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Kampmann M. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:351-371. [PMID: 38575768 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The selective vulnerability of specific neuronal subtypes is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. In this Review, I summarize our current understanding of the brain regions and cell types that are selectively vulnerable in different neurodegenerative diseases and describe the proposed underlying cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. I highlight how recent methodological innovations - including single-cell transcriptomics, CRISPR-based screens and human cell-based models of disease - are enabling new breakthroughs in our understanding of selective vulnerability. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine selective vulnerability and resilience would shed light on the key processes that drive neurodegeneration and point to potential therapeutic strategies to protect vulnerable cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Khan T, Waseem R, Shahid M, Ansari J, Ahanger IA, Hassan I, Islam A. Recent advancement in therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease: Insights from clinical trials. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 92:102113. [PMID: 37918760 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia, characterized by the presence of plaques of amyloid beta and Tau proteins. There is currently no permanent cure for AD; the only medications approved by the FDA for mild to moderate AD are cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and immunotherapies against core pathophysiology, that provide temporary relief only. Researchers worldwide have made significant attempts to find new targets and develop innovative therapeutic molecules to treat AD. The FDA-approved drugs are palliative and couldn't restore the damaged neuron cells of AD. Stem cells have self-differentiation properties, making them prospective therapeutics to treat AD. The promising results in pre-clinical studies of stem cell therapy for AD seek attention worldwide. Various stem cells, mainly mesenchymal stem cells, are currently in different phases of clinical trials and need more advancements to take this therapy to the translational level. Here, we review research from the past decade that has identified several hypotheses related to AD pathology. Moreover, this article also focuses on the recent advancement in therapeutic strategies for AD treatment including immunotherapy and stem cell therapy detailing the clinical trials that are currently undergoing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeel Khan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rashid Waseem
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaoud Ansari
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Ahanger
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir,190006, India
| | - Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Babaei H, Kheirollah A, Ranjbaran M, Cheraghzadeh M, Sarkaki A, Adelipour M. Preconditioning adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with dimethyl fumarate promotes their therapeutic efficacy in the brain tissues of rats with Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 672:120-127. [PMID: 37348174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been suggested to be a promising method for treating neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the poor survival rate of transplanted MSCs has limited their therapeutic application. This study aimed to evaluate whether preconditioning MSCs with dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a Nrf2 inducer, could enhance MSC therapeutic efficacy in an amyloid-β (Aβ1-42)-induced AD rat model. METHODS The survival and antioxidant capacity of MSCs treated with DMF were assessed in vitro. Aβ1-42 intrahippocampal injection was used to create a rat model of AD. Following the transplantation of MSCs preconditioned with DMF and using the Morris blue maze test, spatial learning and memory were assessed. Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the gene expression related to apoptosis and neurotrophins in the hippocampus region. RESULTS Treatment with DMF enhanced cell survival and Nrf2 protein expression in MSCs in vitro. Preconditioning with DMF also enhanced the efficacy of transplanted MSCs in rescuing learning and spatial memory deficits in Aβ-AD rats. Besides, DMF preconditioning enhanced the neuroprotective effect of transplanted MSCs in the hippocampus of rats treated with Aβ1-42 by decreasing the expression of apoptotic markers (Bax, caspase 3, and cytochrome c), and elevating the expression of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl2 and neurotrophins, including BDNF and NGF. CONCLUSION Preconditioning MSCs with DMF boosted the therapeutic efficacy of these cells; therefore, it could serve as a targeted strategy for increasing the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in treating neurodegenerative disorders, including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Kheirollah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mina Ranjbaran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Cheraghzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Medical Plant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Chen X, Jiang S, Wang R, Bao X, Li Y. Neural Stem Cells in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S173-S186. [PMID: 36336934 PMCID: PMC10473082 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive dementia, is one of the world's most dangerous and debilitating diseases. Clinical trial results of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau regulators based on the pretext of straightforward amyloid and tau immunotherapy were disappointing. There are currently no effective strategies for slowing the progression of AD. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying AD and the development of novel therapeutic options are critical. Neurogenesis is impaired in AD, which contributes to memory deficits. Transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) can regenerate degraded cholinergic neurons, and new neurons derived from NSCs can form synaptic connections with neighboring neurons. In theory, employing NSCs to replace and restore damaged cholinergic neurons and brain connections may offer new treatment options for AD. However there remain barriers to surmount before NSC-based therapy can be used clinically. The objective of this article is to describe recent advances in the treatment of AD models and clinical trials involving NSCs. In addition, we discuss the challenges and prospects associated with cell transplant therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shenzhong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ahmad F, Sachdeva P. A consolidated review on stem cell therapy for treatment and management of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Med (Milton) 2022; 5:182-190. [PMID: 36247342 PMCID: PMC9549310 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia and affects around 50 million people around the globe. AD is diagnosed mainly through imaging techniques and to date only five drugs are approved for management of AD but no promising treatment is available for AD. So in this review, we are focusing on stem cell therapy for AD. This review will cover all stem cells like mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and neural stem cells. Clinical trials of AD have also been discussed. Finally, limitations of stem cells are discussed with ongoing clinical trials, and in the future stem cell therapy can be used for treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology Jamia Hamdard University Delhi India
| | - Punya Sachdeva
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences Amity University Noida Uttar Pradesh India
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Single Cell/Nucleus Transcriptomics Comparison in Zebrafish and Humans Reveals Common and Distinct Molecular Responses to Alzheimer’s Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111807. [PMID: 35681503 PMCID: PMC9180693 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is significantly reduced in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is a potential therapeutic target. Contrary to humans, a zebrafish can regenerate its diseased brain, and thus is ideal for studying neurogenesis. To compare the AD-related molecular pathways between humans and zebrafish, we compared single cell or nuclear transcriptomic data from a zebrafish amyloid toxicity model and its controls (N = 12) with the datasets of two human adult brains (N = 10 and N = 48 (Microglia)), and one fetal brain (N = 10). Approximately 95.4% of the human and zebrafish cells co-clustered. Within each cell type, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), enriched KEGG pathways, and gene ontology terms. We studied synergistic and non-synergistic DEGs to point at either common or uniquely altered mechanisms across species. Using the top DEGs, a high concordance in gene expression changes between species was observed in neuronal clusters. On the other hand, the molecular pathways affected by AD in zebrafish astroglia differed from humans in favor of the neurogenic pathways. The integration of zebrafish and human transcriptomes shows that the zebrafish can be used as a tool to study the cellular response to amyloid proteinopathies. Uniquely altered pathways in zebrafish could highlight the specific mechanisms underlying neurogenesis, which are absent in humans, and could serve as potential candidates for therapeutic developments.
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Xi Y, Chen Y, Jin Y, Han G, Song M, Song T, Shi Y, Tao L, Huang Z, Zhou J, Ding Y, Zhang H. Versatile nanomaterials for Alzheimer's disease: Pathogenesis inspired disease-modifying therapy. J Control Release 2022; 345:38-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Subhramanyam CS, Cao Q, Wang C, Heng ZSL, Zhou Z, Hu Q. piRNAs Interact with Cold-Shock Domain-Containing RNA Binding Proteins and Regulate Neuronal Gene Expression During Differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1285-1300. [PMID: 34982407 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
piRNAs (PIWI-interacting RNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) abundantly expressed in germline cells and involved in suppressing the transposon activity. Interestingly, recent studies have found piRNA expression in the central nervous system (CNS), yet the underlying biological significance remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of piRNAs during the retinoic acid (RA)-mediated neuronal differentiation in NT2 cells, a human embryonal carcinoma cell line. We identified a cohort of differentially expressed piRNAs by microarray. Two piRNAs, DQ582359 and DQ596268, were increasingly upregulated during the RA-induced differentiation and involved in regulating the expression of neuronal markers, MAP2 and TUBB3. Furthermore, these piRNAs were found to associate with cold-shock domain (CSD)-containing RNA binding proteins, DIS3, DIS3L2, and YB-1. Markedly, overexpression of these piRNAs further enhanced the protein levels of MAP2 and TUBB3, potentially by downregulating DIS3, DIS3L2, and YB-1. Hence, our study has identified a novel somatic function of piRNAs in regulating neuronal gene expression. The interaction of piRNA with some CSD-containing proteins can be further explored to enhance neuronal differentiation to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiong Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Zealyn Shi-Lin Heng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Qidong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Past, present and future of therapeutic strategies against amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101496. [PMID: 34687956 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in ageing, affecting around 46 million people worldwide but few treatments are currently available. The etiology of AD is still puzzling, and new drugs development and clinical trials have high failure rates. Urgent outline of an integral (multi-target) and effective treatment of AD is needed. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is considered one of the fundamental neuropathological pillars of the disease, and its dyshomeostasis has shown a crucial role in AD onset. Therefore, many amyloid-targeted therapies have been investigated. Here, we will systematically review recent (from 2014) investigational, follow-up and review studies focused on anti-amyloid strategies to summarize and analyze their current clinical potential. Combination of anti-Aβ therapies with new developing early detection biomarkers and other therapeutic agents acting on early functional AD changes will be highlighted in this review. Near-term approval seems likely for several drugs acting against Aβ, with recent FDA approval of a monoclonal anti-Aβ oligomers antibody -aducanumab- raising hopes and controversies. We conclude that, development of oligomer-epitope specific Aβ treatment and implementation of multiple improved biomarkers and risk prediction methods allowing early detection, together with therapies acting on other factors such as hyperexcitability in early AD, could be the key to slowing this global pandemic.
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Engrafted stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease: A promising treatment strategy with clinical outcome. J Control Release 2021; 338:837-857. [PMID: 34509587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, although the microscopic alterations present in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been well known for over a century only a handful of symptomatic treatments have been developed which are a far cry from a full cure providing volatile benefits. In this context, the intervention of stem cell therapy (SCT) has been proposed as an auxiliary treatment for AD as suggested by the rising number of pre-clinical studies that stem cell engraftment could provide an exciting future treatment regimen against neurodegeneration. Although, most of the primary enthusiasm about this approach was based on replacing deteriorating neurons, the latest studies have implied that the positive modulations fostered by stem cells are fuelled by bystander effects. Present review provides a detailed update on stem cell therapy for AD along with meticulous discussion regarding challenges in developing different stem cells from an aspect of experiment to clinical research and their potential in the milieu of AD hallmarks. Specifically, we focus and provide in depth view on recent advancements in the discipline of SCT aiming to repopulate or regenerate the degenerating neuronal circuitry in AD using stem-cell-on-a-chip and 3D bioprinting techniques. The focus is specifically on the successful restoration of cognitive functions upon engraftment of stem cells on in vivo models for the benefit of the current researchers and their understanding about the status of SCT in AD and finally summarizing on what future holds for SCT in the treatment of AD.
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Bagheri-Mohammadi S. Stem cell-based therapy as a promising approach in Alzheimer's disease: current perspectives on novel treatment. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 22:339-353. [PMID: 33398492 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09896-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neuronal disorder with insidious onset and slow progression, leading to growing global concern with huge implications for individuals and society. The occurrence of AD has been increased and has become an important health issue throughout the world. In recent years, the care of more than 35 million patients with AD costs over $ 600 billion per year, it is approximately 1 percent of the global Gross Domestic Product. Currently, the therapeutic approach is not effective for neurological deficits especially after the development of these major neurological disorders. The discovery of the technique called cell-based therapy has shown promising results and made important conclusions beyond AD using the stem cells approach. Here we review recent progress on stem cell-based therapy in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Pacheco-Herrero M, Soto-Rojas LO, Reyes-Sabater H, Garcés-Ramirez L, de la Cruz López F, Villanueva-Fierro I, Luna-Muñoz J. Current Status and Challenges of Stem Cell Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:917-935. [PMID: 34633316 PMCID: PMC8673502 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Parkinson's disease, among others, are characterized by the pathological processing and accumulation of tau protein. AD is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by two lesions: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuritic plaques. The presence of NFTs in the hippocampus and neocortex in early and advanced stages, respectively, correlates with the patient's cognitive deterioration. So far, no drugs can prevent, decrease, or limit neuronal death due to abnormal pathological tau accumulation. Among potential non-pharmacological treatments, physical exercise has been shown to stimulate the development of stem cells (SCs) and may be useful in early stages. However, this does not prevent neuronal death from the massive accumulation of NFTs. In recent years, SCs therapies have emerged as a promising tool to repopulate areas involved in cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Unfortunately, protocols for SCs therapy are still being developed and the mechanism of action of such therapy remains unclear. In this review, we show the advances and limitations of SCs therapy. Finally, we provide a critical analysis of its clinical use for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Dominican Republic
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Heidy Reyes-Sabater
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, Dominican Republic
| | - Linda Garcés-Ramirez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Depto de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fidel de la Cruz López
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Depto de Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank, Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, UNAM, State of Mexico, Mexico
- Banco Nacional de Cerebros-UNPHU, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Dominican Republic
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Toniolo S, Sen A, Husain M. Modulation of Brain Hyperexcitability: Potential New Therapeutic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9318. [PMID: 33297460 PMCID: PMC7730926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have significantly higher rates of subclinical and overt epileptiform activity. In animal models, oligomeric Aβ amyloid is able to induce neuronal hyperexcitability even in the early phases of the disease. Such aberrant activity subsequently leads to downstream accumulation of toxic proteins, and ultimately to further neurodegeneration and neuronal silencing mediated by concomitant tau accumulation. Several neurotransmitters participate in the initial hyperexcitable state, with increased synaptic glutamatergic tone and decreased GABAergic inhibition. These changes appear to activate excitotoxic pathways and, ultimately, cause reduced long-term potentiation, increased long-term depression, and increased GABAergic inhibitory remodelling at the network level. Brain hyperexcitability has therefore been identified as a potential target for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing cognition, and, possibly, disease modification in the longer term. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential efficacy in targeting hyperexcitability in AD, with levetiracetam showing some encouraging effects. Newer compounds and techniques, such as gene editing via viral vectors or brain stimulation, also show promise. Diagnostic challenges include identifying best biomarkers for measuring sub-clinical epileptiform discharges. Determining the timing of any intervention is critical and future trials will need to carefully stratify participants with respect to the phase of disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Toniolo
- Cognitive Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6AE, UK
| | - Arjune Sen
- Oxford Epilepsy Research Group, Nuffield Department Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Masud Husain
- Cognitive Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6AE, UK
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Yang X, Tian DC, He W, Lv W, Fan J, Li H, Jin WN, Meng X. Cellular and molecular imaging for stem cell tracking in neurological diseases. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2020; 6:121-127. [PMID: 33122254 PMCID: PMC8005893 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are cells with strong proliferation ability, multilineage differentiation potential and self-renewal capacity. SC transplantation represents an important therapeutic advancement for the treatment strategy of neurological diseases, both in the preclinical experimental and clinical settings. Innovative and breakthrough SC labelling and tracking technologies are widely used to monitor the distribution and viability of transplanted cells non-invasively and longitudinally. Here we summarised the research progress of the main tracers, labelling methods and imaging technologies involved in current SC tracking technologies for various neurological diseases. Finally, the applications, challenges and unresolved problems of current SC tracing technologies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - De-Cai Tian
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyan He
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lv
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junwan Fan
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haowen Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
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15
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Subhramanyam CS, Cao Q, Wang C, Heng ZSL, Zhou Z, Hu Q. Role of PIWI-like 4 in modulating neuronal differentiation from human embryonal carcinoma cells. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1613-1624. [PMID: 32372724 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1757896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI homologs constitute a subclass of the Argonaute family. Traditionally, they have been shown to associate with a specific class of small RNAs, piRNAs, to suppress transposable elements and protect genomic integrity in germ cells. Recent studies imply that PIWI proteins may also exert important biological functions in somatic contexts, including the brain. However, their exact role in neural development remains unknown. Hence we investigated whether PIWI proteins are involved in neuronal differentiation. By using an established cell model for studying neurogenesis, NTera2/D1 (NT2) cells, we found that a particular PIWI homolog, PIWIL4 was increasingly upregulated throughout the course of all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-mediated neuronal differentiation. During this process, PIWIL4 knockdown led to partial recovery of embryonic stem cell markers, while suppressing RA-induced expression of neuronal markers. Consistently, PIWIL4 overexpression further elevated their expression levels. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation revealed an RA-induced interaction between PIWIL4 and the H3K27me3 demethylase UTX. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that this interaction could be essential for the removal of H3K27me3 from the promoters of RA-inducible genes. By a similar mechanism, PIWIL4 knockdown also suppressed the expression of PTN and NLGN3, two important neuronal factors secreted to regulate glioma activity. We further noted that the conditioned medium collected from PIWIL4-silenced NT2 cells significantly reduced the proliferation of glioma cells. Thus, our data suggest a novel somatic role of PIWIL4 in modulating the expression of neuronal genes that can be further characterized to promote neuronal differentiation and to modulate the activity of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiong Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zealyn Shi Lin Heng
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Qidong Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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16
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Lin K, Liu B, Lim SL, Fu X, Sze SCW, Yung KKL, Zhang S. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol promotes the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells by targeting GSK-3β in the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:475-482. [PMID: 32372869 PMCID: PMC7195587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active natural ingredients, especially small molecules, have recently received wide attention as modifiers used to treat neurodegenerative disease by promoting neurogenic regeneration of neural stem cell (NSC) in situ. 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), one of the bioactive ingredients in ginseng, possesses neuroprotective properties. However, the effect of PPD on NSC proliferation and differentiation and its mechanism of action are incompletely understood. METHODS In this study, we investigated the impact of PPD on NSC proliferation and neuronal lineage differentiation through activation of the Wnt/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β/β-catenin pathway. NSC migration and proliferation were investigated by neurosphere assay, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and EdU assay. NSC differentiation was analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Involvement of the Wnt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway was examined by molecular simulation and Western blot and verified using gene transfection. RESULTS PPD significantly promoted neural migration and induced a significant increase in NSC proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a remarkable increase in antimicrotubule-associated protein 2 expression and decrease in nestin protein expression were induced by PPD. During the differentiation process, PPD targeted and stimulated the phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 and the active forms of β-catenin, resulting in activation of the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway. Transfection of NSCs with a constitutively active GSK-3β mutant at S9A significantly hampered the proliferation and neural differentiation mediated by PPD. CONCLUSION PPD promotes NSC proliferation and neural differentiation in vitro via activation of the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway by targeting GSK-3β, potentially having great significance for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Lin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sze-Lam Lim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuqiong Fu
- Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, HKBU, Kowloon Tong, HKSAR, China
| | - Stephen C.-W. Sze
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ken K.-L. Yung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), China
- HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
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17
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Pogačnik L, Ota A, Poklar Ulrih N. An Overview of Crucial Dietary Substances and Their Modes of Action for Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:E576. [PMID: 32121302 PMCID: PMC7140513 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, namely Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis are becoming one of the main health concerns due to the increasing aging of the world's population. These diseases often share the same biological mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and/or protein fibrillation. Recently, there have been many studies published pointing out the possibilities to reduce and postpone the clinical manifestation of these deadly diseases through lifelong consumption of some crucial dietary substances, among which phytochemicals (e.g., polyphenols) and endogenous substances (e.g., acetyl-L-carnitine, coenzyme Q10, n-3 poysaturated fatty acids) showed the most promising results. Another important issue that has been pointed out recently is the availability of these substances to the central nervous system, where they have to be present in high enough concentrations in order to exhibit their neuroprotective properties. As so, such the aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings regarding neuroprotective substances, their mechanisms of action, as well as to point out therapeutic considerations, including their bioavailability and safety for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (L.P.); (A.O.)
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18
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Zhang FQ, Jiang JL, Zhang JT, Niu H, Fu XQ, Zeng LL. Current status and future prospects of stem cell therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:242-250. [PMID: 31552889 PMCID: PMC6905342 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, pathologically characterized by the presence of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Current treatment approaches using drugs only alleviate the symptoms without curing the disease, which is a serious issue and influences the quality of life of the patients and their caregivers. In recent years, stem cell technology has provided new insights into the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Currently, the main sources of stem cells include neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and general treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, and the current state of stem cell transplantation in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. We also assess future challenges in the clinical application and drug development of stem cell transplantation as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Zhang
- Scientific Research Centre of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jin-Lan Jiang
- Scientific Research Centre of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jing-Tian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Han Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xue-Qi Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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19
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Lojudice FH, Fernandes RAB, Innocenti F, Franciozi CE, Cristovam P, Maia M, Sogayar MC, Junior RB. In vitro differentiation of cGMP-grade retinal pigmented epithelium from human embryonic stem cells. Int J Retina Vitreous 2019; 5:45. [PMID: 31646003 PMCID: PMC6802162 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-019-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the number of individuals who lose their vision due to retinal degeneration is expected to reach 6 million annually in 2020. The retinal degenerative diseases affect the macula, which is responsible for central and detailed vision. Most macular degeneration, i.e., age-related macular degeneration (AMD) develops in the elderly; however, certain hereditary diseases, such as the Stargardt disease, also affect young people. This degeneration begins with loss of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) due to formation of drusen (atrophic) or abnormal vessels (exudative). In wet AMD, numerous drugs are available to successful treat the disease; however, no proven therapy currently is available to treat dry AMD or Stargardt. Since its discovery, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been considered a valuable therapeutic tool. Some evidence has shown that transplantation of RPEs differentiated from hESCs cells can result in recovery of both RPE and photoreceptors and prevent visual loss. Methods The human embryonic WA-09 stem cell lineage was cultured under current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) conditions using serum-free media and supplements. The colonies were isolated manually and allowed to spontaneously differentiate into RPE cells. Results This simple and effective protocol required minimal manipulation and yielded more than 10e8 RPE cells by the end of the differentiation and enrichment processes, with cells exhibiting a cobblestone morphology and displaying cellular markers and a gene expression profile typical of mature RPE cells. Moreover, the differentiated cells displayed phagocytic activity and only a small percentage of the total cells remained positive for the Octamer-binding transcriptions factor 4 (OCT-4) pluripotency cell marker. Conclusions These results showed that functional RPE cells can be produced efficiently and suggested the possibility of scaling-up to aim at therapeutic protocols for retinal diseases associated with RPE degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando H Lojudice
- 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, CEP 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil.,2Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05360-130 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Brant Fernandes
- 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, CEP 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francesco Innocenti
- 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, CEP 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil.,2Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05360-130 Brazil
| | - Carlos E Franciozi
- 4Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 04038-032 Brazil
| | - Priscila Cristovam
- 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, CEP 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil.,2Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05360-130 Brazil
| | - Maurício Maia
- 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, CEP 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- 2Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05360-130 Brazil.,3Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 Brazil
| | - Rubens Belfort Junior
- 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, CEP 04021-001 São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Gill S, Kumara VMR. Detecting Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Domoic Acid and Ochratoxin A Using Rat Fetal Neural Stem Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100566. [PMID: 31590222 PMCID: PMC6835907 DOI: 10.3390/md17100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, animal experiments in rodents are the gold standard for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) investigations; however, testing guidelines for these experiments are insufficient in terms of animal use, time, and costs. Thus, alternative reliable approaches are needed for predicting DNT. We chose rat neural stem cells (rNSC) as a model system, and used a well-known neurotoxin, domoic acid (DA), as a model test chemical to validate the assay. This assay was used to investigate the potential neurotoxic effects of Ochratoxin A (OTA), of which the main target organ is the kidney. However, limited information is available regarding its neurotoxic effects. The effects of DA and OTA on the cytotoxicity and on the degree of differentiation of rat rNSC into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes were monitored using cell-specific immunofluorescence staining for undifferentiated rNSC (nestin), neurospheres (nestin and A2B5), neurons (MAP2 clone M13, MAP2 clone AP18, and Doublecortin), astrocytes (GFAP), and oligodendrocytes (A2B5 and mGalc). In the absence of any chemical exposure, approximately 46% of rNSC differentiated into astrocytes and neurons, while 40% of the rNSC differentiated into oligodendrocytes. Both non-cytotoxic and cytotoxic concentrations of DA and OTA reduced the differentiation of rNSC into astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, a non-cytotoxic nanomolar (0.05 µM) concentration of DA and 0.2 µM of OTA reduced the percentage differentiation of rNSC into astrocytes and neurons. Morphometric analysis showed that the highest concentration (10 μM) of DA reduced axonal length. These indicate that low, non-cytotoxic concentrations of DA and OTA can interfere with the differentiation of rNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gill
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Tunney's Pasture, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - V M Ruvin Kumara
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Tunney's Pasture, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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21
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Khaspekov LG. Modeling of Alzheimer’s Disease and Outlooks for its Therapy Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241902003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Nasiri E, Alizadeh A, Roushandeh AM, Gazor R, Hashemi-Firouzi N, Golipoor Z. Melatonin-pretreated adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells efficeintly improved learning, memory, and cognition in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1131-1143. [PMID: 31129766 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) based therapy has extensive attraction for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, low survival rate of MSCs after transplantation is a huge challenging. The current study aimed to improve adipose-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs)-based therapy by their pre-treatment with melatonin (MT) 'a well-known antioxidant' in an animal model of AD. In this study, after isolating rat AD-MSCs from the epididymal white adipose tissues, the cells were pretreated with 5μM of MT for 24 hours. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to control, sham, amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide, AD-MSCs and MT-pretreated ADMSCs groups. The novel object recognition, passive avoidance test, Morris water maze and open field test were performed two months following the cell transplantation. The rats were sacrificed 69 days following cell therapy. The brain tissues were removed for histopathological analysis and also immunohistochemistry was performed for two Aβ1-42 and Iba1 proteins. It has been revealed that both AD-MSCs and MT-AD-MSCs migrated to brain tissues after intravenous transplantation. However, MT-ADMSCs significantly improved learning, memory and cognition compared with AD-MSCs (P<0.05). Furthermore, clearance of Aβ deposition and reduction of microglial cells were significantly increased in the MT-ADMSCs compared with AD-MSCs. Although stem cell therapy has been introduced as a promising strategy in neurodegenerative diseases, however, its therapeutic properties are limited. It is suggested that pretreatment of MSCs with melatonin partly would increase the cells efficiency and consequently could decrease AD complication including memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Nasiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Rouhollah Gazor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Zoleikha Golipoor
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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23
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Chakari-Khiavi F, Dolati S, Chakari-Khiavi A, Abbaszadeh H, Aghebati-Maleki L, Pourlak T, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. Prospects for the application of mesenchymal stem cells in Alzheimer's disease treatment. Life Sci 2019; 231:116564. [PMID: 31202840 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a dementia and neurodegenerative disease, is mostly prevalent among people more than 65 years. AD is mostly manifested in the form of degraded mental function, such as losing memory and impaired cognitive function. Due to inefficiency of traditional pharmacological therapeutic approaches with no long-term cure, cell therapy can be considered as a capable approach in AD management. Therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have provided hopeful results in experimental models regarding several disorders. MSCs enhance the levels of functional recoveries in pathologic experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) and are being investigated in clinical trials in neurological disorders. However, there is limited knowledge on the protective capabilities of MSCs in AD management. Almost, several experiments have suggested positive effects of MSCs and helped to better understand of AD-related dementia mechanism. MSCs have the potential to be used in AD treatment through amyloid-β peptide (AB), Tau protein and cholinergic system. This review aimed to clarify the promising perspective of MSCs in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Chakari-Khiavi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aref Chakari-Khiavi
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Abbaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Tannaz Pourlak
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran..
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24
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Karagiannis P, Takahashi K, Saito M, Yoshida Y, Okita K, Watanabe A, Inoue H, Yamashita JK, Todani M, Nakagawa M, Osawa M, Yashiro Y, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:79-114. [PMID: 30328784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram the cell to an early developmental state. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nearly half a century later provided a molecular mechanism for the reprogramming. The initial creation of iPSCs was accomplished by the ectopic expression of four specific genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-Myc; OSKM). iPSCs have since been acquired from a wide range of cell types and a wide range of species, suggesting a universal molecular mechanism. Furthermore, cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs using a myriad of methods, although OSKM remains the gold standard. The sources for iPSCs are abundant compared with those for other pluripotent stem cells; thus the use of iPSCs to model the development of tissues, organs, and other systems of the body is increasing. iPSCs also, through the reprogramming of patient samples, are being used to model diseases. Moreover, in the 10 years since the first report, human iPSCs are already the basis for new cell therapies and drug discovery that have reached clinical application. In this review, we examine the generation of iPSCs and their application to disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Todani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yashiro
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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25
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Zheng H, Cai A, Shu Q, Niu Y, Xu P, Li C, Lin L, Gao H. Tissue-Specific Metabolomics Analysis Identifies the Liver as a Major Organ of Metabolic Disorders in Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 Mice of Alzheimer's Disease. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1218-1227. [PMID: 30592618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is regarded as a metabolic disorder, and more attention has been paid to brain metabolism. However, AD may also affect metabolism in the peripheral organs beyond the brain. In this study, therefore, we investigated metabolic changes in the liver, kidney, and heart of amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice at 1, 5, and 10 months of age by using 1H NMR-based metabolomics and chemometrics. Metabolomic results reveal that the liver was the earliest affected organ in APP/PS1 mice during amyloid pathology progression, followed by the kidney and heart. Moreover, a hypometabolic state was found in the liver of APP/PS1 mice at 5 months of age, and the disturbed metabolites were mainly involved in energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, as well as ketone and fatty acid metabolism. In conclusion, our results suggest that AD is a systemic metabolic dysfunction, and hepatic metabolic abnormality may reflect amyloid pathology progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Aimin Cai
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Qi Shu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Yan Niu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Institute of Metabonomics & Medical NMR, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China
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26
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Kizil C, Bhattarai P. Is Alzheimer's Also a Stem Cell Disease? - The Zebrafish Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:159. [PMID: 30533414 PMCID: PMC6265475 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and is the leading form of dementia. AD entails chronic inflammation, impaired synaptic integrity and reduced neurogenesis. The clinical and molecular onsets of the disease do not temporally overlap and the initiation phase of the cellular changes might start with a complex causativeness between chronic inflammation, reduced neural stem cell plasticity and neurogenesis. Although the immune and neuronal aspects in AD are well studied, the neural stem cell-related features are far less investigated. An intriguing question is, therefore, whether a stem cell can ever be made proliferative and neurogenic during the prevalent AD in the brain. Recent findings affirm this hypothesis and thus a plausible way to circumvent the AD phenotypes could be to mobilize the endogenous stem cells by enhancing their proliferative and neurogenic capacity as well as to provide the newborn neurons the potential to survive and integrate into the existing circuitry. To address these questions, zebrafish offers unprecedented information and tools, which can be effectively translated into mammalian experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caghan Kizil
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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27
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Bali P, Bammidi S, Banik A, Nehru B, Anand A. CD34 and CD117 Stemness of Lineage-Negative Cells Reverses Memory Loss Induced by Amyloid Beta in Mouse Model. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:222. [PMID: 30443207 PMCID: PMC6222267 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of the neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease are untreatable and occur primarily due to aging and rapidly changing lifestyles. The rodent Alzheimer's disease models are critical for investigating the underlying disease pathology and screening of novel therapeutic targets in preclinical settings. We aimed to characterize the stemness properties of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) derived lineage-negative (Lin−) stem cells based on CD34 and CD117 expression as well as surface morphology using flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The efficacy of the stem cells was tested by its capacity to rescue the injury caused by intrahippocampal delivery of varying doses of amyloid beta. The hUCB Lin− stem cells reversed memory loss due to Aβ42-induced injury more effectively at micromolar concentration, and not picomolar concentration. More studies are required to delineate the underlying molecular events associated with hUCB Lin− stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Bali
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.,Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bimla Nehru
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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28
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Lin H, Du Q, Li Q, Wang O, Wang Z, Liu K, Elowsky C, Zhang C, Lei Y. Hydrogel-Based Bioprocess for Scalable Manufacturing of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:29238-29250. [PMID: 30091584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-NSCs) are of great value for modeling diseases, developing drugs, and treating neurological disorders. However, manufacturing high-quantity and -quality hPSC-NSCs, especially for clinical applications, remains a challenge. Here, we report a chemically defined, high-yield, and scalable bioprocess for manufacturing hPSC-NSCs. hPSCs are expanded and differentiated into NSCs in microscale tubes made with alginate hydrogels. The tubes are used to isolate cells from the hydrodynamic stresses in the culture vessel and limit the radial diameter of the cell mass to less than 400 μm to ensure efficient mass transport during the culture. The hydrogel tubes provide uniform, reproducible, and cell-friendly microspaces and microenvironments for cells. With this new technology, we showed that hPSC-NSCs could be produced in 12 days with high viability (∼95%), high purity (>90%), and high yield (∼5 × 108 cells/mL of microspace). The volumetric yield is about 250 times more than the current state-of-the-art. Whole transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that hPSC-NSCs made by this process had a similar gene expression to hPSC-NSCs made by the conventional culture technology. The produced hPSC-NSCs could mature into both neurons and glial cells in vitro and in vivo. The process developed in this paper can be used to produce large numbers of hPSC-NSCs for various biomedical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhanqi Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University , Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases , Beijing 100029 , China
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29
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Papadimitriou C, Celikkaya H, Cosacak MI, Mashkaryan V, Bray L, Bhattarai P, Brandt K, Hollak H, Chen X, He S, Antos CL, Lin W, Thomas AK, Dahl A, Kurth T, Friedrichs J, Zhang Y, Freudenberg U, Werner C, Kizil C. 3D Culture Method for Alzheimer's Disease Modeling Reveals Interleukin-4 Rescues Aβ42-Induced Loss of Human Neural Stem Cell Plasticity. Dev Cell 2018; 46:85-101.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, Amor S. Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2018; 154:204-219. [PMID: 29513402 PMCID: PMC5980185 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to the ageing community. Neuronal damage is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple sclerosis, although such damage is also observed following neurotropic viral infections, stroke, genetic white matter diseases and paraneoplastic disorders. Despite the different aetiologies, for example, infections, genetic mutations, trauma and protein aggregations, neuronal damage is frequently associated with chronic activation of an innate immune response in the CNS. The growing awareness that the immune system is inextricably involved in shaping the brain during development as well as mediating damage, but also regeneration and repair, has stimulated therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of how astrocytes and microglia, as well as neurons and oligodendrocytes, shape the neuroimmune response during development, and how aberrant responses that arise due to genetic or environmental triggers may predispose the CNS to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the known interactions between the peripheral immune system and the brain, and review the current concepts on how immune cells enter and leave the CNS. A better understanding of neuroimmune interactions during development and disease will be key to further manipulating these responses and the development of effective therapies to improve quality of life, and reduce the impact of neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Stephenson
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaBarts and the Blizard Institute, LondonSchool of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Nutma
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Centre for Neuroscience and TraumaBarts and the Blizard Institute, LondonSchool of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
- Department of PathologyVU University Medical CentreAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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31
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Kwak KA, Lee SP, Yang JY, Park YS. Current Perspectives regarding Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:6392986. [PMID: 29686714 PMCID: PMC5852851 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6392986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder featuring memory loss and cognitive impairment, is caused by synaptic failure and the excessive accumulation of misfolded proteins. Many unsuccessful attempts have been made to develop new small molecules or antibodies to intervene in the disease's pathogenesis. Stem cell-based therapies cast a new hope for AD treatment as a replacement or regeneration strategy. The results from recent preclinical studies regarding stem cell-based therapies are promising. Human clinical trials are now underway. However, a number of questions remain to be answered prior to safe and effective clinical translation. This review explores the pathophysiology of AD and summarizes the relevant stem cell research according to cell type. We also briefly summarize related clinical trials. Finally, future perspectives are discussed with regard to their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ah Kwak
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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32
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Ho NTT, Kutzner A, Heese K. Brain plasticity, cognitive functions and neural stem cells: a pivotal role for the brain-specific neural master gene |-SRGAP2-FAM72-|. Biol Chem 2017; 399:55-61. [PMID: 28822221 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to an aging society with an increased dementia-induced threat to higher cognitive functions, it has become imperative to understand the molecular and cellular events controlling the memory and learning processes in the brain. Here, we suggest that the novel master gene pair |-SRGAP2-FAM72-| (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating the protein 2, family with sequence similarity to 72) reveals a new dogma for the regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) gene expression and is a distinctive player in the control of human brain plasticity. Insight into the specific regulation of the brain-specific neural master gene |-SRGAP2-FAM72-| may essentially contribute to novel therapeutic approaches to restore or improve higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thanh Ho
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Arne Kutzner
- Department of Information Systems, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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33
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Lysaght T, Lipworth W, Hendl T, Kerridge I, Lee TL, Munsie M, Waldby C, Stewart C. The deadly business of an unregulated global stem cell industry. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2017; 43:744-746. [PMID: 28356490 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2016-104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the Office of the State Coroner of New South Wales released its report into the death of an Australian woman, Sheila Drysdale, who had died from complications of an autologous stem cell procedure at a Sydney clinic. In this report, we argue that Mrs Drysdale's death was avoidable, and it was the result of a pernicious global problem of an industry exploiting regulatory systems to sell unproven and unjustified interventions with stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamra Lysaght
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Clinical Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wendy Lipworth
- Centre for Values Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tereza Hendl
- Centre for Values Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian Kerridge
- Centre for Values Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Haematology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tsung-Ling Lee
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Clinical Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Megan Munsie
- Stem Cells Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Waldby
- College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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34
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Nasello M, Schirò G, Crapanzano F, Balistreri CR. Stem Cells and Other Emerging Agents as Innovative "Drugs" in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Benefits and Limitations. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:123-140. [PMID: 28728479 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a limited process of repair/regeneration linked to the restricted and localized activity of neuronal stem cells. Consequently, it shows a reduced capacity to counteract the age-related loss of neural and glial cells and to repair the consequent injuries/lesions of nervous system. This progressively determines nervous dysfunction and onset/progression of neurodegenerative diseases, which represent a serious social (and economic) problem of our populations. Thus, the research of efficient treatments is encouraged. Stem cell therapy might represent a solution. Today, it, indeed, represents the object of intensive research with the hope of using it, in a near future, as effective therapy for these diseases and preventive treatment in susceptible individuals. Here, we report and discuss the data of the recent studies on this field, underling the obstacles and benefits. We also illustrate alternative measures of intervention, which represent another parallel aim for the care of neurodegenerative pathology-affected individuals. Thus, the road for delaying or retarding these diseases appears hard and long, but the advances might be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nasello
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Floriana Crapanzano
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
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35
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Liang JH, Yang L, Wu S, Liu SS, Cushman M, Tian J, Li NM, Yang QH, Zhang HA, Qiu YJ, Xiang L, Ma CX, Li XM, Qing H. Discovery of efficient stimulators for adult hippocampal neurogenesis based on scaffolds in dragon's blood. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:382-392. [PMID: 28525839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis caused by aging and neurological disorders would impair neural circuits and result in memory loss. A new lead compound (N-trans-3',4'-methylenedioxystilben-4-yl acetamide 27) has been discovered to efficiently stimulate adult rats' neurogenesis. In-depth structure-activity relationship studies proved the necessity of a stilbene scaffold that is absent in highly cytotoxic analogs such as chalcones and heteroaryl rings and inactive analogs such as diphenyl acetylene and diphenyl ethane, and validated the importance of an NH in the carboxamide and a methylenedioxy substituent on the benzene ring. Immunohistochemical staining and biochemical analysis indicate, in contrast to previously reported neuroprotective chemicals, N-stilbenyl carboxamides have extra capacity for neuroproliferation-type neurogenesis, thereby providing a foundation for improving the plasticity of the adult mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Liang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Si Wu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Si-Si Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University 47907 USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Biomedical School, Beijing City University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Nuo-Min Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qing-Hu Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - He-Ao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yun-Jie Qiu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cong-Xuan Ma
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue-Meng Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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36
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Kim KH, Lee D, Lee HL, Kim CE, Jung K, Kang KS. Beneficial effects of Panax ginseng for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases: past findings and future directions. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:239-247. [PMID: 29989012 PMCID: PMC6035378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several therapeutic drugs have been rationally designed and synthesized based on the novel knowledge gained from investigating the actions of biologically active chemicals derived from foods, plants, and medicinal herbs. One of the major advantages of these naturalistic chemicals is their ability to interact with multiple targets in the body resulting in a combined beneficial effect. Ginseng is a perennial herb (Araliaceae family), a species within the genus Panax, and a highly valued and popular medicinal plant. Evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of Panax ginseng and its components in preventing neurodegeneration has increased significantly in the past decade. The beneficial effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases have been attributed primarily to the antioxidative and immunomodulatory activities of its ginsenoside components. Mechanistic studies on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides revealed that they act not only as antioxidants but also as modulators of intracellular neuronal signaling and metabolism, cell survival/death genes, and mitochondrial function. The goal of the present paper is to provide a brief review of recent knowledge and developments concerning the beneficial effects as well as the mechanism of action of P. ginseng and its components in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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37
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Lee NK, Kim HS, Yoo D, Hwang JW, Choi SJ, Oh W, Chang JW, Na DL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ferumoxytol-Labeled Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Mouse Brain. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:127-138. [PMID: 27757917 PMCID: PMC5346117 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The success of stem cell therapy is highly dependent on accurate delivery of stem cells to the target site of interest. Possible ways to track the distribution of MSCs in vivo include the use of reporter genes or nanoparticles. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ferumoxytol (Feraheme® [USA], Rienso® [UK]) as a treatment for iron deficiency anemia. Ferumoxytol is an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO) that has recently been used to track the fate of transplanted cells using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The major objectives of this study were to demonstrate the feasibility of labeling hUCB-MSCs with ferumoxytol and to observe, through MRI, the engraftment of ferumoxytol-labeled human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) delivered via stereotactic injection into the hippocampi of a transgenic mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease (5XFAD). Ferumoxytol had no toxic effects on the viability or stemness of hUCB-MSCs when assessed in vitro. Through MRI, hypointense signals were discernible at the site where ferumoxytol-labeled human MSCs were injected. Iron-positive areas were also observed in the engrafted hippocampi. The results from this study support the use of nanoparticle labeling to monitor transplanted MSCs in real time as a follow-up for AD stem cell therapy in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seop Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyeom Yoo
- Center for Molecular & Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Won Hwang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., 463-400, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Co., Ltd., 463-400, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, Republic of Korea.
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 135-710, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Lin H, Li Q, Lei Y. An Integrated Miniature Bioprocessing for Personalized Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Expansion and Differentiation into Neural Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40191. [PMID: 28057917 PMCID: PMC5216399 DOI: 10.1038/srep40191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are ideal cell sources for personalized cell therapies since they can be expanded to generate large numbers of cells and differentiated into presumably all the cell types of the human body in vitro. In addition, patient specific iPSC-derived cells induce minimal or no immune response in vivo. However, with current cell culture technologies and bioprocessing, the cost for biomanufacturing clinical-grade patient specific iPSCs and their derivatives are very high and not affordable for majority of patients. In this paper, we explored the use of closed and miniature cell culture device for biomanufacturing patient specific neural stem cells (NSCs) from iPSCs. We demonstrated that, with the assist of a thermoreversible hydrogel scaffold, the bioprocessing including iPSC expansion, iPSC differentiation into NSCs, the subsequent depletion of undifferentiated iPSCs from the NSCs, and concentrating and transporting the purified NSCs to the surgery room, could be integrated and completed within two closed 15 ml conical tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishuang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yuguo Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Fred &Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Melatonin Increases Oligodendrocyte Differentiation in Cultured Neural Stem Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:1319-1324. [PMID: 27987059 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) culture is a remarkable tool to investigate the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs in neurological diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of melatonin on proliferation and differentiation of NSCs in vitro. NSCs were isolated and expanded from mouse embryonic E14 cortex, and the effect of various concentrations of melatonin (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 μM) on NSC proliferation was assessed by MTT and neurosphere assay. Results showed that melatonin significantly increased NSC viability and NSC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, in comparison to controls. Similarly, neurosphere formation frequency and cell counts increased significantly with increasing melatonin concentrations and reached its peak at 0.5 μM, in comparison to controls. Moreover, NSCs treated with either low (0.05 µM) or high concentrations (5 µM) of melatonin showed that the mean percentage of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) positive cells were not significantly different in PDGF or melatonin at 5 μM, in comparison to controls. However, low melatonin concentrations (0.05 µM) showed a slight significant increase in comparison to controls and PDGF. On the other hand, both concentrations of melatonin treatment significantly increased the percentage of myelin basic protein (MBP) positive cells (oligodendrocytes), in comparison to controls and to PDGF. Our results demonstrated, for the first time, that melatonin increased oligodendrocyte differentiation from NSCs. These results suggest that melatonin might have a potential therapeutic effect for some neurological diseases that involve oligodendrocyte and myelin pathologies.
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40
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Liu Y, Liu K, Qin W, Liu C, Zheng X, Deng Y, Qing H. Effects of stem cell therapy on protein profile of parkinsonian rats using an(18) O-labeling quantitative proteomic approach. Proteomics 2016; 16:1023-32. [PMID: 26791447 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of neural stem cell (NSC) research to neurodegenerative diseases has led to promising clinical trials. Currently, NSC therapy is most promising for Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted behavioral tests and immunoassays for the profiling of a PD model in rats to assess the therapeutic effects of NSC treatments. Further, using a multiple sample comparison workflow, combined with (18) O-labeled proteome mixtures, we compared the differentially expressed proteins from control, PD, and NSC-treated PD rats. The results were analyzed bioinformatically and verified by Western blot. Based on our initial findings, we believe that the proteomic approach is a valuable tool in evaluating the therapeutic effects of NSC transplantation on neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chenghao Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, P. R. China
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41
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Pramanik S, Sulistio YA, Heese K. Neurotrophin Signaling and Stem Cells-Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7401-7459. [PMID: 27815842 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are members of a neuronal growth factor protein family whose action is mediated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) receptor family receptors and the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Although NTs were first discovered in neurons, recent studies have suggested that NTs and their receptors are expressed in various types of stem cells mediating pivotal signaling events in stem cell biology. The concept of stem cell therapy has already attracted much attention as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Strikingly, NTs, proNTs, and their receptors are gaining interest as key regulators of stem cells differentiation, survival, self-renewal, plasticity, and migration. In this review, we elaborate the recent progress in understanding of NTs and their action on various stem cells. First, we provide current knowledge of NTs, proNTs, and their receptor isoforms and signaling pathways. Subsequently, we describe recent advances in the understanding of NT activities in various stem cells and their role in NDs, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Finally, we compile the implications of NTs and stem cells from a clinical perspective and discuss the challenges with regard to transplantation therapy for treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Lee JH, Oh IH, Lim HK. Stem Cell Therapy: A Prospective Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:583-589. [PMID: 27909447 PMCID: PMC5128344 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.6.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) without cure remains as a serious health issue in the modern society. The major neuropathological alterations in AD are characterized by chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal loss due to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau, plaques of β-amyloid (Aβ) and various metabolic dysfunctions. Due to the multifaceted nature of AD pathology and our limited understanding on its etiology, AD is difficult to be treated with currently available pharmaceuticals. This unmet need, however, could be met with stem cell technology that can be engineered to replace neuronal loss in AD patients. Although stem cell therapy for AD is only in its development stages, it has vast potential uses ranging from replacement therapy to disease modelling and drug development. Current progress with stem cells in animal model studies offers promising results for the new prospective treatment for AD. This review will discuss the characteristics of AD, current progress in stem cell therapy and remaining challenges and promises in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Han Lee
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- The Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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43
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Hoarau M, Malbert Y, Irague R, Hureau C, Faller P, Gras E, André I, Remaud-Siméon M. A Robust and Efficient Production and Purification Procedure of Recombinant Alzheimers Disease Methionine-Modified Amyloid-β Peptides. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161209. [PMID: 27532547 PMCID: PMC4988814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved production and purification method for Alzheimer’s disease related methionine-modified amyloid-β 1–40 and 1–42 peptides is proposed, taking advantage of the formation of inclusion body in Escherichia coli. A Thioflavin-S assay was set-up to evaluate inclusion body formation during growth and optimize culture conditions for amyloid-β peptides production. A simple and fast purification protocol including first the isolation of the inclusion bodies and second, two cycles of high pH denaturation/ neutralization combined with an ultrafiltration step on 30-kDa cut-off membrane was established. Special attention was paid to purity monitoring based on a rational combination of UV spectrophotometry and SDS-PAGE analyses at the various stages of the process. It revealed that this chromatography-free protocol affords good yield of high quality peptides in term of purity. The resulting peptides were fully characterized and are appropriate models for highly reproducible in vitro aggregation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hoarau
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Malbert
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Irague
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Hureau
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Peter Faller
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Gras
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et Procédés, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
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44
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Csöbönyeiová M, Polák Š, Danišovič L. Recent approaches and challenges in iPSCs: modeling and cell-based therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:457-64. [PMID: 26812864 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective therapies for different neurodegenerative disorders has placed huge burdens on society. To overcome the restricted capacity of the central nervous system for regeneration, the promising alternative would be to use stem cells for more effective treatment of chronic degenerative and inflammatory neurological conditions and also of acute neuronal damage and from injuries or cerebrovascular diseases. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by the ectopic expression of specific transcription factors has provided the regenerative medicine field with a new tool for investigating and treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). This technology provides an alternative to traditional approaches, such as nuclear transfer and somatic cell fusion using embryonic stem cells. However, due to a problem in standardization of certain reprogramming techniques and systems research, the induced pluripotent stem cell-based technology is still in its infancy. The present paper is aimed at a brief review of the current status in modeling and cell-based therapies for AD.
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45
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Zhang L, Han X, Cheng X, Tan XF, Zhao HY, Zhang XH. Denervated hippocampus provides a favorable microenvironment for neuronal differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:597-603. [PMID: 27212920 PMCID: PMC4870916 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.180744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fimbria-fornix transection induces both exogenous and endogenous neural stem cells to differentiate into neurons in the hippocampus. This indicates that the denervated hippocampus provides an environment for neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells. However, the pathways and mechanisms in this process are still unclear. Seven days after fimbria fornix transection, our reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results show a significant increase in ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the denervated hippocampus. Moreover, neural stem cells derived from hippocampi of fetal (embryonic day 17) Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ciliary neurotrophic factor for 7 days, with an increased number of microtubule associated protein-2-positive cells and decreased number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells detected. Our results show that ciliary neurotrophic factor expression is up-regulated in the denervated hippocampus, which may promote neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in the denervated hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue-Feng Tan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He-Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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46
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Induced pluripotent stem cells in Alzheimer's disease: applications for disease modeling and cell-replacement therapy. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:39. [PMID: 27184028 PMCID: PMC4869261 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in those over the age of 65. While a numerous of disease-causing genes and risk factors have been identified, the exact etiological mechanisms of AD are not yet completely understood, due to the inability to test theoretical hypotheses on non-postmortem and patient-specific research systems. The use of recently developed and optimized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology may provide a promising platform to create reliable models, not only for better understanding the etiopathological process of AD, but also for efficient anti-AD drugs screening. More importantly, human-sourced iPSCs may also provide a beneficial tool for cell-replacement therapy against AD. Although considerable progress has been achieved, a number of key challenges still require to be addressed in iPSCs research, including the identification of robust disease phenotypes in AD modeling and the clinical availabilities of iPSCs-based cell-replacement therapy in human. In this review, we highlight recent progresses of iPSCs research and discuss the translational challenges of AD patients-derived iPSCs in disease modeling and cell-replacement therapy.
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47
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Huang GH, Yang XT, Chen K, Xing J, Guo L, Zhu L, Li HJ, Li XC, Zhang SY, Feng DF. Porf-2 Inhibits Neural Stem Cell Proliferation Through Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Its GAP Domain. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:85. [PMID: 27064446 PMCID: PMC4814557 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation play a pivotal role in the development of brain, the plasticity of the brain network, and the repair for brain function in CNS diseases. The mechanisms regulating NSC behavior are not well elucidated. Previous studies showed porf-2 functions as a modulator in central nerve system development. We here show that porf-2, a conserved family of RhoGAPs, is highly and specifically expressed in NSCs. We also demonstrate that porf-2 inhibits the proliferation of NSCs in vivo and in vitro, but has no effect on NSC differentiation. We investigated which domain is required for the role of porf-2 on NSC proliferation. By using neurosphere formation and Edu assay we confirmed the GAP domain is necessary for its function. In addition, we surveyed a few classical pathways on NSC proliferation and found that porf-2 inhibits NSC proliferation by suppressing the β-catenin nuclear translocation. Taken together, we show for the first time that porf-2 inhibits NSC proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin pathway by its GAP domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Cai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China; Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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48
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Neural stem/progenitor cells in Alzheimer's disease. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:23-35. [PMID: 27505014 PMCID: PMC4797833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and a worldwide health challenge. Different therapeutic approaches are being developed to reverse or slow the loss of affected neurons. Another plausible therapeutic way that may complement the studies is to increase the survival of existing neurons by mobilizing the existing neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) - i.e. "induce their plasticity" - to regenerate lost neurons despite the existing pathology and unfavorable environment. However, there is controversy about how NSPCs are affected by the unfavorable toxic environment during AD. In this review, we will discuss the use of stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases and in particular how NSPCs affect the AD pathology and how neurodegeneration affects NSPCs. In the end of this review, we will discuss how zebrafish as a useful model organism with extensive regenerative ability in the brain might help to address the molecular programs needed for NSPCs to respond to neurodegeneration by enhanced neurogenesis.
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49
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Chu J, Tu Y, Chen J, Tan D, Liu X, Pi R. Effects of melatonin and its analogues on neural stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:169-79. [PMID: 26499395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent cells which are capable of self-replication and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). NSCs are found in two main regions in the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). The recent discovery of NSCs in the adult mammalian brain has fostered a plethora of translational and preclinical studies to investigate novel approaches for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin is the major secretory product synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland and shows both a wide distribution within phylogenetically distant organisms from bacteria to humans and a great functional versatility. Recently, accumulated experimental evidence showed that melatonin plays an important role in NSCs, including its proliferation, differentiation and survival, which are modulated by many factors including MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, histone acetylation, neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and apoptotic genes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the beneficial effects of melatonin on NSCs and further to discuss the potential usage of melatonin and its derivatives or analogues in the treatment of CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yalin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingkao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dunxian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xingguo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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