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Dhall A, Patiyal S, Sharma N, Usmani SS, Raghava GPS. A Web-Based Method for the Identification of IL6-Based Immunotoxicity in Vaccine Candidates. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:317-327. [PMID: 37258924 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the past, a number of studies reported that high level of IL6 promotes the proliferation of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. Thus, it is extremely important to identify and remove the antigenic regions from a therapeutic protein or vaccine candidate that may induce IL6-associated immunotoxicity. In order to overcome this challenge, our group has developed a computational tool, IL6pred, for discovering IL6-inducing peptides in a vaccine candidate. The aim of this chapter is to describe the potential applications and methodology of IL6pred. It sheds light on the prediction, designing, and scanning modules of IL6pred webserver and standalone package ( https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/il6pred/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Dhall
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumeet Patiyal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Salman Sadullah Usmani
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India.
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Dhanda SK, Vir P, Singla D, Gupta S, Kumar S, Raghava GPS. A Web-Based Platform for Designing Vaccines against Existing and Emerging Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153771. [PMID: 27096425 PMCID: PMC4838326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine against drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is crucial for saving millions of premature deaths every year due to tuberculosis. This paper describes a web portal developed for assisting researchers in designing vaccines against emerging Mtb strains using traditional and modern approaches. Firstly, we annotated 59 genomes of Mycobacterium species to understand similarity/dissimilarity between tuberculoid, non-tuberculoid and vaccine strains at genome level. Secondly, antigen-based vaccine candidates have been predicted in each Mtb strain. Thirdly, epitopes-based vaccine candidates were predicted/discovered in above antigen-based vaccine candidates that can stimulate all arms of immune system. Finally, a database of predicted vaccine candidates at epitopes as well at antigen level has been developed for above strains. In order to design vaccine against a newly sequenced genome of Mtb strain, server integrates three modules for identification of strain-, antigen-, epitope-specific vaccine candidates. We observed that 103522 unique peptides (9mers) had the potential to induce an antibody response and/or promiscuous binder to MHC alleles and/or have the capability to stimulate T lymphocytes. In summary, this web-portal will be useful for researchers working on designing vaccines against Mtb including drug-resistant strains. Availability: The database is available freely at http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/mtbveb/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Pooja Vir
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Deepak Singla
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sudheer Gupta
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Gajendra P. S. Raghava
- Bioinformatics Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, 160036, India
- * E-mail:
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Inflammatory effects of Edwardsiella ictaluri lipopolysaccharide modifications in catfish gut. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3394-404. [PMID: 24866806 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01697-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are structural components of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and also are potent inducers of inflammation in mammals. Higher vertebrates are extremely sensitive to LPS, but lower vertebrates, like fish, are resistant to their systemic toxic effects. However, the effects of LPS on the fish intestinal mucosa remain unknown. Edwardsiella ictaluri is a primitive member of the Enterobacteriaceae family that causes enteric septicemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). E. ictaluri infects and colonizes deep lymphoid tissues upon oral or immersion infection. Both gut and olfactory organs are the primary sites of invasion. At the systemic level, E. ictaluri pathogenesis is relatively well characterized, but our knowledge about E. ictaluri intestinal interaction is limited. Recently, we observed that E. ictaluri oligo-polysaccharide (O-PS) LPS mutants have differential effects on the intestinal epithelia of orally inoculated catfish. Here we evaluate the effects of E. ictaluri O-PS LPS mutants by using a novel catfish intestinal loop model and compare it to the rabbit ileal loop model inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LPS. We found evident differences in rabbit ileal loop and catfish ileal loop responses to E. ictaluri and S. Typhimurium LPS. We determined that catfish respond to E. ictaluri LPS but not to S. Typhimurium LPS. We also determined that E. ictaluri inhibits cytokine production and induces disruption of the intestinal fish epithelia in an O-PS-dependent fashion. The E. ictaluri wild type and ΔwibT LPS mutant caused intestinal tissue damage and inhibited proinflammatory cytokine synthesis, in contrast to E. ictaluri Δgne and Δugd LPS mutants. We concluded that the E. ictaluri O-PS subunits play a major role during pathogenesis, since they influence the recognition of the LPS by the intestinal mucosal immune system of the catfish. The LPS structure of E. ictaluri mutants is needed to understand the mechanism of interaction.
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Dhanda SK, Vir P, Raghava GPS. Designing of interferon-gamma inducing MHC class-II binders. Biol Direct 2013; 8:30. [PMID: 24304645 PMCID: PMC4235049 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-8-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The generation of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) by MHC class II activated CD4+ T helper cells play a substantial contribution in the control of infections such as caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the past, numerous methods have been developed for predicting MHC class II binders that can activate T-helper cells. Best of author’s knowledge, no method has been developed so far that can predict the type of cytokine will be secreted by these MHC Class II binders or T-helper epitopes. In this study, an attempt has been made to predict the IFN-γ inducing peptides. The main dataset used in this study contains 3705 IFN-γ inducing and 6728 non-IFN-γ inducing MHC class II binders. Another dataset called IFNgOnly contains 4483 IFN-γ inducing epitopes and 2160 epitopes that induce other cytokine except IFN-γ. In addition we have alternate dataset that contains IFN-γ inducing and equal number of random peptides. Results It was observed that the peptide length, positional conservation of residues and amino acid composition affects IFN-γ inducing capabilities of these peptides. We identified the motifs in IFN-γ inducing binders/peptides using MERCI software. Our analysis indicates that IFN-γ inducing and non-inducing peptides can be discriminated using above features. We developed models for predicting IFN-γ inducing peptides using various approaches like machine learning technique, motifs-based search, and hybrid approach. Our best model based on the hybrid approach achieved maximum prediction accuracy of 82.10% with MCC of 0.62 on main dataset. We also developed hybrid model on IFNgOnly dataset and achieved maximum accuracy of 81.39% with 0.57 MCC. Conclusion Based on this study, we have developed a webserver for predicting i) IFN-γ inducing peptides, ii) virtual screening of peptide libraries and iii) identification of IFN-γ inducing regions in antigen (http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/ifnepitope/). Reviewers This article was reviewed by Prof Kurt Blaser, Prof Laurence Eisenlohr and Dr Manabu Sugai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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Liposomal gD ectodomain (gD1-306) vaccine protects against HSV2 genital or rectal infection of female and male mice. Vaccine 2009; 28:548-60. [PMID: 19835825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) is the most common causative agent of genital herpes, with infection rates as high as 1 in 6 adults. The present studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of a liposomal HSV2 gD(1-306) vaccine (L-gD(1-306)-HD) in an acute murine HSV2 infection model of intravaginal (female) or intrarectal (male or female) challenge. Two doses of L-gD(1-306)-HD containing 60 microg gD(1-306)-HD and 15 microg monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) per dose provided protection against HSV2 intravaginal challenge (86-100% survival, P< or =0.0003 vs. control liposomes; P=0.06 vs. L-gD(1-306)-HD without MPL). Both male and female mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6) immunized with L-gD(1-306)-HD/MPL were significantly protected against HSV2 intrarectal challenge, with higher survival rates compared to controls (71-100%, P< or =0.007). L-gD(1-306)-HD/MPL also provided increased survival when compared to a liposomal peptide vaccine, L-gD(264-285)-HD/MPL (male BALB/c, P</=0.001; female BALB/c and male C57BL/6, P=0.06). Mice given L-gD(1-306)-HD/MPL also had minimal disease signs, reduced viral burden in their spinal cords and elevated neutralizing antibody titers in the females. The vaccine also stimulated gD(1-306)-HD specific splenocytes of both male and female mice with significantly elevated levels of IFN-gamma compared to IL-4 (P< or =0.01) indicating that there was an enhanced Th1 response. These results provide the first evidence that the L-gD(1-306)-HD vaccine can protect both male and female mice against intrarectal HSV2 challenge.
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Kashino SS, Pollock N, Napolitano DR, Rodrigues V, Campos-Neto A. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in urine of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis: an innovative and alternative approach of antigen discovery of useful microbial molecules. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 153:56-62. [PMID: 18460016 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clear need to control tuberculosis, the diagnosis and prevention of this serious disease are poorly developed and have remained fundamentally unchanged for more than 50 years. Here, we introduce an innovative approach to directly identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens produced in vivo in humans with tuberculosis. We combined reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and categorize four distinct M. tuberculosis proteins produced presumably in lung lesions and excreted in the urine of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The genes (MT_1721, MT_1694, MT_2462 and MT_3444) coding for these proteins were cloned and the recombinant molecules were produced in Escherichia coli. The proteins were recognized by immunoglobulin G antibodies from tuberculosis patients but not from non-diseased subjects. In addition, the recombinant proteins were recognized strongly by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy purified protein derivative of tuberculin-positive individuals and to a lesser extent from patients with tuberculosis. These molecules are the only proteins reported to date that are derived directly from bodily fluids of tuberculosis patients, therefore are interesting candidate antigens for the development of vaccine and/or antigen detection assay for accurate diagnosis of active tuberculosis.
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Rubakova E, Petrovskaya S, Pichugin A, Khlebnikov V, McMurray D, Kondratieva E, Baturina I, Kondratieva T, Apt A. Specificity and efficacy of dendritic cell-based vaccination against tuberculosis with complex mycobacterial antigens in a mouse model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 87:134-44. [PMID: 17011827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) likely play important and unique roles in the generation of protective immunity to mycobacteria. In order to clarify their contributions, bone marrow-derived DC loaded with Mycobacterium tuberculosis sonicate antigens were used to stimulate T cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and to vaccinate C57BL/6 mice against subsequent challenge with virulent mycobacteria. Antigen-pulsed DC developed in fetal calf serum (FCS-DC), but not DC developed in normal mouse serum (NMS-DC), stimulated significant proliferation of both naïve and immune T cells in vitro. The difference between cell populations developed in FCS and NMS in the content of CD11c(+) cells and in production of key cytokines indicated that NMS is less supportive for the development of activated DC. However, following adoptive transfer of a single dose of antigen-pulsed DC into naive recipients, NMS-DC induced T cells that proliferated in response to mycobacterial antigen, whereas FCS-DC stimulated strong non-specific proliferation. Vaccination with two doses of antigen-pulsed NMS-DC by the subcutaneous route induced significant protection against intravenous challenge with a moderate dose of virulent M. tuberculosis. DC-vaccinated mice exhibited significant reductions in bacillary loads in the lungs and spleens, and markedly reduced lung pathology. Three doses of antigen-pulsed NMS-DC induced a significant increase in survival time following high dose challenge, which correlated with a significant increase in IFN-gamma-producing cells in both lung and lymphoid tissues, as assessed by the ELISPOT assay. Taken together, these results indicate that DC play a critical role in the induction of protective resistance against virulent mycobacterial challenge accompanied by the development of antigen-reactive, IFN-gamma-producing T cells, and that their antigenic specificity is influenced by the culture conditions under which the DC are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Rubakova
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Yauza alley, 2, Moscow 107564, Russia
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Orme IM. Preclinical testing of new vaccines for tuberculosis: A comprehensive review. Vaccine 2006; 24:2-19. [PMID: 16139397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen an explosive increase in the development of potential new tuberculosis vaccine candidates, as well as the establishment of at least two testing centers. Various animal models, but particularly the mouse and guinea pig models, have provided a lot information about how new vaccines can reduce disease progression and how this influences the pathology of the disease, but there is still much to learn at the immunological level, particularly in terms of the nature of the T cell response that is needed to confer long lived resistance. Several categories of vaccine candidates have been tried to date, and there are at least five individual vaccines moving towards clinical evaluation. There are still areas of the field that are poorly developed however. These include the fact that we have no models of post- exposure vaccination, or any models of latent disease. In addition, no standardized models of safety/toxicology exist as yet, which will be needed before extensive clinical development of the new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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9
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Baoprasertkul P, Peatman E, Liu Z. Genomic organization, gene duplication, and expression analysis of interleukin-1beta in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1653-64. [PMID: 16280165 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is one of the pivotal early response pro-inflammatory cytokines that enables organisms to respond to infection and induces a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation. In spite of its importance and two decades of studies in the mammalian species, genes encoding IL-1beta were not identified from non-mammalian species until recently. Recent research, particularly with genomic approaches, has led to sequencing of IL-1beta from many species. Clinical studies also suggested IL-1beta as an immunoregulatory molecule potentially useful for enhancing vaccination. However, no IL-1beta genes have been identified from channel catfish, the primary aquaculture species from the United States. In this study, we identified two distinct cDNAs encoding catfish IL-1beta. Their encoding genes were identified, sequenced, and characterized. The catfish IL-1beta genes were assigned to bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. Genomic studies indicated that the IL-1beta genes were tandemly duplicated on the same chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis of various IL-1beta genes indicated the possibility of recent species-specific gene duplications in channel catfish, and perhaps also in swine and carp. Expression analysis indicated that both IL-1beta genes were expressed, but exhibited distinct expression profiles in various catfish tissues, and after bacterial infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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10
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Yeremeev VV, Kondratieva TK, Rubakova EI, Petrovskaya SN, Kazarian KA, Telkov MV, Biketov SF, Kaprelyants AS, Apt AS. Proteins of the Rpf family: immune cell reactivity and vaccination efficacy against tuberculosis in mice. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4789-94. [PMID: 12874362 PMCID: PMC166051 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4789-4794.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It was shown recently that Mycobacterium tuberculosis expresses five proteins that are homologous to Rpf (resuscitation promoting factor), which is secreted by growing cells of Micrococcus luteus. Rpf is required to resuscitate the growth of dormant Micrococcus luteus organisms, and its homologues may be involved in mycobacterial reactivation. Mycobacterial Rpf-like products are secreted proteins, which makes them candidates for recognition by the host immune system and anti-Rpf immune responses potentially protective against reactivated tuberculosis. Here we report that the Rpf protein itself and four out of five of its mycobacterial homologues, which were administered as subunit vaccines to C57BL/6 mice, are highly immunogenic. Rpf-like proteins elicit immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a responses and T-cell proliferation and stimulate production of gamma interferon, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-12 but not IL-4 or IL-5. Both humoral and T-cell responses against these antigens show a high degree of cross-reactivity. Vaccination of mice with Rpf-like proteins results in a significant level of protection against a subsequent high-dose challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv, both in terms of survival times and mycobacterial multiplication in lungs and spleens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Yeremeev
- Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Buddle BM, Pollock JM, Skinner MA, Wedlock DN. Development of vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle and relationship to vaccine development for other intracellular pathogens. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:555-66. [PMID: 12782055 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis could be an important strategy for the control of disease either where there is a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection or in developing countries where it is not economically feasible to implement a 'test and slaughter' control program. Advances in the understanding of protective immune responses to M. bovis infection in cattle and the advent of new molecular biological techniques, coupled with the sequencing of the M. bovis genome have provided opportunities for the rational development of improved tuberculosis vaccines. A number of new tuberculosis vaccines including attenuated M. bovis strains, killed mycobacteria, protein and DNA vaccines are under development and many are being assessed in cattle. Recent results have revealed several promising vaccine candidates and vaccination strategies. Ways of distinguishing between vaccinated and infected cattle are becoming available and the possibility of new approaches to the eradication of tuberculosis from domestic livestock is discussed. Similarities between the mechanisms of protective immunity against M. bovis and against other intracellular parasites continue to be found and discoveries from vaccine studies on bovine tuberculosis may provide helpful insights into requirements for vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cattle
- Developing Countries
- Genome, Bacterial
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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12
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Pollock JM, McNair J, Welsh MD, Girvin RM, Kennedy HE, Mackie DP, Neill SD. Immune responses in bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2001; 81:103-7. [PMID: 11463230 DOI: 10.1054/tube.2000.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the immune responses which develop in cattle following infection with Mycobacterium bovis is essential both to the understanding of disease pathogenesis and to the logical development of immune-dependent tools, such as diagnostic tests and vaccines, which can be used to combat the disease. Studies of field cases of bovine tuberculosis (TB) and of experimental bovine models of M. bovis infection have indicated that cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) predominate within a spectrum of immunity which exists. This paper reviews aspects of recent research and indicates how knowledge of T-cell antigenic targets in bovine TB along with increasing knowledge of T-cell subpopulations and their interactions with M. bovis -infected macrophages provides opportunities for the development of better methods for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pollock
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stoney Road, Stormont, Belfast, BT4 3SD, UK
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem and subunit vaccines for the control of the disease are presently under development. This vaccine strategy requires an in vitro correlate of protection for the identification of relevant vaccine candidate antigens and for monitoring the induction of a protective cell-mediated immune response after vaccination. New studies of experimental vaccines in the mouse model of TB support interferon-gamma as a relevant marker for the induction of a protective immune response. In contrast, searching for immunodominant antigens capable of inducing strong interferon-gamma responses in PPD positive healthy or TB infected individuals may not identify all relevant candidate antigens for inclusion in a novel TB subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Agger
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Pehler K, Brasky KM, Butler TM, Attanasio R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-secreted protein antigens: immunogenicity in baboons. J Clin Immunol 2000; 20:306-16. [PMID: 10939718 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017215720949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effective control of tuberculosis (TB) requires the development of improved vaccines. It is now well established that Mycobacterium tuberculosis-secreted antigens represent promising candidates to be included in subunit vaccine preparations. It also is accepted that studies in nonhuman primate models will be required to further develop these vaccine preparations. As a necessary step in this direction, we have assessed the immunogenicity of M. tuberculosis-secreted antigens in baboons. Animals received a total of three intramuscular injections consisting of M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins resuspended in an adjuvant formulation (MPL-SE) and were tested for development of specific antibody and cellular responses. All animals produced antibody and cellular proliferative responses in the absence of detectable delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Production of gamma-interferon following stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with culture filtrate proteins was either absent or present at low levels. Results from this study show that, although M. tuberculosis-secreted protein antigens are relatively safe and immunogenic in baboons, alternative immunization approaches must be identified for the induction of T-helper type 1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pehler
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30303, USA
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Mustafa AS, Shaban FA, Abal AT, Al-Attiyah R, Wiker HG, Lundin KE, Oftung F, Huygen K. Identification and HLA restriction of naturally derived Th1-cell epitopes from the secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85B recognized by antigen-specific human CD4(+) T-cell lines. Infect Immun 2000; 68:3933-40. [PMID: 10858206 PMCID: PMC101670 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.7.3933-3940.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen 85B (Ag85B/MPT59) is a major secreted protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is a promising candidate antigen for inclusion in novel subunit vaccines against tuberculosis (TB). The present study was undertaken to map naturally derived T-cell epitopes from M. tuberculosis Ag85B in relation to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II restriction. Antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell lines were established from HLA-typed TB patients and Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccinees by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with purified Ag85B in vitro. The established T-cell lines were then tested for proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion in response to 31 overlapping synthetic peptides (18-mers) covering the entire sequence of the mature protein. The results showed that the epitopes recognized by T-cell lines from TB patients were scattered throughout the Ag85B sequence whereas the epitopes recognized by T-cell lines from BCG vaccinees were located toward the N-terminal part of the antigen. The T-cell epitopes represented by peptides p2 (amino acids [aa] 10 to 27), p3 (aa 19 to 36), and p11 (aa 91 to 108) were frequently recognized by antigen-specific T-cell lines from BCG vaccinees in both proliferation and IFN-gamma assays. MHC restriction analysis demonstrated that individual T-cell lines specifically recognized the complete Ag85B either in association with one of the self HLA-DRB1, DRB3, or DRB4 gene products or nonspecifically in a promiscuous manner. At the epitope level, panel studies showed that peptides p2, p3, and p11 were presented to T cells by HLA-DR-matched as well as mismatched allogeneic antigen-presenting cells, thus representing promiscuous epitopes. The identification of naturally derived peptide epitopes from the M. tuberculosis Ag85B presented to Th1 cells in the context of multiple HLA-DR molecules strongly supports the relevance of this antigen to subunit vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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16
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Barletta RG, Donis RO, Chacón O, Shams H, Cirillo JD. Vaccines against intracellular pathogens. Subcell Biochem 2000; 33:559-99. [PMID: 10804870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4580-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Barletta
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The last year in tuberculosis vaccine research has witnessed the initial flowering of the benefits promised by the tuberculosis genome sequencing product. Although the real benefits in terms of clinical treatments are yet to be realized, genomics is making its presence felt in the rapid identification and expression of proteins with vaccine potential from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the definition of species-specific antigens for diagnostic use, and the construction of a variety of novel living vectors for vaccination. At the same time, the recent increase in work on animal models with more direct applicability to the situations likely to be encountered in human vaccine trials are providing the basic underpinnings needed for the assessment of these new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Doherty
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Griffin JF, Mackintosh CG, Slobbe L, Thomson AJ, Buchan GS. Vaccine protocols to optimise the protective efficacy of BCG. TUBERCLE AND LUNG DISEASE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE 2000; 79:135-43. [PMID: 10656112 DOI: 10.1054/tuld.1998.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SETTING A deer model has been developed to study protection produced with BCG vaccination, against infection and the development of pathology, following experimental intratonsilar infection with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. OBJECTIVE To determine how the dose of vaccine, the route of vaccination, the viability of the vaccine and exposure to glucocorticoids at the time of vaccination, may affect the protective efficacy of BCG vaccines. DESIGN Deer were vaccinated with BCG and later challenged with virulent M. bovis via the tonsilar route. Protection against infection and development of disease was evaluated at necropsy six months after challenge with M. bovis, by histological examination and microbial culture. RESULTS Significant protection against infection and disease were obtained following boosting with two low doses (5 x 10(4) cfu) or moderate doses (5 x 10(7) cfu) of live (freshly cultured and lyophilized) BCG. Inferior levels of protection were obtained with high dose (5 x 10(8) cfu) of live BCG. Similar levels of protection were found with vaccines given subcutaneously or via the tonsilar route. Killed vaccine in a mineral-oil adjuvant did not evoke protective immunity and treatment with dexamethasone prior to vaccination with live BCG ablated its efficacy. Protection against infection did not correlate with skin test delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) or lymphocyte transformation to tuberculin. CONCLUSIONS Two doses of live BCG gave significant protection against experimental infection and disease caused by virulent M. bovis. Single dose vaccine protected against disease but not infection. Vaccines administered at a dosage which did not evoke DTH, provided protection against tuberculosis infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Griffin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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19
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Brandt L, Elhay M, Rosenkrands I, Lindblad EB, Andersen P. ESAT-6 subunit vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:791-5. [PMID: 10639447 PMCID: PMC97206 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.2.791-795.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ESAT-6 antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a dominant target for cell-mediated immunity in the early phase of tuberculosis (TB) in TB patients as well as in various animal models. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential of ESAT-6 in an experimental TB vaccine. We started out using dimethyl dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), an adjuvant which has been demonstrated to be efficient for the induction of cellular immune responses and has been used successfully before as a delivery system for TB vaccines. Here we demonstrate that, whereas immune responses to both short-term-culture filtrate and Ag85B are efficiently induced with DDA, this adjuvant was inefficient for the induction of immune responses to ESAT-6. Therefore, we investigated the modulatory effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), an immunomodulator which in different combinations has demonstrated strong adjuvant activity for both cellular and humoral immune responses. We show in the present study that vaccination with ESAT-6 delivered in a combination of MPL and DDA elicited a strong ESAT-6-specific T-cell response and protective immunity comparable to that achieved with Mycobacterium bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brandt
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Weldingh K, Andersen P. Immunological evaluation of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 23:159-64. [PMID: 10076913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Culture filtrate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains molecules which can promote protective immunity to tuberculosis in animal models. Six novel proteins in the region of 17-29 kDa were purified and investigated for their immunological relevance in M. tuberculosis-infected mice, guinea pigs and tuberculosis patients. The proteins CFP17, CFP21, CFP25 and CFP29 were all identified as strong interferon-gamma inducers in M. tuberculosis-infected mice and in tuberculosis patients. The CFP21 protein is encoded in the genomic region RD-2 which is deleted from a number of BCG strains and the diagnostic potential of this antigen was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weldingh
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Weldingh K, Rosenkrands I, Jacobsen S, Rasmussen PB, Elhay MJ, Andersen P. Two-dimensional electrophoresis for analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate and purification and characterization of six novel proteins. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3492-500. [PMID: 9673225 PMCID: PMC108378 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.8.3492-3500.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/1998] [Accepted: 05/05/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture filtrate from Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains molecules which promote high levels of protective immunity in animal models of subunit vaccination against tuberculosis. We have used two-dimensional electrophoresis for analysis and purification of six novel M. tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins (CFPs): CFP17, CFP20, CFP21, CFP22, CFP25, and CFP28. The proteins were tested for recognition by M. tuberculosis-reactive memory cells from different strains of inbred mice and for their capacity to induce a skin test response in M. tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs. CFP17, CFP20, CFP21 and CFP25 induced both a high gamma interferon release and a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and CFP21 was broadly recognized by different strains of inbred mice. N-terminal sequences were obtained for the six proteins, and the corresponding genes were identified in the Sanger M. tuberculosis genome database. In parallel we established a two-dimensional electrophoresis reference map of short-term culture filtrate components and mapped novel proteins as well as already-known CFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weldingh
- Department of TB Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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