to infer the mixture composition of a heterogeneous population of multiple polygon states. We use our algorithm to analyse the 3D architecture of the human kinetochore, a macro-molecular complex that is essential for high fidelity chromosome segregation during cell division. Using triple fluorophore image data we unravel the mixture of kinetochore states during human mitosis, inferring the conformation of microtubule attached and unattached kinetochores and their proportions across mitosis. We demonstrate that the attachment conformation correlates with intersister tension and sister alignment to the metaphase plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Embacher
- Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tsvetelina E. Germanova
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Burroughs
- Mathematics Institute and Zeeman Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Fischer ES. Kinetochore‐catalyzed MCC
formation: A structural perspective. IUBMB Life 2022; 75:289-310. [PMID: 36518060 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that functions to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Macromolecular complexes known as kinetochores, act as the interface of sister chromatid attachment to spindle microtubules. In response to unattached kinetochores, the SAC activates its effector, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which delays mitotic exit until all sister chromatid pairs have achieved successful attachment to the bipolar mitotic spindle. Formation of the MCC (composed of Mad2, BubR1, Bub3 and Cdc20) is regulated by an Mps1 kinase-dependent phosphorylation signaling cascade which assembles and repositions components of the MCC onto a catalytic scaffold. This scaffold functions to catalyze the conversion of the HORMA-domain protein Mad2 from an "inactive" open-state (O-Mad2) into an "active" closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2), and simultaneous Cdc20 binding. Here, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the kinetic barrier to C-Mad2:Cdc20 formation will be reviewed. Recent progress in elucidating the precise molecular choreography orchestrated by the catalytic scaffold to rapidly assemble the MCC will be examined, and unresolved questions will be highlighted. Ultimately, understanding how the SAC rapidly activates the checkpoint not only provides insights into how cells maintain genomic integrity during mitosis, but also provides a paradigm for how cells can utilize molecular switches, including other HORMA domain-containing proteins, to make rapid changes to a cell's physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse S. Fischer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
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21
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Dong Q, Li F. Cell cycle control of kinetochore assembly. Nucleus 2022; 13:208-220. [PMID: 36037227 PMCID: PMC9427032 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore is a large proteinaceous structure assembled on the centromeres of chromosomes. The complex machinery links chromosomes to the mitotic spindle and is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. The kinetochore is composed of two submodules: the inner and outer kinetochore. The inner kinetochore is assembled on centromeric chromatin and persists with centromeres throughout the cell cycle. The outer kinetochore attaches microtubules to the inner kinetochore, and assembles only during mitosis. The review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms governing the proper assembly of the outer kinetochore during mitosis and highlights open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Dong
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Takizawa Y, Kurumizaka H. Chromatin structure meets cryo-EM: Dynamic building blocks of the functional architecture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2022; 1865:194851. [PMID: 35952957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2022.194851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is a dynamic molecular complex composed of DNA and proteins that package the DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome core particle, composed of ~150 base pairs of genomic DNA wrapped around a histone octamer containing two copies each of four histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Individual nucleosome core particles are connected by short linker DNAs, forming a nucleosome array known as a beads-on-a-string fiber. Higher-order structures of chromatin are closely linked to nuclear events such as replication, transcription, recombination, and repair. Recently, a variety of chromatin structures have been determined by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), and their structural details have provided clues about the chromatin architecture functions in the cell. In this review, we highlight recent cryo-EM structural studies of a fundamental chromatin unit to clarify the functions of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Takizawa
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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23
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GRANT Motif Regulates CENP-A Incorporation and Restricts RNA Polymerase II Accessibility at Centromere. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101697. [PMID: 36292582 PMCID: PMC9602348 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise chromosome segregation is essential for maintaining genomic stability, and its proper execution centers on the centromere, a chromosomal locus that mounts the kinetochore complex to mediate attachment of chromosomes to the spindle microtubules. The location of the centromere is epigenetically determined by a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, CENP-A. Many human cancers exhibit overexpression of CENP-A, which correlates with occurrence of aneuploidy in these malignancies. Centromeric targeting of CENP-A depends on its histone fold, but recent studies showed that the N-terminal tail domain (NTD) also plays essential roles. Here, we investigated implications of NTD in conferring aneuploidy formation when CENP-A is overexpressed in fission yeast. A series of mutant genes progressively lacking one amino acid of the NTD have been constructed for overexpression in wild-type cells using the intermediate strength nmt41 promoter. Constructs hosting disrupted GRANT (Genomic stability-Regulating site within CENP-A N-Terminus) motif in NTD results in growth retardation, aneuploidy, increased localization to the centromere, upregulated RNA polymerase II accessibility and transcriptional derepression of the repressive centromeric chromatin, suggesting that GRANT residues fine-tune centromeric CENP-A incorporation and restrict RNA polymerase II accessibility. This work highlighted the importance of CENP-A NTD, particularly the GRANT motif, in aneuploidy formation of overexpressed CENP-A in fission yeast.
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24
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Gu X, Ye T, Zhang XR, Nie L, Wang H, Li W, Lu R, Fu C, Du LL, Zhou JQ. Single-chromosome fission yeast models reveal the configuration robustness of a functional genome. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111237. [PMID: 36001961 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, genetic information is usually carried on multiple chromosomes. Whether and how the number and configuration of chromosomes affect organismal fitness and speciation remain unclear. Here, we have successfully established several single-chromosome fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains, in which the three natural chromosomes have been fused into one giant chromosome in different orders. Chromosome fusions accompanied by the deletions of telomeres and centromeres result in the loss of chromosomal interactions and a drastic change of global chromosome organization, but alter gene expression marginally. The single-chromosome strains display little defects in cell morphology, mitosis, genotoxin sensitivity, and meiosis. Crosses between a wild-type strain and a single-chromosome strain or between two single-chromosome strains with different fusion orders suffer defective meiosis and poor spore viability. We conclude that eukaryotic genomes are robust against dramatic chromosomal reconfiguration, and stochastic changes in chromosome number and genome organization during evolution underlie reproductive isolation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Zhang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lingyun Nie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Frasergen Bioinformatics, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Frasergen Bioinformatics, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Frasergen Bioinformatics, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jin-Qiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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25
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Marsoner T, Yedavalli P, Masnovo C, Fink S, Schmitzer K, Campbell CS. Aurora B activity is promoted by cooperation between discrete localization sites in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar85. [PMID: 35704464 PMCID: PMC9582632 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-11-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome biorientation is promoted by the four-member chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) through phosphorylation of incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. During chromosome alignment, the CPC localizes to the inner centromere, the inner kinetochore, and spindle microtubules. Here we show that a small domain of the CPC subunit INCENP/Sli15 is required to target the complex to all three of these locations in budding yeast. This domain, the single alpha helix (SAH), is essential for phosphorylation of outer kinetochore substrates, chromosome segregation, and viability. By restoring the CPC to each of its three locations through targeted mutations and fusion constructs, we determined their individual contributions to chromosome biorientation. We find that only the inner centromere localization is sufficient for cell viability on its own. However, when combined, the inner kinetochore and microtubule binding activities are also sufficient to promote accurate chromosome segregation. Furthermore, we find that the two pathways target the CPC to different kinetochore attachment states, as the inner centromere-targeting pathway is primarily responsible for bringing the complex to unattached kinetochores. We have therefore discovered that two parallel localization pathways are each sufficient to promote CPC activity in chromosome biorientation, both depending on the SAH domain of INCENP/Sli15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Marsoner
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Poornima Yedavalli
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Masnovo
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Fink
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Schmitzer
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher S. Campbell
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Catanzaro D, Milani G, Bozza A, Bernardi M, Chieregato K, Menarin M, Merlo A, Celli P, Belli R, Peroni D, Pozzato A, Pozzato G, Raneri FA, Volpin L, Ruggeri M, Astori G. Selective cell cycle arrest in glioblastoma cell lines by quantum molecular resonance alone or in combination with temozolomide. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:824-835. [PMID: 35715634 PMCID: PMC9427848 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, characterised by high proliferation rates and cell invasiveness. Despite advances in surgery and radio-chemotherapy, patients continue to have poor prognoses, with a survival rate of 14–15 months. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Non-ionising electromagnetic fields represent an emerging option given the potential advantages of safety, low toxicity and the possibility to be combined with other therapies. Methods Here, the anticancer activity of quantum molecular resonance (QMR) was investigated. For this purpose, three glioblastoma cell lines were tested, and the QMR effect was evaluated on cancer cell proliferation rate and aggressiveness. To clarify the QMR mechanism of action, the proteomic asset after stimulation was delineated. Mesenchymal stromal cells and astrocytes were used as healthy controls. Results QMR affected cancer cell proliferation, inducing a significant arrest of cell cycle progression and reducing cancer tumorigenicity. These parameters were not altered in healthy control cells. Proteomic analysis suggested that QMR acts not only on DNA replication but also on the machinery involved in the mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Moreover, in a combined therapy assessment, QMR significantly enhanced temozolomide efficacy. Conclusions QMR technology appears to be a promising tool for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catanzaro
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Gloria Milani
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Angela Bozza
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Bernardi
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia Chieregato
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.,CORIS, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria, Via N. Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina Menarin
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Anna Merlo
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paola Celli
- Genetic Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Romina Belli
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniele Peroni
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Volpin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Astori
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Hematology Unit, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
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27
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Hattersley N, Schlientz AJ, Prevo B, Oegema K, Desai A. MEL-28/ELYS and CENP-C coordinately control outer kinetochore assembly and meiotic chromosome-microtubule interactions. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2563-2571.e4. [PMID: 35609608 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis and meiosis in the majority of eukaryotes, centromeric chromatin comprised of CENP-A nucleosomes and their reader CENP-C recruits components of the outer kinetochore to build an interface with spindle microtubules.1,2 One exception is C. elegans oocyte meiosis, where outer kinetochore proteins form cup-like structures on chromosomes independently of centromeric chromatin.3 Here, we show that the nucleoporin MEL-28 (ortholog of human ELYS) and CENP-CHCP-4 act in parallel to recruit outer kinetochore components to oocyte meiotic chromosomes. Unexpectedly, co-inhibition of MEL-28 and CENP-CHCP-4 resulted in chromosomes being expelled from the meiotic spindle prior to anaphase onset, a more severe phenotype than what was observed following ablation of the outer kinetochore.4,5 This observation suggested that MEL-28 and the outer kinetochore independently link chromosomes to spindle microtubules. Consistent with this, the chromosome expulsion defect was observed following co-inhibition of MEL-28 and the microtubule-coupling KNL-1/MIS-12/NDC-80 (KMN) network of the outer kinetochore. Use of engineered mutants showed that MEL-28 acts in conjunction with the microtubule-binding NDC-80 complex to keep chromosomes within the oocyte meiotic spindle and that this function likely involves the Y-complex of nucleoporins that associate with MEL-28; by contrast, the ability to dock protein phosphatase 1, shared by MEL-28 and KNL-1, is not involved. These results highlight nuclear pore-independent functions for a conserved nucleoporin and explain two unusual features of oocyte meiotic chromosome segregation in C. elegans: centromeric chromatin-independent outer kinetochore assembly, and dispensability of the outer kinetochore for constraining chromosomes in the acentrosomal meiotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hattersley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aleesa J Schlientz
- Division of Biological Sciences & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bram Prevo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Division of Biological Sciences & Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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28
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SWAP, SWITCH, and STABILIZE: Mechanisms of Kinetochore–Microtubule Error Correction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091462. [PMID: 35563768 PMCID: PMC9104000 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For correct chromosome segregation in mitosis, eukaryotic cells must establish chromosome biorientation where sister kinetochores attach to microtubules extending from opposite spindle poles. To establish biorientation, any aberrant kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be resolved in the process called error correction. For resolution of the aberrant interactions in error correction, kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be exchanged until biorientation is formed (the SWAP process). At initiation of biorientation, the state of weak kinetochore–microtubule interactions should be converted to the state of stable interactions (the SWITCH process)—the conundrum of this conversion is called the initiation problem of biorientation. Once biorientation is established, tension is applied on kinetochore–microtubule interactions, which stabilizes the interactions (the STABILIZE process). Aurora B kinase plays central roles in promoting error correction, and Mps1 kinase and Stu2 microtubule polymerase also play important roles. In this article, we review mechanisms of error correction by considering the SWAP, SWITCH, and STABILIZE processes. We mainly focus on mechanisms found in budding yeast, where only one microtubule attaches to a single kinetochore at biorientation, making the error correction mechanisms relatively simpler.
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29
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Wang Y, Yu T, Han Y, He Y, Song Y, Guo L, An L, Yang C, Wang F. Phosphorylation of MAD2 at Ser195 Promotes Spindle Checkpoint Defects and Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Radiotherapy in ATM Deficient Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:817831. [PMID: 35309941 PMCID: PMC8924061 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.817831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a critical monitoring device in mitosis for the maintenance of genomic stability. Specifically, the SAC complex comprises several factors, including Mad1, Mad2, and Bub1. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, the crucial regulator in DNA damage response (DDR), also plays a critical role in mitosis by regulating Mad1 dimerization and SAC. Here, we further demonstrated that ATM negatively regulates the phosphorylation of Mad2, another critical component of the SAC, which is also involved in DDR. Mechanistically, we found that phosphorylation of Mad2 is aberrantly increased in ATM-deficient cells. Point-mutation analysis further revealed that Serine 195 mainly mediated Mad2 phosphorylation upon ATM ablation. Functionally, the phosphorylation of Mad2 causes decreased DNA damage repair capacity and is related to the resistance to cancer cell radiotherapy. Altogether, this study unveils the key regulatory role of Mad2 phosphorylation in checkpoint defects and DNA damage repair in ATM-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital Affiliated to Naval Military Medical University, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiming Guo
- Department of R&D, Shanghai Creative Immune Therapeutics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunying Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Central Laboratory, Shanghai Putuo District People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Garribba L, Santaguida S. The Dynamic Instability of the Aneuploid Genome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838928. [PMID: 35265623 PMCID: PMC8899291 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper partitioning of replicated sister chromatids at each mitosis is crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis. Errors in this process lead to aneuploidy, a condition in which daughter cells harbor genome imbalances. Importantly, aneuploid cells often experience DNA damage, which in turn could drive genome instability. This might be the product of DNA damage accumulation in micronuclei and/or a consequence of aneuploidy-induced replication stress in S-phase. Although high levels of genome instability are associated with cell cycle arrest, they can also confer a proliferative advantage in some circumstances and fuel tumor growth. Here, we review the main consequences of chromosome segregation errors on genome stability, with a special focus on the bidirectional relationship between aneuploidy and DNA damage. Also, we discuss recent findings showing how increased genome instability can provide a proliferation improvement under specific conditions, including chemotherapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Garribba
- Department of Experimental Oncology at IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Santaguida
- Department of Experimental Oncology at IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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31
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Doodhi H, Tanaka TU. Swap and stop - Kinetochores play error correction with microtubules: Mechanisms of kinetochore-microtubule error correction: Mechanisms of kinetochore-microtubule error correction. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100246. [PMID: 35261042 PMCID: PMC9344824 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Correct chromosome segregation in mitosis relies on chromosome biorientation, in which sister kinetochores attach to microtubules from opposite spindle poles prior to segregation. To establish biorientation, aberrant kinetochore–microtubule interactions must be resolved through the error correction process. During error correction, kinetochore–microtubule interactions are exchanged (swapped) if aberrant, but the exchange must stop when biorientation is established. In this article, we discuss recent findings in budding yeast, which have revealed fundamental molecular mechanisms promoting this “swap and stop” process for error correction. Where relevant, we also compare the findings in budding yeast with mechanisms in higher eukaryotes. Evidence suggests that Aurora B kinase differentially regulates kinetochore attachments to the microtubule end and its lateral side and switches relative strength of the two kinetochore–microtubule attachment modes, which drives the exchange of kinetochore–microtubule interactions to resolve aberrant interactions. However, Aurora B kinase, recruited to centromeres and inner kinetochores, cannot reach its targets at kinetochore–microtubule interface when tension causes kinetochore stretching, which stops the kinetochore–microtubule exchange once biorientation is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Doodhi
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tomoyuki U Tanaka
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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32
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Zaqout S, Kaindl AM. Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly: Not Just a Small Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:784700. [PMID: 35111754 PMCID: PMC8802810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.784700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly or reduced head circumference results from a multitude of abnormal developmental processes affecting brain growth and/or leading to brain atrophy. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is the prototype of isolated primary (congenital) microcephaly, affecting predominantly the cerebral cortex. For MCPH, an accelerating number of mutated genes emerge annually, and they are involved in crucial steps of neurogenesis. In this review article, we provide a deeper look into the microcephalic MCPH brain. We explore cytoarchitecture focusing on the cerebral cortex and discuss diverse processes occurring at the level of neural progenitors, early generated and mature neurons, and glial cells. We aim to thereby give an overview of current knowledge in MCPH phenotype and normal brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Zaqout
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Angela M. Kaindl
- Institute of Cell and Neurobiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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34
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KURUMIZAKA H. Structural studies of functional nucleosome complexes with transacting factors. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:1-14. [PMID: 35013027 PMCID: PMC8795532 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the genomic DNA is hierarchically organized into chromatin. Chromatin structures and dynamics influence all nuclear functions that are guided by DNA, and thus regulate gene expression. Chromatin structure aberrations cause various health issues, such as cancer, lifestyle-related diseases, mental disorders, infertility, congenital diseases, and infectious diseases. Many studies have unveiled the fundamental features and the heterogeneity of the nucleosome, which is the basic repeating unit of chromatin. The nucleosome is the highly conserved primary chromatin architecture in eukaryotes, but it also has structural versatility. Therefore, analyses of these primary chromatin structures will clarify the higher-order chromatin architecture. This review focuses on structural and functional studies of nucleosomes, based on our research accomplishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi KURUMIZAKA
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Compartmentalized control of Cdk1 drives mitotic spindle assembly. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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36
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Abstract
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell that drives it to divide and produce two new daughter cells. Through more than 100 years of efforts by scientists, we now have a much clearer picture of cell cycle progression and its regulation. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the G1, S, G2, and M phases. The M phase is further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. Cell cycle progression is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory cyclin subunits. However, the driving force of cell cycle progression is growth factor-initiated signaling pathways that controls the activity of various Cdk-cyclin complexes. Most cellular events, including DNA duplication, gene transcription, protein translation, and post-translational modification of proteins, occur in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. To understand these cellular events and their underlying molecular mechanisms, it is desirable to have a population of cells that are traversing the cell cycle synchronously. This can be achieved through a process called cell synchronization. Many methods have been developed to synchronize cells to the various phases of the cell cycle. These methods could be classified into two groups: synchronization methods using chemical inhibitors and synchronization methods without using chemical inhibitors. All these methods have their own merits and shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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37
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Lin J, Chen X, Yu H, Min S, Chen Y, Li Z, Xie X. NUF2 Drives Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma by Activating HMGA2 Transcription through KDM2A-mediated H3K36me2 Demethylation. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:3621-3635. [PMID: 35813477 PMCID: PMC9254462 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.70972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor sensitivity of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy makes its treatment challenging. The Ndc80 kinetochore complex component (NUF2) is involved in the development and progression of several cancers. However, its role in ccRCC remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the biological functions and underlying mechanism of NUF2 in ccRCC. We found that NUF2 expression was increased in ccRCC and associated with poor prognosis. Altering NUF2 level affected cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, NUF2 acted as a potential oncogene to promote the progression of ccRCC through epigenetic activation of high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) transcription by suppressing lysine demethylase 2A expression and affecting its occupancy on the HMGA2 promoter region to regulate histone H3 lysine 36 di-methylation modification. In addition, Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis revealed that patients whose NUF2 and HMGA2 were both elevated showed the shortest survival; and the number of upregulated markers acted as an independent predictor to evaluate survival probability. Thus, our results demonstrate that NUF2 promotes ccRCC progression, at least partly by epigenetically regulating HMGA2 transcription, and that the NUF2-HMGA2 axis could be an ideal therapeutic target and a promising prognostic indicator for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Lin
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongjian Yu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shasha Min
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yequn Chen
- Department of Community Surveillance, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Xina Xie, E-mail: ; Zesong Li, E-mail:
| | - Xina Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Xina Xie, E-mail: ; Zesong Li, E-mail:
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Martin IM, Aponte-Santamaría C, Schmidt L, Hedtfeld M, Iusupov A, Musacchio A, Gräter F. Phosphorylation tunes elongation propensity and cohesiveness of INCENP's intrinsically disordered region. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167387. [PMID: 34883116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inner centromere protein, INCENP, is crucial for correct chromosome segregation during mitosis. It connects the kinase Aurora B to the inner centromere allowing this kinase to dynamically access its kinetochore targets. However, the function of its central, 440-residue long intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and its multiple phosphorylation sites is unclear. Here, we determined the conformational ensemble of INCENP's IDR, systematically varying the level of phosphorylation, using all-atom and coarse-grain molecular dynamics simulations. Our simulations show that phosphorylation expands INCENP's IDR, both locally and globally, mainly by increasing its overall net charge. The disordered region undergoes critical globule-to-coil conformational transitions and the transition temperature non-monotonically depends on the degree of phosphorylation, with a mildly phosphorylated case of neutral net charge featuring the highest collapse propensity. The IDR transitions from a multitude of globular states, accompanied by several specific internal contacts that reduce INCENP length by loop formation, to weakly interacting and highly extended coiled conformations. Phosphorylation critically shifts the population between these two regimes. It thereby influences cohesiveness and phase behavior of INCENP IDR assemblies, a feature presumably relevant for INCENP's function in the chromosomal passenger complex. Overall, we propose the disordered region of INCENP to act as a phosphorylation-regulated and length-variable component, within the previously defined "dog-leash" model, that thereby regulates how Aurora B reaches its targets for proper chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Martin
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany. https://twitter.com/@IsabelMMartin
| | - Camilo Aponte-Santamaría
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biophysics, University of Los Andes, Cra. 1 #18a-12, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia. https://twitter.com/@camiloapontelab
| | - Lisa Schmidt
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marius Hedtfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Living Matter, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adel Iusupov
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. https://twitter.com/@AndreaMusacchi1
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, INF 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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39
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Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression by Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123327. [PMID: 34943835 PMCID: PMC8699227 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell, which drives it to divide and produce two new daughter cells. The typical cell cycle in eukaryotes is composed of the following phases: G1, S, G2, and M phase. Cell cycle progression is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory cyclin subunits. However, the driving force of cell cycle progression is growth factor-initiated signaling pathways that control the activity of various Cdk–cyclin complexes. While the mechanism underlying the role of growth factor signaling in G1 phase of cell cycle progression has been largely revealed due to early extensive research, little is known regarding the function and mechanism of growth factor signaling in regulating other phases of the cell cycle, including S, G2, and M phase. In this review, we briefly discuss the process of cell cycle progression through various phases, and we focus on the role of signaling pathways activated by growth factors and their receptor (mostly receptor tyrosine kinases) in regulating cell cycle progression through various phases.
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40
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Abstract
The centromere performs a universally conserved function, to accurately partition genetic information upon cell division. Yet, centromeres are among the most rapidly evolving regions of the genome and are bound by a varying assortment of centromere-binding factors that are themselves highly divergent at the protein-sequence level. A common thread in most species is the dependence on the centromere-specific histone variant CENP-A for the specification of the centromere site. However, CENP-A is not universally required in all species or cell types, making the identification of a general mechanism for centromere specification challenging. In this review, we examine our current understanding of the mechanisms of centromere specification in CENP-A-dependent and independent systems, focusing primarily on recent work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Dong Q, Yang J, Gao J, Li F. Recent insights into mechanisms preventing ectopic centromere formation. Open Biol 2021; 11:210189. [PMID: 34493071 PMCID: PMC8424319 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a specialized chromosomal structure essential for chromosome segregation. Centromere dysfunction leads to chromosome segregation errors and genome instability. In most eukaryotes, centromere identity is specified epigenetically by CENP-A, a centromere-specific histone H3 variant. CENP-A replaces histone H3 in centromeres, and nucleates the assembly of the kinetochore complex. Mislocalization of CENP-A to non-centromeric regions causes ectopic assembly of CENP-A chromatin, which has a devastating impact on chromosome segregation and has been linked to a variety of human cancers. How non-centromeric regions are protected from CENP-A misincorporation in normal cells is largely unexplored. Here, we review the most recent advances on the mechanisms underlying the prevention of ectopic centromere formation, and discuss the implications in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Dong
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | - Jinpu Yang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
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Ribonucleic Acid Export 1 Is a Kinetochore-Associated Protein That Participates in Chromosome Alignment in Mouse Oocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094841. [PMID: 34063622 PMCID: PMC8125685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid export 1 (Rae1) is an important nucleoporin that participates in mRNA export during the interphase of higher eukaryotes and regulates the mitotic cell cycle. In this study, small RNA interference technology was used to knockdown Rae1, and immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and chromosome spreading were used to study the role of Rae1 in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. We found that Rae1 is a crucial regulator of meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. After the resumption of meiosis (GVBD), Rae1 was concentrated on the kinetochore structure. The knockdown of Rae1 by a specific siRNA inhibited GVBD progression at 2 h, finally leading to a decreased 14 h polar body extrusion (PBE) rate. However, a comparable 14 h PBE rate was found in the control, and the Rae1 knockdown groups that had already undergone GVBD. Furthermore, we found elevated PBE after 9.5 h in the Rae1 knockdown oocytes. Further analysis revealed that Rae1 depletion significantly decreased the protein level of securin. In addition, we detected weakened kinetochore–microtubule (K-MT) attachments, misaligned chromosomes, and an increased incidence of aneuploidy in the Rae1 knockdown oocytes. Collectively, we propose that Rae1 modulates securin protein levels, which contribute to chromosome alignment, K-MT attachments, and aneuploidy in meiosis.
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43
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Transcriptome Analyses Throughout Chili Pepper Fruit Development Reveal Novel Insights into the Domestication Process. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030585. [PMID: 33808668 PMCID: PMC8003350 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an important crop, as well as a model for fruit development studies and domestication. Here, we performed a time-course experiment to estimate standardized gene expression profiles with respect to fruit development for six domesticated and four wild chili pepper ancestors. We sampled the transcriptomes every 10 days from flowering to fruit maturity, and found that the mean standardized expression profiles for domesticated and wild accessions significantly differed. The mean standardized expression was higher and peaked earlier for domesticated vs. wild genotypes, particularly for genes involved in the cell cycle that ultimately control fruit size. We postulate that these gene expression changes are driven by selection pressures during domestication and show a robust network of cell cycle genes with a time shift in expression, which explains some of the differences between domesticated and wild phenotypes.
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Giunta S, Hervé S, White RR, Wilhelm T, Dumont M, Scelfo A, Gamba R, Wong CK, Rancati G, Smogorzewska A, Funabiki H, Fachinetti D. CENP-A chromatin prevents replication stress at centromeres to avoid structural aneuploidy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2015634118. [PMID: 33653953 PMCID: PMC7958389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015634118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation relies on centromeres, yet their repetitive DNA is often prone to aberrant rearrangements under pathological conditions. Factors that maintain centromere integrity to prevent centromere-associated chromosome translocations are unknown. Here, we demonstrate the importance of the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A in safeguarding DNA replication of alpha-satellite repeats to prevent structural aneuploidy. Rapid removal of CENP-A in S phase, but not other cell-cycle stages, caused accumulation of R loops with increased centromeric transcripts, and interfered with replication fork progression. Replication without CENP-A causes recombination at alpha-satellites in an R loop-dependent manner, unfinished replication, and anaphase bridges. In turn, chromosome breakage and translocations arise specifically at centromeric regions. Our findings provide insights into how specialized centromeric chromatin maintains the integrity of transcribed noncoding repetitive DNA during S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Giunta
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Solène Hervé
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Ryan R White
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Therese Wilhelm
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Andrea Scelfo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Gamba
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cheng Kit Wong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giulia Rancati
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France;
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45
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Wang X, Zhang D, Zheng C, Wu S, Glotzer M, Tse YC. Cortical recruitment of centralspindlin and RhoA effectors during meiosis I of Caenorhabditis elegans primary spermatocytes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.238543. [PMID: 33468621 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploid male gametes are produced through meiosis during gametogenesis. Whereas the cell biology of mitosis and meiosis is well studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, comparatively little is known regarding the physical division of primary spermatocytes during meiosis I. Here, we investigated this process using high-resolution time-lapse confocal microscopy and examined the spatiotemporal regulation of contractile ring assembly in C. elegans primary spermatocytes. We found that centralspindlin and RhoA effectors were recruited to the equatorial cortex of dividing primary spermatocytes for contractile ring assembly before segregation of homologous chromosomes. We also observed that perturbations shown to promote centralspindlin oligomerization regulated the cortical recruitment of NMY-2 and impacted the order in which primary spermatocytes along the proximal-distal axis of the gonad enter meiosis I. These results expand our understanding of the cellular division of primary spermatocytes into secondary spermatocytes during meiosis I.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchuan Wang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cunni Zheng
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Michael Glotzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yu Chung Tse
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Core Research Facilities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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46
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The right place at the right time: Aurora B kinase localization to centromeres and kinetochores. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:299-311. [PMID: 32406506 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis is intimately linked to the function of kinetochores, which are large protein complexes assembled at sites of centromeric heterochromatin on mitotic chromosomes. These key "orchestrators" of mitosis physically connect chromosomes to spindle microtubules and transduce forces through these connections to congress chromosomes and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Kinetochore-microtubule attachments are highly regulated to ensure that incorrect attachments are not prematurely stabilized, but instead released and corrected. The kinase activity of the centromeric protein Aurora B is required for kinetochore-microtubule destabilization during mitosis, but how the kinase acts on outer kinetochore substrates to selectively destabilize immature and erroneous attachments remains debated. Here, we review recent literature that sheds light on how Aurora B kinase is recruited to both centromeres and kinetochores and discuss possible mechanisms for how kinase interactions with substrates at distinct regions of mitotic chromosomes are regulated.
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47
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Giardini MC, Nieves M, Scannapieco AC, Conte CA, Milla FH, Schapovaloff ME, Frissolo MS, Remis MI, Cladera JL, Lanzavecchia SB. Geographic distribution of sex chromosome polymorphism in Anastrepha fraterculus sp. 1 from Argentina. BMC Genet 2020; 21:149. [PMID: 33339514 PMCID: PMC7747450 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastrepha fraterculus is recognized as a quarantine pest in several American countries. This fruit fly species is native to the American continent and distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It has been reported as a complex of cryptic species, and at least eight morphotypes have been described. Only one entity of this complex, formerly named Anastrepha fraterculus sp. 1, is present in Argentina. Previous cytogenetic studies on this morphotype described the presence of sex chromosome variation identified by chromosomal size and staining patterns. In this work, we expanded the cytological study of this morphotype by analyzing laboratory strains and wild populations to provide information about the frequency and geographic distribution of these sex chromosome variants. We analyzed the mitotic metaphases of individuals from four laboratory strains and five wild populations from the main fruit-producing areas of Argentina, including the northwest (Tucumán and La Rioja), northeast (Entre Ríos and Misiones), and center (Buenos Aires) of the country. RESULTS In wild samples, we observed a high frequency of X1X1 (0.94) and X1Y5 (0.93) karyomorphs, whereas X1X2 and X1Y6 were exclusively found at a low frequency in Buenos Aires (0.07 and 0.13, respectively), Entre Ríos (0.16 and 0.14, respectively) and Tucumán (0.03 and 0.04, respectively). X2X2 and X2Y5 karyomorphs were not found in wild populations but were detected at a low frequency in laboratory strains. In fact, karyomorph frequencies differed between wild populations and laboratory strains. No significant differences among A. fraterculus wild populations were evidenced in either karyotypic or chromosomal frequencies. However, a significant correlation was observed between Y5 chromosomal frequency and latitude. CONCLUSIONS We discuss the importance of cytogenetics to understand the possible route of invasion and dispersion of this pest in Argentina and the evolutionary forces acting under laboratory conditions, possibly driving changes in the chromosomal frequencies. Our findings provide deep and integral genetic knowledge of this species, which has become of relevance to the characterization and selection of valuable A. fraterculus sp. 1 strains for mass rearing production and SIT implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cecilia Giardini
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética (IGEAF), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA- CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Nieves
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, IEGEBA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Carla Scannapieco
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética (IGEAF), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA- CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Alejandra Conte
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética (IGEAF), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA- CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabián Horacio Milla
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética (IGEAF), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA- CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Elena Schapovaloff
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Maria Soledad Frissolo
- Subprograma La Rioja, Programa Nacional de Control y Erradicación de Moscas de los Frutos (PROCEM), La Rioja, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Remis
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Genética de la Estructura Poblacional, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución,IEGEBA (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Luis Cladera
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética (IGEAF), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA- CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Beatriz Lanzavecchia
- Laboratorio de Insectos de Importancia Agronómica, Instituto de Genética (IGEAF), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), INTA- CONICET, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liu Y, Li X, He Y, Wang H, Gao M, Han L, Qiu D, Ling L, Liu H, Gu L. ASB7 Is a Novel Regulator of Cytoskeletal Organization During Oocyte Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595917. [PMID: 33251222 PMCID: PMC7674779 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box (ASB) family members have a C-terminal SOCS box and an N-terminal ankyrin-related sequence of variable repeats. To date, the roles of ASB family members remain largely unknown. In the present study, by employing knockdown analysis, we investigated the effects of ASB7 on mouse oocyte meiosis. We show that specific depletion of ASB7 disrupts maturational progression and meiotic apparatus. In particular, abnormal spindle, misaligned chromosomes, and loss of cortical actin cap are frequently observed in ASB7-abated oocytes. Consistent with this observation, incidence of aneuploidy is increased in these oocytes. Meanwhile, confocal scanning reveals that loss of ASB7 impairs kinetochore–microtubule interaction and provokes the spindle assembly checkpoint during oocyte meiosis. Furthermore, we find a significant reduction of ASB7 protein in oocytes from aged mice. Importantly, increasing ASB7 expression is capable of partially rescuing the maternal age-induced meiotic defects in oocytes. Together, our data identify ASB7 as a novel player in regulating cytoskeletal organization and discover the potential effects of ASB7 on quality control of aging oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Jinling Hospital Department Reproductive Medical Center, Clinical School of Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfu He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longsen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danhong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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49
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Ludzia P, Akiyoshi B, Redfield C. 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments for the microtubule-binding domain of the kinetoplastid kinetochore protein KKT4 from Trypanosoma brucei. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2020; 14:309-315. [PMID: 32696260 PMCID: PMC7462909 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-020-09968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
KKT4 is a kinetoplastid-specific microtubule-binding kinetochore protein that lacks significant similarity to any known kinetochore or microtubule-binding proteins. Here we present the 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments for several fragments from the microtubule-binding domain of KKT4 (KKT4115-343) from Trypanosoma brucei. These assignments provide the starting point for detailed investigations of the structure, dynamics and interactions of the microtubule-binding region of KKT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Ludzia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bungo Akiyoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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Niazi Y, Thomsen H, Smolkova B, Vodickova L, Vodenkova S, Kroupa M, Vymetalkova V, Kazimirova A, Barancokova M, Volkovova K, Staruchova M, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Dusinska M, Musak L, Vodicka P, Hemminki K, Försti A. Impact of genetic polymorphisms in kinetochore and spindle assembly genes on chromosomal aberration frequency in healthy humans. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 858-860:503253. [PMID: 33198934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a characteristic of a majority of human malignancies. Chromosomal instability is a common form of genomic instability that can be caused by defects in mitotic checkpoint genes. Chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood are also indicative of genotoxic exposure and potential cancer risk. We evaluated associations between inherited genetic variants in 33 mitotic checkpoint genes and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in the presence and absence of environmental genotoxic exposure. Associations with both chromosome and chromatid type of aberrations were evaluated in two cohorts of healthy individuals, namely an exposed and a reference group consisting of 607 and 866 individuals, respectively. Binary logistic and linear regression analyses were performed for the association studies. Bonferroni-corrected significant p-value was 5 × 10-4 for 99 tests based on the number of analyzed genes and phenotypes. In the reference group the most prominent associations were found with variants in CCNB1, a master regulator of mitosis, and in genes involved in kinetochore function, including CENPH and TEX14, whereas in the exposed group the main association was found with variants in TTK, also an important gene in kinetochore function. How the identified variants may affect the fidelity of mitotic checkpoint remains to be investigated, however, the present study suggests that genetic variation may partly explain interindividual variation in the formation of CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Niazi
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hauke Thomsen
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; GeneWerk GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 582, 6910, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Vodenkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kroupa
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vymetalkova
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kazimirova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Magdalena Barancokova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Volkovova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Staruchova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine and University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn School of Medicine and University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Ludovit Musak
- Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Malá Hora(4D), 03601, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine, of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 4, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic; Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- Department of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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