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Maia RDCA, Lima TC, Barbosa CM, Barbosa MA, de Queiroz KB, Alzamora AC. Intergenerational inheritance induced by a high-fat diet causes hyperphagia and reduced hypothalamic sensitivity to insulin and leptin in the second-generation of rats. Nutrition 2024; 120:112333. [PMID: 38271759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the intergenerational inheritance induced by a high-fat diet on sensitivity to insulin and leptin in the hypothalamic control of satiety in second-generation offspring, which were fed a control diet. METHODS Progenitor rats were fed a high-fat or a control diet for 59 d until weaning. The first-generation and second-generation offspring were fed the control diet until 90 d of age. Body mass and adiposity index of the progenitors fed the high-fat diet and the second-generation offspring from progenitors fed the high-fat diet were evaluated as were the gene expression of DNA methyltransferase 3a, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2, angiotensin II type 2 receptor, insulin and leptin signaling pathway (insulin receptor, leptin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 2, protein kinase B, signal transducer and transcriptional activator 3, pro-opiomelanocortin, and neuropeptide Agouti-related protein), superoxide dismutase activity, and the concentration of carbonyl protein and satiety-regulating neuropeptides, pro-opiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Agouti-related protein, in the hypothalamus. RESULTS The progenitor group fed a high-fat diet showed increased insulin resistance and reduced insulin-secreting beta-cell function and reduced food intake, without changes in caloric intake. The second-generation offspring from progenitors fed a high-fat diet, compared with second-generation offspring from progenitors fed a control diet group, had decreased insulin-secreting beta-cell function and increased food and caloric intake, insulin resistance, body mass, and adiposity index. Furthermore, second-generation offspring from progenitors fed a high-fat diet had increased DNA methyltransferase 3a, neuropeptide Agouti-related protein, angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase p47phox gene expression, superoxide dismutase activity, and neuropeptide Agouti-related protein concentration in the hypothalamus. In addition, there were reduced in gene expression of the insulin receptor, leptin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 2, pro-opiomelanocortin, angiotensin II type 2 receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2, and angiotensin-(1-7) receptor and pro-opiomelanocortin concentration in the second-generation offspring from progenitors fed the high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Overall, progenitors fed a high-fat diet induced changes in the hypothalamic control of satiety of the second-generation offspring from progenitors fed the high-fat diet through intergenerational inheritance. These changes led to hyperphagia, alterations in the hypothalamic pathways of insulin, and leptin and adiposity index increase, favoring the occurrence of different cardiometabolic disorders in the second-generation offspring from progenitors fed the high-fat diet fed only with the control diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana da Conceição Araújo Maia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Taynara Carolina Lima
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Claudiane Maria Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Andréa Barbosa
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Karina Barbosa de Queiroz
- Departamento de Alimentos, Escola de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Andréia Carvalho Alzamora
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
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Mabuza LP, Gamede MW, Maikoo S, Booysen IN, Ngubane PS, Khathi A. Effects of a Ruthenium Schiff Base Complex on Glucose Homeostasis in Diet-Induced Pre-Diabetic Rats. Molecules 2018; 23:E1721. [PMID: 30011905 PMCID: PMC6100054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-diabetes is a condition that precedes type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that is characterised by elevated glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The management of pre-diabetes includes the combination of dietary and pharmacological interventions to increase insulin sensitivity. However, poor patient compliance has been reported with regard to dietary interventions, therefore, new alternative drugs are required that can be effective even without the dietary intervention. In our laboratory, we have synthesised a novel ruthenium complex that has been shown to have elevated biological activity. This study investigated the effects of this complex in both the presence and absence of dietary intervention on glucose handling in a diet-induced pre-diabetes rat model. Pre-diabetic animals were randomly assigned to respective treatment groups. The ruthenium complex was administered to pre-diabetic rats once a day every third day for 12 weeks. The administration of the ruthenium complex resulted in reduced fasting blood glucose, food intake, and body weight gain which was associated with decreased plasma ghrelin, insulin, and HbA1c levels in both the presence and absence of dietary intervention. The administration of the ruthenium complex ameliorated glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic rats. The results of this study warrant further investigations as this compound could potentially be able to re-sensitize insulin resistant cells and reduce the incidence of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindokuhle Patience Mabuza
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Mlindeli Wilkinson Gamede
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Sanam Maikoo
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
| | - Irvin Noel Booysen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa.
| | - Phikelelani Siphosethu Ngubane
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Andile Khathi
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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Xiang L, Li J, Wang Q, Tang R, Qi J. Leptin Gene Transfer Improves Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetic Mice by Regulating Leptin Signaling Pathway and Insulin Resistance of Peripheral Tissues. Hum Gene Ther 2017. [PMID: 28622065 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The leptin gene was transferred into the liver of streptozocin- and high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice by hydrodynamic-based gene delivery. The food intake, water consumption, glucose concentration, and triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of T2D mice were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, plasma leptin was remarkably increased after gene transfer for 2, 3, 5, and 7 days, while plasma adiponectin was also significantly increased at day 2. To understand the mechanism of action of leptin on T2D mice, gene expressions related to glycometabolism and energy metabolism in the liver, epididymal adipose tissue, hypothalamus, and muscle were measured. The mRNA expression levels of adiponectin receptor 1 (ADR1), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), glucose-6-phosphase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in the liver, leptin, adiponectin, and hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue, leptin, leptin-receptor, ADR1 in the hypothalamus, and ADR1, GLUT4, and insulin 1 in the gastrocnemius significantly increased. Moreover, the hepatic glycogen of the leptin-gene-treated group was significantly increased in comparison to the control group. Meanwhile, the significant decrease of forkhead box O1, adiponectin receptor 2, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in the liver, and agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin genes in the hypothalamus were also observed. In fat tissue and hypothalamus, leptin and adiponectin protein levels were also significantly increased, whereas the neuropeptide Y protein level was significantly decreased. These results indicated that the leptin gene transfer could improve the symptoms of T2D mice by regulating the leptin-hypothalamus signaling pathway and improving the insulin resistance of the peripheral tissues of T2D mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Qi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Musil F, Blaha V, Ticha A, Hyspler R, Haluzik M, Lesna J, Smahelova A, Sobotka L. Effects of body weight reduction on plasma leptin and adiponectin/leptin ratio in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 2014; 64:221-8. [PMID: 25317681 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the changes in the adipokines leptin and adiponectin in obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) who underwent seven days of fasting and 21 days of low-calorie diet (LCD). The plasma leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured in 14 obese patients with T1DM at baseline, immediately after 7 days of fasting, and after 21 days of LCD. 13 non-obese patients with T1DM were studied only after an overnight fasting. Bioimpedance technique was used for determination of body composition. Obese T1DM patients lost 6.0 kg (6.0; 6.8) (median, 25 %; 75 %) and decreased their fat tissue after fasting and LCD. Plasma leptin in obese T1DM was significantly higher than in non-obese T1DM patients: 9.10 (5.06; 25.89) vs. 1.71 (1.12; 7.08) microg . l(-1) and transiently decreased immediately after fasting: 3.45 microg . l(-1) (1.47; 7.00), (P<0.05). Adiponectin/leptin ratio in obese T1DM was significantly lower than in non-obese T1DM patients: 0.67 (0.57; 1.49) vs. 3.50 (2.46; 6.30) . 10(3) and transiently increased immediately after fasting: 2.22 (1.26; 3.24) . 10(3), (P<0.05). We conclude that obese patients with T1DM are characterized by hyperleptinemia that is reduced by prolonged fasting, but only slightly affected by low calorie diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musil
- Department of Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital Hradec Králové and Medical Faculty Charles University in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Evidence accumulated during the last decade has affirmed that adipocyte leptin insufficiency in the hypothalamus is the primary etiological factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes type 1 and 2 and related metabolic morbidities. Leptin insufficiency disrupts the relay of hypothalamic regulatory information along three descending pathways to the organs in the periphery that normally participate in maintenance of glucose homeostasis on a minute-to-minute basis throughout lifetime. Reinstatement of leptin sufficiency in the hypothalamus by either systemic or central injections, or its provision selectively in the hypothalamus with the aid of gene therapy extinguished hyperglycemia and normalized blood glucose stably during the entire course of treatment in a variety of animal models of diabetes type 1 and 2. In follow-up clinical trials, twice daily leptin treatment in leptinopenic and insulinopenic type 1 diabetics and leptinopenic and hyperinsulinemic type 2 diabetics with congenital lipodystrophy or acquired lipoatrophy normalized blood glucose without any discernible adverse effects during the extended course of treatment. Taken together, these findings have amply endorsed the efficacy of leptin therapy to restore glucose homeostasis in insulin-deficient as well as hyperinsulinemic diabetic patients. Consequently, restoration of optimal hypothalmic signaling to reinstate glucose homeostasis with leptin is a highly suitable new therapeutic strategy to ameliorate diabetes type 1 and 2 for the lifetime and to replace the currently in vogue insulin monotherapy. In view of the relentless challenges posed by the worldwide epidemic of diabetes and soaring treatment costs, taken together with the well-known shortcomings of therapies based on restoring insulin signaling, it is highly critical and timely to undertake new clinical trials that ascertain appropriate dosage and route of leptin delivery to the hypothalamus capable of safely sustaining stable glycemia for lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Florida, USA
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Musso G, Paschetta E, Gambino R, Cassader M, Molinaro F. Interactions among bone, liver, and adipose tissue predisposing to diabesity and fatty liver. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:522-35. [PMID: 23816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing epidemiological evidence connects obesity and its complications, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to reduced bone health and osteoporosis. Parallel to human studies, experimental data disclosed a complex network of interaction among adipose tissue, the liver, and the bone, which reciprocally modulate the function of each other. The main mediators of such crosstalk include hormonal/cytokine signals from the bone (osteopontin, osteocalcin, and osteoprotegerin), the liver (fetuin-A), and adipose tissue [leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adiponectin]. Dysregulation of this network promotes the development of diabesity, NAFLD, and osteoporosis. We will review recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of bone-liver-adipose tissue interaction predisposing to obesity, diabetes, NAFLD, and osteoporosis and their potential clinical implications.
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Amitani M, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Inui A. The role of leptin in the control of insulin-glucose axis. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:51. [PMID: 23579596 PMCID: PMC3619125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are great public health concerns throughout the world because of their increasing incidence and prevalence. Leptin, the adipocyte hormone, is well known for its role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. In addition to the regulation of appetite and satiety that recently has attracted much attentions, insight has also been gained into the critical role of leptin in the control of the insulin-glucose axis, peripheral glucose and insulin responsiveness. Since the discovery of leptin, leptin has been taken for its therapeutic potential to obesity and diabetes. Recently, the therapeutic effects of central leptin gene therapy have been reported in insulin-deficient diabetes in obesity animal models such as ob/ob mise, diet-induced obese mice, and insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes mice, and also in patients with inactivating mutations in the leptin gene. Herein, we review the role of leptin in regulating feeding behavior and glucose metabolism and also the therapeutic potential of leptin in obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima, Japan
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Diabetes Mellitus: New Challenges and Innovative Therapies. NEW STRATEGIES TO ADVANCE PRE/DIABETES CARE: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH BY PPPM 2013; 3. [PMCID: PMC7120768 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5971-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common chronic disease affecting an estimated 285 million adults worldwide. The rising incidence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and subsequent vascular diseases is a major public health problem in industrialized countries. This chapter summarizes current pharmacological approaches to treat diabetes mellitus and focuses on novel therapies for diabetes mellitus that are under development. There is great potential for developing a new generation of therapeutics that offer better control of diabetes, its co-morbidities and its complications. Preclinical results are discussed for new approaches including AMPK activation, the FGF21 target, cell therapy approaches, adiponectin mimetics and novel insulin formulations. Gene-based therapies are among the most promising emerging alternatives to conventional treatments. Therapies based on gene silencing using vector systems to deliver interference RNA to cells (i.e. against VEGF in diabetic retinopathy) are also a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of several diabetic complications. In conclusion, treatment of diabetes faces now a new era that is characterized by a variety of innovative therapeutic approaches that will improve quality of life in the near future.
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Abstract
Leptin therapy in human recombinant form has recently been used in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome on experimental basis in some small short-term clinical trials. It has shown its beneficial effects only in hypoleptinemic HIV-infected patients by causing definite improvement in their insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid status, and truncal obesity. Leptin prevents lipotoxicity and activates insulin signaling pathways through several postulated mechanisms. Central leptin insufficiency with peripheral hyperleptinemia has come out to be a significant contributor to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this article, we will review the basis of leptin therapy in HIV patients, with its promises. However, further larger clinical trials are needed to prove its long-term efficacy in the control of metabolic complications related to HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sinha
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Keshab Sinharay
- Department of Medicine, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Nilanjan Sengupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, India
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Paz-Filho G, Mastronardi C, Wong ML, Licinio J. Leptin therapy, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012; 16:S549-S555. [PMID: 23565489 PMCID: PMC3602983 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is closely regulated not only by insulin, but also by leptin. Both hormones act centrally, regulating food intake and adiposity in humans. Leptin has several effects on the glucose-insulin homeostasis, some of which are independent of body weight and adiposity. Those effects of leptin are determined centrally in the hypothalamus and peripherally in the pancreas, muscles and liver. Leptin has beneficial effects on the glucose-insulin metabolism, by decreasing glycemia, insulinemia and insulin resistance. The understanding of the effects of leptin on the glucose-insulin homeostasis will lead to the development of leptin-based therapies against diabetes and other insulin resistance syndromes. In these review, we summarize the interactions between leptin and insulin, and their effects on the glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Paz-Filho
- Department of Translational Medicine, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Claudio Mastronardi
- Department of Translational Medicine, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- Department of Translational Medicine, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julio Licinio
- Department of Translational Medicine, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya P. Kalra
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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Xu Y, Elmquist JK, Fukuda M. Central nervous control of energy and glucose balance: focus on the central melanocortin system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1243:1-14. [PMID: 22211889 PMCID: PMC3467098 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested that manipulations of the central melanocortin circuitry by pharmacological agents produce robust effects on the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent findings from genetic mouse models that have further established the physiological relevance of this circuitry in the context of glucose and energy balance. In addition, we will discuss distinct neuronal populations that respond to central melanocortins to regulate food intake, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, respectively. Finally, multiple hormonal and neural cues (e.g., leptin, estrogen, and serotonin) that use the melanocortin systems to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis will be reviewed. These findings suggest that targeting the specific branches of melanocortin circuits may be potential avenues to combat the current obesity and diabetes epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Makoto Fukuda
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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