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Lien CF, Lin CS, Shyue SK, Hsieh PS, Chen SJ, Lin YT, Chien S, Tsai MC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ improves the features of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability by regulating smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2085-2101. [PMID: 36942453 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) undergo phenotypic switching during sustained inflammation, contributing to an unfavourable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. PPARδ plays an important role in regulating SMC functions; however, its role in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability remains unclear. Here, we explored the pathological roles of PPARδ in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in severe atherosclerosis and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Plasma levels of PPARδ were measured in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina (SA). SMC contractile and synthetic phenotypic markers, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and features of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability were analysed for the brachiocephalic artery of apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-/- ) mice, fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and treated with or without the PPARδ agonist GW501516. In vitro, the role of PPARδ was elucidated using human aortic SMCs (HASMCs). KEY RESULTS Patients with ACS had significantly lower plasma PPARδ levels than those with SA. GW501516 reduced atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, a synthetic SMC phenotype, ER stress markers, and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in HCD-fed ApoE-/- mice. ER stress suppressed PPARδ expression in HASMCs. PPARδ activation inhibited ER stress-induced synthetic phenotype development, ER stress-NLRP3 inflammasome axis activation and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) expression in HASMCs. PPARδ inhibited NFκB signalling and alleviated ER stress-induced SMC phenotypic switching. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Low plasma PPARδ levels may be associated with atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of PPARδ on SMC phenotypic switching and improvement the features of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Lien
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Cardiovascular Division, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Shiuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sy-Jou Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tan Lin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Medicine, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Min-Chien Tsai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Miao M, Wang X, Liu T, Li YJ, Yu WQ, Yang TM, Guo SD. Targeting PPARs for therapy of atherosclerosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125008. [PMID: 37217063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chief pathogenic factor of cardiovascular disease, is associated with many factors including inflammation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are widely expressed with tissue- and cell-specificity. They control multiple genes that are involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and redox homeostasis. Given the diverse biological functions of PPARs, they have been extensively studied since their discovery in 1990s. Although controversies exist, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that PPAR activation attenuates atherosclerosis. Recent advances are valuable for understanding the mechanisms of action of PPAR activation. This article reviews the recent findings, mainly from the year of 2018 to present, including endogenous molecules in regulation of PPARs, roles of PPARs in atherosclerosis by focusing on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and synthesized PPAR modulators. This article provides information valuable for researchers in the field of basic cardiovascular research, for pharmacologists that are interested in developing novel PPAR agonists and antagonists with lower side effects as well as for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Miao
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Wen-Qian Yu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Tong-Mei Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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3
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Xiao L, Wang N. PPAR-δ: A key nuclear receptor in vascular function and remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 169:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process that leads to multiple leukocyte lineage generation within the bone marrow. This process is maintained throughout life thanks to a nonstochastic division of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), where during each division, one daughter cell retains pluripotency while the other differentiates into a restricted multipotent progenitor (MPP) that converts into mature, committed circulating cell. This process is tightly regulated at the level of cellular metabolism and the shift from anaerobic glycolysis, typical of quiescent HSC, to oxidative metabolism fosters HSCs proliferation and commitment. Systemic and local factors influencing metabolism alter HSCs balance under pathological conditions, with chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases driving HSCs commitment toward activated blood immune cell subsets. This is the case of atherosclerosis, where impaired systemic lipid metabolism affects HSCs epigenetics that reflects into increased differentiation toward activated circulating subsets. Aim of this review is to discuss the impact of lipids and lipoproteins on HSCs pathophysiology, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms influencing cellular metabolism. A better understanding of these aspects will shed light on innovative strategies to target atherosclerosis-associated inflammation.
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Christofides A, Konstantinidou E, Jani C, Boussiotis VA. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in immune responses. Metabolism 2021; 114:154338. [PMID: 32791172 PMCID: PMC7736084 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are fatty acid-activated transcription factors of nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that regulate energy metabolism. Currently, three PPAR subtypes have been identified: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ. PPARα and PPARδ are highly expressed in oxidative tissues and regulate genes involved in substrate delivery and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and regulation of energy homeostasis. In contrast, PPARγ is more important in lipogenesis and lipid synthesis, with highest expression levels in white adipose tissue (WAT). In addition to tissues regulating whole body energy homeostasis, PPARs are expressed in immune cells and have an emerging critical role in immune cell differentiation and fate commitment. In this review, we discuss the actions of PPARs in the function of the innate and the adaptive immune system and their implications in immune-mediated inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Eirini Konstantinidou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Chinmay Jani
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Mt. Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
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6
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Implications of metabolism-driven myeloid dysfunctions in cancer therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:829-841. [PMID: 33077904 PMCID: PMC7570408 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00556-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is maintained by an adequate balance of myeloid and lymphoid responses. In chronic inflammatory states, including cancer, this balance is lost due to dramatic expansion of myeloid progenitors that fail to mature to functional inflammatory neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), thus giving rise to a decline in the antitumor effector lymphoid response. Cancer-related inflammation orchestrates the production of hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines that perpetuate recruitment and activation of myeloid precursors, resulting in unresolved and chronic inflammation. This pathologic inflammation creates profound alterations in the intrinsic cellular metabolism of the myeloid progenitor pool, which is amplified by competition for essential nutrients and by hypoxia-induced metabolic rewiring at the tumor site. Therefore, persistent myelopoiesis and metabolic dysfunctions contribute to the development of cancer, as well as to the severity of a broad range of diseases, including metabolic syndrome and autoimmune and infectious diseases. The aims of this review are to (1) define the metabolic networks implicated in aberrant myelopoiesis observed in cancer patients, (2) discuss the mechanisms underlying these clinical manifestations and the impact of metabolic perturbations on clinical outcomes, and (3) explore new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to restore immunometabolism and differentiation of myeloid cells towards an effector phenotype to increase host antitumor immunity. We propose that the profound metabolic alterations and associated transcriptional changes triggered by chronic and overactivated immune responses in myeloid cells represent critical factors influencing the balance between therapeutic efficacy and immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) for current therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
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7
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Welc SS, Wehling-Henricks M, Antoun J, Ha TT, Tous I, Tidball JG. Differential Effects of Myeloid Cell PPARδ and IL-10 in Regulating Macrophage Recruitment, Phenotype, and Regeneration following Acute Muscle Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1664-1677. [PMID: 32817369 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in macrophage phenotype in injured muscle profoundly influence regeneration. In particular, the shift of macrophages from a proinflammatory (M1 biased) phenotype to a proregenerative (M2 biased) phenotype characterized by expression of CD206 and CD163 is essential for normal repair. According to the current canonical mechanism regulating for M1/M2 phenotype transition, signaling through PPARδ is necessary for obtaining the M2-biased phenotype. Our findings confirm that the murine myeloid cell-targeted deletion of Ppard reduces expression in vitro of genes that are activated in M2-biased macrophages; however, the mutation in mice in vivo increased numbers of CD206+ M2-biased macrophages and did not reduce the expression of phenotypic markers of M2-biased macrophages in regenerating muscle. Nevertheless, the mutation impaired CCL2-mediated chemotaxis of macrophages and slowed revascularization of injured muscle. In contrast, null mutation of IL-10 diminished M2-biased macrophages but produced no defects in muscle revascularization. Our results provide two significant findings. First, they illustrate that mechanisms that regulate macrophage phenotype transitions in vitro are not always predictive of mechanisms that are most important in vivo. Second, they show that mechanisms that regulate macrophage phenotype transitions differ in different in vivo environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Welc
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jacqueline Antoun
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Tracey T Ha
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Isabella Tous
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James G Tidball
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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8
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Tian D, Hong H, Shang W, Ho CC, Dong J, Tian XY. Deletion of Ppard in CD11c + cells attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE knockout mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:3367-3378. [PMID: 31919912 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902069r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ppardδ, one of the lipid-activated nuclear receptor expressed in many cell types to activate gene transcription, also regulates cellular functions other than lipid metabolism. The mechanism regulating the function of antigen-presenting cells during the development of atherosclerosis is not fully understood. Here we aimed to study the involvement of PPARδ in CD11c+ cells in atherosclerosis. We used the Cre-loxP approach to make conditional deletion of Ppard in CD11c+ cells in mice on Apoe-/- background, which were fed with high cholesterol diet to develop atherosclerosis. Ppard deficiency in CD11c+ cells attenuated atherosclerotic plaque formation and infiltration of myeloid-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocytes. Reduced lesion was accompanied by reduced activation of dendritic cells, and also a reduction of activation and differentiation of T cells to Th1 cells. In addition, DC migration to lymph node was also attenuated with Ppard deletion. In bone marrow-derived DCs, Ppard deficiency reduced palmitic acid-induced upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL12 and TNFα. Our results indicated PPARδ activation by fatty acid resulted in the activation of myeloid DCs and subsequent polarization of T lymphocytes, which contributed to atherosclerosis in Apoe-/- mice. These findings also reveal the potential regulatory role of PPARδ in antigen presentation to orchestrate the immune responses during atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huiling Hong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbin Shang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Chin Chung Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jinghui Dong
- Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Vascular Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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9
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Lee T, Park HS, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Kynurenic acid attenuates pro-inflammatory reactions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endothelial cells through the PPARδ/HO-1-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 495:110510. [PMID: 31319098 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KA) regulates energy homeostasis and alleviates inflammation in adipose tissue but how KA affects the atherosclerotic response in HUVECs remains unclear. We evaluated the effects of KA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in HUVECs. KA enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) expression in HUVECs and THP-1 cells and suppressed LPS-induced atherosclerotic responses through PPARδ-mediated signaling. Moreover, KA treatment mitigated LPS-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B and pro-inflammatory cytokine release in HUVECs and THP-1 cells, and down-regulated adhesion molecules in HUVECs and adhesion of THP-1 cells to HUVECs following LPS treatment. KA treatment decreased LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis, and also promoted heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression, which suppresses inflammation in HUVECs. Suppression of PPARδ or HO-1 expression markedly mitigated the effects of KA on atherosclerotic responses in HUVECs. Thus, KA attenuates LPS-induced atherosclerotic responses by suppressing inflammation via the PPARδ/HO-1-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Sub Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Primary prevention of atherosclerosis by pretreatment of low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice with sesame oil and its aqueous components. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12270. [PMID: 30115989 PMCID: PMC6095901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological intervention using statins and PCSK9 inhibitors have become first-line therapy in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, no agent is available for the primary prevention of atherosclerosis. However, there is an emerging hypothesis that atherosclerosis could be driven by inflammation. In this study, we tested whether pretreatment with an aqueous extract from sesame oil (SOAE), which showed potent anti-inflammatory properties without hypocholesterolemic actions, would prevent subsequent atherosclerosis development in a mouse model. RAW 264.7 macrophages and female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR−/−) mice were used for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Plasma lipids, cytokines and atherosclerotic lesions were quantified at the end of the study. RNA was extracted from the liver and aortic tissues and used for gene analysis. Pre-treatment of SOAE prevented Ox-LDL uptake by RAW macrophages and further inflammation in vitro. SOAE pre-treatment significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions and pro-inflammatory gene expressions in LDLR−/− mice as compared to control mice. No significant change in plasma cholesterol levels was observed. A significant reduction in plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM1 was observed in the SOAE pre-treated animals. This is the first study that demonstrates that pre-treatment with anti-inflammatory agents, could delay/decrease atherosclerosis.
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11
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Regulation of Immune Cell Function by PPARs and the Connection with Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061575. [PMID: 29799467 PMCID: PMC6032042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points towards the existence of a bidirectional interconnection between metabolic disease and neurodegenerative disorders, in which inflammation is linking both together. Activation of members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family has been shown to have beneficial effects in these interlinked pathologies, and these improvements are often attributed to anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR activation. In this review, we summarize the role of PPARs in immune cell function, with a focus on macrophages and T cells, and how this was shown to contribute to obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. We address gender differences as a potential explanation in observed contradictory results, and we highlight PPAR-induced metabolic changes as a potential mechanism of regulation of immune cell function through these nuclear receptors. Together, immune cell-specific activation of PPARs present a promising therapeutic approach to treat both metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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12
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Jung TW, Park HS, Choi GH, Kim D, Jeong JH, Lee T. Chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 ameliorates atherosclerotic responses via PPARδ‐mediated suppression of inflammation and ER stress. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6795-6805. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration TeamSeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeongnamKorea
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamKorea
| | - Hyung Sub Park
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamKorea
| | - Geum Hee Choi
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamKorea
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamKorea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of PharmacologyCollege of MedicineChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Taeseung Lee
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University Bundang HospitalSeoul National University College of MedicineSeongnamKorea
- Department of SurgerySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulKorea
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13
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Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins promote lipid accumulation and apolipoprotein B-48 receptor transcriptional activity in human circulating and murine bone marrow neutrophils in a fatty acid-dependent manner. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Chinetti-Gbaguidi G, Staels B. PPARβ in macrophages and atherosclerosis. Biochimie 2016; 136:59-64. [PMID: 28011212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are central cells in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis, one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages take up lipids (mainly cholesterol and triglycerides) from lipoproteins thus transforming into foam cells. Moreover, through the efflux pathway, macrophages are the main actors of the elimination of excessive tissue cholesterol toward extra-cellular acceptors. Macrophages participate in the control of inflammation by displaying different functional phenotypes, from the M1 pro-inflammatory to the M2 anti-inflammatory state. The nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β (also called PPARδ or PPARβ/δ) is expressed in macrophages where it plays a different role in the control of lipid metabolism, inflammation and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. This review will summarize our current understanding of how PPARβ regulates macrophage biology and its impact on atherosclerosis. Differences between studies and species-specific macrophage gene regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011, EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Pharmacological Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {Delta} Increases Sphingomyelin Synthase Activity in THP-1 Macrophage-Derived Foam Cell. Inflammation 2016; 39:1538-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Preclinical models of atherosclerosis. The future of Hybrid PET/MR technology for the early detection of vulnerable plaque. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e6. [PMID: 27056676 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries. The aetiology is currently multifactorial, thus making them very difficult to prevent. Preclinical models of atherothrombotic diseases, including vulnerable plaque-associated complications, are now providing significant insights into pathologies like atherosclerosis, and in combination with the most recent advances in new non-invasive imaging technologies, they have become essential tools to evaluate new therapeutic strategies, with which can forecast and prevent plaque rupture. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging is currently used for plaque visualisation in clinical and pre-clinical cardiovascular research, albeit with significant limitations. However, the combination of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies is still the best option available today, as combined PET/MRI scans provide simultaneous data acquisition together with high quality anatomical information, sensitivity and lower radiation exposure for the patient. The coming years may represent a new era for the implementation of PET/MRI in clinical practice, but first, clinically efficient attenuation correction algorithms and research towards multimodal reagents and safety issues should be validated at the preclinical level.
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