1
|
Jiang W, Xiao D, Wu C, Yang J, Peng X, Chen L, Zhang J, Zha G, Li W, Ju R, Xiang M, Xie Z. Circular RNA-based therapy provides sustained and robust neuroprotection for retinal ganglion cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102258. [PMID: 39045516 PMCID: PMC11264179 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Ocular neurodegenerative diseases like glaucoma lead to progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, causing irreversible vision impairment. Neuroprotection is needed to preserve RGCs across debilitating conditions. Nerve growth factor (NGF) protein therapy shows efficacy, but struggles with limited bioavailability and a short half-life. Here we explore a novel approach to address this deficiency by utilizing circular RNA (circRNA)-based therapy. We show that circRNAs exhibit an exceptional capacity for prolonged protein expression and circRNA-expressed NGF protects cells from glucose deprivation. In a mouse optic nerve crush model, lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated circNGF administered intravitreally protects RGCs and axons from injury-induced degeneration. It also significantly outperforms NGF protein therapy without detectable retinal toxicity. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics revealed LNP-circNGF's multifaceted therapeutic effects, enhancing genes related to visual perception while reducing trauma-associated changes. This study signifies the promise of circRNA-based therapies for treating ocular neurodegenerative diseases and provides an innovative intervention platform for other ocular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dongchang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xinghua Peng
- Research and Development Center, Shenzhen MagicRNA Biotech, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Linfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Gaofeng Zha
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital. Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Wei Li
- Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rong Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou W, He J, Shen G, Liu Y, Zhao P, Li J. TREM2-dependent activation of microglial cell protects photoreceptor cell during retinal degeneration via PPARγ and CD36. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:623. [PMID: 39187498 PMCID: PMC11347571 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-07002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration is a collection of devastating conditions with progressive loss of vision which often lead to blindness. Research on retinal microglial cells offers great therapeutic potential in deterring the progression of degeneration. This study explored the mechanisms underlying the TREM2-mediated protective function of activated microglial cells during retinal degeneration. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration was established in C57BL/6 J (WT) and Trem2 knockout (Trem2-/-) mice. We discovered that MNU treatment led to the concurrent processes of photoreceptor apoptosis and microglia infiltration. A significant upregulation of disease-associated microglia signature genes was observed during photoreceptor degeneration. Following MNU treatment, Trem2-/- mice showed exacerbated photoreceptor cell death, decreased microglia migration and phagocytosis, reduced microglial PPARγ activation and CD36 expression. Pharmaceutical activation of PPARγ promoted microglial migration, ameliorated photoreceptor degeneration and restored CD36 expression in MNU-treated Trem2-/- mice. Inhibition of CD36 activity worsened photoreceptor degeneration in MNU-treated WT mice. Our findings suggested that the protective effect of microglia during retinal degeneration was dependent on Trem2 expression and carried out via the activation of PPARγ and the consequent upregulation of CD36 expression. Our study linked TREM2 signaling with PPARγ activation, and provided a potential therapeutic target for the management of retinal degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jincan He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guiyan Shen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Stem Cell Research, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Stem Cell Research, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin B, Xu M, Chen LL, Li DK. A study exploring the causal relationship between glaucoma and anxiety disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1410607. [PMID: 39170036 PMCID: PMC11335643 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1410607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma, a leading cause of global blindness, is characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss. Previous studies have suggested a potential association between glaucoma and anxiety disorders. However, the causal relationship between these two conditions remains unclear. Methods In this study, we conducted a Mendelian Randomization analysis to investigate the causal relationship between glaucoma and anxiety disorders. We sourced Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) datasets for glaucoma and anxiety with the largest sample sizes from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit OpenGWAS (IEU OpenGWAS) project website. Instrumental variables were selected based on specific criteria, and statistical analyses were performed using the R programming language. Results After filtering and merging the datasets, a total of 60 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained for analysis. Regression models were applied to assess the causal relationship between glaucoma and anxiety disorders. The results from all four methods indicated that glaucoma does not cause anxiety disorders (p > 0.05). Conclusion Through rigorous Mendelian Randomization analysis, our findings indicate that glaucoma is not a causative factor for anxiety, with minimal influence from confounding factors in this study. These findings enhance our understanding of the relationship between glaucoma and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- Xiamen Eye Center and Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Xiamen Eye Center and Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Long-long Chen
- Xiamen Eye Center and Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-kan Li
- Xiamen Eye Center and Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Translational Medicine Institute of Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang R, Lv Y, Chen B, Wu X, Zou Y, Liang L. Antioxidant effect of gallic acid on retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14907. [PMID: 38942959 PMCID: PMC11213916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the protective effect of gallic acid on the optic nerve by studying the inhibitory effect of gallic acid on oxidative stress in retinal ganglion cells. 100 male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group, simple high IOP group, 0.5% gallic acid experimental group, and 1% gallic acid experimental group. HE staining, immunofluorescence, DHE staining, Western blot, and q-PCR were used to observe the antioxidant effect of gallic acid on the retina of acute ocular hypertension rats. HE staining of the retina of SD rats confirmed that the nucleus of RGCs was clear, the thickness of the RNFL was regular in the normal control group, and the nucleus of RGCs was ruptured and lysed in the simple high intraocular pressure (IOP) group and the gallic acid group, and the thickness of the RNFL was significantly thickened, but the thickness of the RNFL in the gallic acid group was significantly reduced compared with that in the simple high IOP group (p < 0.05). DHE staining showed that ROS content in the simple high IOP group was significantly increased compared with the normal control group, and ROS content was significantly decreased after the application of gallic acid (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining with Brn-3a antibody confirmed that the number of RGCs was significantly reduced in the simple high IOP group compared with the normal control group, whereas after application of gallic acid, the number of RGCs was significantly more in the gallic acid group than in the simple high IOP group (p < 0.05). Western Blot and q-PCR confirmed that hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein content and transcription level were significantly increased in the retinal tissue of the simple high IOP group, and gallic acid could inhibit HIF-1α protein content (p < 0.05) and reduce transcription factor level (p < 0.05). Gallic acid exerts a protective effect on RGC by inhibiting oxidative stress in rats with acute IOP elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Binlin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramesh PV, Morya AK, Azad A, Pannerselvam P, Devadas AK, Gopalakrishnan ST, Ramesh SV, Aradhya AK. Navigating the intersection of psychiatry and ophthalmology: A comprehensive review of depression and anxiety management in glaucoma patients. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14:362-369. [PMID: 38617979 PMCID: PMC11008383 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i3.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a prevalent and debilitating eye disease, has long been associated with vision impairment and blindness. However, recent research has shed light on the often-underestimated psychological dimensions of this condition. Anxiety and depression, two pervasive psychiatric comorbidities, have been increasingly recognized among glaucoma patients. This comprehensive review aims to explore the intricate relationship between psychiatry and ophthalmology, in the context of managing depression and anxiety in glaucoma patients. By meticulously examining peer-reviewed literature, we synthesize current knowledge on the prevalence, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms of anxiety and depression in glaucoma. The evidence reveals that glaucoma patients face an elevated risk of experiencing these mood disorders. Factors such as progressive vision loss, complex medication regimens, and the fear of further visual deterioration contribute to their vulnerability. Moreover, we delve into the bidirectional relationship between glaucoma and mood disorders, shedding light on the complex interplay between ocular and emotional health. Our review investigates the implications of anxiety and depression on glaucoma management, including their potential impact on treatment adherence, disease progression, and overall quality of life. We also explore the neurobiological pathways linking glaucoma and mood disorders, providing a foundation for future research and potential therapeutic interventions. In conclusion, recognizing the psychological burden carried by glaucoma patients is essential for holistic and patient-centered care. This review underscores the pressing need for integrated approaches that bring together ophthalmological and psychiatric expertise to optimize the well-being of individuals facing the challenges of glaucoma. By addressing anxiety and depression in glaucoma care, healthcare providers can enhance the overall quality of life for these patients, ultimately leading to improved outcomes and a brighter future for those affected by this condition. This review offers valuable insight for healthcare practitioners and researchers, providing a concise overview of key topics and research in the field of managing depression and anxiety in glaucoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Venkatesh Ramesh
- Department of Glaucoma and Research, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Morya
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 508126, Telangana, India
| | - Ashik Azad
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pavithra Pannerselvam
- Junior Resident, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aji Kunnath Devadas
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Shruthy Vaishali Ramesh
- Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajanya K Aradhya
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Mahathma Eye Hospital Private Limited, Trichy 620017, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Boccaccini A, Cavaterra D, Carnevale C, Tanga L, Marini S, Bocedi A, Lacal PM, Manni G, Graziani G, Sbardella D, Tundo GR. Novel frontiers in neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: Molecular and clinical aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101225. [PMID: 38000334 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, neuroprotective therapies have attracted the researcher interests as modern and challenging approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, aimed at protecting the nervous system from injuries. Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive excavation of the optic nerve head, retinal axonal injury and corresponding vision loss that affects millions of people on a global scale. The molecular basis of the pathology is largely uncharacterized yet, and the therapeutic approaches available do not change the natural course of the disease. Therefore, in accordance with the therapeutic regimens proposed for other neurodegenerative diseases, a modern strategy to treat glaucoma includes prescription of drugs with neuroprotective activities. With respect to this, several preclinical and clinical investigations on a plethora of different drugs are currently ongoing. In this review, first, the conceptualization of the rationale for the adoption of neuroprotective strategies for retina is summarized. Second, the molecular aspects highlighting glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease are reported. In conclusion, the molecular and pharmacological properties of most promising direct neuroprotective drugs used to delay glaucoma progression are examined, including: neurotrophic factors, NMDA receptor antagonists, the α2-adrenergic agonist, brimonidine, calcium channel blockers, antioxidant agents, nicotinamide and statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario Cavaterra
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Manni
- IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Grazia Raffaella Tundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier n. 1, 00133, Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mostafa M, Al Fatease A, Alany RG, Abdelkader H. Recent Advances of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: Prominence of Ocular Implants for Chronic Eye Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37376194 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic ocular diseases can seriously impact the eyes and could potentially result in blindness or serious vision loss. According to the most recent data from the WHO, there are more than 2 billion visually impaired people in the world. Therefore, it is pivotal to develop more sophisticated, long-acting drug delivery systems/devices to treat chronic eye conditions. This review covers several drug delivery nanocarriers that can control chronic eye disorders non-invasively. However, most of the developed nanocarriers are still in preclinical or clinical stages. Long-acting drug delivery systems, such as inserts and implants, constitute the majority of the clinically used methods for the treatment of chronic eye diseases due to their steady state release, persistent therapeutic activity, and ability to bypass most ocular barriers. However, implants are considered invasive drug delivery technologies, especially those that are nonbiodegradable. Furthermore, in vitro characterization approaches, although useful, are limited in mimicking or truly representing the in vivo environment. This review focuses on long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS), particularly implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), their formulation, methods of characterization, and clinical application for the treatment of eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minya 61519, Egypt
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid G Alany
- School of Pharmacy, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Tames KT1 2EE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62223, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Zhang T, Zeng S, Zhang X, Zhou F, Gillies MC, Zhu L. The Role of Nrf2/sMAF Signalling in Retina Ageing and Retinal Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1512. [PMID: 37371607 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transformed into reactive oxygen species via biological processes in cells. Most of the production of ROS occurs in mitochondrial complexes I and III. The accumulation of ROS in cells causes oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in human ageing and many diseases. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key antioxidant transcription factor that plays a central role in many diseases and ageing in general. It regulates many downstream antioxidative enzymes when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. A basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, MAF, specifically the small MAF subfamily (sMAFs), forms heterodimers with Nrf2, which bind with Maf-recognition elements (MAREs) in response to oxidative stress. The role of this complex in the human retina remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge about Nrf2 and its downstream signalling, especially its cofactor-MAF, in ageing and diseases, with a focus on the retina. Since Nrf2 is the master regulator of redox homeostasis in cells, we hypothesise that targeting Nrf2 is a promising therapeutic approach for many age-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nieuwenhuis B, Osborne A. Intravitreal Injection of AAV for the Transduction of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2708:155-174. [PMID: 37558970 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3409-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The injection of therapies into the eye is common practice, both clinically and pre-clinically. The most straightforward delivery route is via an intravitreal injection, which introduces the treatment into the largest cavity at the posterior of the eye. This technique is frequently used to deliver gene therapies, including those containing recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs), to the back of the eye to enable inner retinal targeting. This chapter provides detailed methodology on how to successfully perform an intravitreal injection in mice. The chapter covers vector preparation considerations, advice on how to minimize vector loss in the injection device, and ways to reduce vector reflux from the eye when administering a therapy. Finally, a protocol is provided on common retinal histology processing techniques to assess vector-mediated expression in retinal ganglion cells. It is hoped that this chapter will enable researchers to carry out effective and consistent intravitreal injections that transduce the inner retinal surface while avoiding common pitfalls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Nieuwenhuis
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Osborne
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Ikarovec Ltd, The Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Norwich, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Peng Z, Li Y, Sahn JJ, Hodges TR, Chou TH, Liu Q, Zhou X, Jiao S, Porciatti V, Liebl DJ, Martin SF, Wen R. σ 2R/TMEM97 in retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20753. [PMID: 36456686 PMCID: PMC9715665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The sigma 2 receptor (σ2R) was recently identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein known as transmembrane protein 97 (TMEM97). Studies have shown that σ2R/TMEM97 binding compounds are neuroprotective, suggesting a role of σ2R/TMEM97 in neurodegenerative processes. To understand the function of σ2R/TMEM97 in neurodegeneration pathways, we characterized ischemia-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration in TMEM97-/- mice and found that RGCs in TMEM97-/- mice are resistant to degeneration. In addition, intravitreal injection of a selective σ2R/TMEM97 ligand DKR-1677 significantly protects RGCs from ischemia-induced degeneration in wildtype mice. Our results provide conclusive evidence that σ2R/TMEM97 plays a role to facilitate RGC death following ischemic injury and that inhibiting the function of σ2R/TMEM97 is neuroprotective. This work is a breakthrough toward elucidating the biology and function of σ2R/TMEM97 in RGCs and likely in other σ2R/TMEM97 expressing neurons. Moreover, these findings support future studies to develop new neuroprotective approaches for RGC degenerative diseases by inhibiting σ2R/TMEM97.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Zhiyou Peng
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yiwen Li
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - James J Sahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Timothy R Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tsung-Han Chou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Qiong Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xuezhi Zhou
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Vittorio Porciatti
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Daniel J Liebl
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Rong Wen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen A, Montesano G, Lu R, Lee CS, Crabb DP, Lee AY. Visual Field Endpoints for Neuroprotective Trials: A Case for AI-Driven Patient Enrichment. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 243:118-124. [PMID: 35907473 PMCID: PMC9837863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether an artificial intelligence (AI) model can better select candidates that would demonstrate visual field (VF) progression, in order to shorten the duration or the number of patients needed for a clinical trial. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS 7428 eyes of 3871 patients from the University of Washington Department of Ophthalmology VF Dataset were included. Progression was defined as at least 5 locations with >7 dB of change compared with baseline on 2 consecutive tests. Progression for all patients, a subgroup of the fastest progressing based on survival curves, and patients selected based on an elastic net Cox regression model were compared. The model was trained on pointwise threshold deviation values of the first VF, age, gender, laterality, and the mean total deviation (MD) at baseline. RESULTS A total of 13% of all patients met the criteria for progression at 5 years. Differences in survival were observed when stratified by MD and age (P < .0001). Those at risk of progression included patients aged 60 to 80 years with an initial MD < -5.0. This subgroup decreased the sample size required to detect progression compared with the entire cohort. The AI model-selected patients required the lowest number of patients for all effect sizes and trial lengths. For a trial length of 3 years and effect size of 30%, the number of patients required was 1656 (95% CI, 1638-1674), 903 (95% CI, 884-922), and 636 (95% CI, 625-646) for the entire cohort, the subgroup, and the model-selected patients, respectively. CONCLUSION An AI model can identify high-risk patients to substantially reduce the number of patients needed or study duration required to meet clinical trial endpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Giovanni Montesano
- Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Randy Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Cecilia S. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - David P. Crabb
- Optometry and Visual Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Aaron Y. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Levin LA, Patrick C, Choudry NB, Sharif NA, Goldberg JL. Neuroprotection in neurodegenerations of the brain and eye: Lessons from the past and directions for the future. Front Neurol 2022; 13:964197. [PMID: 36034312 PMCID: PMC9412944 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.964197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNeurological and ophthalmological neurodegenerative diseases in large part share underlying biology and pathophysiology. Despite extensive preclinical research on neuroprotection that in many cases bridges and unifies both fields, only a handful of neuroprotective therapies have succeeded clinically in either.Main bodyUnderstanding the commonalities among brain and neuroretinal neurodegenerations can help develop innovative ways to improve translational success in neuroprotection research and emerging therapies. To do this, analysis of why translational research in neuroprotection fails necessitates addressing roadblocks at basic research and clinical trial levels. These include optimizing translational approaches with respect to biomarkers, therapeutic targets, treatments, animal models, and regulatory pathways.ConclusionThe common features of neurological and ophthalmological neurodegenerations are useful for outlining a path forward that should increase the likelihood of translational success in neuroprotective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A. Levin
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Leonard A. Levin
| | | | - Nozhat B. Choudry
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Najam A. Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharif NA. Degeneration of retina-brain components and connections in glaucoma: Disease causation and treatment options for eyesight preservation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100037. [PMID: 36685768 PMCID: PMC9846481 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eyesight is the most important of our sensory systems for optimal daily activities and overall survival. Patients who experience visual impairment due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are often those afflicted with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) which slowly robs them of their vision unless treatment is administered soon after diagnosis. The hallmark features of POAG and other forms of glaucoma are damaged optic nerve, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and atrophied RGC axons connecting to various brain regions associated with receipt of visual input from the eyes and eventual decoding and perception of images in the visual cortex. Even though increased IOP is the major risk factor for POAG, the disease is caused by many injurious chemicals and events that progress slowly within all components of the eye-brain visual axis. Lowering of IOP mitigates the damage to some extent with existing drugs, surgical and device implantation therapeutic interventions. However, since multifactorial degenerative processes occur during aging and with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, different forms of neuroprotective, nutraceutical and electroceutical regenerative and revitalizing agents and processes are being considered to combat these eye-brain disorders. These aspects form the basis of this short review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najam A. Sharif
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK,Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Incorporated, 6401 Hollis Street (Suite #125), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Incorporated, 6401 Hollis Street (Suite #125), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu B, Zhao Y, Zhang H. The Effect of Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction on the Progression of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4565-4573. [PMID: 35528285 PMCID: PMC9075998 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s362275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the effect of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction on glaucoma progression in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Patients and Methods A retrospective study of 40 cases of POAG patients who underwent regular reexamination for more than 3 years was performed. All participants were subjected to heart-rate variability (HRV) assessment. Patients were divided equally into the lowest and highest HRV groups according to the standard deviation value of the qualified normal to normal intervals (SDNN), a representative indicator of HRV. The lower the HRV, the more severe the ANS dysfunction with sympathetic predominance. Visual field (VF) parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were used to evaluate and compare the progression of glaucoma damage between the two groups. Results There were 20 cases in the lowest HRV group and 20 cases in the highest HRV group. The thinning rate of RNFL in the lowest HRV group was significantly faster than that in the highest HRV group (1.44±1.58 vs 0.29±0.56 μm/year, P=0.00), accompanied by greater fluctuation of intraocular pressure (IOP) (P=0.04), lower diastolic blood pressure (P=0.01), mean blood pressure (P=0.04), and lower mean ocular perfusion pressure (P=0.04). Meanwhile, the incidence of central VF defects in the lowest HRV group was significantly higher than that in the highest HRV group (65.0% vs 30%, P=0.03). Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between SDNN and the thickness loss rate of RNFL (P=0.01). Conclusion POAG patients with lower HRV, which reflects ANS dysfunction with sympathetic predominance, presented faster glaucoma progression than patients with higher HRV. The more rapid progression of POAG with lower HRV may be explained by IOP and vascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Zhang, Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 027 13971679079, Email
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Erb C, Eckert S, Gindorf P, Köhler M, Köhler T, Neuhann L, Neuhann T, Salzmann N, Schmickler S, Ellrich J. Electrical neurostimulation in glaucoma with progressive vision loss. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:6. [PMID: 35361287 PMCID: PMC8969331 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The retrospective study provides real-world evidence for long-term clinical efficacy of electrical optic nerve stimulation (ONS) in glaucoma with progressive vision loss.
Methods
Seventy glaucoma patients (45 to 86 y) with progressive vision loss despite therapeutic reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) underwent electrical ONS. Closed eyes were separately stimulated by bipolar rectangular pulses with stimulus intensities up to 1.2 mA sufficient to provoke phosphenes. Ten daily stimulation sessions within 2 weeks lasted about 80 min each. Right before ONS at baseline (PRE), vision loss was documented by static threshold perimetry and compared to the same assessment approximately 1 year afterwards (POST). Mean defect (MD) was defined as primary outcome parameter. Perimetries with a reliability factor (RF) of max. 20% were considered.
Results
Perimetry follow-up of 101 eyes in 70 patients fulfilled the criterion of a max. 20% RF. Follow-up was performed on average 362.2 days after ONS. MD significantly decreased from PRE 14.0 dB (median) to POST 13.4 dB (p < 0.01). 64 eyes in 49 patients showed constant or reduced MD as compared to baseline (PRE 13.4 dB vs. POST 11.2 dB). In 37 eyes of 30 patients, MD increased from PRE 14.9 dB to POST 15.6 dB.
Conclusions
Innovative treatments that preserve visual function through mechanisms other than lowering IOP are required for glaucoma with progressive vision loss. The present long-term data document progression halt in more than 63% of affected eyes after ONS and, thus, extend existing evidence from clinical trials.
Collapse
|
16
|
González Fleitas MF, Dorfman D, Rosenstein RE. A novel viewpoint in glaucoma therapeutics: enriched environment. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1431-1439. [PMID: 34916414 PMCID: PMC8771091 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the world's most frequent visual impairment causes and leads to selective damage to retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Despite glaucoma's most accepted risk factor is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), the mechanisms behind the disease have not been fully elucidated. To date, IOP lowering remains the gold standard; however, glaucoma patients may still lose vision regardless of effective IOP management. Therefore, the exclusive IOP control apparently is not enough to stop the disease progression, and developing new resources to protect the retina and optic nerve against glaucoma is a goal of vast clinical importance. Besides pharmacological treatments, environmental conditions have been shown to prevent neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. In this review, we discuss current concepts on key pathogenic mechanisms involved in glaucoma, the effect of enriched environment on these mechanisms in different experimental models, as well as recent evidence supporting the preventive and therapeutic effect of enriched environment exposure against experimental glaucomatous damage. Finally, we postulate that stimulating vision may become a non-invasive and rehabilitative therapy that could be eventually translated to the human disease, preventing glaucoma-induced terrible sequelae resulting in permanent visual disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kang EYC, Liu PK, Wen YT, Quinn PMJ, Levi SR, Wang NK, Tsai RK. Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases Associated with Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1948. [PMID: 34943051 PMCID: PMC8750806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is the most common neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible blindness worldwide. It is characterized by visual field defects and progressive optic nerve atrophy. The underlying pathophysiology and mechanisms of RGC degeneration in several ocular diseases remain largely unknown. RGCs are a population of central nervous system neurons, with their soma located in the retina and long axons that extend through the optic nerve to form distal terminals and connections in the brain. Because of this unique cytoarchitecture and highly compartmentalized energy demand, RGCs are highly mitochondrial-dependent for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Recently, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been found to be the principal mechanisms in RGC degeneration as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the role of oxidative stress in several ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations, including glaucoma, hereditary optic atrophy, inflammatory optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, traumatic optic neuropathy, and drug toxicity. We also review experimental approaches using cell and animal models for research on the underlying mechanisms of RGC degeneration. Lastly, we discuss the application of antioxidants as a potential future therapy for the ocular diseases associated with RGC degenerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Kang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
| | - Peter M. J. Quinn
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sarah R. Levi
- Jonas Children’s Vision Care, and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; (P.M.J.Q.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97403, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97403, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cell-Based Neuroprotection of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Animal Models of Optic Neuropathies. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111181. [PMID: 34827174 PMCID: PMC8615038 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) comprise a heterogenous group of projection neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain. Progressive degeneration of these cells, as it occurs in inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic or glaucomatous optic neuropathies, results in visual deterioration and is among the leading causes of irreversible blindness. Treatment options for these diseases are limited. Neuroprotective approaches aim to slow down and eventually halt the loss of ganglion cells in these disorders. In this review, we have summarized preclinical studies that have evaluated the efficacy of cell-based neuroprotective treatment strategies to rescue retinal ganglion cells from cell death. Intraocular transplantations of diverse genetically nonmodified cell types or cells engineered to overexpress neurotrophic factors have been demonstrated to result in significant attenuation of ganglion cell loss in animal models of different optic neuropathies. Cell-based combinatorial neuroprotective approaches represent a potential strategy to further increase the survival rates of retinal ganglion cells. However, data about the long-term impact of the different cell-based treatment strategies on retinal ganglion cell survival and detailed analyses of potential adverse effects of a sustained intraocular delivery of neurotrophic factors on retina structure and function are limited, making it difficult to assess their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharif NA. Therapeutic Drugs and Devices for Tackling Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma, and Need for Neuroprotection and Cytoprotective Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:729249. [PMID: 34603044 PMCID: PMC8484316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.729249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the optic nerve and the death of associated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), also known as glaucoma, is responsible for visual impairment and blindness in millions of people worldwide. The ocular hypertension (OHT) and the deleterious mechanical forces it exerts at the back of the eye, at the level of the optic nerve head/optic disc and lamina cribosa, is the only modifiable risk factor associated with glaucoma that can be treated. The elevated IOP occurs due to the inability of accumulated aqueous humor (AQH) to egress from the anterior chamber of the eye due to occlusion of the major outflow pathway, the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm’s canal (SC). Several different classes of pharmaceutical agents, surgical techniques and implantable devices have been developed to lower and control IOP. First-line drugs to promote AQH outflow via the uveoscleral outflow pathway include FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG) agonists (e.g., latanoprost, travoprost and tafluprost) and a novel non-PG EP2-receptor agonist (omidenepag isopropyl, Eybelis®). TM/SC outflow enhancing drugs are also effective ocular hypotensive agents (e.g., rho kinase inhibitors like ripasudil and netarsudil; and latanoprostene bunod, a conjugate of a nitric oxide donor and latanoprost). One of the most effective anterior chamber AQH microshunt devices is the Preserflo® microshunt which can lower IOP down to 10–13 mmHg. Other IOP-lowering drugs and devices on the horizon will be also discussed. Additionally, since elevated IOP is only one of many risk factors for development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, a treatise of the role of inflammatory neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells and appropriate neuroprotective strategies to mitigate this disease will also be reviewed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo X, Zhou J, Starr C, Mohns EJ, Li Y, Chen EP, Yoon Y, Kellner CP, Tanaka K, Wang H, Liu W, Pasquale LR, Demb JB, Crair MC, Chen B. Preservation of vision after CaMKII-mediated protection of retinal ganglion cells. Cell 2021; 184:4299-4314.e12. [PMID: 34297923 PMCID: PMC8530265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the sole output neurons that transmit visual information from the retina to the brain. Diverse insults and pathological states cause degeneration of RGC somas and axons leading to irreversible vision loss. A fundamental question is whether manipulation of a key regulator of RGC survival can protect RGCs from diverse insults and pathological states, and ultimately preserve vision. Here, we report that CaMKII-CREB signaling is compromised after excitotoxic injury to RGC somas or optic nerve injury to RGC axons, and reactivation of this pathway robustly protects RGCs from both injuries. CaMKII activity also promotes RGC survival in the normal retina. Further, reactivation of CaMKII protects RGCs in two glaucoma models where RGCs degenerate from elevated intraocular pressure or genetic deficiency. Last, CaMKII reactivation protects long-distance RGC axon projections in vivo and preserves visual function, from the retina to the visual cortex, and visually guided behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzheng Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christopher Starr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethan J Mohns
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yidong Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | | | - Yonejung Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Christopher P Kellner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences and Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan B Demb
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Systemic Treatment with Nicotinamide Riboside Is Protective in Two Mouse Models of Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060893. [PMID: 34208613 PMCID: PMC8235058 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma etiology often includes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). However, even when IOP is managed well, disease can progress. It is thus important to develop therapeutic approaches that directly protect RGCs in an IOP-independent manner. Compromised nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism occurs in neurodegenerative diseases, including models of glaucoma. Here we report testing the protective effects of prophylactically systemically administered nicotinamide riboside (NR), a NAD+ precursor, in a mouse model of acute RGC damage (optic nerve crush (ONC)), and in a chronic model of RGC degeneration (ocular hypertension induced by intracameral injection of microbeads). For both models, treatment enhanced RGC survival, assessed by counting cells in retinal flatmounts immunostained for Brn3a+. In the ONC model, treatment preserved RGC function, as assessed by pattern electroretinogram, and suppressed retinal inflammation, as assessed by immunofluorescence staining of retinal fixed sections for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This is the first study to demonstrate that systemic treatment with NR is protective in acute and chronic models of RGC damage. The protection is significant and, considering that NR is highly bioavailable in and well-tolerated by humans, may support the proposition of prospective human subject studies.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alsabaani N. Inhibition of Protein Kinase R by C16 Protects the Retinal Ganglion Cells from Hypoxia-induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:719-730. [PMID: 33026257 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1826980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM/PURPOSE Individually, hypoxia and protein kinase R (PKR) induce retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) damage by aggravating reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, it is still not established in hypoxia mediates such damaging effect by modulating PKR. This study investigated the expression and activation of PKR in hypoxic RGCs and tested if suppression of PKR by C16 is protective. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolated RGCs were under normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 12 h. In some cases, hypoxic cells were pre-treated with C16, a PKR inhibitor, or n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) a glutathione (GSH) precursor for 1 h and then exposed to hypoxia for the next 12 h. RESULTS Hypoxia increased cell death, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and levels of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It also increased levels of ROS, the activity of the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), JNK, and p38 MAPK, expression of Bax, p53, and cleaved caspase-3, levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cytoplasmic levels of cytochrome-c. It concomitantly suppressed levels of GSH and Bcl-2. All these events were associated with increased phosphorylation (activation) of PKR and its target eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). Pre-incubating the cells with NAC completely prevented all these effects in hypoxic cells. Similar protective effects without affecting levels of ROS and GSH levels were also seen in hypoxic cells pre-treated with C16. CONCLUSION Hypoxia induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the RGCs mainly by ROS induced activation of PKR, whereas scavenging ROS by NAC or suppressing PKR by C16 is a novel protective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Alsabaani
- Ophthalmology Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shin DY, Jung KI, Park HYL, Park CK. The effect of anxiety and depression on progression of glaucoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1769. [PMID: 33469104 PMCID: PMC7815884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is considered a chronic disease that requires lifelong management. Chronic diseases are known to be highly associated with psychological disturbances such as depression and anxiety. There have also been many studies on association between anxiety or depression and glaucoma. The majority of these studies explained that the glaucoma diagnosis causes anxiety or depression. However, It is also necessary to evaluate whether the psychological disturbance itself affect glaucoma. Therefore, we investigated the association of anxiety and depression with glaucoma progression, and elucidate mechanisms underlying that. We included 251 eyes with open angle glaucoma who were followed up for at least 2 years in this retrospective case-control study. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depressive Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to assess anxiety and depression in glaucoma patients. Patients were classified into groups (high-anxiety group; HA-G, low-anxiety group; LA-G, high-depression group; HD-G, low-depression group; LD-G) according to their score on the BAI or BDI-II (separately). In logistic regression analysis, disc hemorrhage, peak intraocular pressure (IOP) and RNFL thickness loss rate were significantly associated with high anxiety (p = 0.017, p = 0.046, p = 0.026). RNFL thinning rate and disc hemorrhage were significant factors associated with anxiety in multivariate models (p = 0.015, p = 0.019). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the rate of RNFL thickness loss and BAI score (B = 0.058; 95% confidential interval = 0.020-0.097; p = 0.003), and RNFL loss and IOP fluctuation (B = 0.092; 95% confidential interval = 0.030-0.154; p = 0.004). For the depression scale, visual field mean deviation and heart rate variability were significantly associated with high depression in multivariate logistic regression analysis (p = 0.003, p = 0.006). We suggest that anxiety increase the risk of glaucoma progression and they are also associated with IOP profile and disc hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Young Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung In Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Lopilly Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kee Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Iwata Y, Inagaki S, Morozumi W, Nakamura S, Hara H, Shimazawa M. Treatment with GDF15, a TGFβ superfamily protein, induces protective effect on retinal ganglion cells. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108338. [PMID: 33157126 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily. The precursor GDF15 is cleaved and activated as a mature GDF15 by protease. GDF15 has been detected in the aqueous humor of the primary open angle glaucoma patients, however the localization and the effect on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are still unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of GDF15 on mouse optic nerve crush (ONC) model and primary culture of rat RGCs. Immunostaining showed that the GDF15 was in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and colocalized with GFAP-positive cells in the GCL and the optic nerve. Western blotting analysis showed that the mature GDF15 was upregulated in the retina and the optic nerve after the ONC. Intravitreal injection of GDF15 suppressed RGCs loss of the ONC model mice in vivo. The neurites length of the primary culture of rat RGCs were increased by mature GDF15 treatment. In addition, the neurotrophic effect of GDF15 was canceled by RET inhibitor treatment. These findings indicate that GDF15 has neuroprotective effect on RGCs via GFRAL-RET pathway. Therefore, GDF15 may be one of novel therapeutic targets in RGC degenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwata
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inagaki
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wataru Morozumi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fortified S-Allyl L-Cysteine: Animal Safety, Effect on Retinal Ischemia, and Role of Wnt in the Underlying Therapeutic Mechanism. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3025946. [PMID: 33082821 PMCID: PMC7556069 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3025946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Retinal ischemia is a medical condition associated with numerous retinal vascular disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. This in vitro cell and in vivo animal study investigated not only the protective effect of S-allyl L-cysteine (SAC, an active component of garlic) against retinal ischemia but also its associated protective mechanisms. Methods Retinal ischemia was mimicked by raising the intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 1 hour in one eye. The effects of pre-/postischemic administration of vehicle vs. SAC 0.18 mg vs. SAC 0.018 mg vs. SAC 0.0018 mg treatments on retina cells were evaluated through cellular viability (MTT assay), flash electroretinograms (ERGs), and fluorogold retrograde labelling (retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counting). Also, protein immunoblot was utilized to assess the role of Wnt, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and vascular endothelium factor (VEGF) in the proposed anti-ischemic mechanism. Lastly, the safety of drug consumption was investigated for changes in the animal's body weight, ERG waves, and blood biochemical parameters (e.g., glucose levels). Results The characteristic ischemic changes including significant reduction in ERG b-wave ratio and RGC number were significantly counteracted by pre- and postischemic low dose of SAC. Additionally, ischemia-induced overexpression of Wnt/HIF-1α/VEGF protein was ameliorated significantly by preischemic low dose of SAC. In terms of the animal safety, no significant body weight and electrophysiological differences were observed among defined different concentrations of SAC without following ischemia. In low SAC dosage and vehicle groups, various blood biochemical parameters were normal; however, high and medium concentrations of SAC significantly lowered the levels of uric acid, Hb, and MCHC. Conclusion This study shows that preischemic administration of low SAC dosage has been proved to be safe and most effective against rat retinal ischemia electrophysiologically and/or histopathologically. Moreover, counteracting the ischemia-induced overexpression of Wnt/HIF-1α/VEGF might presently explain SAC's anti-ischemic mechanism.
Collapse
|
26
|
Blades F, Wong VHY, Nguyen CTO, Bui BV, Kilpatrick TJ, Binder MD. Tyro3 Contributes to Retinal Ganglion Cell Function, Survival and Dendritic Density in the Mouse Retina. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:840. [PMID: 32922258 PMCID: PMC7457004 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the only output neurons of the vertebrate retina, integrating signals from other retinal neurons and transmitting information to the visual centers of the brain. The death of RGCs is a common outcome in many optic neuropathies, such as glaucoma, demyelinating optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy, resulting in visual defects and blindness. There are currently no therapies in clinical use which can prevent RGC death in optic neuropathies; therefore, the identification of new targets for supporting RGC survival is crucial in the development of novel treatments for eye diseases. In this study we identify that the receptor tyrosine kinase, Tyro3, is critical for normal neuronal function in the adult mouse retina. The loss of Tyro3 results in a reduction in photoreceptor and RGC function as measured using electroretinography. The reduction in RGC function was associated with a thinner retinal nerve fiber layer and fewer RGCs. In the central retina, independent of the loss of RGCs, Tyro3 deficiency resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of RGC dendrites in the inner plexiform layer. Our results show that Tyro3 has a novel, previously unidentified role in retinal function, RGC survival and RGC morphology. The Tyro3 pathway could therefore provide an alternative, targetable pathway for RGC protective therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farrah Blades
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michele D Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shahid M. Neuroprotection for Retinal Ganglion Cells. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 000:1-2. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Behtaj S, Öchsner A, Anissimov YG, Rybachuk M. Retinal Tissue Bioengineering, Materials and Methods for the Treatment of Glaucoma. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:253-269. [PMID: 32390117 PMCID: PMC7260329 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma, a characteristic type of optic nerve degeneration in the posterior pole of the eye, is a common cause of irreversible vision loss and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. As an optic neuropathy, glaucoma is identified by increasing degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with consequential vision loss. Current treatments only postpone the development of retinal degeneration, and there are as yet no treatments available for this disability. Recent studies have shown that replacing lost or damaged RGCs with healthy RGCs or RGC precursors, supported by appropriately designed bio-material scaffolds, could facilitate the development and enhancement of connections to ganglion cells and optic nerve axons. The consequence may be an improved retinal regeneration. This technique could also offer the possibility for retinal regeneration in treating other forms of optic nerve ailments through RGC replacement. METHODS In this brief review, we describe the innovations and recent developments in retinal regenerative medicine such as retinal organoids and gene therapy which are specific to glaucoma treatment and focus on the selection of appropriate bio-engineering principles, biomaterials and cell therapies that are presently employed in this growing research area. RESULTS Identification of optimal sources of cells, improving cell survival, functional integration upon transplantation, and developing techniques to deliver cells into the retinal space without provoking immune responses are the main challenges in retinal cell replacement therapies. CONCLUSION The restoration of visual function in glaucoma patients by the RGC replacement therapies requires appropriate protocols and biotechnology methods. Tissue-engineered scaffolds, the generation of retinal organoids, and gene therapy may help to overcome some of the challenges in the generation of clinically safe RGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Behtaj
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Engineering Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, West Creek Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Andreas Öchsner
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Kanalstrasse 33, 73728, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Yuri G Anissimov
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, West Creek Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Maksym Rybachuk
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, West Creek Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seyedrazizadeh SZ, Poosti S, Nazari A, Alikhani M, Shekari F, Pakdel F, Shahpasand K, Satarian L, Baharvand H. Extracellular vesicles derived from human ES-MSCs protect retinal ganglion cells and preserve retinal function in a rodent model of optic nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:203. [PMID: 32460894 PMCID: PMC7251703 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinal and/or optic nerve injury is one of the leading causes of blindness due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. There have been extensive efforts to suppress this neurodegeneration. Various somatic tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) demonstrated significant neuroprotective and axogenic effects on RGCs. An alternative source of MSCs could be human embryonic stem cells (ES-MSCs), which proliferate faster, express lower levels of inflammatory cytokines, and are capable of immune modulation. It has been demonstrated that MSCs secrete factors or extracellular vesicles that may heal the injury. However, possible therapeutic effects and underlying mechanism of human ES-MSC extracellular vesicles (EVs) on optic nerve injury have not been assessed. Methods EVs were isolated from human ES-MSCs. Then, ES-MSC EV was applied to an optic nerve crush (ONC) mouse model. Immunohistofluorescence, retro- and anterograde tracing of RGCs, Western blot, tauopathy in RGCs, and function assessments were performed during 2-month post-treatment to evaluate ONC improvement and underlying mechanism of human ES-MSC EV in in vivo. Results We found that the ES-MSC EV significantly improved Brn3a+ RGCs survival and retro- and anterograde tracing of RGCs, while preventing retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) degenerative thinning compared to the vehicle group. The EVs also significantly promoted GAP43+ axon counts in the optic nerve and improved cognitive visual behavior. Furthermore, cis p-tau, a central mediator of neurodegeneration in the injured RGCs, is detectable after the ONC at the early stages demonstrated tauopathy in RGCs. Notably, after EV treatment cis p-tau was downregulated. Conclusions Our findings propose that human ES-MSC EVs, as an off-the-shelf and cell-free product, may have profound clinical implications in treating injured RGCs and degenerative ocular disease. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of human ES-MSC EV are related to the rescue of tauopathy process of RGC degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh-Zahra Seyedrazizadeh
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Poosti
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdoreza Nazari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Alikhani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Koorosh Shahpasand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Satarian
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lambert WS, Pasini S, Collyer JW, Formichella CR, Ghose P, Carlson BJ, Calkins DJ. Of Mice and Monkeys: Neuroprotective Efficacy of the p38 Inhibitor BIRB 796 Depends on Model Duration in Experimental Glaucoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8535. [PMID: 32444682 PMCID: PMC7244559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies associated with aging and sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP). Early progression involves retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axon dysfunction that precedes frank degeneration. Previously we demonstrated that p38 MAPK inhibition abates axonal dysfunction and slows degeneration in the inducible microbead occlusion model of glaucoma in rat. Here, we assessed the neuroprotective effect of topical eye delivery of the p38 MAPK inhibitor BIRB 796 in three models of glaucoma (microbead occlusion in rat and squirrel monkey and the genetic DBA/2 J mouse model) with distinct durations of IOP elevation. While BIRB 796 did not influence IOP, treatment over four weeks in rats prevented degradation of anterograde axonal transport to the superior colliculus and degeneration in the optic nerve. Treatment over months in the chronic DBA/2 J model and in the squirrel monkey model reduced expression and activation of p38 downstream targets in the retina and brain but did not rescue RGC axon transport or degeneration, suggesting the efficacy of BIRB 796 in preventing associated degeneration of the RGC projection depends on the duration of the experimental model. These results emphasize the importance of evaluating potential therapeutic compounds for neuroprotection in multiple models using elongated treatment paradigms for an accurate assessment of efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendi S Lambert
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA
| | - Silvia Pasini
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA
| | - John W Collyer
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA
| | - Cathryn R Formichella
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA
| | - Purnima Ghose
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA
| | - Brian J Carlson
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA
| | - David J Calkins
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2337, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang X, Zhang R, Chen J, Wu J. Neuroprotective effects of DAAO are mediated via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in a glaucomatous animal model. Exp Eye Res 2020; 190:107892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
32
|
Das M, Tang X, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Vision impairment after traumatic brain injury: present knowledge and future directions. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:305-315. [PMID: 30226209 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA as well as in the world. As a result of TBI, the visual system is also affected often causing complete or partial visual loss, which in turn affects the quality of life. It may also lead to ocular motor dysfunction, defective accommodation, and impaired visual perception. As a part of the therapeutic strategy, early rehabilitative optometric intervention is important. Orthoptic therapy, medication, stem cell therapy, motor and attention trainings are the available treatment options. Gene therapy is one of the most promising emerging strategies. Use of state-of-the-art nanomedicine approaches to deliver drug(s) and/or gene(s) might enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the present and future modalities. More research is needed in these fields to improve the outcome of this debilitating condition. This review focuses on different visual pathologies caused by TBI, advances in pre-clinical and clinical research, and available treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Das
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaolan Tang
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Takeuchi H, Inagaki S, Morozumi W, Nakano Y, Inoue Y, Kuse Y, Mizoguchi T, Nakamura S, Funato M, Kaneko H, Hara H, Shimazawa M. VGF nerve growth factor inducible is involved in retinal ganglion cells death induced by optic nerve crush. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16443. [PMID: 30401804 PMCID: PMC6219571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
VGF nerve growth factor inducible (VGF) is a polypeptide that is induced by neurotrophic factors and is involved in neurite growth and neuroprotection. The mRNA of the Vgf gene has been detected in the adult rat retina, however the roles played by VGF in the retina are still undetermined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of VGF on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of mice in the optic nerve crush (ONC) model, rat-derived primary cultured RGCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived RGCs. The mRNA and protein of Vgf were upregulated after the ONC. Immunostaining showed that the VGF was located in glial cells including Müller glia and astrocytes but not in the retinal neurons and their axons. AQEE-30, a VGF peptide, suppressed the loss of RGCs induced by the ONC, and it increased survival rat-derived RGCs and promoted the outgrowth of neurites of rat and human iPSCs derived RGCs in vitro. These findings indicate that VGF plays important roles in neuronal degeneration and has protective effects against the ONC on RGCs. Thus, VGF should be considered as a treatment of RGCs degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Takeuchi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Wataru Morozumi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimichi Nakano
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michinori Funato
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideo Kaneko
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Molecular Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lambuk L, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Agarwal P, Ismail NM. Antiapoptotic effect of taurine against NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2018; 70:62-71. [PMID: 30385388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity has been proposed to mediate apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. Taurine (TAU) has been shown to have neuroprotective properties, thus we examined anti-apoptotic effect of TAU against retinal damage after NMDA exposure. METHODOLOGY Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 33 each. Group 1 was administered intravitreally with PBS and group 2 was similarly injected with NMDA (160 nmol). Groups 3, 4 and 5 were injected with TAU (320 nmol) 24 hours before (pre-treatment), in combination (co-treatment) and 24 hours after (post-treatment) NMDA exposure respectively. Seven days after injection, rats were sacrificed; eyes were enucleated, fixed and processed for morphometric analysis, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining. Optic nerve morphology assessment was done using toluidine blue staining. The estimation of BDNF, pro/anti-apoptotic factors (Bax/Bcl-2) and caspase-3 activity in retina was done using ELISA technique. RESULTS Severe degenerative changes were observed in retinae after intravitreal NMDA exposure. The retinal morphology in the TAU pre-treated group appeared more similar to the control retinae and demonstrated a higher number of nuclei than the NMDA group both per 100 μm length (by 1.5-fold, p < 0.001) and per 100 μm2 area (by 1.41-fold, p < 0.05) of the GCL. After NMDA exposure, visible axonal swelling was observed in optic nerve sections. In comparison with the changes observed in the NMDA treated group, the TAU treated group showed fewer prominent changes; axonal swelling was less frequent and less marked. Additionally, no marked glial cell changes were observed in the TAU-pretreated group. All TAU treated groups, particularly the pre-treated group, showed a significant decrease in the NMDA-induced optic nerve damage, with a 50% reduction (p < 0.001) in the mean grading compared to NMDA group. For the same, there was 25% decrease in co- and post-treatment groups, as compared with the NMDA group. Pre-treatment with TAU abolished apoptotic response to NMDA as indicated by decrease in the number of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells. TAU pre-treatment also increased the Bcl-2 level (by 2.80-fold, p < 0.001) and decreased the level of Bax (by 34%, p < 0.01), and activity of caspase-3 (by 36%, p < 0.001) compared to NMDA group. IN CONCLUSION our study revealed that pre-treatment with TAU prevents NMDA-induced retinal cell apoptosis more effectively than co- and post-treatment with TAU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidawani Lambuk
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; I-PPerForM, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Seremban, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Simpson EM, Korecki AJ, Fornes O, McGill TJ, Cueva-Vargas JL, Agostinone J, Farkas RA, Hickmott JW, Lam SL, Mathelier A, Renner LM, Stoddard J, Zhou M, Di Polo A, Neuringer M, Wasserman WW. New MiniPromoter Ple345 (NEFL) Drives Strong and Specific Expression in Retinal Ganglion Cells of Mouse and Primate Retina. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:257-272. [PMID: 30062914 PMCID: PMC6437624 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal gene therapy is leading the neurological gene therapy field, with 32 ongoing clinical trials of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)–based therapies. Importantly, over 50% of those trials are using restricted promoters from human genes. Promoters that restrict expression have demonstrated increased efficacy and can limit the therapeutic to the target cells thereby reducing unwanted off-target effects. Retinal ganglion cells are a critical target in ocular gene therapy; they are involved in common diseases such as glaucoma, rare diseases such as Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and in revolutionary optogenetic treatments. Here, we used computational biology and mined the human genome for the best genes from which to develop a novel minimal promoter element(s) designed for expression in restricted cell types (MiniPromoter) to improve the safety and efficacy of retinal ganglion cell gene therapy. Gene selection included the use of the first available droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (Drop-seq) dataset, and promoter design was bioinformatically driven and informed by a wide range of genomics datasets. We tested seven promoter designs from four genes in rAAV for specificity and quantified expression strength in retinal ganglion cells in mouse, and then the single best in nonhuman primate retina. Thus, we developed a new human-DNA MiniPromoter, Ple345 (NEFL), which in combination with intravitreal delivery in rAAV9 showed specific and robust expression in the retinal ganglion cells of the nonhuman-primate rhesus macaque retina. In mouse, we also developed MiniPromoters expressing in retinal ganglion cells, the hippocampus of the brain, a pan neuronal pattern in the brain, and peripheral nerves. As single-cell transcriptomics such as Drop-seq become available for other cell types, many new opportunities for additional novel restricted MiniPromoters will present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Simpson
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,3 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,4 Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrea J Korecki
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Oriol Fornes
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trevor J McGill
- 5 Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,6 Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jorge Luis Cueva-Vargas
- 7 Department of Neuroscience and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jessica Agostinone
- 7 Department of Neuroscience and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachelle A Farkas
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack W Hickmott
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Siu Ling Lam
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony Mathelier
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren M Renner
- 5 Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan Stoddard
- 5 Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michelle Zhou
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- 7 Department of Neuroscience and Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martha Neuringer
- 5 Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,6 Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Wyeth W Wasserman
- 1 Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,2 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guymer C, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Casson RJ. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: recent advances and clinical translation. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 47:88-105. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Guymer
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - John PM Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Robert J Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratory, South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pinazo-Durán MD, Shoaie-Nia K, Zanón-Moreno V, Sanz-González SM, Benítez del Castillo J, García-Medina JJ. Strategies to Reduce Oxidative Stress in Glaucoma Patients. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:903-918. [PMID: 28677495 PMCID: PMC6120109 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170705101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial pathology involving a variety of pathogenic mechanisms, including oxidative/nitrosative stress. This latter is the consequence of the imbalance between excessive formation and insufficient protection against reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. OBJECTIVE Our main goal is to gather molecular information to better managing pathologic variants that may determine the individual susceptibility to oxidative/nitrosative stress (OS/NS) and POAG. METHOD An extensive search of the scientific literature was conducted using PUBMED, the Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and other references on the topic of POAG and OS/NS from human and animal model studies published between 2010 and 2017. Finally, 152 works containing relevant information that may help understanding the role of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, natural compounds and other similar strategies for counteracting OS/NS in POAG were considered. RESULTS A wide variety of studies have proven that antioxidants, among them vitamins B3, C and E, Coenzyme Q10 or melatonin, ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids and other natural compounds (such as coffee, green tea, bear bile, gingko biloba, coleus, tropical fruits, etc.,) may help regulating the intraocular pressure as well as protecting the retinal neurons against OS/NS in POAG. CONCLUSION Based on the impact of antioxidants and ω-3/ω-6 fatty acids at the molecular level in the glaucomatous anterior and posterior eye segments, further studies are needed by integrating all issues involved in glaucoma pathogenesis, endogenous and exogenous risk factors and their interactions that will allow us to reach newer effective biotherapies for preventing glaucomatous irreversible blindness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Pinazo-Durán
- Address correspondence to this author at the Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO, University Hospital Dr. Peset. Ave/ Gaspar Aguilar 90; 46017, Valencia, Spain; Tel: + 34 961622497;, Fax: + 34 961622748; E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Oswald J, Baranov P. Regenerative medicine in the retina: from stem cells to cell replacement therapy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2018; 10:2515841418774433. [PMID: 29998222 PMCID: PMC6016968 DOI: 10.1177/2515841418774433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the fast pace of the growing field of stem cell research, retinal cell replacement is finally emerging as a feasible mean to be explored for clinical application. Although neuroprotective treatments are able to slow the progression of retinal degeneration caused by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, they are insufficient to fully halt disease progression and unable to recover previously lost vision. Comprehensive, technological and intellectual advances over the past years, including the in vitro differentiation of retinal cells at manufacturing scale from embryonic stem (ES) cell and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell cultures, progress within the area of retinal disease modeling, and the first clinical trials have started to shape the way towards addressing this treatment gap and translating retinal cell replacement to the clinic. Here, summarize the most recent advances within retinal cell replacement from both a scientific and clinical perspective, and discuss the remaining challenges towards the delivery of the first retinal cell products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|