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Sumino A, Sumikama T, Zhao Y, Flechsig H, Umeda K, Kodera N, Konno H, Hattori M, Shibata M. High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals Fluctuations and Dimer Splitting of the N-Terminal Domain of GluA2 Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor-Auxiliary Subunit Complex. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39180186 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid glutamate receptors (AMPARs) enable rapid excitatory synaptic transmission by localizing to the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic spines. AMPARs possess large extracellular N-terminal domains (NTDs), which are crucial for AMPAR clustering at synaptic sites. However, the dynamics of NTDs and the molecular mechanism governing their synaptic clustering remain elusive. Here, we employed high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) to directly visualize the conformational dynamics of NTDs in the GluA2 subunit complexed with TARP γ2 in lipid environments. HS-AFM videos of GluA2-γ2 in the resting and activated/open states revealed fluctuations in NTD dimers. Conversely, in the desensitized/closed state, the two NTD dimers adopted a separated conformation with less fluctuation. Notably, we observed individual NTD dimers transitioning into monomers, with extended monomeric states in the activated/open state. Molecular dynamics simulations provided further support, confirming the energetic stability of the monomeric NTD states within lipids. This NTD-dimer splitting resulted in subunit exchange between the receptors and increased the number of interaction sites with synaptic protein neuronal pentraxin 1 (NP1). Moreover, our HS-AFM studies revealed that NP1 forms a ring-shaped octamer through N-terminal disulfide bonds and binds to the tip of the NTD. These findings suggest a molecular mechanism in which NP1, upon forming an octamer, is secreted into the synaptic region and binds to the tip of the GluA2 NTD, thereby bridging and clustering multiple AMPARs. Thus, our findings illuminate the critical role of NTD dynamics in the synaptic clustering of AMPARs and contribute valuable insights into the fundamental processes of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Sumino
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Sumikama
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Holger Flechsig
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kenichi Umeda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Konno
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, and Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Mikihiro Shibata
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Royo M, Escolano BA, Madrigal MP, Jurado S. AMPA Receptor Function in Hypothalamic Synapses. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:833449. [PMID: 35173598 PMCID: PMC8842481 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.833449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are critical for mediating glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity, thus playing a major role in the molecular machinery underlying cellular substrates of memory and learning. Their expression pattern, transport and regulatory mechanisms have been extensively studied in the hippocampus, but their functional properties in other brain regions remain poorly understood. Interestingly, electrophysiological and molecular evidence has confirmed a prominent role of AMPARs in the regulation of hypothalamic function. This review summarizes the existing evidence on AMPAR-mediated transmission in the hypothalamus, where they are believed to orchestrate the role of glutamatergic transmission in autonomous, neuroendocrine function, body homeostasis, and social behavior.
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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4
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Kadriu B, Musazzi L, Johnston JN, Kalynchuk LE, Caruncho HJ, Popoli M, Zarate CA. Positive AMPA receptor modulation in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: A long and winding road. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2816-2838. [PMID: 34358693 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic transmission is widely implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, and the discovery that ketamine elicits rapid-acting antidepressant effects by modulating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) signaling has spurred a resurgence of interest in the field. This review explores agents in various stages of development for neuropsychiatric disorders that positively modulate AMPARs, both directly and indirectly. Despite promising preclinical research, few direct and indirect AMPAR positive modulators have progressed past early clinical development. Challenges such as low potency have created barriers to effective implementation. Nevertheless, the functional complexity of AMPARs sets them apart from other drug targets and allows for specificity in drug discovery. Additional effective treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders that work through positive AMPAR modulation may eventually be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashkim Kadriu
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Laura Musazzi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Jenessa N Johnston
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa E Kalynchuk
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hector J Caruncho
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Maurizio Popoli
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology and Functional Neurogenomics, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics & Pathophysiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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5
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Matthews PM, Pinggera A, Kampjut D, Greger IH. Biology of AMPA receptor interacting proteins - From biogenesis to synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2021; 197:108709. [PMID: 34271020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors mediate the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Their signaling properties and abundance at synapses are both crucial determinants of synapse efficacy and plasticity, and are therefore under sophisticated control. Unique to this ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) is the abundance of interacting proteins that contribute to its complex regulation. These include transient interactions with the receptor cytoplasmic tail as well as the N-terminal domain locating to the synaptic cleft, both of which are involved in AMPAR trafficking and receptor stabilization at the synapse. Moreover, an array of transmembrane proteins operate as auxiliary subunits that in addition to receptor trafficking and stabilization also substantially impact AMPAR gating and pharmacology. Here, we provide an overview of the catalogue of AMPAR interacting proteins, and how they contribute to the complex biology of this central glutamate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Matthews
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexandra Pinggera
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Domen Kampjut
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Mayer ML. Structural biology of kainate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 190:108511. [PMID: 33798545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes structural studies on kainate receptors that explain unique functional properties of this receptor family. A large number of structures have been solved for ligand binding domain dimer assemblies, giving insight into the subtype selective pharmacology of agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators. Structures and biochemical studies on the amino terminal domain reveal mechanisms that play a key role in assembly of heteromeric receptors. Surprisingly, structures of full length homomeric GluK2, GluK3 and heteromeric GluK2/GluK5, receptors reveal a novel structure for the desensitized state that is strikingly different from that for AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Mayer
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, NIH, 35A Convent Drive Room 3D 904, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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7
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Burada AP, Vinnakota R, Bharti P, Dutta P, Dubey N, Kumar J. Emerging insights into the structure and function of ionotropic glutamate delta receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3612-3627. [DOI: 10.1111/bph.15313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Prasad Burada
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Rajesh Vinnakota
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Pratibha Bharti
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
| | - Neelima Dubey
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Lab Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Tathawade Pune 411033 India
| | - Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Membrane Protein Biology National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, S. P. Pune University Pune India
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8
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Essential site scanning analysis: A new approach for detecting sites that modulate the dispersion of protein global motions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1577-1586. [PMID: 32637054 PMCID: PMC7330491 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wealth of methods developed for exploring the molecular basis of allostery in biomolecular systems, there is still a need for structure-based predictive tools that can efficiently detect susceptible sites for triggering allosteric responses. Toward this goal, we introduce here an elastic network model (ENM)-based method, Essential Site Scanning Analysis (ESSA). Essential sites are here defined as residues that would significantly alter the protein's global dynamics if bound to a ligand. To mimic the crowding induced upon substrate binding, the heavy atoms of each residue are incorporated as additional network nodes into the α-carbon-based ENM, and the resulting shifts in soft mode frequencies are used as a metric for evaluating the essentiality of each residue. Results on a dataset of monomeric proteins indicate the enrichment of allosteric and orthosteric binding sites, as well as global hinge regions among essential residues, highlighting the significant role of these sites in controlling the overall structural dynamics. Further integration of ESSA with information on predicted pockets and their local hydrophobicity density enables successful predictions of allosteric pockets for both ligand-bound and -unbound structures. ESSA can be efficiently applied to large multimeric systems. Three case studies, namely (i) G-protein binding to a GPCR, (ii) heterotrimeric assembly of the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP2A, and (iii) allo-targeting of AMPA receptor, demonstrate the utility of ESSA for identifying essential sites and narrowing down target allosteric sites identified by druggability simulations.
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9
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Salpietro V, Dixon CL, Guo H, Bello OD, Vandrovcova J, Efthymiou S, Maroofian R, Heimer G, Burglen L, Valence S, Torti E, Hacke M, Rankin J, Tariq H, Colin E, Procaccio V, Striano P, Mankad K, Lieb A, Chen S, Pisani L, Bettencourt C, Männikkö R, Manole A, Brusco A, Grosso E, Ferrero GB, Armstrong-Moron J, Gueden S, Bar-Yosef O, Tzadok M, Monaghan KG, Santiago-Sim T, Person RE, Cho MT, Willaert R, Yoo Y, Chae JH, Quan Y, Wu H, Wang T, Bernier RA, Xia K, Blesson A, Jain M, Motazacker MM, Jaeger B, Schneider AL, Boysen K, Muir AM, Myers CT, Gavrilova RH, Gunderson L, Schultz-Rogers L, Klee EW, Dyment D, Osmond M, Parellada M, Llorente C, Gonzalez-Peñas J, Carracedo A, Van Haeringen A, Ruivenkamp C, Nava C, Heron D, Nardello R, Iacomino M, Minetti C, Skabar A, Fabretto A, Raspall-Chaure M, Chez M, Tsai A, Fassi E, Shinawi M, Constantino JN, De Zorzi R, Fortuna S, Kok F, Keren B, Bonneau D, Choi M, Benzeev B, Zara F, Mefford HC, Scheffer IE, Clayton-Smith J, Macaya A, Rothman JE, Eichler EE, Kullmann DM, Houlden H. AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit defects are a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3094. [PMID: 31300657 PMCID: PMC6626132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are tetrameric ligand-gated channels made up of combinations of GluA1-4 subunits encoded by GRIA1-4 genes. GluA2 has an especially important role because, following post-transcriptional editing at the Q607 site, it renders heteromultimeric AMPARs Ca2+-impermeable, with a linear relationship between current and trans-membrane voltage. Here, we report heterozygous de novo GRIA2 mutations in 28 unrelated patients with intellectual disability (ID) and neurodevelopmental abnormalities including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome-like features, and seizures or developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). In functional expression studies, mutations lead to a decrease in agonist-evoked current mediated by mutant subunits compared to wild-type channels. When GluA2 subunits are co-expressed with GluA1, most GRIA2 mutations cause a decreased current amplitude and some also affect voltage rectification. Our results show that de-novo variants in GRIA2 can cause neurodevelopmental disorders, complementing evidence that other genetic causes of ID, ASD and DEE also disrupt glutamatergic synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Christine L Dixon
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Oscar D Bello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gali Heimer
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Valence
- Centre de Référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | - Moritz Hacke
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rankin
- Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, EX1 2ED, UK
| | - Huma Tariq
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Estelle Colin
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, 49933, Angers, France
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, 49933, Angers, France
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Andreas Lieb
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sharon Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Northwell Health/Hofstra University SOM, New York, 11020, USA
| | - Laura Pisani
- Division of Medical Genetics, Northwell Health/Hofstra University SOM, New York, 11020, USA
| | - Conceicao Bettencourt
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Roope Männikkö
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andreea Manole
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Grosso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical Genetics Unit, University of Torino, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Judith Armstrong-Moron
- Unit of Medical and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona, 08950, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Gueden
- Unit of Neuropediatrics, University Hospital, Angers Cedex, 49933, France
| | - Omer Bar-Yosef
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Tzadok
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongjin Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Yingting Quan
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Alyssa Blesson
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21211, USA
| | - Mahim Jain
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, 21211, USA
| | - Mohammad M Motazacker
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bregje Jaeger
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, 1105, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amy L Schneider
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Katja Boysen
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Alison M Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Candace T Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lauren Gunderson
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55902, MN, USA
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, 55902, MN, USA
| | - David Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Matthew Osmond
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Genome Québec Innovation Center, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mara Parellada
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cloe Llorente
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Peñas
- Hospital Gregorio Maranon, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Calle Dr Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica- IDIS- Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15706, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Arie Van Haeringen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Claudia Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Caroline Nava
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Heron
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rosaria Nardello
- Department of Health Promotion,Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Iacomino
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Aldo Skabar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Fabretto
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Miquel Raspall-Chaure
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Chez
- Neuroscience Medical Group, 1625 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 104, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Anne Tsai
- Department of Genetics and Inherited Metabolic diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Emily Fassi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John N Constantino
- William Greenleaf Eliot Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Fortuna
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34134, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fernando Kok
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 01308-000, Brazil
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, Sao Paulo, SP, 04013-000, Brazil
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bonneau
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, 49933, Angers, France
- MitoLab, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, MitoVasc Institute, Angers University, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Murim Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Bruria Benzeev
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 526121, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Federico Zara
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Heather C Mefford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire, M13 9WL, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James E Rothman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Dimitri M Kullmann
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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10
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Structural biology of glutamate receptor ion channels: towards an understanding of mechanism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:185-195. [PMID: 31185364 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ion channels that mediate signal transmission at neuronal synapses, where they contribute centrally to the postsynaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory. Receptor activation by l-glutamate triggers complex allosteric cascades that are transmitted through the layered and highly flexible receptor assembly culminating in opening a cation-selective pore. This process is shaped by the arrangement of the four core subunits as well as the presence of various auxiliary subunits, and is subject to regulation by an array of small molecule modulators targeting a number of sites throughout the complex. Here, we discuss recent structures of iGluR homomers and heteromers illuminating the organization and subunit arrangement of the core tetramer, co-assembled with auxiliary subunits and in complex with allosteric modulators.
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11
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Herguedas B, Watson JF, Ho H, Cais O, García-Nafría J, Greger IH. Architecture of the heteromeric GluA1/2 AMPA receptor in complex with the auxiliary subunit TARP γ8. Science 2019; 364:science.aav9011. [PMID: 30872532 PMCID: PMC6513756 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav9011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission and are central regulators of synaptic plasticity, a molecular mechanism underlying learning and memory. Although AMPARs act predominantly as heteromers, structural studies have focused on homomeric assemblies. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the heteromeric GluA1/2 receptor associated with two transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein (TARP) γ8 auxiliary subunits, the principal AMPAR complex at hippocampal synapses. Within the receptor, the core subunits arrange to give the GluA2 subunit dominant control of gating. This structure reveals the geometry of the Q/R site that controls calcium flux, suggests association of TARP-stabilized lipids, and demonstrates that the extracellular loop of γ8 modulates gating by selectively interacting with the GluA2 ligand-binding domain. Collectively, this structure provides a blueprint for deciphering the signal transduction mechanisms of synaptic AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herguedas
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hinze Ho
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Zhao Y, Chen S, Swensen AC, Qian WJ, Gouaux E. Architecture and subunit arrangement of native AMPA receptors elucidated by cryo-EM. Science 2019; 364:355-362. [PMID: 30975770 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-gated AMPA receptors mediate the fast component of excitatory signal transduction at chemical synapses throughout all regions of the mammalian brain. AMPA receptors are tetrameric assemblies composed of four subunits, GluA1-GluA4. Despite decades of study, the subunit composition, subunit arrangement, and molecular structure of native AMPA receptors remain unknown. Here we elucidate the structures of 10 distinct native AMPA receptor complexes by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). We find that receptor subunits are arranged nonstochastically, with the GluA2 subunit preferentially occupying the B and D positions of the tetramer and with triheteromeric assemblies comprising a major population of native AMPA receptors. Cryo-EM maps define the structure for S2-M4 linkers between the ligand-binding and transmembrane domains, suggesting how neurotransmitter binding is coupled to ion channel gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shanshuang Chen
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Adam C Swensen
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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13
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Dissecting diverse functions of NMDA receptors by structural biology. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:34-42. [PMID: 30703613 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels, which are critically involved in brain development, learning and memory, cognition, as well as a number of neurological diseases and disorders. Structural biology of NMDARs has been challenging due to technical difficulties associated with assembling a number of different membrane protein subunits. Here, we review historical X-ray crystallographic studies on isolated extracellular domains, which are still the most effective mean to delineate compound binding modes, as well as the most recent studies using electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM). A number of NMDAR structures accumulated over the past 15 years provide insights into the hetero-tetrameric assembly pattern, pharmacological specificities elicited by subtypes and alternative splicing, and potential patterns of conformational dynamics; however, many more important unanswered questions remain.
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14
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Lee JY, Krieger J, Herguedas B, García-Nafría J, Dutta A, Shaikh SA, Greger IH, Bahar I. Druggability Simulations and X-Ray Crystallography Reveal a Ligand-Binding Site in the GluA3 AMPA Receptor N-Terminal Domain. Structure 2018; 27:241-252.e3. [PMID: 30528594 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Their dysfunction is implicated in many neurological disorders, rendering iGluRs potential drug targets. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of the druggability of two major iGluR subfamilies, using molecular dynamics simulations in the presence of drug-like molecules. We demonstrate the applicability of druggability simulations by faithfully identifying known agonist and modulator sites on AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and NMDA receptors. Simulations produced the expected allosteric changes of the AMPAR ligand-binding domain in response to agonist. We also identified a novel ligand-binding site specific to the GluA3 AMPAR N-terminal domain (NTD), resulting from its unique conformational flexibility that we explored further with crystal structures trapped in vastly different states. In addition to providing an in-depth analysis into iGluR NTD dynamics, our approach identifies druggable sites and permits the determination of pharmacophoric features toward novel iGluR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - James Krieger
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Beatriz Herguedas
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Javier García-Nafría
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anindita Dutta
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Saher A Shaikh
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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15
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MacLean DM, Durham RJ, Jayaraman V. Mapping the Conformational Landscape of Glutamate Receptors Using Single Molecule FRET. Trends Neurosci 2018; 42:128-139. [PMID: 30385052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. These receptors provide a range of temporally diverse signals which stem from subunit composition and also from the inherent ability of each member to occupy multiple functional states, the distribution of which can be altered by small molecule modulators and binding partners. Hence it becomes essential to characterize the conformational landscape of the receptors under this variety of different conditions. This has recently become possible due to single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements, along with the rich foundation of existing structures allowing for direct correlations between conformational and functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M MacLean
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Ryan J Durham
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Biochemistry and Cell Biology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Krieger J, Lee JY, Greger IH, Bahar I. Activation and desensitization of ionotropic glutamate receptors by selectively triggering pre-existing motions. Neurosci Lett 2018; 700:22-29. [PMID: 29481851 PMCID: PMC6107436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are key players in synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are composed of four subunits, each containing four functional domains, the quaternary packing and collective structural dynamics of which are important determinants of their molecular mechanism of function. With the explosion of structural studies on different members of the family, including the structures of activated open channels, the mechanisms of action of these central signaling machines are now being elucidated. We review the current state of computational studies on two major members of the family, AMPA and NMDA receptors, with focus on molecular simulations and elastic network model analyses that have provided insights into the coupled movements of extracellular and transmembrane domains. We describe the newly emerging mechanisms of activation, allosteric signaling and desensitization, as mainly a selective triggering of pre-existing soft motions, as deduced from computational models and analyses that leverage structural data on intact AMPA and NMDA receptors in different states.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Krieger
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave, Suite 3064 BST3, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States.
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17
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Kunugi A, Tajima Y, Kuno H, Sogabe S, Kimura H. HBT1, a Novel AMPA Receptor Potentiator with Lower Agonistic Effect, Avoided Bell-Shaped Response in In Vitro BDNF Production. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 364:377-389. [PMID: 29298820 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor (AMPA-R) potentiators with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induction potential could be promising as therapeutic drugs for neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders. However, AMPA-R potentiators such as LY451646 have risks of narrow bell-shaped responses in pharmacological effects, including in vivo BDNF induction. Interestingly, LY451646 and LY451395, other AMPA-R potentiators, showed agonistic effects and exhibited bell-shaped responses in the BDNF production in primary neurons. We hypothesized that the agonistic property is related to the bell-shaped response and endeavored to discover novel AMPA-R potentiators with lower agonistic effects. LY451395 showed an agonistic effect in primary neurons, but not in a cell line expressing AMPA-Rs, in Ca2+ influx assays; thus, we used a Ca2+ influx assay in primary neurons and, from a chemical library, discovered two AMPA-R potentiators with lower agonistic effects: 2-(((5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)acetyl)amino)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3-carboxamide (HBT1) and (3S)-1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-((1R)-2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylethyl)-3-isobutyl-2-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (OXP1). In a patch-clamp study using primary neurons, HBT1 showed little agonistic effect, whereas both LY451395 and OXP1 showed remarkable agonistic effects. HBT1, but not OXP1, did not show remarkable bell-shaped response in BDNF production in primary neurons. HBT1 bound to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AMPA-R in a glutamate-dependent manner. The mode of HBT1 and LY451395 binding to a pocket in the LBD of AMPA-R differed: HBT1, but not LY451395, formed hydrogen bonds with S518 in the LBD. OXP1 may bind to a cryptic binding pocket on AMPA-R. Lower agonistic profile of HBT1 may associate with its lower risks of bell-shaped responses in BDNF production in primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Kunugi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Tajima
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kuno
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sogabe
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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18
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Renner MC, Albers EH, Gutierrez-Castellanos N, Reinders NR, van Huijstee AN, Xiong H, Lodder TR, Kessels HW. Synaptic plasticity through activation of GluA3-containing AMPA-receptors. eLife 2017; 6:25462. [PMID: 28762944 PMCID: PMC5578739 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). In CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus two types of AMPARs predominate: those that contain subunits GluA1 and GluA2 (GluA1/2), and those that contain GluA2 and GluA3 (GluA2/3). Whereas subunits GluA1 and GluA2 have been extensively studied, the contribution of GluA3 to synapse physiology has remained unclear. Here we show in mice that GluA2/3s are in a low-conductance state under basal conditions, and although present at synapses they contribute little to synaptic currents. When intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels rise, GluA2/3 channels shift to a high-conductance state, leading to synaptic potentiation. This cAMP-driven synaptic potentiation requires the activation of both protein kinase A (PKA) and the GTPase Ras, and is induced upon the activation of β-adrenergic receptors. Together, these experiments reveal a novel type of plasticity at CA1 hippocampal synapses that is expressed by the activation of GluA3-containing AMPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Renner
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Hh Albers
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Gutierrez-Castellanos
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Reinders
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aile N van Huijstee
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hui Xiong
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa R Lodder
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Gutierrez-Castellanos N, Da Silva-Matos CM, Zhou K, Canto CB, Renner MC, Koene LMC, Ozyildirim O, Sprengel R, Kessels HW, De Zeeuw CI. Motor Learning Requires Purkinje Cell Synaptic Potentiation through Activation of AMPA-Receptor Subunit GluA3. Neuron 2017; 93:409-424. [PMID: 28103481 PMCID: PMC5263704 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebellar long-term potentiation (LTP) is necessary for procedural learning. However, little is known about its underlying molecular mechanisms. Whereas AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit rules for synaptic plasticity have been extensively studied in relation to declarative learning, it is unclear whether these rules apply to cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Here we show that LTP at the parallel-fiber-to-Purkinje-cell synapse and adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex depend not on GluA1- but on GluA3-containing AMPARs. In contrast to the classic form of LTP implicated in declarative memory formation, this form of LTP does not require GluA1-AMPAR trafficking but rather requires changes in open-channel probability of GluA3-AMPARs mediated by cAMP signaling and activation of the protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). We conclude that vestibulo-cerebellar motor learning is the first form of memory acquisition shown to depend on GluA3-dependent synaptic potentiation by increasing single-channel conductance. Cerebellar learning depends on expression of GluA3, but not GluA1, in Purkinje cells GluA3 is required to induce LTP, but not LTD, at PF-PC synapses GluA3-dependent potentiation involves a cAMP-driven change in channel conductance GluA3-mediated LTP and learning are induced via cAMP-mediated Epac activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gutierrez-Castellanos
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla M Da Silva-Matos
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cathrin B Canto
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria C Renner
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda M C Koene
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ozgecan Ozyildirim
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Synaptic Plasticity and Behavior Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Cerebellar Coordination and Cognition Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Greger IH, Watson JF, Cull-Candy SG. Structural and Functional Architecture of AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptors and Their Auxiliary Proteins. Neuron 2017; 94:713-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Watson JF, Ho H, Greger IH. Synaptic transmission and plasticity require AMPA receptor anchoring via its N-terminal domain. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28290985 PMCID: PMC5370185 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and are selectively recruited during activity-dependent plasticity to increase synaptic strength. A prerequisite for faithful signal transmission is the positioning and clustering of AMPARs at postsynaptic sites. The mechanisms underlying this positioning have largely been ascribed to the receptor cytoplasmic C-termini and to AMPAR-associated auxiliary subunits, both interacting with the postsynaptic scaffold. Here, using mouse organotypic hippocampal slices, we show that the extracellular AMPAR N-terminal domain (NTD), which projects midway into the synaptic cleft, plays a fundamental role in this process. This highly sequence-diverse domain mediates synaptic anchoring in a subunit-selective manner. Receptors lacking the NTD exhibit increased mobility in synapses, depress synaptic transmission and are unable to sustain long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, synaptic transmission and the expression of LTP are dependent upon an AMPAR anchoring mechanism that is driven by the NTD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23024.001 Neurons send signals via electrical impulses that are transmitted between cells by small molecules known as neurotransmitters. The information is passed from neuron to neuron at specialized points of contact termed synapses. On release of neurotransmitters from the first neuron, the molecules attach to ‘docking stations’ called receptors on the next neuron, referred to as the postsynaptic cell. One of these receptors, the AMPA receptor, transmits signals by binding to a neurotransmitter called glutamate. Previous research has shown that in order to bind glutamate effectively, these receptors need to be trapped and anchored at the correct location at the synapse. This trapping mechanism controls the number of receptors present, which strengthens the synapse, and ultimately mediates learning and memory. However, it is still not clear how AMPA receptor trapping is achieved. To investigate this question, Watson et al. examined how AMPA receptors (and mutant forms of the receptor) affect the communication between neurons using brain slices from mice. The experiments show that an external segment of the AMPA receptor called the N-terminal domain (or NTD for short) is a key element for receptor anchoring at the postsynapse. The AMPA receptor is made out of four different subunits; when the NTD portion was removed from one specific subunit, fewer receptors were anchored correctly at the postsynapse. When the NTD was removed from another subunit, it completely prevented the synapse from learning. Therefore, the NTD brings about subunit-selective anchoring of the AMPA receptor, which affects the ability of the synapse to transmit signals. Important next steps would be to identify the proteins that interact with the NTD and how this specific anchoring affects the strength of the synapse. Another key step will be to understand what mechanisms control the number of AMPA receptors at synapses, to ultimately enable learning. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23024.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake F Watson
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hinze Ho
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Hansen KB, Yi F, Perszyk RE, Menniti FS, Traynelis SF. NMDA Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1677:1-80. [PMID: 28986865 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7321-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate a major component of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). They are widely distributed at all stages of development and are critically involved in normal brain functions, including neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptors are also implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. For these reasons, NMDA receptors have been intensively studied in the past several decades to elucidate their physiological roles and to advance them as therapeutic targets. Seven NMDA receptor subunits exist that assemble into a diverse array of tetrameric receptor complexes, which are differently regulated, have distinct regional and developmental expression, and possess a wide range of functional and pharmacological properties. The diversity in subunit composition creates NMDA receptor subtypes with distinct physiological roles across neuronal cell types and brain regions, and enables precise tuning of synaptic transmission. Here, we will review the relationship between NMDA receptor structure and function, the diversity and significance of NMDA receptor subtypes in the CNS, as well as principles and rules by which NMDA receptors operate in the CNS under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA. .,Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - Feng Yi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Serebryany E, Folta-Stogniew E, Liu J, Yan ECY. Homodimerization enhances both sensitivity and dynamic range of the ligand-binding domain of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:4308-4317. [PMID: 27800613 PMCID: PMC5154874 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Cooperativity in ligand binding is a key emergent property of protein oligomers. Positive cooperativity (higher affinity for subsequent binding events than for initial binding) is frequent. However, the symmetrically homodimeric ligand-binding domain (LBD) of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 exhibits negative cooperativity. To investigate its origin and functional significance, we measured the response to glutamate in vitro of wild-type and C140S LBD as a function of the extent of dimerization. Our results indicate that homodimerization enhances the affinity of the first, but not the second, binding site, relative to the monomer, giving the dimeric receptor both greater sensitivity and a broader dynamic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Serebryany
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- W. M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elsa C. Y. Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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24
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GluA1 signal peptide determines the spatial assembly of heteromeric AMPA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5645-54. [PMID: 27601647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524358113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and predominantly assemble as heterotetramers in the brain. Recently, the crystal structures of homotetrameric GluA2 demonstrated that AMPARs are assembled with two pairs of conformationally distinct subunits, in a dimer of dimers formation. However, the structure of heteromeric AMPARs remains unclear. Guided by the GluA2 structure, we performed cysteine mutant cross-linking experiments in full-length GluA1/A2, aiming to draw the heteromeric AMPAR architecture. We found that the amino-terminal domains determine the first level of heterodimer formation. When the dimers further assemble into tetramers, GluA1 and GluA2 subunits have preferred positions, possessing a 1-2-1-2 spatial assembly. By swapping the critical sequences, we surprisingly found that the spatial assembly pattern is controlled by the excisable signal peptides. Replacements with an unrelated GluK2 signal peptide demonstrated that GluA1 signal peptide plays a critical role in determining the spatial priority. Our study thus uncovers the spatial assembly of an important type of glutamate receptors in the brain and reveals a novel function of signal peptides.
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25
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Herguedas B, García-Nafría J, Cais O, Fernández-Leiro R, Krieger J, Ho H, Greger IH. Structure and organization of heteromeric AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Science 2016; 352:aad3873. [PMID: 26966189 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), which are central mediators of rapid neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity, predominantly exist as heteromers of the subunits GluA1 to GluA4. Here we report the first AMPAR heteromer structures, which deviate substantially from existing GluA2 homomer structures. Crystal structures of the GluA2/3 and GluA2/4 N-terminal domains reveal a novel compact conformation with an alternating arrangement of the four subunits around a central axis. This organization is confirmed by cysteine cross-linking in full-length receptors, and it permitted us to determine the structure of an intact GluA2/3 receptor by cryogenic electron microscopy. Two models in the ligand-free state, at resolutions of 8.25 and 10.3 angstroms, exhibit substantial vertical compression and close associations between domain layers, reminiscent of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Model 1 resembles a resting state and model 2 a desensitized state, thus providing snapshots of gating transitions in the nominal absence of ligand. Our data reveal organizational features of heteromeric AMPARs and provide a framework to decipher AMPAR architecture and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herguedas
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - James Krieger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hinze Ho
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Probing Intersubunit Interfaces in AMPA-subtype Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19082. [PMID: 26739260 PMCID: PMC4703952 DOI: 10.1038/srep19082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of fast neurotransmission across excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. Each AMPA receptor is composed of four multi-domain subunits that are organized into layers of two amino-terminal domain (ATD) dimers, two ligand-binding domain (LBD) dimers, transmembrane domains and carboxy-terminal domains. We introduced cysteine substitutions at the intersubunit interfaces of AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 and confirmed substituted cysteine crosslink formation by SDS-PAGE. The functional consequence of intersubunit crosslinks was assessed by recording GluA2-mediated currents in reducing and non-reducing conditions. Strong redox-dependent changes in GluA2-mediated currents were observed for cysteine substitutions at the LBD dimer-dimer interface but not at the ATD dimer-dimer interface. We conclude that during gating, LBD dimers undergo significant relative displacement, while ATD dimers either maintain their relative positioning, or their relative displacement has no appreciable effect on AMPA receptor function.
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre A. S. T. Ribeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Vanessa Ortiz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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28
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Tobi D. Dynamics and allostery of the ionotropic glutamate receptors and the ligand binding domain. Proteins 2015; 84:267-77. [PMID: 26677170 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) and the intact ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) were studied using Gaussian Network Model (GNM) analysis. The dynamics of LBDs with various allosteric modulators is compared using a novel method of multiple alignment of GNM modes of motion. The analysis reveals that allosteric effectors change the dynamics of amino acids at the upper lobe interface of the LBD dimer as well as at the hinge region between the upper- and lower- lobes. For the intact glutamate receptor the analysis show that the clamshell-like movement of the LBD upper and lower lobes is coupled to the bending of the trans-membrane domain (TMD) helices which may open the channel pore. The results offer a new insight on the mechanism of action of allosteric modulators on the iGluR and support the notion of TMD helices bending as a possible mechanism for channel opening. In addition, the study validates the methodology of multiple GNM modes alignment as a useful tool to study allosteric effect and its relation to proteins dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Tobi
- Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
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29
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Structure, Dynamics, and Allosteric Potential of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor N-Terminal Domains. Biophys J 2015; 109:1136-48. [PMID: 26255587 PMCID: PMC4576161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric cation channels that mediate synaptic transmission and plasticity. They have a unique modular architecture with four domains: the intracellular C-terminal domain (CTD) that is involved in synaptic targeting, the transmembrane domain (TMD) that forms the ion channel, the membrane-proximal ligand-binding domain (LBD) that binds agonists such as L-glutamate, and the distal N-terminal domain (NTD), whose function is the least clear. The extracellular portion, comprised of the LBD and NTD, is loosely arranged, mediating complex allosteric regulation and providing a rich target for drug development. Here, we briefly review recent work on iGluR NTD structure and dynamics, and further explore the allosteric potential for the NTD in AMPA-type iGluRs using coarse-grained simulations. We also investigate mechanisms underlying the established NTD allostery in NMDA-type iGluRs, as well as the fold-related metabotropic glutamate and GABAB receptors. We show that the clamshell motions intrinsically favored by the NTD bilobate fold are coupled to dimeric and higher-order rearrangements that impact the iGluR LBD and ultimately the TMD. Finally, we explore the dynamics of intact iGluRs and describe how it might affect receptor operation in a synaptic environment.
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30
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Cooperative Dynamics of Intact AMPA and NMDA Glutamate Receptors: Similarities and Subfamily-Specific Differences. Structure 2015; 23:1692-1704. [PMID: 26256538 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are tetrameric ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission. Recent structures of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors permit a comparative analysis of whole-receptor dynamics for the first time. Despite substantial differences in the packing of their two-domain extracellular region, the two iGluRs share similar dynamics, elucidated by elastic network models. Motions accessible to either structure enable conformational interconversion, such as compression of the AMPA receptor toward the more tightly packed NMDA receptor conformation, which has been linked to allosteric regulation. Pivoting motions coupled to concerted rotations of the transmembrane ion channel are prominent between dimers of distal N-terminal domains in the loosely packed AMPA receptor. The occurrence and functional relevance of these motions is verified by cross-linking experiments designed to probe the computationally predicted distance changes. Together with the identification of hotspot residues acting as mediators of allosteric communication, our data provide a glimpse into the dynamic spectrum of iGluRs.
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31
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Emerging structural insights into the function of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:328-37. [PMID: 25941168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate excitatory neurotransmission crucial for brain development and function, including learning and memory formation. Recently a wealth of structural studies on iGluRs including AMPA receptors (AMPARs), kainate receptors, and NMDA receptors (NMDARs) became available. These studies showed structures of non-NMDARs including AMPAR and kainate receptor in various functional states, thereby providing the first visual sense of how non-NMDAR iGluRs may function in the context of homotetramers. Furthermore, they provided the first view of heterotetrameric NMDAR ion channels, and this illuminated the similarities with and differences from non-NMDARs, thus raising a mechanistic distinction between the two groups of iGluRs. We review mechanistic insights into iGluR functions gained through structural studies of multiple groups.
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32
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Abstract
Cornichon homologs (CNIHs) are AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) auxiliary subunits that modulate AMPAR ion channel function and trafficking. Mechanisms underlying this interaction and functional modulation of the receptor complex are currently unclear. Here, using proteins expressed from mouse and rat cDNA, we show that CNIH-3 forms a stable complex with tetrameric AMPARs and contributes to the transmembrane density in single-particle electron microscopy structures. Peptide array-based screening and in vitro mutagenesis identified two clusters of conserved membrane-proximal residues in CNIHs that contribute to AMPAR binding. Because CNIH-1 binds to AMPARs but modulates gating at a significantly lower magnitude compared with CNIH-3, these conserved residues mediate a direct interaction between AMPARs and CNIHs. In addition, residues in the extracellular loop of CNIH-2/3 absent in CNIH-1/4 are critical for both AMPAR interaction and gating modulation. On the AMPAR extracellular domains, the ligand-binding domain and possibly a stretch of linker, connecting the ligand-binding domain to the fourth membrane-spanning segment, is the principal contact point with the CNIH-3 extracellular loop. In contrast, the membrane-distal N-terminal domain is less involved in AMPAR gating modulation by CNIH-3 and AMPAR binding to CNIH-3. Collectively, our results identify conserved residues in the membrane-proximal region of CNIHs that contribute to AMPAR binding and an additional unique segment in the CNIH-2/3 extracellular loop required for both physical interaction and gating modulation of the AMPAR. Consistent with the dissociable properties of binding and gating modulation, we identified a mutant CNIH-3 that preserves AMPAR binding capability but has attenuated activity of gating modulation.
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33
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Cais O, Herguedas B, Krol K, Cull-Candy SG, Farrant M, Greger IH. Mapping the interaction sites between AMPA receptors and TARPs reveals a role for the receptor N-terminal domain in channel gating. Cell Rep 2014; 9:728-40. [PMID: 25373908 PMCID: PMC4405707 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast neurotransmission at excitatory synapses. The extent and fidelity of postsynaptic depolarization triggered by AMPAR activation are shaped by AMPAR auxiliary subunits, including the transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). TARPs profoundly influence gating, an effect thought to be mediated by an interaction with the AMPAR ion channel and ligand binding domain (LBD). Here, we show that the distal N-terminal domain (NTD) contributes to TARP modulation. Alterations in the NTD-LBD linker result in TARP-dependent and TARP-selective changes in AMPAR gating. Using peptide arrays, we identify a TARP interaction region on the NTD and define the path of TARP contacts along the LBD surface. Moreover, we map key binding sites on the TARP itself and show that mutation of these residues mediates gating modulation. Our data reveal a TARP-dependent allosteric role for the AMPAR NTD and suggest that TARP binding triggers a drastic reorganization of the AMPAR complex. The NTD linker has a TARP-dependent and TARP-specific impact on AMPAR gating Peptide arrays reveal binding of TARPs to both extracellular domains of AMPARs A structural reorganization of AMPARs is triggered by TARP binding
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cais
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Beatriz Herguedas
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Karolina Krol
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stuart G Cull-Candy
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark Farrant
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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34
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Su JG, Qi LS, Li CH, Zhu YY, Du HJ, Hou YX, Hao R, Wang JH. Prediction of allosteric sites on protein surfaces with an elastic-network-model-based thermodynamic method. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:022719. [PMID: 25215770 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.022719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Allostery is a rapid and efficient way in many biological processes to regulate protein functions, where binding of an effector at the allosteric site alters the activity and function at a distant active site. Allosteric regulation of protein biological functions provides a promising strategy for novel drug design. However, how to effectively identify the allosteric sites remains one of the major challenges for allosteric drug design. In the present work, a thermodynamic method based on the elastic network model was proposed to predict the allosteric sites on the protein surface. In our method, the thermodynamic coupling between the allosteric and active sites was considered, and then the allosteric sites were identified as those where the binding of an effector molecule induces a large change in the binding free energy of the protein with its ligand. Using the proposed method, two proteins, i.e., the 70 kD heat shock protein (Hsp70) and GluA2 alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, were studied and the allosteric sites on the protein surface were successfully identified. The predicted results are consistent with the available experimental data, which indicates that our method is a simple yet effective approach for the identification of allosteric sites on proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Guo Su
- College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Li Sheng Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
| | - Chun Hua Li
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yan Ying Zhu
- College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hui Jing Du
- College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yan Xue Hou
- College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Rui Hao
- College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ji Hua Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
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Möykkynen T, Coleman SK, Semenov A, Keinänen K. The N-terminal domain modulates α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor desensitization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13197-205. [PMID: 24652293 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors are tetrameric glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic neurotransmission in mammalian brain. Their subunits contain a two-lobed N-terminal domain (NTD) that comprises over 40% of the mature polypeptide. The NTD is not obligatory for the assembly of tetrameric receptors, and its functional role is still unclear. By analyzing full-length and NTD-deleted GluA1-4 AMPA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells, we found that the removal of the NTD leads to a significant reduction in receptor transport to the plasma membrane, a higher steady state-to-peak current ratio of glutamate responses, and strongly increased sensitivity to glutamate toxicity in cell culture. Further analyses showed that NTD-deleted receptors display both a slower onset of desensitization and a faster recovery from desensitization of agonist responses. Our results indicate that the NTD promotes the biosynthetic maturation of AMPA receptors and, for membrane-expressed channels, enhances the stability of the desensitized state. Moreover, these findings suggest that interactions of the NTD with extracellular/synaptic ligands may be able to fine-tune AMPA receptor-mediated responses, in analogy with the allosteric regulatory role demonstrated for the NTD of NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Möykkynen
- From the Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Sobolevsky AI. Structure and gating of tetrameric glutamate receptors. J Physiol 2013; 593:29-38. [PMID: 25556785 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that open their ion-conducting pores in response to the binding of agonist glutamate. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in studies of iGluRs by determining numerous structures of isolated water-soluble ligand-binding and amino-terminal domains, as well as solving the first crystal structure of the full-length AMPA receptor in the closed, antagonist-bound state. These structural data combined with electrophysiological and fluorescence recordings, biochemical experiments, mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations have greatly improved our understanding of iGluR assembly, activation and desensitization processes. This article reviews the recent structural and functional advances in the iGluR field and summarizes them in a simplified model of full-length iGluR gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, Black Bldg. 513, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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37
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Su JG, Du HJ, Hao R, Xu XJ, Li CH, Chen WZ, Wang CX. Identification of functionally key residues in AMPA receptor with a thermodynamic method. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:8689-96. [PMID: 23822189 DOI: 10.1021/jp402290t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AMPA receptor mediates the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, and it is activated by the binding of glutamate that results in the opening of the transmembrane ion channel. In the present work, the thermodynamic method developed by our group was improved and then applied to identify the functionally key residues that regulate the glutamate-binding affinity of AMPA receptor. In our method, the key residues are identified as those whose perturbation largely changes the ligand binding free energy of the protein. It is found that besides the ligand binding sites, other residues distant from the binding cleft can also influence the glutamate binding affinity through a long-range allosteric regulation. These allosteric sites include the hinge region of the ligand binding cleft, the dimer interface of the ligand binding domain, the linkers between the ligand binding domain and the transmembrane domain, and the interface between the N-terminal domain and the ligand binding domain. Our calculation results are consistent with the available experimental data. The results are helpful for our understanding of the mechanism of long-range allosteric communication in the AMPA receptor and the mechanism of channel opening triggered by glutamate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Guo Su
- College of Science, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
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38
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Zhu S, Stroebel D, Yao CA, Taly A, Paoletti P. Allosteric signaling and dynamics of the clamshell-like NMDA receptor GluN1 N-terminal domain. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:477-85. [PMID: 23454977 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), neuronal glutamate-gated ion channels, are obligatory heterotetramers composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. Each subunit contains two extracellular clamshell-like domains with an agonist-binding domain and a distal N-terminal domain (NTD). The GluN2 NTDs form mobile regulatory domains. In contrast, the dynamics of GluN1 NTD and its contribution to NMDAR function remain poorly understood. Here we show that GluN1 NTD is neither static nor functionally silent. Perturbing the conformation of GluN1 NTD affects both receptor gating and pharmacological properties. GluN1 NTD undergoes structural rearrangements that involve hinge bending and large twisting and untwisting motions, allowing for new intra- and intersubunit contacts. GluN1 NTD acts in trans with GluN2 NTD to influence binding of glutamate but, notably, not of GluN1 coagonist glycine. Our work uncovers a dynamic role of GluN1 NTD in controlling NMDAR function through new interdomain allosteric interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujia Zhu
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie, Paris, France
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Baranovic J, Ramanujan CS, Kasai N, Midgett CR, Madden DR, Torimitsu K, Ryan JF. Reconstitution of homomeric GluA2(flop) receptors in supported lipid membranes: functional and structural properties. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8647-8657. [PMID: 23382380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels ubiquitous in the vertebrate central nervous system, where they mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission and act as molecular determinants of memory formation and learning. Together with detailed analyses of individual AMPAR domains, structural studies of full-length AMPARs by electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography have provided important insights into channel assembly and function. However, the correlation between the structure and functional states of the channel remains ambiguous particularly because these functional states can be assessed only with the receptor bound within an intact lipid bilayer. To provide a basis for investigating AMPAR structure in a membrane environment, we developed an optimized reconstitution protocol using a receptor whose structure has previously been characterized by electron microscopy. Single-channel recordings of reconstituted homomeric GluA2(flop) receptors recapitulate key electrophysiological parameters of the channels expressed in native cellular membranes. Atomic force microscopy studies of the reconstituted samples provide high-resolution images of membrane-embedded full-length AMPARs at densities comparable to those in postsynaptic membranes. The data demonstrate the effect of protein density on conformational flexibility and dimensions of the receptors and provide the first structural characterization of functional membrane-embedded AMPARs, thus laying the foundation for correlated structure-function analyses of the predominant mediators of excitatory synaptic signals in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Baranovic
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Nahoko Kasai
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan
| | - Charles R Midgett
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1404
| | - Dean R Madden
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-1404
| | | | - John F Ryan
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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Herguedas B, Krieger J, Greger IH. Receptor Heteromeric Assembly—How It Works and Why It Matters. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 117:361-86. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386931-9.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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41
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Lemoine D, Jiang R, Taly A, Chataigneau T, Specht A, Grutter T. Ligand-gated ion channels: new insights into neurological disorders and ligand recognition. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6285-318. [PMID: 22988962 DOI: 10.1021/cr3000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lemoine
- Laboratoire de Biophysicochimie des Récepteurs Canaux, UMR 7199 CNRS, Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg , 67400 Illkirch, France
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42
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Dutta A, Shrivastava IH, Sukumaran M, Greger IH, Bahar I. Comparative dynamics of NMDA- and AMPA-glutamate receptor N-terminal domains. Structure 2012; 20:1838-49. [PMID: 22959625 PMCID: PMC3496038 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) harbor two extracellular domains: the membrane-proximal ligand-binding domain (LBD) and the distal N-terminal domain (NTD). These are involved in signal sensing: the LBD binds L-glutamate, which activates the receptor channel. Ligand binding to the NTD modulates channel function in the NMDA receptor subfamily of iGluRs, which has not been observed for the AMPAR subfamily to date. Structural data suggest that AMPAR NTDs are packed into tight dimers and have lost their signaling potential. Here, we assess NTD dynamics from both subfamilies, using a variety of computational tools. We describe the conformational motions that underly NMDAR NTD allosteric signaling. Unexpectedly, AMPAR NTDs are capable of undergoing similar dynamics; although dimerization imposes restrictions, the two subfamilies sample similar, interconvertible conformational subspaces. Finally, we solve the crystal structure of AMPAR GluA4 NTD, and combined with molecular dynamics simulations, we characterize regions pivotal for an as-yet-unexplored dynamic spectrum of AMPAR NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Dutta
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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43
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Abstract
X-ray crystal structures for the soluble amino-terminal and ligand-binding domains of glutamate receptor ion channels, combined with a 3.6-Å-resolution structure of the full-length AMPA receptor GluA2 homotetramer, provide unique insights into the mechanisms of the assembly and function of glutamate receptor ion channels. Increasingly sophisticated biochemical, computational, and electrophysiological experiments are beginning to reveal the mechanism of action of partial agonists and suggest new models for the mechanism of action of allosteric modulators. Newly identified NMDA receptor ligands acting at novel sites offer hope for the development of subtype-selective modulators. The many unresolved issues include the role of the amino-terminal domain in AMPA receptor signaling and the mechanisms by which auxiliary proteins regulate receptor activity. The structural basis for ion permeation and ion channel block also remain areas of uncertainty, and despite substantial progress, molecular dynamics simulations have yet to reveal how glutamate binding opens the ion channel pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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44
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Tightening of the ATP-binding sites induces the opening of P2X receptor channels. EMBO J 2012; 31:2134-43. [PMID: 22473210 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The opening of ligand-gated ion channels in response to agonist binding is a fundamental process in biology. In ATP-gated P2X receptors, little is known about the molecular events that couple ATP binding to channel opening. In this paper, we identify structural changes of the ATP site accompanying the P2X2 receptor activation by engineering extracellular zinc bridges at putative mobile regions as revealed by normal mode analysis. We provide evidence that tightening of the ATP sites shaped like open 'jaws' induces opening of the P2X ion channel. We show that ATP binding favours jaw tightening, whereas binding of a competitive antagonist prevents gating induced by this movement. Our data reveal the inherent dynamic of the binding jaw, and provide new structural insights into the mechanism of P2X receptor activation.
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45
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Mayer ML. Emerging models of glutamate receptor ion channel structure and function. Structure 2012; 19:1370-80. [PMID: 22000510 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain is mediated by ligand-gated ion channels (iGluRs) activated by glutamate. Distinct from other neurotransmitter receptors, the extracellular domains of iGluRs are loosely packed assemblies with two clearly distinct layers, each of which has both local and global 2-fold axes of symmetry. By contrast, the iGluR transmembrane segments have 4-fold symmetry and share a conserved pore loop architecture found in tetrameric voltage-gated ion channels. The striking layered architecture of iGluRs revealed by the 3.6 Å resolution structure of an AMPA receptor homotetramer likely arose from gene fusion events that occurred early in evolution. Although this modular design has greatly facilitated biophysical and structural studies on individual iGluR domains, and suggested conserved mechanisms for iGluR gating, recent work is beginning to reveal unanticipated diversity in the structure, allosteric regulation, and assembly of iGluR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Mayer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurophysiology, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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46
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Midgett CR, Gill A, Madden DR. Domain architecture of a calcium-permeable AMPA receptor in a ligand-free conformation. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 4:56. [PMID: 22232575 PMCID: PMC3249379 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-gated ion channels couple the free energy of agonist binding to the gating of selective transmembrane ion pores, permitting cells to regulate ion flux in response to external chemical stimuli. However, the stereochemical mechanisms responsible for this coupling remain obscure. In the case of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), the modular nature of receptor subunits has facilitated structural analysis of the N-terminal domain (NTD), and of multiple conformations of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). Recently, the crystallographic structure of an antagonist-bound form of the receptor was determined. However, disulfide trapping of this conformation blocks channel opening, suggesting that channel activation involves additional quaternary packing arrangements. To explore the conformational space available to iGluR channels, we report here a second, clearly distinct domain architecture of homotetrameric, calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, determined by single-particle electron microscopy of untagged and fluorescently tagged constructs in a ligand-free state. It reveals a novel packing of NTD dimers, and a separation of LBD dimers across a central vestibule. In this arrangement, which reconciles diverse functional observations, agonist-induced cleft closure across LBD dimers can be converted into a twisting motion that provides a basis for receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Midgett
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School Hanover, NH, USA
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Abstract
The amino terminal domain (ATD) of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) subunits resides at the extracellular region distal to the membrane. The ATD is structurally and functionally the most divergent region of the iGluR subunits. Structural studies on full-length GluA2 and the ATDs from three iGluR subfamilies have shed light on how the ATD facilitates subunit assembly, accommodates allosteric modulator compounds, and controls gating properties. Here recent developments in structural and functional studies on iGluR ATDs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Furukawa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Intrinsic Motions in the N-Terminal Domain of an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Detected by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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49
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Abstract
The AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid) subfamily of iGluRs (ionotropic glutamate receptors) is essential for fast excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. The malfunction of AMPARs (AMPA receptors) has been implicated in many neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The active channels of AMPARs and other iGluR subfamilies are tetramers formed exclusively by assembly of subunits within the same subfamily. It has been proposed that the assembly process is controlled mainly by the extracellular ATD (N-terminal domain) of iGluR. In addition, ATD has also been implicated in synaptogenesis, iGluR trafficking and trans-synaptic signalling, through unknown mechanisms. We report in the present study a 2.5 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) resolution crystal structure of the ATD of GluA1. Comparative analyses of the structure of GluA1-ATD and other subunits sheds light on our understanding of how ATD drives subfamily-specific assembly of AMPARs. In addition, analysis of the crystal lattice of GluA1-ATD suggests a novel mechanism by which the ATD might participate in inter-tetramer AMPAR clustering, as well as in trans-synaptic protein-protein interactions.
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Molecular basis of positive allosteric modulation of GluN2B NMDA receptors by polyamines. EMBO J 2011; 30:3134-46. [PMID: 21685875 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) form glutamate-gated ion channels that have central roles in neuronal communication and plasticity throughout the brain. Dysfunctions of NMDARs are involved in several central nervous system disorders, including stroke, chronic pain and schizophrenia. One hallmark of NMDARs is that their activity can be allosterically regulated by a variety of extracellular small ligands. While much has been learned recently regarding allosteric inhibition of NMDARs, the structural determinants underlying positive allosteric modulation of these receptors remain poorly defined. Here, we show that polyamines, naturally occurring polycations that selectively enhance NMDARs containing the GluN2B subunit, bind at a dimer interface between GluN1 and GluN2B subunit N-terminal domains (NTDs). Polyamines act by shielding negative charges present on GluN1 and GluN2B NTD lower lobes, allowing their close apposition, an effect that in turn prevents NTD clamshell closure. Our work reveals the mechanistic basis for positive allosteric modulation of NMDARs. It provides the first example of an intersubunit binding site in this class of receptors, a discovery that holds promise for future drug interventions.
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