1
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Su XZ, Wu J, Xu F, Pattaradilokrat S. Genetic mapping of determinants in drug resistance, virulence, disease susceptibility, and interaction of host-rodent malaria parasites. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102637. [PMID: 35926693 PMCID: PMC9452477 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mapping has been widely employed to search for genes linked to phenotypes/traits of interest. Because of the ease of maintaining rodent malaria parasites in laboratory mice, many genetic crosses of rodent malaria parasites have been performed to map the parasite genes contributing to malaria parasite development, drug resistance, host immune response, and disease pathogenesis. Drs. Richard Carter, David Walliker, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh, UK, were the pioneers in developing the systems for genetic mapping of malaria parasite traits, including characterization of genetic markers to follow the inheritance and recombination of parasite chromosomes and performing the first genetic cross using rodent malaria parasites. Additionally, many genetic crosses of inbred mice have been performed to link mouse chromosomal loci to the susceptibility to malaria parasite infections. In this chapter, we review and discuss past and recent advances in genetic marker development, performing genetic crosses, and genetic mapping of both parasite and host genes. Genetic mappings using models of rodent malaria parasites and inbred mice have contributed greatly to our understanding of malaria, including parasite development within their hosts, mechanism of drug resistance, and host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fangzheng Xu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Olatunde AC, Cornwall DH, Roedel M, Lamb TJ. Mouse Models for Unravelling Immunology of Blood Stage Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1525. [PMID: 36146602 PMCID: PMC9501382 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria comprises a spectrum of disease syndromes and the immune system is a major participant in malarial disease. This is particularly true in relation to the immune responses elicited against blood stages of Plasmodium-parasites that are responsible for the pathogenesis of infection. Mouse models of malaria are commonly used to dissect the immune mechanisms underlying disease. While no single mouse model of Plasmodium infection completely recapitulates all the features of malaria in humans, collectively the existing models are invaluable for defining the events that lead to the immunopathogenesis of malaria. Here we review the different mouse models of Plasmodium infection that are available, and highlight some of the main contributions these models have made with regards to identifying immune mechanisms of parasite control and the immunopathogenesis of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey J. Lamb
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, 15 N Medical Drive E, Room 1420A, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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3
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Sánchez-Arcila JC, Jensen KDC. Forward Genetics in Apicomplexa Biology: The Host Side of the Story. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878475. [PMID: 35646724 PMCID: PMC9133346 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic approaches have been widely used in parasitology and have proven their power to reveal the complexities of host-parasite interactions in an unbiased fashion. Many aspects of the parasite's biology, including the identification of virulence factors, replication determinants, antibiotic resistance genes, and other factors required for parasitic life, have been discovered using such strategies. Forward genetic approaches have also been employed to understand host resistance mechanisms to parasitic infection. Here, we will introduce and review all forward genetic approaches that have been used to identify host factors involved with Apicomplexa infections, which include classical genetic screens and QTL mapping, GWAS, ENU mutagenesis, overexpression, RNAi and CRISPR-Cas9 library screens. Collectively, these screens have improved our understanding of host resistance mechanisms, immune regulation, vaccine and drug designs for Apicomplexa parasites. We will also discuss how recent advances in molecular genetics give present opportunities to further explore host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Sánchez-Arcila
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States
- Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States
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4
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Miyasaka Y, Niwa S, Masuya T, Ishii R, Kobayashi M, Horio F, Ohno T. E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF123-deficient mice exhibit reduced parasitemia and mortality in rodent malaria (Plasmodium yoelii 17XL) infection. Parasitol Int 2022; 88:102542. [PMID: 35063657 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of several human ubiquitin ligases, including ring finger protein 123 (RNF123), in red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum infection, have been reported. RNF123 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is highly expressed in erythroid cells. However, the function of the RNF123 gene and the relationship between the RNF123 gene and malarial parasite has not been clarified in vivo. In this study, we generated RNF123-deficient mice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and analyzed malaria susceptibility and erythrocyte morphology. The levels of parasitemia 5 days post-infection and mortality 21 days post-infection with the lethal type of rodent malaria (Plasmodium yoelii 17XL) in RNF123-deficient mice was significantly lower than that in wild-type mice. In contrast, red blood cell morphology in RNF123-deficient mice was almost normal. These results suggest that erythrocytic RNF123 plays a role in susceptibility to rodent malaria infection, but does not play a role in erythrocyte morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shota Niwa
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomomi Masuya
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Reika Ishii
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Misato Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, 57 Takenoyama, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0196, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Horio
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Department of Life Studies and Environmental Science, Nagoya Women's University, 3-40 Shioji-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8610, Japan
| | - Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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5
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Morffy Smith CD, Russ BN, Andrew AK, Cooper CA, Moore JM. A novel murine model for assessing fetal and birth outcomes following transgestational maternal malaria infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19566. [PMID: 31862902 PMCID: PMC6925284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection during pregnancy is a major cause of severe maternal illness and neonatal mortality. Mouse models are important for the study of gestational malaria pathogenesis. When infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS in early gestation, several inbred mouse strains abort at midgestation. We report here that outbred Swiss Webster mice infected with P. chabaudi chabaudi AS in early gestation carry their pregnancies to term despite high parasite burden and malarial hemozoin accumulation in the placenta at midgestation, with the latter associated with induction of heme oxygenase 1 expression. Infection yields reduced fetal weight and viability at term and a reduction in pup number at weaning, but does not influence postnatal growth prior to weaning. This novel model allows for the exploration of malaria infection throughout pregnancy, modeling chronic infections observed in pregnant women prior to the birth of underweight infants and enabling the production of progeny exposed to malaria in utero, which is critical for understanding the postnatal repercussions of gestational malaria. The use of outbred mice allows for the exploration of gestational malaria in a genetically diverse model system, better recapitulating the diversity of infection responses observed in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Morffy Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brittany N Russ
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alicer K Andrew
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Caitlin A Cooper
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Julie M Moore
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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6
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Ohno T, Miyasaka Y, Kuga M, Ushida K, Matsushima M, Kawabe T, Kikkawa Y, Mizuno M, Takahashi M. Mouse NC/Jic strain provides novel insights into host genetic factors for malaria research. Exp Anim 2019; 68:243-255. [PMID: 30880305 PMCID: PMC6699971 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites and is one of the most
life-threatening infectious diseases in humans. Infection can result in severe
complications such as cerebral malaria, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress
syndrome, and acute renal injury. These complications are mainly caused by P.
falciparum infection and are major causes of death associated with malaria.
There are a few species of rodent-infective malaria parasites, and mice infected with such
parasites are now widely used for screening candidate drugs and vaccines and for studying
host immune responses and pathogenesis associated with disease-related complications. We
found that mice of the NC/Jic strain infected with rodent malarial parasites exhibit
distinctive disease-related complications such as cerebral malaria and nephrotic syndrome,
in addition to a rapid increase in parasitemia. Here, we focus on the analysis of host
genetic factors that affect malarial pathogenesis and describe the characteristic
features, utility, and future prospects for exploitation of the NC/Jic strain as a novel
mouse model for malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masako Kuga
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kaori Ushida
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Miyoko Matsushima
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kawabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 1-1-20 Daikou-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Mammalian Genetics Project, Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Renal Replacement Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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7
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Lippens C, Guivier E, Reece SE, O’Donnell AJ, Cornet S, Faivre B, Sorci G. Early Plasmodium-induced inflammation does not accelerate aging in mice. Evol Appl 2019; 12:314-323. [PMID: 30697342 PMCID: PMC6346666 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline of performance leading to reduced reproductive output and survival. While the antagonistic pleiotropy theory of aging has attracted considerable attention, the molecular/physiological functions underlying the early-life benefits/late-life costs paradigm remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that while early activation of the inflammatory response confers benefits in terms of protection against infection, it also incurs costs in terms of reduced reproductive output at old age and shortened longevity. We infected mice with the malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii and increased the inflammatory response using an anti-IL-10 receptor antibody treatment. We quantified the benefits and costs of the inflammatory response during the acute phase of the infection and at old age. In agreement with the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis, the inflammatory response provided an early-life benefit, since infected mice that were treated with anti-IL-10 receptor antibodies had reduced parasite density and anemia. However, at old age, mice in all treatment groups had similar levels of C-reactive protein, reproductive output, survival rate, and lifespan. Overall, our results do not support the hypothesis that the benefits of a robust response to malaria infection in early life incur longer term fitness costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Lippens
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Emmanuel Guivier
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
- Laboratoire IMBEUniversité Aix MarseilleMarseilleFrance
| | - Sarah E. Reece
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology, and Immunology and Infection ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Aidan J. O’Donnell
- Institutes of Evolutionary Biology, and Immunology and Infection ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Stéphane Cornet
- IRDUMR CBGP INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Bruno Faivre
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Gabriele Sorci
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282Université de Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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8
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Xia L, Wu J, Pattaradilokrat S, Tumas K, He X, Peng YC, Huang R, Myers TG, Long CA, Wang R, Su XZ. Detection of host pathways universally inhibited after Plasmodium yoelii infection for immune intervention. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15280. [PMID: 30327482 PMCID: PMC6191451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a disease with diverse symptoms depending on host immune status and pathogenicity of Plasmodium parasites. The continuous parasite growth within a host suggests mechanisms of immune evasion by the parasite and/or immune inhibition in response to infection. To identify pathways commonly inhibited after malaria infection, we infected C57BL/6 mice with four Plasmodium yoelii strains causing different disease phenotypes and 24 progeny of a genetic cross. mRNAs from mouse spleens day 1 and/or day 4 post infection (p.i.) were hybridized to a mouse microarray to identify activated or inhibited pathways, upstream regulators, and host genes playing an important role in malaria infection. Strong interferon responses were observed after infection with the N67 strain, whereas initial inhibition and later activation of hematopoietic pathways were found after infection with 17XNL parasite, showing unique responses to individual parasite strains. Inhibitions of pathways such as Th1 activation, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, and NFAT immune regulation were observed in mice infected with all the parasite strains day 4 p.i., suggesting universally inhibited immune pathways. As a proof of principle, treatment of N67-infected mice with antibodies against T cell receptors OX40 or CD28 to activate the inhibited pathways enhanced host survival. Controlled activation of these pathways may provide important strategies for better disease management and for developing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Keyla Tumas
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Xiao He
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Yu-Chih Peng
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA
| | - Rongfu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8132, USA.
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9
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Timmermans S, Libert C. Overview of inactivating mutations in the protein-coding genome of the mouse reference strain C57BL/6J. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121758. [PMID: 29997285 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice are extremely important as the premier model organism in human biomedical and mammalian genetic research. The genomes of several tens of mouse inbred strains have been sequenced. They have been compared to the genome of C57BL/6J, considered by convention as the reference genome. Based on a comparison of this reference genome with 36 other sequenced mouse strains, we generated an overview of all protein-coding genes that are deviant in this reference genome, compared with consensus protein-coding mouse gene sequences. We provide PROVEAN scores, reflecting the likelihood that these C57BL/6J proteins have lost function. We thus identified numerous abnormal proteins, and biological pathways, specifically present in C57BL/6J, suggesting the important caveats of this reference mouse strain, and linking candidate genes to some of the best-known phenotypes of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Timmermans
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Huang HM, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G. Host genetics in malaria: lessons from mouse studies. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:507-522. [PMID: 29594458 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a deadly parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium, claiming almost half a million lives every year. While parasite genetics and biology are often the major targets in many studies, it is becoming more evident that host genetics plays a crucial role in the outcome of the infection. Similarly, Plasmodium infections in mice also rely heavily on the genetic background of the mice, and often correlate with observations in human studies, due to their high genetic homology with humans. As such, murine models of malaria are a useful tool for understanding host responses during Plasmodium infections, as well as dissecting host-parasite interactions through various genetic manipulation techniques. Reverse genetic approach such as quantitative trait loci studies and random mutagenesis screens have been employed to discover novel host genes that affect malaria susceptibility in mouse models, while other targeted studies utilize mouse models to validate observation from human studies. Herein, we review the findings from the past and present studies on murine models of hepatic and erythrocytic stages of malaria and speculate on how the current mouse models benefit from the recent development in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ming Huang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Foote
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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11
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Autoimmune-Disease-Prone NOD Mice Help To Reveal a New Genetic Locus for Reducing Pulmonary Disease Caused by Mycoplasma pulmonis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00812-17. [PMID: 29263105 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00812-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are bacterial pathogens of a range of animals, including humans, and are a common cause of respiratory disease. However, the host genetic factors that affect resistance to infection or regulate the resulting pulmonary inflammation are not well defined. We and others have previously demonstrated that nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice can be used to investigate disease loci that affect bacterial infection and autoimmune diabetes. Here we show that NOD mice are more susceptible than C57BL/6 (B6) mice to infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis, a natural model of pulmonary mycoplasmosis. The lungs of infected NOD mice had higher loads of M. pulmonis and more severe inflammatory lesions. Moreover, congenic NOD mice that harbored different B6-derived chromosomal intervals enabled identification and localization of a new mycoplasmosis locus, termed Mpr2, on chromosome 13. These congenic NOD mice demonstrated that the B6 allele for Mpr2 reduced the severity of pulmonary inflammation caused by infection with M. pulmonis and that this was associated with altered cytokine and chemokine concentrations in the infected lungs. Mpr2 also colocalizes to the same genomic interval as Listr2 and Idd14, genetic loci linked to listeriosis resistance and autoimmune diabetes susceptibility, respectively, suggesting that allelic variation within these loci may affect the development of both infectious and autoimmune disease.
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12
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Nair SC, Xu R, Pattaradilokrat S, Wu J, Qi Y, Zilversmit M, Ganesan S, Nagarajan V, Eastman RT, Orandle MS, Tan JC, Myers TG, Liu S, Long CA, Li J, Su XZ. A Plasmodium yoelii HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates parasite growth and virulence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:223. [PMID: 28790316 PMCID: PMC5548792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with strains of Plasmodium yoelii parasites can result in different pathology, but molecular mechanisms to explain this variation are unclear. Here we show that a P. yoelii gene encoding a HECT-like E3 ubiquitin ligase (Pyheul) influences parasitemia and host mortality. We genetically cross two lethal parasites with distinct disease phenotypes, and identify 43 genetically diverse progeny by typing with microsatellites and 9230 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A genome-wide quantitative trait loci scan links parasite growth and host mortality to two major loci on chromosomes 1 and 7 with LOD (logarithm of the odds) scores = 6.1 and 8.1, respectively. Allelic exchange of partial sequences of Pyheul in the chromosome 7 locus and modification of the gene expression alter parasite growth and host mortality. This study identifies a gene that may have a function in parasite growth, virulence, and host–parasite interaction, and therefore could be a target for drug or vaccine development. Many strains of Plasmodium differ in virulence, but factors that control these distinctions are not known. Here the authors comparatively map virulence loci using the offspring from a P. yoelii YM and N67 genetic cross, and identify a putative HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase that may explain the variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethu C Nair
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jian Wu
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanwei Qi
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Martine Zilversmit
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard T Eastman
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John C Tan
- The Eck Institute of Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Timothy G Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Carole A Long
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Xin-Zhuan Su
- Malaria Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.
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13
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Laroque A, Min-Oo G, Tam M, Ponka P, Stevenson MM, Gros P. The mouse Char10 locus regulates severity of pyruvate kinase deficiency and susceptibility to malaria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177818. [PMID: 28542307 PMCID: PMC5436716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PKLR) deficiency protects mice and humans against blood-stage malaria. Although mouse strain AcB62 carries a malaria-protective PklrI90N genetic mutation, it is phenotypically susceptible to blood stage malaria induced by infection with Plasmodium chabaudi AS, suggesting a genetic modifier of the PklrI90N protective effect. Linkage analysis in a F2 cross between AcB62 (PklrI90N) and another PK deficient strain CBA/Pk (PklrG338D) maps this modifier (designated Char10) to chromosome 9 (LOD = 10.8, 95% Bayesian CI = 50.7–75Mb). To study the mechanistic basis of the Char10 effect, we generated an incipient congenic line (Char10C) that harbors the Char10 chromosome 9 segment from AcB62 fixed on the genetic background of CBA/Pk. The Char10 effect is shown to be highly penetrant as the Char10C line recapitulates the AcB62 phenotype, displaying high parasitemia following P. chabaudi infection, compared to CBA/Pk. Char10C mice also display a reduction in anemia phenotypes associated with the PklrG338D mutation including decreased splenomegaly, decreased circulating reticulocytes, increased density of mature erythrocytes, increased hematocrit, as well as decreased iron overload in kidney and liver and decreased serum iron. Erythroid lineage analyses indicate that the number of total TER119+ cells as well as the numbers of the different CD71+/CD44+ erythroblast sub-populations were all found to be lower in Char10C spleen compared to CBA/Pk. Char10C mice also displayed lower number of CFU-E per spleen compared to CBA/Pk. Taken together, these results indicate that the Char10 locus modulates the severity of pyruvate kinase deficiency by regulating erythroid responses in the presence of PK-deficiency associated haemolytic anemia.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/genetics
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/metabolism
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/physiopathology
- Animals
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/pathology
- Erythropoiesis/genetics
- Genetic Loci/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Iron/metabolism
- Malaria/genetics
- Mice
- Pyruvate Kinase/deficiency
- Pyruvate Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Kinase/metabolism
- Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Pyruvate Metabolism, Inborn Errors/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Laroque
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gundula Min-Oo
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Prem Ponka
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Physiology Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mary M. Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Moradin N, Torre S, Gauthier S, Tam M, Hawari J, Vandercruyssen K, De Spiegeleer B, Fortin A, Stevenson MM, Gros P. Cysteamine broadly improves the anti-plasmodial activity of artemisinins against murine blood stage and cerebral malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:260. [PMID: 27150250 PMCID: PMC4858922 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential emergence and spread of resistance to artemisinins in the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite constitutes a major global health threat. Hence, improving the efficacy of artemisinins and of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) represents a major short-term goal in the global fight against malaria. Mice defective in the enzyme pantetheinase (Vnn3) show increased susceptibility to blood-stage malaria (increased parasitaemia, reduced survival), and supplementation of Vnn3 mutants with the reaction product of pantetheinase, cysteamine, corrects in part the malaria-susceptibility phenotype of the mutants. Cysteamine (Cys) is a small, naturally occurring amino-thiol that has very low toxicity in vivo and is approved for clinical use in the life-long treatment of the kidney disorder nephropathic cystinosis. METHODS The ability of Cys to improve the anti-plasmodial activity of different clinically used artemisinins was tested. The effect of different CYS/ART combinations on malarial phenotypes (parasite blood-stage replication, overall and survival from lethal infection) was assessed in a series of in vivo experiments using Plasmodium strains that induce either blood-stage (Plasmodium chabaudi AS) or cerebral disease (Plasmodium berghei ANKA). This was also evaluated in an ex vivo experimental protocol that directly assesses the effect of such drug combinations on the viability of Plasmodium parasites, as measured by the ability of tested parasites to induce a productive infection in vivo in otherwise naïve animals. RESULTS Cys is found to potentiate the anti-plasmodial activity of artesunate, artemether, and arteether, towards the blood-stage malaria parasite P. chabaudi AS. Ex vivo experiments, indicate that potentiation of the anti-plasmodial activity of artemisinins by Cys is direct and does not require the presence of host factors. In addition, potentiation occurs at sub-optimal concentrations of artemisinins and Cys that on their own have little or no effect on parasite growth. Cys also dramatically enhances the efficacy and protective effect of artemisinins against cerebral malaria induced by infection with the P. berghei ANKA parasite. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that inclusion of Cys in current formulations of ACT, or its use as adjunct therapy could improve the anti-plasmodial activity of artemisinin, decrease mortality in cerebral malaria patients, and prevent or delay the development and spread of artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Moradin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 366, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Sabrina Torre
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Susan Gauthier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 366, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jalal Hawari
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - Anny Fortin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 366, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Mary M Stevenson
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, room 366, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
Mouse models have demonstrated utility in delineating the mechanisms underlying many aspects of malaria immunology and physiology. The most common mouse models of malaria employ the rodent-specific parasite species Plasmodium berghei, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi, which elicit distinct pathologies and immune responses and are used to model different manifestations of human disease. In vitro culture methods are not well developed for rodent Plasmodium parasites, which thus require in vivo maintenance. Moreover, physiologically relevant immunological processes are best studied in vivo. Here, we detail the processes of infecting mice with Plasmodium, maintaining the parasite in vivo, and monitoring parasite levels and health parameters throughout infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Huang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Pearman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles C Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Radovanovic I, Leung V, Iliescu A, Bongfen SE, Mullick A, Langlais D, Gros P. Genetic control of susceptibility to Candida albicans in SM/J mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1290-300. [PMID: 24973457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the immunocompromised host, invasive infection with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sporadic cases in otherwise normal individuals are rare, and they are thought to be associated with genetic predisposition. Using a mouse model of systemic infection with C. albicans, we identified the SM/J mouse strain as unusually susceptible to infection. Genetic linkage studies in informative [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice identified a major locus on distal chromosome 15, given the appellation Carg5, that regulates C. albicans replication in SM/J mice. Cellular and molecular immunophenotyping experiments, as well as functional studies in purified cell populations from SM/J and C57BL/6J, and in [C57BL/6JxSM/J]F2 mice fixed for homozygous or heterozygous Carg5 alleles, indicate that Carg5-regulated susceptibility in SM/J is associated with a complex defect in the myeloid compartment of these mice. SM/J neutrophils express lower levels of Ly6G, and importantly, they show significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species in response to stimulation with fMLF and PMA. Likewise, CD11b(+)Ly6G(-)Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes were present at lower levels in the blood of infected SM/J, recruited less efficiently at the site of infection, and displayed blunted oxidative burst. Studies in F2 mice establish strong correlations between Carg5 alleles, Ly6G expression, production of serum CCL2 (MCP-1), and susceptibility to C. albicans. Genomic DNA sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitated for myeloid proinflammatory transcription factors IRF1, IRF8, STAT1 and NF-κB, as well as RNA sequencing, were used to develop a "myeloid inflammatory score" and systematically analyze and prioritize potential candidate genes in the Carg5 interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Radovanovic
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Vicki Leung
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; and
| | - Alexandra Iliescu
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silayuv E Bongfen
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Alaka Mullick
- National Research Council-Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada; Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B1, Canada;
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17
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Sanches TLM, Cunha LD, Silva GK, Guedes PMM, Silva JS, Zamboni DS. The use of a heterogeneously controlled mouse population reveals a significant correlation of acute phase parasitemia with mortality in Chagas disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91640. [PMID: 24651711 PMCID: PMC3961278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease develops upon infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and undergoes an acute phase characterized by massive parasite replication and the presence of parasites in the blood. This condition is known as acute phase parasitemia. This initial stage may result in a cure, in the development of the chronic stages of the disease or in the death of the infected host. Despite intensive investigation related to the characterization of the acute and chronic phases of the disease, the cause-effect relationship of acute phase parasitemia to the outcome of the disease is still poorly understood. In this study, we artificially generated a heterogeneously controlled mouse population by intercrossing F1 mice obtained from a parental breeding of highly susceptible A/J with highly resistant C57BL/6 mouse strains. This F2 population was infected and used to assess the correlation of acute phase parasitemia with the longevity of the animals. We used nonparametric statistical analyses and found a significant association between parasitemia and mortality. If males and females were evaluated separately, we found that the former were more susceptible to death, although parasitemia was similar in males and females. In females, we found a strong negative correlation between parasitemia and longevity. In males, however, additional factors independent of parasitemia may favor mouse mortality during the development of the disease. The correlations of acute phase parasitemia with mortality reported in this study may facilitate an appropriate prognostic approach to the disease in humans. Moreover, these results illustrate the complexity of the mammalian genetic traits that regulate host resistance during Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago L. M. Sanches
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa D. Cunha
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grace K. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. M. Guedes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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18
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Plasmodium genetic loci linked to host cytokine and chemokine responses. Genes Immun 2014; 15:145-52. [PMID: 24452266 PMCID: PMC3999244 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Both host and parasite factors contribute to disease severity of malaria infection; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the disease and the host-parasite interactions involved remain largely unresolved. To investigate effects of parasite factors on host immune responses and pathogenesis, we measured levels of plasma cytokines/chemokines (CC) and growth rates in mice infected with two Plasmodium yoelii strains having different virulence phenotypes and in progeny from a genetic cross of the two parasites. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis linked levels of many CCs, particularly IL-1β, IP-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and MIG, and early parasite growth rate to loci on multiple parasite chromosomes, including chromosomes 7, 9, 10, 12, and 13. Comparison of the genome sequences spanning the mapped loci revealed various candidate genes. The loci on chromosome 7 and 13 had significant (p < 0.005) additive effects on IL-1β, IL-5, and IP-10 responses, and the chromosome 9 and 12 loci had significant (p = 0.017) interaction. Infection of knockout mice showed critical roles of MCP-1 and IL-10 in parasitemia control and host mortality. These results provide important information for better understanding of malaria pathogenesis and can be used to examine the role of these factors in human malaria infection.
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19
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Bopp SER, Rodrigo E, González-Páez GE, Frazer M, Barnes SW, Valim C, Watson J, Walker JR, Schmedt C, Winzeler EA. Identification of the Plasmodium berghei resistance locus 9 linked to survival on chromosome 9. Malar J 2013; 12:316. [PMID: 24025732 PMCID: PMC3848760 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the main causes of mortality from severe malaria in Plasmodium falciparum infections is cerebral malaria (CM). An important host genetic component determines the susceptibility of an individual to develop CM or to clear the infection and become semi-immune. As such, the identification of genetic loci associated with susceptibility or resistance may serve to modulate disease severity. Methodology The Plasmodium berghei mouse model for experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) reproduces several disease symptoms seen in human CM, and two different phenotypes, a susceptible (FVB/NJ) and a resistant mouse strain (DBA/2J), were examined. Results FVB/NJ mice died from infection within ten days, whereas DBA/2J mice showed a gender bias: males survived on average nineteen days and females either died early with signs of ECM or survived for up to three weeks. A comparison of brain pathology between FVB/NJ and DBA/2J showed no major differences with regard to brain haemorrhages or the number of parasites and CD3+ cells in the microvasculature. However, significant differences were found in the peripheral blood of infected mice: For example resistant DBA/2J mice had significantly higher numbers of circulating basophils than did FVB/NJ mice on day seven. Analysis of the F2 offspring from a cross of DBA/2J and FVB/NJ mice mapped the genetic locus of the underlying survival trait to chromosome 9 with a Lod score of 4.9. This locus overlaps with two previously identified resistance loci (char1 and pymr) from a blood stage malaria model. Conclusions Survival best distinguishes malaria infections between FVB/NJ and DBA/2J mice. The importance of char1 and pymr on chromosome 9 in malaria resistance to P. berghei was confirmed. In addition there was an association of basophil numbers with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina E R Bopp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Bergmann S, Beard PM, Pasche B, Lienenklaus S, Weiss S, Gahan CGM, Schughart K, Lengeling A. Influence of internalin A murinisation on host resistance to orally acquired listeriosis in mice. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:90. [PMID: 23617550 PMCID: PMC3640945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bacterial surface protein internalin (InlA) is a major virulence factor of the food-born pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. It plays a critical role in the bacteria crossing the host intestinal barrier by a species-specific interaction with the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. In mice, the interaction of InlA with murine E-cadherin is impaired due to sequence-specific binding incompatibilities. We have previously used the approach of ‘murinisation’ to establish an oral listeriosis infection model in mice by exchanging two amino acid residues in InlA. This dramatically increases binding to mouse E-cadherin. In the present study, we have used bioluminescent murinised and non-murinised Listeria strains to examine the spatiotemporal dissemination of Listeria in four diverse mouse genetic backgrounds after oral inoculation. Results The murinised Listeria monocytogenes strain showed enhanced invasiveness and induced more severe infections in all four investigated mouse inbred strains compared to the non-murinised Listeria strain. We identified C57BL/6J mice as being most resistant to orally acquired listeriosis whereas C3HeB/FeJ, A/J and BALB/cJ mice were found to be most susceptible to infection. This was reflected in faster kinetics of Listeria dissemination, higher bacterial loads in internal organs, and elevated serum levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and CCL2 in the susceptible strains as compared to the resistant C57BL/6J strain. Importantly, murinisation of InlA did not cause enhanced invasion of Listeria monocytogenes into the brain. Conclusion Murinised Listeria are able to efficiently cross the intestinal barrier in mice from diverse genetic backgrounds. However, expression of murinized InlA does not enhance listerial brain invasion suggesting that crossing of the blood brain barrier and crossing of the intestinal epithelium are achieved by Listeria monocytogenes through different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bergmann
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research & University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Braunschweig D-38124, Germany
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21
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Silva GK, Cunha LD, Horta CV, Silva ALN, Gutierrez FRS, Silva JS, Zamboni DS. A parent-of-origin effect determines the susceptibility of a non-informative F1 population to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56347. [PMID: 23409175 PMCID: PMC3569416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Chagas disease is determined by a complex interaction between the genetic traits of both the protozoan parasite, T. cruzi, and the infected host. This process is regulated by multiple genes that control different aspects of the host-parasite interaction. While determination of the relevant genes in humans is extremely difficult, it is feasible to use inbred mouse strains to determine the genes and loci responsible for host resistance to infection. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of several inbred mouse strains to infection with the highly virulent Y strain of T. cruzi and found a considerable difference in susceptibility between A/J and C57BL/6 mice. We explored the differences between these two mouse strains and found that the A/J strain presented higher mortality, exacerbated and uncontrolled parasitemia and distinct histopathology in the target organs, which were associated with a higher parasite burden and more extensive tissue lesions. We then employed a genetic approach to assess the pattern of inheritance of the resistance phenotype in an F1 population and detected a strong parent-of-origin effect determining the susceptibility of the F1 male mice. This effect is unlikely to result from imprinted genes because the inheritance of this susceptibility was affected by the direction of the parental crossing. Collectively, our genetic approach of using the F1 population suggests that genes contained in the murine chromosome X contribute to the natural resistance against T. cruzi infection. Future linkage studies may reveal the locus and genes participating on the host resistance process reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K. Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa D. Cunha
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina V. Horta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L. N. Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fredy R. S. Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S. Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, University of São Paulo, Medical School Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abolghasemi E, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Davoudi M, Reisi A, Satvat MT. Comparative study of chloroquine and quinine on malaria rodents and their effects on the mouse testis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012; 2:311-4. [PMID: 23569921 PMCID: PMC3609296 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of quinine and chloroquine against male mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and their adverse effects on the mice testes. METHODS In this study, 48 adult male mice, (20-25 g), aged 8 to 12 weeks were divided into four groups. This study was carried out from December 2009 until May 2010 in the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. RESULTS The results showed that 58.33% of mice treated with chloroquine were completely recovered. Parasitemia was 4% on day 8 when compared to that on day 0, whereas it was 9% on day 9. There was no orchitis found in this group. The mortality of mice after exposing to quinine on day 5 was 8.3%, whereas from day 10 to day 14 it was 91.7%. We found 75% orchitis occurred in quinine treated group. There was a significant difference between quinine and chloroquine effects on the parasite and also mice testes (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, It can be concluded that male mice have full resistance to the quinine. Quinine does not only make male mice recover completely, but also cause inflammation on mice testicles tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Abolghasemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Maryam Davoudi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reisi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Satvat
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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