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Wei Y, Jiang Y, Lu Y, Hu Q. Histone modifications in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: pathogenesis insights and therapeutic implications. J Med Genet 2024:jmg-2024-110045. [PMID: 39327039 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2024-110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a commonly encountered genetic ailment marked by loss-of-function mutations in the Dystrophin gene, ultimately resulting in progressive debilitation of skeletal muscle. The investigation into the pathogenesis of DMD has increasingly converged on the role of histone modifications within the broader context of epigenetic regulation. These modifications, including histone acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation, are catalysed by specific enzymes and play a critical role in gene expression. This article provides an overview of the histone modifications occurring in DMD and analyses the research progress and potential of different types of histone modifications in DMD due to changes in cellular signalling for muscle regeneration, to provide new insights into diagnostic and therapeutic options for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Wei
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Molecular Medicine Research of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yufei Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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2
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Borkúti P, Kristó I, Szabó A, Kovács Z, Vilmos P. FERM domain-containing proteins are active components of the cell nucleus. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302489. [PMID: 38296350 PMCID: PMC10830384 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The FERM domain is a conserved and widespread protein module that appeared in the common ancestor of amoebae, fungi, and animals, and is therefore now found in a wide variety of species. The primary function of the FERM domain is localizing to the plasma membrane through binding lipids and proteins of the membrane; thus, for a long time, FERM domain-containing proteins (FDCPs) were considered exclusively cytoskeletal. Although their role in the cytoplasm has been extensively studied, the recent discovery of the presence and importance of cytoskeletal proteins in the nucleus suggests that FDCPs might also play an important role in nuclear function. In this review, we collected data on their nuclear localization, transport, and possible functions, which are still scattered throughout the literature, with special regard to the role of the FERM domain in these processes. With this, we would like to draw attention to the exciting, new dimension of the role of FDCPs, their nuclear activity, which could be an interesting novel direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anikó Szabó
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Vilmos
- HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Al-Ghabkari A, Carlson DA, Haystead TAJ, MacDonald JA. Cooperative involvement of zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) and the dual-specificity cell-division cycle 14A phosphatase (CDC14A) in vascular smooth muscle cell migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.583600. [PMID: 38496458 PMCID: PMC10942413 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.583600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase with regulatory involvement in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) actin polymerization and focal adhesion assembly dynamics. ZIPK silencing can induce cytoskeletal remodeling with disassembly of actin stress fiber networks and coincident loss of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-pY397 phosphorylation. The link between ZIPK inhibition and FAK phosphorylation is unknown, and critical interactor(s) and regulator(s) are not yet defined. In this study, we further analyzed the ZIPK-FAK relationship in VSMCs. The application of HS38, a selective ZIPK inhibitor, to coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) suppressed cell migration, myosin light chain phosphorylation (pT18&pS19) and FAK-pY397 phosphorylation as well. This was associated with the translocation of cytoplasmic FAK to the nucleus. ZIPK inhibition with HS38 was consistently found to suppress the activation of FAK and attenuate the phosphorylation of other focal adhesion protein components (i.e., pCas130, paxillin, ERK). In addition, our study showed a decrease in human cell-division cycle 14A phosphatase (CDC14A) levels with ZIPK-siRNA treatment and increased CDC14A with transient transfection of ZIPK. Proximity ligation assays (PLA) revealed CDC14A localized with ZIPK and FAK. Silencing CDC14A showed an increase of FAK-pY397 phosphorylation. Ultimately, the data presented herein strongly support a regulatory mechanism of FAK in CASMCs by a ZIPK-CDC14A partnership; ZIPK may act as a key signal integrator to control CDC14A and FAK during VSMC migration.
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4
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Jose L, Gonzalez J, Kessinger E, Androphy EJ, DeSmet M. Focal Adhesion Kinase Binds to the HPV E2 Protein to Regulate Initial Replication after Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1203. [PMID: 37887719 PMCID: PMC10609836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are small DNA tumor viruses that infect cutaneous and mucosal epithelia. The viral lifecycle is linked to the differentiation status of the epithelium. During initial viral infection, the genomes replicate at a low copy number but the mechanism(s) the virus uses to control the copy number during this stage is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that the tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) binds to and phosphorylates the high-risk viral E2 protein, the key regulator of HPV replication. The depletion of FAK with a specific PROTAC had no effect on viral DNA content in keratinocytes that already maintain HPV-16 and HPV-31 episomes. In contrast, the depletion of FAK significantly increased HPV-16 DNA content in keratinocytes infected with HPV-16 quasiviruses. These data imply that FAK prevents the over-replication of the HPV genome after infection through the interaction and phosphorylation of the E2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leny Jose
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.J.); (E.K.); (E.J.A.)
| | - Jessica Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Emma Kessinger
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.J.); (E.K.); (E.J.A.)
| | - Elliot J. Androphy
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.J.); (E.K.); (E.J.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Marsha DeSmet
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (L.J.); (E.K.); (E.J.A.)
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5
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Cho UH, Hetzer MW. Caspase-mediated nuclear pore complex trimming in cell differentiation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. eLife 2023; 12:RP89066. [PMID: 37665327 PMCID: PMC10476967 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, caspases degrade 8 out of ~30 nucleoporins to irreversibly demolish the nuclear pore complex. However, for poorly understood reasons, caspases are also activated during cell differentiation. Here, we show that sublethal activation of caspases during myogenesis results in the transient proteolysis of four peripheral Nups and one transmembrane Nup. 'Trimmed' NPCs become nuclear export-defective, and we identified in an unbiased manner several classes of cytoplasmic, plasma membrane, and mitochondrial proteins that rapidly accumulate in the nucleus. NPC trimming by non-apoptotic caspases was also observed in neurogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our results suggest that caspases can reversibly modulate nuclear transport activity, which allows them to function as agents of cell differentiation and adaptation at sublethal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukrae H Cho
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)KlosterneuburgAustria
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6
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Bastin J, Sroussi M, Nemazanyy I, Laurent-Puig P, Mouillet-Richard S, Djouadi F. Downregulation of mitochondrial complex I induces ROS production in colorectal cancer subtypes that differently controls migration. J Transl Med 2023; 21:522. [PMID: 37533102 PMCID: PMC10398918 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be classified into four molecular subtypes (CMS) among which CMS1 is associated with the best prognosis, while CMS4, the mesenchymal subtype, has the worst outcome. Although mitochondria are considered to be hubs of numerous signaling pathways, the study of mitochondrial metabolism has been neglected for many years. Mitochondrial Complex I (CI) plays a dual role, both in energy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the possible contribution of CI to tumorigenesis in cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the CI under the prism of the CMS classification of CRC in ex vivo models. METHODS Biochemical dosages, bioenergetics analysis and western-blot were used to characterize CI expression, function and redox balance in LoVo and MDST8 cell lines, belonging to CMS1 and CMS4 subgroups, respectively. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed by xCELLigence technology. Overproduction or scavenging of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) were performed to analyze the effect of mtROS on proliferation, migration, and mesenchymal markers. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its activation were analyzed by immunofluorescence. We assessed the distribution of two CI scores in CRC cohorts according to CMS classification and their relevance for patient survival. RESULTS We found that CI is downregulated in CMS4 cells and is associated with elevated mtROS. We establish for the first time that in these migrating cells, mtROS production is maintained at optimal levels not only through changes in CI activity but also by inactivation/acetylation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), a major mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme. We show that promoting or scavenging mtROS both mitigate CMS4 cells' migration. Our results also point to a mtROS-mediated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, which likely sustains their migratory phenotype. Using cohorts of CRC patients, we document that the expression of CI is downregulated in the CMS4 subgroup, and that low CI expression is associated with poor prognosis. Patients' datasets reveal an inverse correlation between CI and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. CONCLUSION We showed that inhibition of CI contributes to heighten mtROS, which likely foster MDST8 migration and might account for the specific EMT signature of CMS4 tumors. These data reveal a novel role of mitochondrial CI in CRC, with biological consequences that may be targeted with anti- or pro-oxidant drugs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bastin
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 15, Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Marine Sroussi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 15, Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielle de la Ville de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Plate Plateforme d'étude du Métabolisme, SFR Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 15, Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology Hôpital Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 15, Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Djouadi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, 15, Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
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7
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Sahinyan K, Lazure F, Blackburn DM, Soleimani VD. Decline of regenerative potential of old muscle stem cells: contribution to muscle aging. FEBS J 2023; 290:1267-1289. [PMID: 35029021 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are required for life-long muscle regeneration. In general, aging has been linked to a decline in the numbers and the regenerative potential of MuSCs. Muscle regeneration depends on the proper functioning of MuSCs, which is itself dependent on intricate interactions with its niche components. Aging is associated with both cell-intrinsic and niche-mediated changes, which can be the result of transcriptional, posttranscriptional, or posttranslational alterations in MuSCs or in the components of their niche. The interplay between cell intrinsic alterations in MuSCs and changes in the stem cell niche environment during aging and its impact on the number and the function of MuSCs is an important emerging area of research. In this review, we discuss whether the decline in the regenerative potential of MuSCs with age is the cause or the consequence of aging skeletal muscle. Understanding the effect of aging on MuSCs and the individual components of their niche is critical to develop effective therapeutic approaches to diminish or reverse the age-related defects in muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korin Sahinyan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Felicia Lazure
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Darren M Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vahab D Soleimani
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Le Coq J, Acebrón I, Rodrigo Martin B, López Navajas P, Lietha D. New insights into FAK structure and function in focal adhesions. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:277381. [PMID: 36239192 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK; also known as PTK2) was discovered three decades ago and is now recognised as a key player in the regulation of cell-matrix adhesion and mesenchymal cell migration. Although it is essential during development, FAK also drives invasive cancer progression and metastasis. On a structural level, the basic building blocks of FAK have been described for some time. However, a picture of how FAK integrates into larger assemblies in various cellular environments, including one of its main cellular locations, the focal adhesion (FA) complex, is only beginning to emerge. Nano-resolution data from cellular studies, as well as atomic structures from reconstituted systems, have provided first insights, but also point to challenges that remain for obtaining a full structural understanding of how FAK is integrated in the FA complex and the structural changes occurring at different stages of FA maturation. In this Review, we discuss the known structural features of FAK, the interactions with its partners within the FA environment on the cell membrane and propose how its initial assembly in nascent FAs might change during FA maturation under force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Le Coq
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Acebrón
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Rodrigo Martin
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López Navajas
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lietha
- Structural and Chemical Biology, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Simiate and the focal adhesion kinase FAK1 cooperate in the regulation of dendritogenesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11274. [PMID: 35787638 PMCID: PMC9253104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the crucial importance of dendritogenesis for the correct functioning of neurons, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal arborisation are still not well understood. Current models suggest that distinct parts and phases of dendritic development are regulated by the expression of distinct transcription factors, that are able to target the cytoskeleton. Two proteins recently implicated in dendritogenesis are the Focal Adhesion Kinase FAK1 and the Actin-binding protein Simiate. Using heterologous expression systems as well as mouse brain extracts in combination with coprecipitation assays, we show that Simiate is able to associate with FAK1. Differential centrifugation experiments further revealed the interaction to be present in cytosolic as well as nuclear fractions. Inside the nucleus though, Simiate preferentially binds to a FAK1 isoform of 80 kDa, which has previously been shown to regulate transcription factor activity. Investigating the function of both proteins in primary hippocampal cultures, we further found that FAK1 and Simiate have distinct roles in dendritogenesis: While FAK1 increases dendrite length and number, Simiate preferentially enhances growth and branching. However, if being confined to the nucleus, Simiate selectively triggers primary dendrite formation, enhancing transcription activity at the same time. Since the effect on primary dendrites is specifically re-normalized by a co-expression of FAK1 and Simiate in the nucleus, the data implies that the two proteins interact to counterbalance each other in order to control dendrite formation. Looking at the role of the cytosolic interaction of FAK1 and Simiate, we found that neurotrophin induced dendritogenesis causes a striking colocalisation of FAK1 and Simiate in dendritic growth cones, which is not present otherwise, thus suggesting that the cytosolic interaction stimulates growth cone mediated dendritogenesis in response to certain external signals. Taken together, the data show that FAK1 and Simiate exert several and distinct actions during the different phases of dendritogenesis and that these actions are related to their subcellular localisation and their interaction.
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10
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Pomella S, Cassandri M, Braghini MR, Marampon F, Alisi A, Rota R. New Insights on the Nuclear Functions and Targeting of FAK in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041998. [PMID: 35216114 PMCID: PMC8874710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase over-expressed and activated in both adult and pediatric cancers, where it plays important roles in the regulation of pathogenesis and progression of the malignant phenotype. FAK exerts its functions in cancer by two different ways: a kinase activity in the cytoplasm, mainly dependent on the integrin signaling, and a scaffolding activity into the nucleus by networking with different gene expression regulators. For this reason, FAK has to be considered a target with high therapeutic values. Indeed, evidence suggests that FAK targeting could be effective, either alone or in combination, with other already available treatments. Here, we propose an overview of the novel insights about FAK’s structure and nuclear functions, with a special focus on the recent findings concerning the roles of this protein in cancer. Additionally, we provide a recent update on FAK inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials for patients with cancer, and discuss the challenge and future directions of drug-based anti-FAK targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Rita Braghini
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Alisi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Complex Phenotypes, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-06-68592186 (A.A.); +39-06-68592648 (R.R.)
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (R.R.); Tel.: +39-06-68592186 (A.A.); +39-06-68592648 (R.R.)
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11
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FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031726. [PMID: 35163650 PMCID: PMC8836199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.
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12
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Day RN, Day KH, Pavalko FM. Direct visualization by FRET-FLIM of a putative mechanosome complex involving Src, Pyk2 and MBD2 in living MLO-Y4 cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261660. [PMID: 34941939 PMCID: PMC8699642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we proposed the “mechanosome” concept as a testable model for understanding how mechanical stimuli detected by cell surface adhesion molecules are transmitted to modulate gene expression inside cells. Here, for the first time we document a putative mechanosome involving Src, Pyk2 and MBD2 in MLO-Y4 osteocytes with high spatial resolution using FRET-FLIM. Src-Pyk2 complexes were concentrated at the periphery of focal adhesions and the peri-nuclear region. Pyk2-MBD2 complexes were located primarily in the nucleus and peri-nuclear region. Lifetime measurements indicated that Src and MBD2 did not interact directly. Finally, mechanical stimulation by fluid flow induced apparent accumulation of Src-Pyk2 protein complexes in the peri-nuclear/nuclear region, consistent with the proposed behavior of a mechanosome in response to a mechanical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Day
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Kathleen H. Day
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Fredrick M. Pavalko
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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de Pins B, Mendes T, Giralt A, Girault JA. The Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 in Brain Function and Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:749001. [PMID: 34690733 PMCID: PMC8527176 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.749001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyk2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly enriched in forebrain neurons. Pyk2 is closely related to focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which plays an important role in sensing cell contacts with extracellular matrix and other extracellular signals controlling adhesion and survival. Pyk2 shares some of FAK’s characteristics including recruitment of Src-family kinases after autophosphorylation, scaffolding by interacting with multiple partners, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Pyk2, however, has the unique property to respond to increases in intracellular free Ca2+, which triggers its autophosphorylation following stimulation of various receptors including glutamate NMDA receptors. Pyk2 is dephosphorylated by the striatal-enriched phosphatase (STEP) that is highly expressed in the same neuronal populations. Pyk2 localization in neurons is dynamic, and altered following stimulation, with post-synaptic and nuclear enrichment. As a signaling protein Pyk2 is involved in multiple pathways resulting in sometimes opposing functions depending on experimental models. Thus Pyk2 has a dual role on neurites and dendritic spines. With Src family kinases Pyk2 participates in postsynaptic regulations including of NMDA receptors and is necessary for specific types of synaptic plasticity and spatial memory tasks. The diverse functions of Pyk2 are also illustrated by its role in pathology. Pyk2 is activated following epileptic seizures or ischemia-reperfusion and may contribute to the consequences of these insults whereas Pyk2 deficit may contribute to the hippocampal phenotype of Huntington’s disease. Pyk2 gene, PTK2B, is associated with the risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Studies of underlying mechanisms indicate a complex contribution with involvement in amyloid toxicity and tauopathy, combined with possible functional deficits in neurons and contribution in microglia. A role of Pyk2 has also been proposed in stress-induced depression and cocaine addiction. Pyk2 is also important for the mobility of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells. The implication of Pyk2 in various pathological conditions supports its potential interest for therapeutic interventions. This is possible through molecules inhibiting its activity or increasing it through inhibition of STEP or other means, depending on a precise evaluation of the balance between positive and negative consequences of Pyk2 actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit de Pins
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Tiago Mendes
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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14
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Wang F, Yang W, Li R, Sui Z, Cheng G, Zhou B. Molecular description of pyrimidine-based inhibitors with activity against FAK combining 3D-QSAR analysis, molecular docking and molecular dynamics. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Rugowska A, Starosta A, Konieczny P. Epigenetic modifications in muscle regeneration and progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:13. [PMID: 33468200 PMCID: PMC7814631 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a multisystemic disorder that affects 1:5000 boys. The severity of the phenotype varies dependent on the mutation site in the DMD gene and the resultant dystrophin expression profile. In skeletal muscle, dystrophin loss is associated with the disintegration of myofibers and their ineffective regeneration due to defective expansion and differentiation of the muscle stem cell pool. Some of these phenotypic alterations stem from the dystrophin absence-mediated serine-threonine protein kinase 2 (MARK2) misplacement/downregulation in activated muscle stem (satellite) cells and neuronal nitric oxide synthase loss in cells committed to myogenesis. Here, we trace changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of regulatory noncoding RNAs during muscle regeneration, from the stage of satellite cells to myofibers. Furthermore, we describe the abrogation of these epigenetic regulatory processes due to changes in signal transduction in DMD and point to therapeutic treatments increasing the regenerative potential of diseased muscles based on this acquired knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rugowska
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Starosta
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Patryk Konieczny
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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16
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Massenet J, Gardner E, Chazaud B, Dilworth FJ. Epigenetic regulation of satellite cell fate during skeletal muscle regeneration. Skelet Muscle 2021; 11:4. [PMID: 33431060 PMCID: PMC7798257 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to muscle injury, muscle stem cells integrate environmental cues in the damaged tissue to mediate regeneration. These environmental cues are tightly regulated to ensure expansion of muscle stem cell population to repair the damaged myofibers while allowing repopulation of the stem cell niche. These changes in muscle stem cell fate result from changes in gene expression that occur in response to cell signaling from the muscle environment. Integration of signals from the muscle environment leads to changes in gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Such mechanisms, including post-translational modification of chromatin and nucleosome repositioning, act to make specific gene loci more, or less, accessible to the transcriptional machinery. In youth, the muscle environment is ideally structured to allow for coordinated signaling that mediates efficient regeneration. Both age and disease alter the muscle environment such that the signaling pathways that shape the healthy muscle stem cell epigenome are altered. Altered epigenome reduces the efficiency of cell fate transitions required for muscle repair and contributes to muscle pathology. However, the reversible nature of epigenetic changes holds out potential for restoring cell fate potential to improve muscle repair in myopathies. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge of the mechanisms allowing muscle stem cell fate transitions during regeneration and how it is altered in muscle disease. In addition, we provide some examples of how epigenetics could be harnessed therapeutically to improve regeneration in various muscle pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Massenet
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Mailbox 511, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 8 Rockefeller Ave, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Edward Gardner
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Mailbox 511, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, 8 Rockefeller Ave, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Mailbox 511, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,LIFE Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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17
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Murphy JM, Rodriguez YAR, Jeong K, Ahn EYE, Lim STS. Targeting focal adhesion kinase in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:877-886. [PMID: 32514188 PMCID: PMC7338452 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an integrin-associated protein tyrosine kinase that is frequently overexpressed in advanced human cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that aside from FAK's catalytic activity in cancer cells, its cellular localization is also critical for regulating the transcription of chemokines that promote a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME) by suppressing destructive host immunity. In addition to the protumor roles of FAK in cancer cells, FAK activity within cells of the TME may also support tumor growth and metastasis through various mechanisms, including increased angiogenesis and vascular permeability and effects related to fibrosis in the stroma. Small molecule FAK inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating tumor growth and metastasis, and some are currently in clinical development phases. However, several preclinical trials have shown increased benefits from dual therapies using FAK inhibitors in combination with other chemotherapies or with immune cell activators. This review will discuss the role of nuclear FAK as a driver for tumor cell survival as well as potential therapeutic strategies to target FAK in both tumors and the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Yelitza A R Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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18
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Luca E, Turcekova K, Hartung A, Mathes S, Rehrauer H, Krützfeldt J. Genetic deletion of microRNA biogenesis in muscle cells reveals a hierarchical non-clustered network that controls focal adhesion signaling during muscle regeneration. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100967. [PMID: 32240622 PMCID: PMC7139120 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decreased muscle mass is a major contributor to age-related morbidity, and strategies to improve muscle regeneration during ageing are urgently needed. Our aim was to identify the subset of relevant microRNAs (miRNAs) that partake in critical aspects of muscle cell differentiation, irrespective of computational predictions, genomic clustering or differential expression of the miRNAs. METHODS miRNA biogenesis was deleted in primary myoblasts using a tamoxifen-inducible CreLox system and combined with an add-back miRNA library screen. RNA-seq experiments, cellular signalling events, and glycogen synthesis, along with miRNA inhibitors, were performed in human primary myoblasts. Muscle regeneration in young and aged mice was assessed using the cardiotoxin (CTX) model. RESULTS We identified a hierarchical non-clustered miRNA network consisting of highly (miR-29a), moderately (let-7) and mildly active (miR-125b, miR-199a, miR-221) miRNAs that cooperate by directly targeting members of the focal adhesion complex. Through RNA-seq experiments comparing single versus combinatorial inhibition of the miRNAs, we uncovered a fundamental feature of this network, that miRNA activity inversely correlates to miRNA cooperativity. During myoblast differentiation, combinatorial inhibition of the five miRNAs increased activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), AKT, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and improved myotube formation and insulin-dependent glycogen synthesis. Moreover, antagonizing the miRNA network in vivo following CTX-induced muscle regeneration enhanced muscle mass and myofiber formation in young and aged mice. CONCLUSION Our results provide novel insights into the dynamics of miRNA cooperativity and identify a miRNA network as therapeutic target for impaired focal adhesion signalling and muscle regeneration during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlira Luca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Katarina Turcekova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Switzerland; Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETH, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Hartung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Mathes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich UZH/ETH, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Jan Krützfeldt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, 8091, Switzerland; Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETH, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8091, Switzerland.
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19
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Choi MH, Palanichamy Kala M, Ow JR, Rao VK, Suriyamurthy S, Taneja R. GLP inhibits heterochromatin clustering and myogenic differentiation by repressing MeCP2. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:161-174. [PMID: 28992061 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myogenic differentiation is accompanied by alterations in the chromatin states, which permit or restrict the transcriptional machinery and thus impact distinctive gene expression profiles. The mechanisms by which higher-order chromatin remodeling is associated with gene activation and silencing during differentiation is not fully understood. In this study, we provide evidence that the euchromatic lysine methyltransferase GLP regulates heterochromatin organization and myogenic differentiation. Interestingly, GLP represses expression of the methyl-binding protein MeCP2 that induces heterochromatin clustering during differentiation. Consequently, MeCP2 and HP1γ localization at major satellites are altered upon modulation of GLP expression. In GLP knockdown cells, depletion of MeCP2 restored both chromatin organization and myogenic differentiation. These results identify a novel regulatory axis between a histone methylation writer and DNA methylation reader, which is important for heterochromatin organization during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hee Choi
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Monica Palanichamy Kala
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Jin Rong Ow
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Vinay Kumar Rao
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Sudha Suriyamurthy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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20
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Zhou J, Yi Q, Tang L. The roles of nuclear focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on Cancer: a focused review. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:250. [PMID: 31186061 PMCID: PMC6560741 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
FAK is a tyrosine kinase overexpressed in cancer cells and plays an important role in the progression of tumors to a malignant phenotype. Except for its typical role as a cytoplasmic kinase downstream of integrin and growth factor receptor signaling, related studies have shown new aspects of the roles of FAK in the nucleus. FAK can promote p53 degradation through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. FAK can also regulate GATA4 and IL-33 expression, resulting in reduced inflammatory responses and immune escape. These findings establish a new model of FAK from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Activated FAK binds to transcription factors and regulates gene expression. Inactive FAK synergizes with different E3 ligases to promote the turnover of transcription factors by enhancing ubiquitination. In the tumor microenvironment, nuclear FAK can regulate the formation of new blood vessels, affecting the tumor blood supply. This article reviews the roles of nuclear FAK in regulating gene expression. In addition, the use of FAK inhibitors to target nuclear FAK functions will also be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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21
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Jeong K, Kim JH, Murphy JM, Park H, Kim SJ, Rodriguez YAR, Kong H, Choi C, Guan JL, Taylor JM, Lincoln TM, Gerthoffer WT, Kim JS, Ahn EYE, Schlaepfer DD, Lim STS. Nuclear Focal Adhesion Kinase Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointimal Hyperplasia Through GATA4-Mediated Cyclin D1 Transcription. Circ Res 2019; 125:152-166. [PMID: 31096851 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neointimal hyperplasia is characterized by excessive accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) leading to occlusive disorders, such as atherosclerosis and stenosis. Blood vessel injury increases growth factor secretion and matrix synthesis, which promotes SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia via FAK (focal adhesion kinase). OBJECTIVE To understand the mechanism of FAK action in SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Using combined pharmacological FAK catalytic inhibition (VS-4718) and SMC-specific FAK kinase-dead (Myh11-Cre-ERT2) mouse models, we report that FAK regulates SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in part by governing GATA4- (GATA-binding protein 4) cyclin D1 signaling. Inhibition of FAK catalytic activity facilitates FAK nuclear localization, which is required for proteasome-mediated GATA4 degradation in the cytoplasm. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified GATA4 binding to the mouse cyclin D1 promoter, and loss of GATA4-mediated cyclin D1 transcription diminished SMC proliferation. Stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor or serum activated FAK and redistributed FAK from the nucleus to cytoplasm, leading to concomitant increase in GATA4 protein and cyclin D1 expression. In a femoral artery wire injury model, increased neointimal hyperplasia was observed in parallel with elevated FAK activity, GATA4 and cyclin D1 expression following injury in control mice, but not in VS-4718-treated and SMC-specific FAK kinase-dead mice. Finally, lentiviral shGATA4 knockdown in the wire injury significantly reduced cyclin D1 expression, SMC proliferation, and neointimal hyperplasia compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear enrichment of FAK by inhibition of FAK catalytic activity during vessel injury blocks SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia through regulation of GATA4-mediated cyclin D1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Jeong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Mitchell Cancer Institute (J.-H.K., H.K., E.-Y.E.A), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - James M Murphy
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Hyeonsoo Park
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Yelitza A R Rodriguez
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Hyunkyung Kong
- Mitchell Cancer Institute (J.-H.K., H.K., E.-Y.E.A), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Chungsik Choi
- Department of Physiology (C.C., T.M.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, OH (J.-L.G.)
| | - Joan M Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (J.M.T.)
| | - Thomas M Lincoln
- Department of Physiology (C.C., T.M.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - Jun-Sub Kim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile.,Department of Biotechnology, Korea National Transportation University, Chungbuk (J.-S.K.)
| | - Eun-Young Erin Ahn
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile.,Mitchell Cancer Institute (J.-H.K., H.K., E.-Y.E.A), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.D.S.)
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (K.J., J.M.M., H.P., S.-J.K., Y.A.R.R., W.T.G., J.-S.K., E.-Y.E.A., S.-T.S.L.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile
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Al-Ghabkari A, Qasrawi DO, Alshehri M, Narendran A. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation is a key regulator of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) cell viability and migration. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1461-1469. [PMID: 31006845 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children. Pathogenesis of RMS is associated with aggressive growth pattern and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. There are two main subtypes or RMS: embryonal and alveolar. The embryonal type is characterized by distinct molecular aberrations, including alterations in the activity of certain protein kinases. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a vital role in focal adhesion (FA) assembly to promote cytoskeleton dynamics and regulation of cell motility. It is regulated by multiple phosphorylation sites: tyrosine 397, Tyr 576/577, and Tyr 925. Tyrosine 397 is the autophosphorylation site that regulates FAK localization at the cell periphery to facilitate the assembly and formation of the FA complex. The kinase activity of FAK is mediated by the phosphorylation of Tyr 576/577 within the kinase domain activation loop. Aberrations of FAK phosphorylation have been linked to the pathogenesis of different types of cancers. In this regard, pY397 upregulation is linked to increase ERMS cell motility, invasion, and tumorigenesis. METHODS In this study, we have used an established human embryonal muscle rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD as a model to examine FAK phosphorylation profiles to characterize its role in the pathogenies of RMS. RESULTS Our findings revealed a significant increase of FAK phosphorylation at pY397 in RD cells compared to control cells (hTERT). On the other hand, Tyr 576/577 phosphorylation levels in RD cells displayed a pronounced reduction. Our data showed that Y925 residue exhibited no detectable change. The in vitro analysis showed that the FAK inhibitor, PF-562271 led to G1 cell-cycle arrest induced cell death (IC50, ~ 12 µM) compared to controls. Importantly, immunostaining analyses displayed a noticeable reduction of Y397 phosphorylation following PF-562271 treatment. Our data also showed that PF-562271 suppressed RD cell migration in a dose-dependent manner associated with a reduction in Y397 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein indicate that targeting FAK phosphorylation at distinct sites is a promising strategy in future treatment approaches for defined subgroups of rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Deema O Qasrawi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mana Alshehri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aru Narendran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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23
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Chuang HH, Wang PH, Niu SW, Zhen YY, Huang MS, Hsiao M, Yang CJ. Inhibition of FAK Signaling Elicits Lamin A/C-Associated Nuclear Deformity and Cellular Senescence. Front Oncol 2019; 9:22. [PMID: 30761269 PMCID: PMC6363943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor kinase that facilitates tumor aggressiveness. The effects of FAK inhibition include arresting proliferation, limiting metastasis, and inhibiting angiogenesis. PF-573228 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of FAK. Treating lung cancer cells with PF-573228 resulted in FAK inactivation and changes in the expressions of lamin A/C and nuclear deformity. Since lamin A/C downregulation or deficiency was associated with cellular senescence, the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay was used to investigate whether PF-573228 treatment drove cellular senescence, which showed more SA-β-gal-positive cells in culture. p53 is known to play a pivotal role in mediating the progression of cellular senescence, and the PF-573228-treated lung cancer cells resulted in a higher p53 expression level. Subsequently, the FAK depletion in lung cancer cells was employed to confirm the role of FAK inhibition on cellular senescence. FAK depletion and pharmacological inhibition of lung cancer cells elicited similar patterns of cellular senescence, lamin A/C downregulation, and p53 upregulation, implying that FAK signaling is associated with the expression of p53 and the maintenance of lamin A/C levels to shape regular nuclear morphology and manage anti-senescence. Conversely, FAK inactivation led to p53 upregulation, disorganization of the nuclear matrix, and consequently cellular senescence. Our data suggest a new FAK signaling pathway, in that abolishing FAK signaling can activate the senescence program in cells. Triggering cellular senescence could be a new therapeutic approach to limit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Niu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Zhen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Chen T, Zhang Y, Xu R, Wang W, Cheng M, Chen Q. Aberrant Activation Of Hedgehog Signalling Promotes Cell Migration And Invasion Via Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 In Ovarian Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:990-1003. [PMID: 30854105 PMCID: PMC6400802 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway by Glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) transcription factors is involved in the aggressive progression of cancers, including ovarian cancer. Whereas the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unelucidated. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) facilitates degradation of the extracellular matrix, promoting the invasion of tumour cells, and is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. In previous reports, we identified a set of genes regulated by Hh signalling in ovarian tumour cells among which MMP-7 was identified as a potential Hh target gene candidate. However, establishing an association between Hh signalling activation and MMP-7 expression requires further validation, and the function of this regulation remains unknown. Methods: A cDNA microarray was utilized to identify potential downstream targets of Hh signalling. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate mRNA expression, and immunoblotting (IB) was conducted to evaluate protein expression. The invasive and migratory capabilities of tumour cells were tested with the transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. The mRNA levels of Gli2 and MMP-7 in normal ovarian tissues and cancerous tissues in various stages together with the corresponding clinical information were acquired from the indicated GEO datasets to elucidate associations between MMP-7 expression and cancer progression and prognosis. Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in multiple ovarian cancers, benign tumours and normal tissues to evaluate Gli2 and MMP-7 protein expression. Results: MMP-7 expression was regulated by the Hh ligand, antagonist and downstream transcript factor Gli2, demonstrating this gene as an Hh target. MMP-7 facilitated the invasion and migration of ovarian tumour cells, indicating its key function in ovarian cancer progression. IHC analysis demonstrated abnormally increased Gli2 and MMP-7 expression levels in benign tumours and ovarian cancer tissues. Moreover, high MMP-7 levels were significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) and poor progression-free survival (PFS) in ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion: Aberrant activation of the Hh-Gli-MMP-7 signalling axis is essential for acceleration of the progression and metastasis of human ovarian cancer, implicating its use as a novel therapeutic target of ovarian cancer. In addition, MMP-7 can potentially serve as a prognostic marker of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yiting Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Wanwan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Minzhang Cheng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Naser R, Aldehaiman A, Díaz-Galicia E, Arold ST. Endogenous Control Mechanisms of FAK and PYK2 and Their Relevance to Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E196. [PMID: 29891810 PMCID: PMC6025627 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its close paralogue, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2), are key regulators of aggressive spreading and metastasis of cancer cells. While targeted small-molecule inhibitors of FAK and PYK2 have been found to have promising antitumor activity, their clinical long-term efficacy may be undermined by the strong capacity of cancer cells to evade anti-kinase drugs. In healthy cells, the expression and/or function of FAK and PYK2 is tightly controlled via modulation of gene expression, competing alternatively spliced forms, non-coding RNAs, and proteins that directly or indirectly affect kinase activation or protein stability. The molecular factors involved in this control are frequently deregulated in cancer cells. Here, we review the endogenous mechanisms controlling FAK and PYK2, and with particular focus on how these mechanisms could inspire or improve anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Naser
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah Aldehaiman
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Escarlet Díaz-Galicia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Nuclear FAK and its kinase activity regulate VEGFR2 transcription in angiogenesis of adult mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2550. [PMID: 29416084 PMCID: PMC5803223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is essential in embryonic angiogenesis by regulating endothelial cell (EC) survival and barrier functions through its kinase-independent and -dependent activities. Here, we generated EC-specific tamoxifen-inducible FAK knockout and FAK kinase-defective (KD) mutant knockin mice to investigate the role of FAK and its kinase activity in angiogenesis of adult animals. Unlike previous observations of their differential defects in embryonic vascular development, both FAK ablation and inactivation of its kinase activity resulted in deficient angiogenesis in wound-healing as well as retinal angiogenesis models. Consistent with these phenotypes, loss of FAK or its kinase activity decreased EC proliferation and migration to similar extents, suggesting FAK primarily acts as a kinase for the regulation of adult EC-mediated angiogenesis. Further mechanistic analyses were carried out using an established mouse EC line MS1 cells. Interestingly, we found that FAK regulated the expression of VEGFR2, a central mediator of various EC functions and angiogenesis, which requires both FAK kinase activity and its translocation into the nucleus. Moreover, nuclear FAK was detected in the RNA polymerase II complex associated with VEGFR2 promoter, suggesting its direct participation in the transcriptional regulation of VEGFR2. Together, our results provide significant insights into the signaling mechanisms of FAK in angiogenesis that may contribute to future design of more effective angiogenesis related therapy.
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Wu B, Liang X, Jing H, Han X, Sun Y, Guo C, Liu Y, Cheng W. Effect of NET-1 siRNA conjugated sub-micron bubble complex combined with low-frequency ultrasound exposure in gene transfection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4150-4160. [PMID: 29423111 PMCID: PMC5790528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of NET-1 siRNA-conjugated sub-micron bubble (SMB) complexes combined with low-frequency ultrasound exposure in gene transfection. The NET-1 gene was highly expressed level in SMMC-7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. The cells were divided into seven groups and treated with different conditions. The groups with or without low-frequency ultrasound exposure, groups of adherent cells, and suspension cells were separated. The NET-1 siRNA-conjugated SMB complexes were made in the laboratory and tested by Zetasizer Nano ZS90 analyzer. Flow cytometry was used to estimate the transfection efficiency and cellular apoptosis. Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used for the estimation of the protein and mRNA expressions, respectively. Transwell analysis determined the migration and invasion capacities of the tumor cells. The results did not show any difference in the transfection efficiency between adherent and suspension cells. However, the NET-1 siRNA-SMB complexes combined with low-frequency ultrasound exposure could enhance the gene transfection effectively. In summary, the NET-1 siRNA-SMB complexes appeared to be promising gene vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xitian Liang
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hui Jing
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yixin Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Cunli Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has known signaling roles in cytoplasmic adhesion structures, but was recently shown to act as a transcriptional regulator in the nucleus. In this issue of Structure, Cardoso et al. (2016) report that mechanical forces translocate FAK to the nucleus of cardiomyocytes, and provide structural insights into how FAK interacts with the MEF2 transcription factor to control cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lietha
- Cell Signalling and Adhesion Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Le Moal E, Pialoux V, Juban G, Groussard C, Zouhal H, Chazaud B, Mounier R. Redox Control of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:276-310. [PMID: 28027662 PMCID: PMC5685069 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle shows high plasticity in response to external demand. Moreover, adult skeletal muscle is capable of complete regeneration after injury, due to the properties of muscle stem cells (MuSCs), the satellite cells, which follow a tightly regulated myogenic program to generate both new myofibers and new MuSCs for further needs. Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have long been associated with skeletal muscle physiology, their implication in the cell and molecular processes at work during muscle regeneration is more recent. This review focuses on redox regulation during skeletal muscle regeneration. An overview of the basics of ROS/RNS and antioxidant chemistry and biology occurring in skeletal muscle is first provided. Then, the comprehensive knowledge on redox regulation of MuSCs and their surrounding cell partners (macrophages, endothelial cells) during skeletal muscle regeneration is presented in normal muscle and in specific physiological (exercise-induced muscle damage, aging) and pathological (muscular dystrophies) contexts. Recent advances in the comprehension of these processes has led to the development of therapeutic assays using antioxidant supplementation, which result in inconsistent efficiency, underlying the need for new tools that are aimed at precisely deciphering and targeting ROS networks. This review should provide an overall insight of the redox regulation of skeletal muscle regeneration while highlighting the limits of the use of nonspecific antioxidants to improve muscle function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 276-310.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Le Moal
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA7424, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Juban
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carole Groussard
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, M2S, EA1274, University of Rennes 2, Bruz, France
| | - Bénédicte Chazaud
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rémi Mounier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS UMR 5310, Villeurbanne, France
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Ahmadi M, Gharibi T, Dolati S, Rostamzadeh D, Aslani S, Baradaran B, Younesi V, Yousefi M. Epigenetic modifications and epigenetic based medication implementations of autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 87:596-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. Focal adhesion kinase signaling in unexpected places. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:24-30. [PMID: 28213315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase first identified at extracellular matrix and integrin receptor cell adhesion sites and is a key regulator of cell movement. FAK is activated by a variety of stimuli. Herein, we discuss advances in conformational-associated FAK activation and dimerization mechanisms. Additionally, new roles have emerged for FAK signaling at cell adhesions, adherens junctions, endosomes, and the nucleus. In light of these new findings, we review how FAK activation at these sites is connected to the regulation of integrin recycling-activation, vascular permeability, cell survival, and transcriptional regulation, respectively. Studies uncovering FAK signaling connections in unexpected places within cells have yielded important new regulatory insights in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Kleinschmidt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States.
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32
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Wang D, Hu G, Du Y, Zhang C, Lu Q, Lv N, Luo S. Aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling promotes cell proliferation via the transcriptional activation of forkhead Box M1 in colorectal cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:23. [PMID: 28148279 PMCID: PMC5288899 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that the aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by Gli transcription factors is characteristic of a variety of aggressive human carcinomas, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) controls the expression of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins, and FoxM1 expression is elevated in a broad range of human malignancies, which suggests that it plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying FoxM1 expression are not fully understood. Here, we aim to further investigate the molecular mechanism by which Gli1 regulates FoxM1 in CRC. METHODS Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to evaluate FoxM1 and Gli1 protein expression, respectively, in CRC tissues and matched adjacent normal mucosa. BrdU (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine) and clone formation assays were used to clarify the influence of FoxM1 on CRC cell growth and proliferation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase experiments were performed to explore the potential mechanisms by which Gli1 regulates FoxM1. Additionally, the protein and mRNA expression levels of Gli1 and FoxM1 in six CRC cell lines were measured using Western blotting and real-time PCR. Finally, the effect of Hh signaling on the expression of FoxM1 was studied in cell biology experiments, and the effects of Hh signaling activation and FoxM1 inhibition on the distribution of CRC cells among cell cycle phases was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Gli1 and FoxM1 were abnormally elevated in human CRC tissues compared with matched adjacent normal mucosa samples, and FoxM1 is a downstream target gene of the transcription factor Gli1 in CRC and promoted CRC cell growth and proliferation. Moreover, the aberrant activation of Hh signaling promoted CRC cell proliferation by directly binding to the promoter of FoxM1 and transactivating the activity of FoxM1 in CRC cells. CONCLUSION The dysregulation of the Hh-Gli1-FoxM1 axis is essential for the proliferation and growth of human CRC cells and offers a potent target for therapeutic intervention in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeJie Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Guohui Hu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, Nancahng, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ying Du
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, Nancahng, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, Nancahng, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Nonghua Lv
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China. .,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, Nancahng, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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Zhou F, Huang D, Li Y, Hu G, Rao H, Lu Q, Luo S, Wang Y. Nek2A/SuFu feedback loop regulates Gli-mediated Hedgehog signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:373-380. [PMID: 28035348 PMCID: PMC5238777 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppressor of Fused (SuFu), one of the most conserved components of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, binds Gli transcription factors and impedes activation of target gene expression in mammalian cells. Despite the central importance of SuFu in the Hh pathway, little is known about SuFu regulation. In a previous study, we identified NIMA-related expressed kinase 2A (Nek2A) as a SuFu-interacting protein. Here, we show that Nek2A stabilizes SuFu through impairing ubiquitin/proteasome degradation of SuFu. In addition, Nek2A negatively regulates target genes of Hh signaling as well as Gli2 transcriptional activity. In turn, inhibition of Hh signaling by GANT61 diminishes mRNA and protein levels of Nek2A, and Hh agonist promotes transcription of NEK2A gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Gli1 and Gli2 directly bind to the promoter regions of NEK2A gene and induced its transcription. Thus, we uncovered one of the mechanisms by which Nek2A acts as a modulator of the Hh signaling pathway in the context of a novel negative-feedback loop, which may offer new insights into Gli-mediated Hh signaling regulation in development and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhou
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Dengliang Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Liu L, Luo Q, Sun J, Song G. Nucleus and nucleus-cytoskeleton connections in 3D cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bilodeau PA, Coyne ES, Wing SS. The ubiquitin proteasome system in atrophying skeletal muscle: roles and regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C392-403. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00125.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy complicates many diseases as well as aging, and its presence predicts both decreased quality of life and survival. Much work has been conducted to define the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining protein homeostasis in muscle. To date, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been shown to play an important role in mediating muscle wasting. In this review, we have collated the enzymes in the UPS whose roles in muscle wasting have been confirmed through loss-of-function studies. We have integrated information on their mechanisms of action to create a model of how they work together to produce muscle atrophy. These enzymes are involved in promoting myofibrillar disassembly and degradation, activation of autophagy, inhibition of myogenesis as well as in modulating the signaling pathways that control these processes. Many anabolic and catabolic signaling pathways are involved in regulating these UPS genes, but none appear to coordinately regulate a large number of these genes. A number of catabolic signaling pathways appear to instead function by inhibition of the insulin/IGF-I/protein kinase B anabolic pathway. This pathway is a critical determinant of muscle mass, since it can suppress key ubiquitin ligases and autophagy, activate protein synthesis, and promote myogenesis through its downstream mediators such as forkhead box O, mammalian target of rapamycin, and GSK3β, respectively. Although much progress has been made, a more complete inventory of the UPS genes involved in mediating muscle atrophy, their mechanisms of action, and their regulation will be useful for identifying novel therapeutic approaches to this important clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A. Bilodeau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Erin S. Coyne
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon S. Wing
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Cardoso AC, Pereira AHM, Ambrosio ALB, Consonni SR, Rocha de Oliveira R, Bajgelman MC, Dias SMG, Franchini KG. FAK Forms a Complex with MEF2 to Couple Biomechanical Signaling to Transcription in Cardiomyocytes. Structure 2016; 24:1301-1310. [PMID: 27427476 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has emerged as a mediator of mechanotransduction in cardiomyocytes, regulating gene expression during hypertrophic remodeling. However, how FAK signaling is relayed onward to the nucleus is unclear. Here, we show that FAK interacts with and regulates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a master cardiac transcriptional regulator. In cardiomyocytes exposed to biomechanical stimulation, FAK accumulates in the nucleus, binds to and upregulates the transcriptional activity of MEF2 through an interaction with the FAK focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain. In the crystal structure (2.9 Å resolution), FAT binds to a stably folded groove in the MEF2 dimer, known to interact with regulatory cofactors. FAK cooperates with MEF2 to enhance the expression of Jun in cardiomyocytes, an important component of hypertrophic response to mechanical stress. These findings underscore a connection between the mechanotransduction involving FAK and transcriptional regulation by MEF2, with potential relevance to the pathogenesis of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Campos Cardoso
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Macedo Pereira
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Andre Luis Berteli Ambrosio
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Renata Rocha de Oliveira
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chain Bajgelman
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Sandra Martha Gomes Dias
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Kleber Gomes Franchini
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13081-970, Brazil.
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Wang Y, Li Y, Hu G, Huang X, Rao H, Xiong X, Luo Z, Lu Q, Luo S. Nek2A phosphorylates and stabilizes SuFu: A new strategy of Gli2/Hedgehog signaling regulatory mechanism. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1304-1313. [PMID: 27297360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Suppressor of Fused (SuFu) plays a conservative role in the regulation of the Gli transcription factors within the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Despite the central importance of SuFu in the Hh pathway, little is known about its regulation. Here, we performed a GAL4-based yeast two-hybrid screen using human SuFu as bait, and identified NIMA-related expressed kinase 2A (Nek2A) as a new SuFu-interacting protein, which was also confirmed by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Intriguingly, Nek2A is found to stabilize SuFu at least partly depending on its kinase activity, thereby triggering phosphorylation of the SuFu protein. Moreover, the phosphorylated SuFu inhibits the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of Gli2/Hh signaling. These findings reveal a new mechanism of mammalian SuFu regulation, and offers novel insights into Hh signaling regulation in development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, China
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Shiwen Luo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, China.
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Introducing STRaNDs: shuttling transcriptional regulators that are non-DNA binding. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:523-32. [PMID: 27220640 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins originally identified as cytoplasmic - including many associated with the cytoskeleton or cell junctions - are increasingly being found in the nucleus, where they have specific functions. Here, we focus on proteins that translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to external signals and regulate transcription without binding to DNA directly (for example, through interaction with transcription factors). We propose that proteins with such characteristics are classified as a distinct group of extracellular signalling effectors, and we suggest the term STRaND (shuttling transcriptional regulators and non-DNA binding) to refer to this group. Crucial roles of STRaNDs include linking cell morphology and adhesion with changes in transcriptional programmes in response to signals such as mechanical stresses.
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Constanzo JD, Tang KJ, Rindhe S, Melegari M, Liu H, Tang X, Rodriguez-Canales J, Wistuba I, Scaglioni PP. PIAS1-FAK Interaction Promotes the Survival and Progression of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Neoplasia 2016; 18:282-293. [PMID: 27237320 PMCID: PMC4887597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence of genomic alterations acquired by cancer cells during tumor progression and metastasis is poorly understood. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that integrates cytoskeleton remodeling, mitogenic signaling and cell survival. FAK has previously been reported to undergo nuclear localization during cell migration, cell differentiation and apoptosis. However, the mechanism behind FAK nuclear accumulation and its contribution to tumor progression has remained elusive. We report that amplification of FAK and the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 gene loci frequently co-occur in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and that both gene products are enriched in a subset of primary NSCLCs. We demonstrate that endogenous FAK and PIAS1 proteins interact in the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus of NSCLC cells. Ectopic expression of PIAS1 promotes proteolytic cleavage of the FAK C-terminus, focal adhesion maturation and FAK nuclear localization. Silencing of PIAS1 deregulates focal adhesion turnover, increases susceptibility to apoptosis in vitro and impairs tumor xenograft formation in vivo. Nuclear FAK in turn stimulates gene transcription favoring DNA repair, cell metabolism and cytoskeleton regulation. Consistently, ablation of FAK by CRISPR/Cas9 editing, results in basal DNA damage, susceptibility to ionizing radiation and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings provide insight into a mechanism regulating FAK cytoplasm-nuclear distribution and demonstrate that FAK activity in the nucleus promotes NSCLC survival and progression by increasing cell-ECM interaction and DNA repair regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerfiz D Constanzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ke-Jing Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Smita Rindhe
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margherita Melegari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ximing Tang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Thoracic, Head & Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA.
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Byron A, Frame MC. Adhesion protein networks reveal functions proximal and distal to cell-matrix contacts. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 39:93-100. [PMID: 26930633 PMCID: PMC5094910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is generally mediated by integrin receptors, which bind to intracellular adhesion proteins that form multi-molecular scaffolding and signalling complexes. The networks of proteins, and their interactions, are dynamic, mechanosensitive and extremely complex. Recent efforts to characterise adhesions using a variety of technologies, including imaging, proteomics and bioinformatics, have provided new insights into their composition, organisation and how they are regulated, and have also begun to reveal unexpected roles for so-called adhesion proteins in other cellular compartments (for example, the nucleus or centrosomes) in diseases such as cancer. We believe this is opening a new chapter on understanding the wider functions of adhesion proteins, both proximal and distal to cell-matrix contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Byron
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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41
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Graham ZA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase and its role in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:305-15. [PMID: 26142360 PMCID: PMC4659753 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to respond to different physical stresses. Loading muscle through exercise, either anaerobic or aerobic, can lead to increases in muscle size and function while, conversely, the absence of muscle loading stimulates rapid decreases in size and function. A principal mediator of this load-induced change is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase that translates the cytoskeletal stress and strain signals transmitted across the cytoplasmic membrane by integrins to activate multiple anti-apoptotic and cell growth pathways. Changes in FAK expression and phosphorylation have been found to correlate to specific developmental states in myoblast differentiation, muscle fiber formation and muscle size in response to loading and unloading. With the capability to regulate costamere formation, hypertrophy and glucose metabolism, FAK is a molecule with diverse functions that are important in regulating muscle cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Serrels A, Lund T, Serrels B, Byron A, McPherson RC, von Kriegsheim A, Gómez-Cuadrado L, Canel M, Muir M, Ring JE, Maniati E, Sims AH, Pachter JA, Brunton VG, Gilbert N, Anderton SM, Nibbs RJB, Frame MC. Nuclear FAK controls chemokine transcription, Tregs, and evasion of anti-tumor immunity. Cell 2015; 163:160-73. [PMID: 26406376 PMCID: PMC4597190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promotes anti-tumor immune evasion. Specifically, the kinase activity of nuclear-targeted FAK in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells drives exhaustion of CD8(+) T cells and recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment by regulating chemokine/cytokine and ligand-receptor networks, including via transcription of Ccl5, which is crucial. These changes inhibit antigen-primed cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell activity, permitting growth of FAK-expressing tumors. Mechanistically, nuclear FAK is associated with chromatin and exists in complex with transcription factors and their upstream regulators that control Ccl5 expression. Furthermore, FAK's immuno-modulatory nuclear activities may be specific to cancerous squamous epithelial cells, as normal keratinocytes do not have nuclear FAK. Finally, we show that a small-molecule FAK kinase inhibitor, VS-4718, which is currently in clinical development, also drives depletion of Tregs and promotes a CD8(+) T cell-mediated anti-tumor response. Therefore, FAK inhibitors may trigger immune-mediated tumor regression, providing previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Tom Lund
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Adam Byron
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Rhoanne C McPherson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alexander von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jennifer E Ring
- Verastem Inc., 117 Kendrick Street, Suite 500, Needham, MA 02494, USA
| | - Eleni Maniati
- Queen Mary, University of London, Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Nick Gilbert
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.
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Walkiewicz KW, Girault JA, Arold ST. How to awaken your nanomachines: Site-specific activation of focal adhesion kinases through ligand interactions. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 119:60-71. [PMID: 26093249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the related protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta (Pyk2) are highly versatile multidomain scaffolds central to cell adhesion, migration, and survival. Due to their key role in cancer metastasis, understanding and inhibiting their functions are important for the development of targeted therapy. Because FAK and Pyk2 are involved in many different cellular functions, designing drugs with partial and function-specific inhibitory effects would be desirable. Here, we summarise recent progress in understanding the structural mechanism of how the tug-of-war between intramolecular and intermolecular interactions allows these protein 'nanomachines' to become activated in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna W Walkiewicz
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm, UMR-S 839, F-75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Lee JH, Jeon WY, Kim HH, Lee EJ, Kim HW. Electrical stimulation by enzymatic biofuel cell to promote proliferation, migration and differentiation of muscle precursor cells. Biomaterials 2015; 53:358-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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van den Berg MCW, Burgering BMT. CCM1 and the second life of proteins in adhesion complexes. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:146-57. [PMID: 24714220 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that a number of proteins present within adhesion complexes perform discrete signaling functions outside these adhesion complexes, including transcriptional control. In this respect, β-catenin is a well-known example of an adhesion protein present both in cadherin complexes and in the nucleus where it regulates the TCF transcription factor. Here we discuss nuclear functions of adhesion complex proteins with a special focus on the CCM-1/KRIT-1 protein, which may turn out to be yet another adhesion complex protein with a second life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike C W van den Berg
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Dept. Molecular Cancer Research; University Medical Center Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn M T Burgering
- Center for Molecular Medicine; Dept. Molecular Cancer Research; University Medical Center Utrecht; The Netherlands
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46
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Weaver ICG, Hellstrom IC, Brown SE, Andrews SD, Dymov S, Diorio J, Zhang TY, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. The methylated-DNA binding protein MBD2 enhances NGFI-A (egr-1)-mediated transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0513. [PMID: 25135974 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in maternal care in the rat influence the epigenetic state and transcriptional activity of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in the hippocampus. The mechanisms underlying this maternal effect remained to be defined, including the nature of the relevant maternally regulated intracellular signalling pathways. We show here that increased maternal licking/grooming (LG), which stably enhances hippocampal GR expression, paradoxically increases hippocampal expression of the methyl-CpG binding domain protein-2 (MBD2) and MBD2 binding to the exon 17 GR promoter. Knockdown experiments of MBD2 in hippocampal primary cell culture show that MBD2 is required for activation of exon 17 GR promoter. Ectopic co-expression of nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A) with MBD2 in HEK 293 cells with site-directed mutagenesis of the NGFI-A response element within the methylated exon 17 GR promoter supports the hypothesis that MBD2 collaborates with NGFI-A in binding and activation of this promoter. These data suggest a possible mechanism linking signalling pathways, which are activated by behavioural stimuli and activation of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Life Science Research Institute, 1348 Summer Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 0A8
| | - Ian C Hellstrom
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Shelley E Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Stephen D Andrews
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Sergiy Dymov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Josie Diorio
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Tie-Yuan Zhang
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Oslar Promenade, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3G 1Y6
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Lumder Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4H 1R3 Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Psychobiology at McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0G4
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Tancioni I, Miller NLG, Uryu S, Lawson C, Jean C, Chen XL, Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. FAK activity protects nucleostemin in facilitating breast cancer spheroid and tumor growth. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:47. [PMID: 25880415 PMCID: PMC4407832 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) controls cell growth and survival downstream of integrin-matrix receptors. Upon adhesion loss or FAK inhibition, FAK can translocate to the nucleus. The nucleolus is a non-membrane nuclear structure that regulates ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation. Nucleostemin (NS), a nucleolar-localized protein, modulates cell cycle progression, stemness, and three-dimensional tumor spheroid formation. The signaling pathways that regulate NS levels in tumors remain undefined. Methods Human breast carcinoma cells were evaluated for growth in culture (adherent and anchorage-independent spheroid) and as orthotopic tumors. FAK signaling was evaluated by pharmacological FAK inhibitor addition (PF-271, IC50 ~ 0.1 μM) and by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown followed by re-expression of FAK wildtype (WT) or a kinase-dead (KD, K454R) FAK point mutant. Immunoblotting was used to evaluate FAK, NS, nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, and nucleolin levels. Total and phosphospecific antibody imunoblotting were used to detect changes in FAK, Akt kinase (Akt also known as protein kinase B), and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation, a translation repressor protein and target of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex. Immunohistochemical, co-immunoprecipitation, and cellular fractionation analyses were used to evaluate FAK association with nucleoli. Results Pharmacological (0.1 μM PF-271) or genetic inhibition of FAK activity prevents MDA-MB-231 and 4T1L breast carcinoma growth as spheroids and as orthotopic tumors. FAK inhibition triggers proteasome-mediated decreased NS levels but no changes in other nucleolar proteins such as B23 (nucleophosmin) or nucleolin. Active FAK was associated with purified nucleoli of anchorage-independent cells and present within nucleoli of human invasive ductal carcinoma tumor samples. FAK co-immunoprecipitated with B23 that binds NS and a complex between FAK, NS, Akt, and mTOR was detected. Constitutively-active Akt kinase promoted tumor spheroid growth, stabilized NS levels, and promoted pS65 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in the presence of inhibited FAK. Rapamycin lowered NS levels and inhibited pS65 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in cells with activated Akt-mTOR signaling. Conclusions FAK signaling occurs in the nucleolus, active FAK protects NS, and Akt-mTOR pathway regulates NS protein stability needed for breast carcinoma spheroid and tumor growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0551-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tancioni
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Nichol L G Miller
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Current address: Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Sean Uryu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christine Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Current address: INSERM U1037 - Cancer Research Center, Toulouse, France.
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Elizabeth G Kleinschmidt
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Tang X, Deng L, Chen Q, Wang Y, Xu R, Shi C, Shao J, Hu G, Gao M, Rao H, Luo S, Lu Q. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling pathway impedes cancer cell proliferation by promotion of autophagy. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:223-33. [PMID: 25824057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence implicate that aberrant activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in a variety of human cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how cancer cells respond to Hh inhibition remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that blockade of Hh signaling suppresses cell proliferation in human cancer cells. Microarray analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in human cancer cells are enriched in autophagy pathway in response to the inhibition of Hh signaling. Interestingly, inhibition of Hh signaling induced autophagy, whereas activation of Hh signaling by ligand treatments prevented the induction of autophagy. In addition, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) partially suppressed cytotoxicity induced by inhibition of Hh signaling. Finally, in autophagy deficient cells, cytotoxic effect triggered by inhibition of Hh signaling was partially reversed, indicating the modulation of autophagy by Hh signaling is autophagy-specific. These results suggest that inhibition of Hh signaling impedes cancer cell proliferation in part through induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, China
| | - Libin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qi Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Yao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Rong Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Chao Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Jia Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Guohui Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Meng Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Hai Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shiwen Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Quqin Lu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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49
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Griffiths GS, Doe J, Jijiwa M, Van Ry P, Cruz V, de la Vega M, Ramos JW, Burkin DJ, Matter ML. Bit-1 is an essential regulator of myogenic differentiation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1707-17. [PMID: 25770104 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle differentiation requires a complex signaling cascade that leads to the production of multinucleated myofibers. Genes regulating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway also function in controlling cell differentiation. How such signaling pathways are regulated during differentiation is not fully understood. Bit-1 (also known as PTRH2) mutations in humans cause infantile-onset multisystem disease with muscle weakness. We demonstrate here that Bit-1 controls skeletal myogenesis through a caspase-mediated signaling pathway. Bit-1-null mice exhibit a myopathy with hypotrophic myofibers. Bit-1-null myoblasts prematurely express muscle-specific proteins. Similarly, knockdown of Bit-1 expression in C2C12 myoblasts promotes early differentiation, whereas overexpression delays differentiation. In wild-type mice, Bit-1 levels increase during differentiation. Bit-1-null myoblasts exhibited increased levels of caspase 9 and caspase 3 without increased apoptosis. Bit-1 re-expression partially rescued differentiation. In Bit-1-null muscle, Bcl-2 levels are reduced, suggesting that Bcl-2-mediated inhibition of caspase 9 and caspase 3 is decreased. Bcl-2 re-expression rescued Bit-1-mediated early differentiation in Bit-1-null myoblasts and C2C12 cells with knockdown of Bit-1 expression. These results support an unanticipated yet essential role for Bit-1 in controlling myogenesis through regulation of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinger Doe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Mayumi Jijiwa
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Pam Van Ry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Vivian Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Michelle de la Vega
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Joe W Ramos
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Dean J Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Michelle L Matter
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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50
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Marchal C, Miotto B. Emerging Concept in DNA Methylation: Role of Transcription Factors in Shaping DNA Methylation Patterns. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:743-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marchal
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Epigenetics and Cell Fate; Paris France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Epigenetics and Cell Fate; Paris France
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