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Ruskovska T, Morand C, Bonetti CI, Gebara KS, Cardozo Junior EL, Milenkovic D. Multigenomic modifications in human circulating immune cells in response to consumption of polyphenol rich extract of yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) are suggestive of cardiometabolic protective effects. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-60. [PMID: 35373729 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mate is a traditional drink obtained from the leaves of yerba mate and rich in a diversity of plant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, particularly chlorogenic acids. Studies, even though limited, suggest that consumption of mate is associated with health effects, including prevention of cardiometabolic disorders. Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health properties are still largely unknown, especially in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate nutrigenomic effects of mate consumption and identify regulatory networks potentially mediating cardiometabolic health benefits. Healthy middle-aged men at risk for cardiovascular disease consumed a standardized mate extract or placebo for 4 weeks. Global gene expression, including protein coding and non-coding RNAs profiles were determined using microarrays. Biological function analyses were performed using integrated bioinformatic tools. Comparison of global gene expression profiles showed significant change following mate consumption with 2635 significantly differentially expressed genes, among which 6 are miRNAs and 244 are lncRNAs. Functional analyses showed that these genes are involved in regulation of cell interactions and motility, inflammation or cell signaling. Transcription factors, such as MEF2A, MYB or HNF1A, could have their activity modulated by mate consumption either by direct interaction with polyphenol metabolites or by interactions of metabolites with cell signaling proteins, like p38 or ERK1/2, that could modulate transcription factor activity and regulate expression of genes observed. Correlation analysis suggests that expression profile is inversely associated with gene expression profiles of patients with cardiometabolic disorders. Therefore, mate consumption may exert cardiometabolic protective effects by modulating gene expression towards a protective profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Ruskovska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, 2000 Stip, North Macedonia
| | - Christine Morand
- Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carla Indianara Bonetti
- Institute of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, Universidade Paranaense, Av. Parigot de Souza, 3636 J. Prada, Toledo 85903-170, PR, Brazil
| | - Karimi Sater Gebara
- Grande Dourados University Center, UNIGRAN, R. Balbina de Matos, 2121 - J. Universitario, Dourados 79824-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Euclides Lara Cardozo Junior
- Institute of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, Universidade Paranaense, Av. Parigot de Souza, 3636 J. Prada, Toledo 85903-170, PR, Brazil
| | - Dragan Milenkovic
- Human Nutrition Unit, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Stitham J, Rodriguez-Velez A, Zhang X, Jeong SJ, Razani B. Inflammasomes: a preclinical assessment of targeting in atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:825-844. [PMID: 32757967 PMCID: PMC7554266 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1795831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammasomes are central to atherosclerotic vascular dysfunction with regulatory effects on inflammation, immune modulation, and lipid metabolism. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical catalyst for atherogenesis thus highlighting its importance in understanding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. AREAS COVERED This review includes an overview of macrophage lipid metabolism and the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. We highlight key activators, signal transducers and major regulatory components that are being considered as putative therapeutic targets for inhibition of NLRP3-mediated cardiovascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. EXPERT OPINION NLRP3 inflammasome activity lies at the nexus between inflammation and cholesterol metabolism; it offers unique opportunities for understanding atherosclerotic pathophysiology and identifying novel modes of treatment. As such, a host of NLRP3 signaling cascade components have been identified as putative targets for drug development. We catalog these current discoveries in therapeutic targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and, utilizing the CANTOS trial as the translational (bench-to-bedside) archetype, we examine the complexities, challenges, and ultimate goals facing the field of atherosclerosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Stitham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Astrid Rodriguez-Velez
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
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Genetic analysis of hsCRP in American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223574. [PMID: 31622379 PMCID: PMC6797125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an important component of the innate immune response, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been identified which are associated with CRP levels, and Mendelian randomization studies have shown a positive association between SNPs increasing CRP expression and risk of colon cancer (but thus far not CVD). The effects of individual genetic variants often interact with the genetic background of a population and hence we sought to resolve the genetic determinants of serum CRP in a number of American Indian populations. Methods The Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS) has serum CRP measurements from 2428 tribal members, recruited as large families from three regions of the United States. Microsatellite markers and MetaboChip defined SNP genotypes were incorporated into variance components, decomposition-based linkage and association analyses. Results CRP levels exhibited significant heritability (h2 = 0.33 ± 0.05, p<1.3 X 10−20). A locus on chromosome (chr) 6, near marker D6S281 (approximately at 169.6 Mb, GRCh38/hg38) showed suggestive linkage (LOD = 1.9) to CRP levels. No individual SNPs were found associated with CRP levels after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing (threshold <7.77 x 10−7), however, we found nominal associations, many of which replicate previous findings at the CRP, HNF1A and 7 other loci. In addition, we report association of 46 SNPs located at 7 novel loci on chromosomes 2, 5, 6(2 loci), 9, 10 and 17, with an average of 15.3 Kb between SNPs and all with p-values less than 7.2 X 10−4. Conclusion In agreement with evidence from other populations, these data show CRP serum levels are under considerable genetic influence; and include loci, such as near CRP and other genes, that replicate results from other ethnic groups. These findings also suggest possible novel loci on chr 6 and other chromosomes that warrant further investigation.
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Lunyera J, Scialla JJ. Update on Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder in Cardiovascular Disease. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:542-558. [PMID: 30413250 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (MBD) encompasses changes in mineral ion and vitamin D metabolism that are widespread in the setting of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. MBD components associate with cardiovascular disease in many epidemiologic studies. Through impacts on hypertension, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, vascular calcification, endothelial function, and cardiac remodeling and conduction, MBD may be a direct and targetable cause of cardiovascular disease. However, assessment and treatment of MBD is rife with challenges owing to biological tensions between its many components, such as calcium and phosphorus with their regulatory hormones fibroblast growth factor 23 and parathyroid hormone; fibroblast growth factor 23 with its co-receptor klotho; and vitamin D with control of calcium and phosphorus. These complex interactions between MBD components hinder the simple translation to clinical trials, which ultimately are needed to prove the benefits of treating MBD. Deeper investigation using precision medicine tools and principles, including genomics and individualized risk assessment and therapy, may help move the field closer toward clinical applications. This review provides a high-level overview of conventional and precision epidemiology in MBD, potential mechanisms of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, and guiding therapeutic principles for established and emerging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lunyera
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Julia J Scialla
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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Smith C, Swart A. Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) - a functional food targeting cardiovascular disease. Food Funct 2019; 9:5041-5058. [PMID: 30183052 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing consumer bias toward natural products and the considerable wealth of indigenous knowledge has precipitated an upturn in market-driven research into potentially beneficial medicinal plants. In this context, Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) has been identified to be a promising candidate which may impact cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is one of the most widely studied chronic diseases of modern times. Despite these efforts, ischemic heart disease remains the number one cause of mortality globally. Apart from genetic predisposition and other aetiological mechanisms specific to particular types of CVD, co-factors from interlinked systems contribute significantly to disease development and the severity of its clinical manifestation. The bioactivity of Rooibos is directed towards multiple therapeutic targets. Experimental data to date include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, as well as modulatory effects in terms of the immune system, adrenal steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism. This review integrates relevant literature on the therapeutic potential of Rooibos in the context of CVD, which is currently the most common of non-communicable diseases. The therapeutic value of whole plant extracts versus isolated active ingredients are addressed, together with the potential for overdose or herb-drug interaction. The body of research undertaken to date clearly underlines the benefits of Rooibos as both preventative and complementary therapeutic functional food in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Science Faculty, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Hong EP, Rhee KH, Kim DH, Park JW. Identification of pleiotropic genetic variants affecting osteoporosis risk in a Korean elderly cohort. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:43-52. [PMID: 29273888 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pleiotropy has important implications for understanding the genetic basis and risk assessment of osteoporosis. Our aim was to identify pleiotropic genetic variants associated with the development of osteoporosis and predict osteoporosis risk by leveraging pleiotropic variants. We evaluated the effects of 21 conventional risk factors and 185 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 63 inflammation- and metabolism-related genes on osteoporosis risk in a community-based Korean cohort study of 1025 participants, the Hallym Aging Study. Ten nongenetic factors, including sex (female) and hematocrit level, and 12 SNPs across ten genes showed evidence of association with incident osteoporosis in 270 initially osteoporosis-free subjects who completed a 6-year follow up. Three gene variants, rs1801282 (PPARG-Pro12Ala, hazard ratio (HR) = 3.26, P = 0.008), rs1408282 (near EPHA7, HR = 1.87, P = 0.002), and rs2076212 (PNPLA3-Gly115Cys, HR = 2.24, P = 0.024), were associated with significant differences in survival among the three genotype groups (Pdiff = 0.042, 0.003, and 0.048, respectively). Individuals in the highest polygenic risk score tertile were 27.9 fold more likely to develop osteoporosis than those in the lowest tertile (P = 0.004). The PPARG gene in particular was a hub pleiotropic gene in the epistasis network. Our findings highlight pleiotropic modulations of metabolism- and inflammation-related genes in the development of osteoporosis and demonstrate the contribution of pleiotropic genetic variants in prediction of osteoporosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Pyo Hong
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ka Hyun Rhee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Hallym Research Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Wan Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Hong EP, Kim BJ, Kim C, Choi HJ, Jeon JP. Association of SOX17 Gene Polymorphisms and Intracranial Aneurysm: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2018; 110:e823-e829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barzi SA, Ghaderian SMH, Noormohammadi Z. A molecular case-control study of association of HNF1A gene polymorphisms (rs2259816 and rs7310409) with risk of coronary artery disease in Iranian patients. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:65-70. [PMID: 28222501 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the one of the most common heart diseases, being the main factor of mortality and morbidity worldwide. CAD has been known as a multifactorial disease and its progression depends on genetic and environmental factors. Numerous studies have shown evidence for association between 12q24.3 locus and CAD. OBJECTIVES In the present study, the association of two HNF1A polymorphisms, rs2259816 and rs7310409, located on 12q24.3 locus with CAD was investigated in Iranian patients. METHODS Whole genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood obtained from 411 Iranian volunteer. Then, the polymorphisms rs2259816 and rs7310409 located on 12q24.3 locus were genotyped using TaqMan Probe Real Time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software, version 19. RESULTS rs2259816 (p-value = 0.006) and rs7310409 (p-value = 0.001) showed statistically significant association with CAD risk. Our results indicated that there was a significant correlation between rs2259816 and blood triglyceride. However, no correlation was found between rs2259816, rs7310409 and other CAD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Adami Barzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Prins BP, Abbasi A, Wong A, Vaez A, Nolte I, Franceschini N, Stuart PE, Guterriez Achury J, Mistry V, Bradfield JP, Valdes AM, Bras J, Shatunov A, Lu C, Han B, Raychaudhuri S, Bevan S, Mayes MD, Tsoi LC, Evangelou E, Nair RP, Grant SFA, Polychronakos C, Radstake TRD, van Heel DA, Dunstan ML, Wood NW, Al-Chalabi A, Dehghan A, Hakonarson H, Markus HS, Elder JT, Knight J, Arking DE, Spector TD, Koeleman BPC, van Duijn CM, Martin J, Morris AP, Weersma RK, Wijmenga C, Munroe PB, Perry JRB, Pouget JG, Jamshidi Y, Snieder H, Alizadeh BZ. Investigating the Causal Relationship of C-Reactive Protein with 32 Complex Somatic and Psychiatric Outcomes: A Large-Scale Cross-Consortium Mendelian Randomization Study. PLoS Med 2016; 13:e1001976. [PMID: 27327646 PMCID: PMC4915710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with immune, cardiometabolic, and psychiatric traits and diseases. Yet it is inconclusive whether these associations are causal. METHODS AND FINDINGS We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using two genetic risk scores (GRSs) as instrumental variables (IVs). The first GRS consisted of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP gene (GRSCRP), and the second consisted of 18 SNPs that were significantly associated with CRP levels in the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date (GRSGWAS). To optimize power, we used summary statistics from GWAS consortia and tested the association of these two GRSs with 32 complex somatic and psychiatric outcomes, with up to 123,865 participants per outcome from populations of European ancestry. We performed heterogeneity tests to disentangle the pleiotropic effect of IVs. A Bonferroni-corrected significance level of less than 0.0016 was considered statistically significant. An observed p-value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered nominally significant evidence for a potential causal association, yet to be confirmed. The strengths (F-statistics) of the IVs were 31.92-3,761.29 and 82.32-9,403.21 for GRSCRP and GRSGWAS, respectively. CRP GRSGWAS showed a statistically significant protective relationship of a 10% genetically elevated CRP level with the risk of schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR] 0.86 [95% CI 0.79-0.94]; p < 0.001). We validated this finding with individual-level genotype data from the schizophrenia GWAS (OR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94-0.98]; p < 1.72 × 10-6). Further, we found that a standardized CRP polygenic risk score (CRPPRS) at p-value thresholds of 1 × 10-4, 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 using individual-level data also showed a protective effect (OR < 1.00) against schizophrenia; the first CRPPRS (built of SNPs with p < 1 × 10-4) showed a statistically significant (p < 2.45 × 10-4) protective effect with an OR of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99). The CRP GRSGWAS showed that a 10% increase in genetically determined CRP level was significantly associated with coronary artery disease (OR 0.88 [95% CI 0.84-0.94]; p < 2.4 × 10-5) and was nominally associated with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (OR 0.85 [95% CI 0.74-0.98]; p < 0.03), Crohn disease (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.70-0.94]; p < 0.005), psoriatic arthritis (OR 1.36 [95% CI 1.00-1.84]; p < 0.049), knee osteoarthritis (OR 1.17 [95% CI 1.01-1.36]; p < 0.04), and bipolar disorder (OR 1.21 [95% CI 1.05-1.40]; p < 0.007) and with an increase of 0.72 (95% CI 0.11-1.34; p < 0.02) mm Hg in systolic blood pressure, 0.45 (95% CI 0.06-0.84; p < 0.02) mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure, 0.01 ml/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 0.003-0.02; p < 0.005) in estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine, 0.01 g/dl (95% CI 0.0004-0.02; p < 0.04) in serum albumin level, and 0.03 g/dl (95% CI 0.008-0.05; p < 0.009) in serum protein level. However, after adjustment for heterogeneity, neither GRS showed a significant effect of CRP level (at p < 0.0016) on any of these outcomes, including coronary artery disease, nor on the other 20 complex outcomes studied. Our study has two potential limitations: the limited variance explained by our genetic instruments modeling CRP levels in blood and the unobserved bias introduced by the use of summary statistics in our MR analyses. CONCLUSIONS Genetically elevated CRP levels showed a significant potentially protective causal relationship with risk of schizophrenia. We observed nominal evidence at an observed p < 0.05 using either GRSCRP or GRSGWAS-with persistence after correction for heterogeneity-for a causal relationship of elevated CRP levels with psoriatic osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, knee osteoarthritis, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum albumin, and bipolar disorder. These associations remain yet to be confirmed. We cannot verify any causal effect of CRP level on any of the other common somatic and neuropsychiatric outcomes investigated in the present study. This implies that interventions that lower CRP level are unlikely to result in decreased risk for the majority of common complex outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram. P. Prins
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (BPP); (BZA)
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anson Wong
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmad Vaez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ilja Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Philip E. Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Javier Guterriez Achury
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vanisha Mistry
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - PAGE Consortium
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Systemic Sclerosis consortium
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Treat OA consortium
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
| | - DIAGRAM Consortium
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - ALS consortium
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - CKDGen consortium
- NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Center for Population Studies and Harvard Medical School, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - GERAD1 Consortium
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Chen Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Buhm Han
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners HealthCare Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Bevan
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen D. Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajan P. Nair
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Struan F. A. Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Endocrine Genetics Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy R. D. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A. van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie L. Dunstan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W. Wood
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Complex Disease Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Hugh S. Markus
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jo Knight
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan E. Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bobby P. C. Koeleman
- Complex Genetic Section, Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina Lopez-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rinse K. Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia B. Munroe
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. B. Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennie G. Pouget
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yalda Jamshidi
- Cardiogenetics Lab, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Institute, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (BPP); (BZA)
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10
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Solak Y, Afsar B, Vaziri ND, Aslan G, Yalcin CE, Covic A, Kanbay M. Hypertension as an autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:567-73. [PMID: 27053010 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension that is considered idiopathic is called essential hypertension and accordingly has no clear culprit for its cause. However, basic research and clinical studies in recent years have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of essential hypertension. Of these, increased oxidative stress, both in the kidney and arterial wall, closely coupled with inflammatory infiltration now appear to have a prominent role. Discovery of regulatory and interleukin-17-producing T cells has enabled us to better understand the mechanism by which inflammation and autoimmunity, or autoinflammation, lead to the development of hypertension. Despite achieving considerable progress, the intricate interactions between oxidative stress, the immune system and the development of hypertension remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the pathophysiology of hypertension with a focus on the oxidant stress-autoimmunity-inflammation interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Solak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Baris Afsar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Konya Numune State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Schools of Medicine and Biological Science, University of California Irvine, California, CA, USA
| | - Gamze Aslan
- Department of Cardiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Ege Yalcin
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Clinic, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, 'CI PARHON' University Hospital, and 'Grigore T Popa' University of Medicine, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Ma H, Sun G, Wang W, Zhou Y, Liu D, Tong Y, Lu Z. Association Between Interleukin-6 -572 C>G and -174 G>C Polymorphisms and Hypertension: A Meta-analysis of Case-control Studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2416. [PMID: 26765421 PMCID: PMC4718247 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether hypertension is associated with -572 C>G or -174 G>C polymorphism in interleukin (IL)-6 genes still remains hazy and ambiguous.We conducted a meta-analysis to offer a more reliable and clearer evaluation about the association.Electronic literature databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang database were searched.The study included the following: evaluating associations between -572 C>G or -174 G>C polymorphism in IL-6 gene and hypertension; case-control design; essential information must be offered; precise diagnostic criteria of hypertension; and no language restriction.Patients who met the diagnostic criteria and controls without a history of hypertension were included. Interventions were not available.A quality assessment was conducted using Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Combined odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated in 5 genetic models. Sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analysis, meta-regression, and Galbraith plots. Finally, test for publication bias was performed to prove the stabilization.Fifteen studies were finally included. Eleven articles were judged high-quality reports. Overall, the -572 C>G polymorphism was proved to be significantly associated with hypertension in 4 genetic models. Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity revealed significant associations in Asian population in recessive model and homozygote comparison. The association in Europeans and Mid-East required further confirmation. No significant association was observed between the -174 G>C polymorphism and hypertension under all of the genetic models.The limitations of the study were the following: restrictive number of eligible studies limited the extrapolation range in subgroup analysis; gene-environment factors could not be described due to lack of data; some relevant studies could not be included because of various reasons.Current researches supported the association between the development of hypertension and the -572 C>G rather than -174 G>C polymorphism. Future well designed epidemiological studies may evaluate the possible gene-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ma
- From the Department of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (HM, GS, WW, YT, ZL); and Department of General Practice, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China (YZ, DL)
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12
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Yun YW, Kweon SS, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Lee YH, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Park KS, Ryu SY, Choi SW, Kim HN, Cauley JA, Shin MH. APOE Polymorphism Is Associated with C-reactive Protein Levels but Not with White Blood Cell Count: Dong-gu Study and Namwon Study. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:860-5. [PMID: 26130946 PMCID: PMC4479937 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association of the APOE polymorphism with serum C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell count in two large population-based studies in Korean. The datasets included the Dong-gu study (n = 8,893) and the Namwon Study (n = 10,032). APOE genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship of APOE genotypes with C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell count with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and serum lipids. In the multivariate model, carriers of E3E4 or E4E4 genotype had significantly lower C-reactive protein levels compared with carriers of E3E3 genotype group (0.50 mg/L vs. 0.67 mg/L; 0.37 mg/L vs. 0.67 mg/L, respectively, for the Dong-gu Study and 0.47 mg/L vs. 0.66 mg/L; 0.45 mg/L vs. 0.66 mg/L, respectively, for the Namwon Study). However, there was no difference in white blood cell count among APOE genotypes. We found that the APOE E4 allele is associated with lower C-reactive protein levels, but not white blood cell count. Our results suggest that APOE genotype may influence C-reactive protein levels through non-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woon Yun
- Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Jeonnam Regional Cancer Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Rhee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology & Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jane A. Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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13
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C-reactive protein gene variants associated with recurrent pregnancy loss independent of CRP serum levels: a case-control study. Gene 2015; 569:136-40. [PMID: 26013044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the association of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) with altered C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels, and genetic variation in CRP gene. This was a retrospective case-control study, involving 275 women with three or more consecutive pregnancy losses, and 290 age-matched control women, who were recruited from outpatient obstetrics/gynecology clinics. CRP serum levels (hs-CRP) were determined by latex-enhanced nephelometry, and CRP genotyping was done by allelic discrimination. Mean serum CRP levels were higher in RPL cases than in control women, and carriage of the (minor) T allele of rs2794520 was associated with significant increase in CRP levels (P=0.017). Minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs7553007 was significantly different between RPL cases and control women, and was associated with reduced risk of RPL after adjusting for BMI and menarche. There was a significant enrichment of minor allele-carrying genotypes of rs1130864 and rs1417938 SNPs, and reduced frequency of minor allele-carrying genotypes of rs876537, rs2794520, and rs7553007 in RPL cases, thus assigning RPL-susceptible and -protective nature to these genotypes, respectively. Carriage of (minor) T allele of only rs2794520 was associated with significant increase in CRP levels. CRP variants that influenced circulating CRP levels in chronic inflammatory conditions are also associated with RPL, pointing to CRP as RPL candidate gene.
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Tanigaki K, Sundgren N, Khera A, Vongpatanasin W, Mineo C, Shaul PW. Fcγ receptors and ligands and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2015; 116:368-84. [PMID: 25593280 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.302795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) classically modulate intracellular signaling on binding of the Fc region of IgG in immune response cells. How FcγR and their ligands affect cardiovascular health and disease has been interrogated recently in both preclinical and clinical studies. The stimulation of activating FcγR in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and monocytes/macrophages causes a variety of cellular responses that may contribute to vascular disease pathogenesis. Stimulation of the lone inhibitory FγcR, FcγRIIB, also has adverse consequences in endothelial cells, antagonizing NO production and reparative mechanisms. In preclinical disease models, activating FcγRs promote atherosclerosis, whereas FcγRIIB is protective, and activating FcγRs also enhance thrombotic and nonthrombotic vascular occlusion. The FcγR ligand C-reactive protein (CRP) has undergone intense study. Although in rodents CRP does not affect atherosclerosis, it causes hypertension and insulin resistance and worsens myocardial infarction. Massive data have accumulated indicating an association between increases in circulating CRP and coronary heart disease in humans. However, Mendelian randomization studies reveal that CRP is not likely a disease mediator. CRP genetics and hypertension warrant further investigation. To date, studies of genetic variants of activating FcγRs are insufficient to implicate the receptors in coronary heart disease pathogenesis in humans. However, a link between FcγRIIB and human hypertension may be emerging. Further knowledge of the vascular biology of FcγR and their ligands will potentially enhance our understanding of cardiovascular disorders, particularly in patients whose greater predisposition for disease is not explained by traditional risk factors, such as individuals with autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanigaki
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology (K.T., N.S., C.M., P.W.S.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.K., W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Nathan Sundgren
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology (K.T., N.S., C.M., P.W.S.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.K., W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Amit Khera
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology (K.T., N.S., C.M., P.W.S.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.K., W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Wanpen Vongpatanasin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology (K.T., N.S., C.M., P.W.S.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.K., W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Chieko Mineo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology (K.T., N.S., C.M., P.W.S.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.K., W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Philip W Shaul
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology (K.T., N.S., C.M., P.W.S.), and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine (A.K., W.V.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
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15
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Interactions of genetic and non-genetic factors on plasma hs-CRP concentration in a Korean community-based cohort study. Genes Genomics 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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A Polymorphism in Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha, rs7310409, Is Associated with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:924105. [PMID: 25202455 PMCID: PMC4151485 DOI: 10.1155/2014/924105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) is a particularly severe phenotypic form of CAD and has a genetic basis. We hypothesized that some inflammation- and hyperhomocysteinemia-related gene polymorphisms may contribute to LMCAD susceptibility in a Chinese population. We studied the association between polymorphisms in the genes hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A; rs7310409, G/A), C-reactive protein (rs1800947 and rs3093059 T/C), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (rs1801133, C/T), and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (rs1076991, A/G) in 402 LMCAD and 804 more peripheral CAD patients in a Chinese population. Genotyping was performed using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. When the HNF1A rs7310409 GG homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, both the individual, GA and AA, and combined GA/AA genotypes were associated with an increased risk of LMCAD. This single nucleotide polymorphism (rs7310409) is strongly associated with plasma CRP levels. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence that the HNF1A rs7310409 G/A functional polymorphism may contribute to the risk of LMCAD.
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