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Oliveira BM, Sidónio B, Correia A, Pinto A, Azevedo MM, Sampaio P, Ferreira PG, Vilanova M, Teixeira L. Cytokine production by bovine adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction cells upon Neospora caninum stimulation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8444. [PMID: 38600105 PMCID: PMC11006870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58885-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In bovines few studies addressed the contribution of adipose tissue to the host immune response to infection. Here we evaluated the in vitro response of bovine adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells to the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum, using live and freeze-killed tachyzoites. Live N. caninum induced the production of IL-6, IL-1β and IL-10 by SVF cells isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), while in mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) SVF cell cultures only IL-1β and IL-10 production was increased, showing slight distinct responses between adipose tissue depots. Whereas a clear IL-8 increase was detected in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) culture supernatants in response to live N. caninum, no such increase was observed in SAT or MAT SVF cell cultures. Nevertheless, in response to LPS, increased IL-8 levels were detected in all cell cultures. IL-10 levels were always increased in response to stimulation (live, freeze-killed N. caninum and LPS). Overall, our results show that bovine adipose tissue SVF cells produce cytokines in response to N. caninum and can therefore be putative contributors to the host immune response against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Oliveira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Sidónio
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Pinto
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula G Ferreira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- ITR-Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290, Porto, Portugal.
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Correia A, Alves P, Fróis-Martins R, Teixeira L, Vilanova M. Protective Effect against Neosporosis Induced by Intranasal Immunization with Neospora caninum Membrane Antigens Plus Carbomer-Based Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060925. [PMID: 35746533 PMCID: PMC9230871 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan responsible for abortion and stillbirths in cattle. We previously developed a mucosal vaccination approach using N. caninum membrane proteins and CpG adjuvant that conferred long-term protection against neosporosis in mice. Here, we have extended this approach by alternatively using the carbomer-based adjuvant Carbigen™ in the immunizing preparation. Immunized mice presented higher proportions and numbers of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Stimulation of spleen, lungs and liver leukocytes with parasite antigens induced a marked production of IFN-γ and IL-17A and, less markedly, IL-4. This balanced response was also evident in that both parasite-specific IgG1 and IgG2c were raised by immunization, together with specific intestinal IgA. Upon intraperitoneal infection with N. caninum, immunized mice presented lower parasitic burdens than sham-immunized controls. In the infected immunized mice, memory CD4+ T cells predominantly expressed T-bet and RORγt, and CD8+ T cells expressing T-bet were found increased. While spleen, lungs and liver leukocytes of both immunized and sham-immunized infected animals produced high amounts of IFN-γ, only the cells from immunized mice responded with high IL-17A production. Since in cattle both IFN-γ and IL-17A have been associated with protective mechanisms against N. caninum infection, the elicited cytokine profile obtained using CarbigenTM as adjuvant indicates that it could be worth exploring for bovine neosporosis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correia
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (P.A.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alves
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (P.A.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- UMIB—Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (P.A.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Borchard JL, Conrad NL, Pinto NB, Moura MQD, Berne MEA, Leite FPL. Acute and chronic immunomodulatory response mechanisms against Toxocara canis larvae infection in mice. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINÁRIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the early and late immunological modulation of an experimental infection of T. canis larvae in mice. Mice were infected with 100 infective larvae and euthanized at different period: 24, 48 hours post infection (HPI), 15- and 30 days post infection (DPI). The humoral response was evaluated by indirect ELISA. Quantitative RT–PCR (qPCR) was used to quantify the mRNA transcription of cytokines IL4, IL10, IL12 and Ym1 in the early and late infection periods. Infection with T. canis was able to generate specific total IgG at 15- and 30- DPI. Analyzing the IgG isotype revealed a significant differentiation for IgG1 compared with IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3, characterizing a Th-2 response. Evaluating the gene transcription at the early phase of infection, higher transcription levels of IL10, IL4 and Ym1 and a downregulation of IL12 were observed. By the late phase, increased transcription levels of IL4, Ym1 and IL12 were observed, and downregulation of IL-10 transcription was observed. The data obtained suggest that during experimental infection with T. canis, the participation of the IL4, IL10, IL12 cytokines and Ym1 can play an important role in T. canis immunomodulation.
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Débare H, Moiré N, Ducournau C, Schmidt J, Laakmann JD, Schwarz RT, Dimier-Poisson I, Debierre-Grockiego F. Neospora caninum glycosylphosphatidylinositols used as adjuvants modulate cellular immune responses induced in vitro by a nanoparticle-based vaccine. Cytokine 2021; 144:155575. [PMID: 34000479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum causes abortion in ruminants, leading to important economic losses and no efficient treatment or vaccine against neosporosis is available. Considering the complexity of the strategies developed by intracellular apicomplexan parasites to escape immune system, future vaccine formulations should associate the largest panel of antigens and adjuvants able to better stimulate immune responses than natural infection. A mucosal vaccine, constituted of di-palmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol-loaded nanoparticles (DGNP) and total extract (TE) of soluble antigens of Toxoplasma gondii, has demonstrated its efficacy, decreasing drastically the parasite burden. Here, DGNP were loaded with N. caninum TE and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) of N. caninum as Toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvant able to induce specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 signalling pathway in HEK reporter cells induced by GPI was abrogated after its incorporation into DGNP. However, in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, an adjuvant effect of GPI was observed with higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, reduced levels of IL-6, IL-12p40 and IL-10, and decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. GPI also modulated the responses of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, by increasing the production of IFN-γ and by decreasing the expression of MHC molecules. Altogether, these results suggest that GPI delivered by the DGNP might modulate cell responses through the activation of an intracellular pathway of signalisation in a TLR-independent manner. In vivo experiments are needed to confirm the potent adjuvant properties of N. caninum GPI in a vaccine strategy against neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jörg Schmidt
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan-David Laakmann
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schwarz
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Li S, Zhang N, Liu S, Li J, Liu L, Wang X, Li X, Gong P, Zhang X. Protective Immunity Against Neospora caninum Infection Induced by 14-3-3 Protein in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:638173. [PMID: 33748214 PMCID: PMC7965954 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.638173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that infects many mammals and remains a threatening disease worldwide because of the lack of effective drugs and vaccines. Our previous studies demonstrated that N. caninum 14-3-3 protein (Nc14-3-3), which is included in N. caninum extracellular vesicles (NEVs), can induce effective immune responses and stimulate cytokine expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, whether Nc14-3-3 has a protective effect and its mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the immune responses and protective effects of Nc14-3-3 against exposure to 2 × 107 Nc-1 tachyzoites. Antibody (IgG, IgGl, and IgG2a) levels and Th1-type (IFN-γ and IL-12) and Th2-type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines in mouse serum, survival rates, survival times, and parasite burdens were detected. In the present study, the immunostimulatory effect of Nc14-3-3 was confirmed, as it triggered Th1-type cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-12) production in mouse serum 2 weeks after the final immunization. Moreover, the immunization of C57BL/6 mice with Nc14-3-3 induced high IgG antibody levels and significant increases in CD8+ T lymphocytes in the spleens of mice, indicating that the cellular immune response was significantly stimulated. Mouse survival rates and times were significantly prolonged after immunization; the survival rates were 40% for Nc14-3-3 immunization and 60% for NEV immunization, while mice that received GST, PBS, or blank control all died at 13, 9, or 8 days, respectively, after intraperitoneal N. caninum challenge. In addition, qPCR analysis indicated that there was a reduced parasite burden and diminished pathological changes in the mice immunized with Nc14-3-3. Our data demonstrate that vaccination of mice with Nc14-3-3 elicits both cellular and humoral immune responses and provides partial protection against acute neosporosis. Thus, Nc14-3-3 could be an effective antigen candidate for vaccine development for neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Modulation of Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Mice Acutely Infected with Neospora caninum. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070587. [PMID: 32709166 PMCID: PMC7399848 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that in cattle assumes particular importance, as it is responsible for abortions reported worldwide. Leptin is an adipokine mainly secreted by adipocytes, which beside its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis also has important effects in both innate and adaptive immunity. In previous work, we showed that mice chronically infected with N. caninum had elevated serum leptin levels. Here, we sought to assess whether acute infection with N. caninum infection influenced the production of this adipokine as well as leptin receptor mRNA levels. Our results show that acute infection with N. caninum led to decreased leptin serum levels and mRNA expression in adipose tissue. A decrease in leptin receptor transcript variant 1 mRNA (long isoform) and leptin receptor transcript variant 3 mRNA (one of the short isoforms) expression was also observed. An increase in the number of cells staining positive for leptin in the liver of infected mice was observed, although this increase was less marked in Interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 p40-deficient mice. Overall, our results show that N. caninum infection also influences leptin production during acute infection.
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Fereig RM, Nishikawa Y. From Signaling Pathways to Distinct Immune Responses: Key Factors for Establishing or Combating Neospora caninum Infection in Different Susceptible Hosts. Pathogens 2020; 9:E384. [PMID: 32429367 PMCID: PMC7281608 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
: Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite affecting numerous animal species. It induces significant economic losses because of abortion and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. In case of infection, the parasite secretes numerous arsenals to establish a successful infection in the host cell. In the same context but for a different purpose, the host resorts to different strategies to eliminate the invading parasite. During this battle, numerous key factors from both parasite and host sides are produced and interact for the maintaining and vanishing of the infection, respectively. Although several reviews have highlighted the role of different compartments of the immune system against N. caninum infection, each one of them has mostly targeted specific points related to the immune component and animal host. Thus, in the current review, we will focus on effector molecules derived from the host cell or the parasite using a comprehensive survey method from previous reports. According to our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights and discusses immune response at the host cell-parasite molecular interface against N. caninum infection in different susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;
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Connick K, Lalor R, Murphy A, O'Neill SM, El Shanawany EE. Sarcocystis fusiformis whole cyst antigen activates pro-inflammatory dendritic cells. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:186-193. [PMID: 32174724 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcocystis fusiformis is a coccidian tissue parasite that causes infection in buffalo in countries such an Egypt, China, Iraq and Iran, resulting in significant economic losses to the agricultural industry annually. There is a lack of studies examining host-parasite interactions at the level of the immune response and the present study investigates the interaction between S. fusiformis whole cyst antigens (SFWCA) and dendritic cells (DCs), cells critical to the activation of adaptive immunity. In this study bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) were phenotyped following treatment with SFWCA by measuring cell viability, cytokine secretion, and cell surface marker expression. While SFWCA exhibited cytotoxic effects on BMDCs at higher concentrations, lower concentrations of SFWCA activated pro-inflammatory DCs that significantly secreted interleukin (IL)-12p40, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6 and IL-10. These cells also displayed enhanced expression of TLR4, CD80, CD86 and MHC II on their surface, which is indicative of full DCs maturation. Moreover, SFWCA significantly attenuated the capacity of BMDCs to suppress Th2 associated cytokines, notably IL-5 and IL-13, while simultaneously exhibiting no effects on the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10. In conclusion, this is the first study to provide fundamental insight into the activation of DCs by SFWCA, providing us with some awareness into the interaction of the Sarcosystis parasite with its host. The pro-inflammatory inducing ability of this antigen is in keeping with studies performed in other protozoan parasites and therefore understanding these interactions is important in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Connick
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - R Lalor
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - A Murphy
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - S M O'Neill
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Eman E El Shanawany
- 2Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Bhooth St, Dokki, Post Pox 12622, Giza, Egypt
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Costa RC, Mesquita LP, de Oliveira IM, Zannato DA, Emanuel Dos Santos Mesquita L, Biihrer DA, de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes C, Varaschin MS, Maiorka PC. The pathogenicity of two Neospora caninum goat strains in a BALB/c mouse model. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107736. [PMID: 31442455 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Goats are frequently described as an intermediate host for the protozoan Neospora caninum, manifesting the disease mainly by recurrent abortions with placentitis and encephalitis in fetuses. Several reports of natural and experimental infections in cattle and mice show differences in the immune response, and the outcome of the infection can be variable depending on the species affected and by the behavior of the infective strain. This study describes for the first time two Neospora caninum strains isolated from naturally infected goats from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. One placenta and one brain from different goats were processed for a first bioassay in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Subsequently, a second bioassay was performed by inoculating the processed brain samples from gerbils into Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) knockout mice (KO mice). Tachyzoites collected from the peritoneal fluid of the KO mice were inoculated into VERO cell monolayers, where they presented a very slow growth rate. The tachyzoites were also inoculated into BALB/c mice with a dose of 106 tachyzoites per animal. After a 5-week follow up, the animals infected with both of the strains developed a strong polarized Th1 response with increased serum and spleen gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (mainly IFN-γ and TNF-α) in the first week. Tissue lesions were mild in the animals infected with both strains. Despite the strong immune response preventing an infection in the visceral organs, the parasite was able to reach the brain, causing progressive brain lesions from the second to fifth week post infection. The NC-goat1-infected mice presented with severe meningoencephalitis, but the NC-goat2-infected animals had considerable histological brain lesions only at week 5. Immunohistochemical analysis of the mouse brains revealed a different pattern of inflammatory cells compared to the naturally infected goats. A severe inflammatory infiltrate of CD3+ T lymphocytes was found in the NC-goat1-infected mice. A more discrete infiltrate of CD3+ T cells was found in the NC-goat2-infected animals. Additionally, IBA1 IHC revealed an intense microglial reaction and monocyte perivascular cuffs in the NC-goat1-infected animals and lower microglia/monocyte infiltrates in the NC-goat2-infected mice. This work contributes knowledge on the pathogenicity of new Neospora caninum strains in mice, comparable with other well-established mouse models of the disease, and demonstrates the importance of studying goats as an intermediate host of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Carneiro Costa
- Department of Pathology- School of Veterinary Medicine and and Animal Sciences, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Pereira Mesquita
- Department of Pathology- School of Veterinary Medicine and and Animal Sciences, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Dennis Albert Zannato
- Department of Pathology- School of Veterinary Medicine and and Animal Sciences, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Arrais Biihrer
- Department of Pathology- School of Veterinary Medicine and and Animal Sciences, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Mary Suzan Varaschin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- Federal University of Lavras- UFLA, Lavras, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Department of Pathology- School of Veterinary Medicine and and Animal Sciences, FMVZ-USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Débare H, Schmidt J, Moiré N, Ducournau C, Acosta Paguay YD, Schwarz RT, Dimier-Poisson I, Debierre-Grockiego F. In vitro cellular responses to Neospora caninum glycosylphosphatidylinositols depend on the host origin of antigen presenting cells. Cytokine 2019; 119:119-128. [PMID: 30909148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neosporosis due to Neospora caninum causes abortions in farm animals such as cattle. No treatment and vaccine exist to fight this disease, responsible for considerable economic losses. It is thus important to better understand the immune responses occurring during the pathogenesis to control them in a global strategy against the parasite. In this context, we studied the roles of N. caninum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), glycolipids defined as toxins in the related parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We demonstrated for the first time that GPIs could be excreted in the supernatant of N. caninum culture and trigger cell signalling through the Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. In addition, antibodies specific to N. caninum GPIs were detected in the serum of infected mice. As shown for other protozoan diseases, they could play a role in neutralizing GPIs. N. caninum GPIs were able to induce the production of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-12 cytokines by murine macrophages and dendritic cells. Furthermore, GPIs significantly reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of class I on murine dendritic cells. In contrast to murine cells, bovine blood mononuclear cells produced increased levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, but reduced levels of IL-12p40 in response to GPIs. On these bovine cells, GPI had the tendency to up-regulate MHC class I, but to down-regulate MHC class II. Altogether, these results suggest that N. caninum GPIs might differentially participate in the responses of antigen presenting cells induced by the whole parasite in mouse models of neosporosis and in the natural cattle host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Schmidt
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Yoshuá D Acosta Paguay
- Laboratorio de Virología-inmunología de la carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Ralph T Schwarz
- Institut für Virologie, AG Parasitologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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11
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Neospora caninum Dense Granule Protein 7 Regulates the Pathogenesis of Neosporosis by Modulating Host Immune Response. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01350-18. [PMID: 30006392 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01350-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii Neosporosis caused by N. caninum is considered one of the main causes of abortion in cattle and nervous-system dysfunction in dogs, and identification of the virulence factors of this parasite is important for the development of control measures. Here, we used a luciferase reporter assay to screen the dense granule proteins genes of N. caninum, and we found that NcGRA6, NcGRA7, and NcGRA14 are involved in the activation of the NF-κB, calcium/calcineurin, and cAMP/PKA signals. To analyze the functions of these proteins and Neospora cyclophilin, we successfully knocked out their genes in the Nc1 strain using plasmids containing the CRISPR/Cas9 components. Among the deficient lines, the NcGRA7-deficient parasites showed reduced virulence in mice. An RNA sequencing analysis of infected macrophage cultures showed that NcGRA7 mainly regulates the host cytokine and chemokine production. The levels of gamma interferon in the ascites fluid, CXCL10 expression in the peritoneal cells, and CCL2 expression in the spleen were lower 5 days after infection with the NcGRA7-deficient parasite than after infection with the parental strain. The parasite burden and the degree of necrosis in the brains of mice infected with the NcGRA7-deficient parasite were also lower than in those of the parental strain. Collectively, our data suggest that both the NcGRA7-dependent activation of the inflammatory response and the parasite burden are important in Neospora virulence.IMPORTANCENeospora caninum invades and replicates in a broad range of host species and cells within those hosts. The effector proteins exported by Neospora induce its pathogenesis by modulating the host immunity. We show that most of the transcriptomic effects in N. caninum-infected cells depend upon the activity of NcGRA7. A deficiency in NcGRA7 reduced the virulence of the parasite in mice. This study demonstrates the importance of NcGRA7 in the pathogenesis of neosporosis.
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12
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Li S, Gong P, Tai L, Li X, Wang X, Zhao C, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang J, Li J, Zhang X. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Neospora caninum Are Recognized by Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Modulate Host Cell Innate Immunity Through the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1633. [PMID: 30087675 PMCID: PMC6066505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite, which causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. However, the immune mechanism of the parasite–host interaction is not yet fully understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a ubiquitous mechanism by which almost all cells, especially immune and tumor cells, participate in intercellular communications. Although studies have indicated that EVs secreted by Toxoplasma gondii or Trypanosoma brucei promote exchanges of biological molecules important for the host–parasite interplay, however, EVs and their biological activities in N. caninum is not clear. Here, we used multiple methods, including electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, western blot, proteomics, and cytokine analyses, to examine the properties of N. caninum EVs. We found that N. caninum produced EVs that are similar to mammalian exosomes, which generally range from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. It was shown that N. caninum EVs could remarkably increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ by wild-type (WT) mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) whereas the secretion of IL-12p40, TNF-α, and IFN-γ was very strongly downregulated in TLR2−/− mouse BMDMs. The levels of IL-6 were not affected, but the secretion of IL-10 was upregulated. We found that the phosphorylation levels of P38, ERK, and JNK were significantly reduced in the TLR2−/− cells compared with those in WT mouse BMDMs and that treatment with chemical inhibiters of P38, ERK, and JNK resulted in upregulation of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 production. Together, these results demonstrated that N. caninum EVs could be rapidly internalized to deliver proteins to the host cells and modulate the host cell immune responses through MAPK signaling pathway in a TLR2-dependent manner. Our study is the first to reveal potential roles for N. caninum EVs in host communication and immune response in parasite–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lixin Tai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Aguado-Martínez A, Basto AP, Leitão A, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum in non-pregnant and pregnant mouse models: cross-talk between infection and immunity. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:723-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Jin X, Gong P, Zhang X, Li G, Zhu T, Zhang M, Li J. Activation of ERK Signaling via TLR11 Induces IL-12p40 Production in Peritoneal Macrophages Challenged by Neospora caninum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1393. [PMID: 28798732 PMCID: PMC5527353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, can infect a large variety of vertebrate hosts including the most economically important cattle. Infection with N. caninum is a main cause of abortion in both dairy and beef cattle, which causes great economic losses worldwide. However, the mechanism of host cell infection by N. caninum has not been fully elucidated, especially in terms of inflammatory responses. In this study, the effect of TLR-ERK signaling pathway on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory interleukin-12p40 in mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMϕ) challenged by N. caninum was investigated. Our results suggested that N. caninum infection quickly activated MEK-ERK signaling via TLR11 in PMϕ. In addition, N. caninum infection also caused upregulated production of IL-12p40 by PMϕ, which was significantly reduced with the blockade of TLR11/MEK/ERK pathway, suggesting that this upregulation of IL-12 p40 was TLR11 and MEK-ERK-activation dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education - College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education - College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education - College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Guojiang Li
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology UniversityJilin, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education - College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Mengge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education - College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education - College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China.,Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology UniversityJilin, China
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15
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Carneiro C, Correia A, Lima T, Vilanova M, Pais C, Gomes AC, Real Oliveira MEC, Sampaio P. Protective effect of antigen delivery using monoolein-based liposomes in experimental hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Acta Biomater 2016; 39:133-145. [PMID: 27150234 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the potential of a liposomal antigen delivery system (ADS) containing Candida albicans cell wall surface proteins (CWSP) in mediating protection against systemic candidiasis. Treatment of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells with CWSP-loaded dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide:monoolein (DODAB:MO) liposomes enhanced and prolonged their activation comparatively to free antigen, indicating that liposome-entrapped CWSP were released more sustainable. Therefore, we immunized mice with CWSP either in a free form or loaded into two different DODAB:MO liposome formulations, respectively designated as ADS1 and ADS2, prior to intravenous C. albicans infection. Immunization with ADS1, but not with ADS2, conferred significant protection to infected mice, comparatively to immunization with CWSP or empty liposomes as control. ADS1-immunized mice presented significantly higher serum levels of C. albicans-specific antibodies that enhanced phagocytosis of this fungus. In these mice, a mixed cytokine production profile was observed encompassing IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-10. Nevertheless, only production of IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 was higher than in controls. In this study we demonstrated that DODAB:MO liposomes enhance the immunogenicity of C. albicans antigens and host protection in a murine model of systemic candidiasis. Therefore, this liposomal adjuvant could be a promising candidate to assess in vaccination against this pathogenic fungus. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This work describes the immunomodulation capacity of the previously validated antigen delivery system (ADS) composed by dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) and monoolein (MO) lipids incorporating the cell wall surface proteins (CWSP) from C. albicans. Here, we not only present the ability of this system in facilitating antigen uptake by DCs in vitro, but also that this system induces higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and opsonizing specific IgG antibodies in serum of mice immunized subcutaneously. We show that the ADS are efficient nanocarrier and modulate the immune response against intravenous C. albicans infection favoring mouse protection. In sum, we show that the incorporation of C. albicans antigens in DODAB:MO nanocarries are a promising vaccine strategy against C. albicans fungal infection.
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16
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Correia A, Ferreirinha P, Botelho S, Belinha A, Leitão C, Caramalho Í, Teixeira L, González-Fernandéz Á, Appelberg R, Vilanova M. Predominant role of interferon-γ in the host protective effect of CD8(+) T cells against Neospora caninum infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14913. [PMID: 26449650 PMCID: PMC4598874 DOI: 10.1038/srep14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that CD8+ T cells play an important role in
protective immunity against protozoan infections. However, their role in the course
of Neospora caninum infection has not been fully elucidated. Here we report
that CD8-deficient mice infected with N. caninum presented higher parasitic
loads in the brain and lungs and lower spleen and brain immunity-related GTPases
than their wild-type counterparts. Moreover, adoptive transfer of splenic
CD8+ T cells sorted from N. caninum-primed
immunosufficient C57BL/10 ScSn mice prolonged the survival of infected
IL-12-unresponsive C57BL/10 ScCr recipients. In both C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 ScSn mice
CD8+ T cells are activated and produce interferon-γ
(IFN-γ) upon challenged with N. caninum. The host protective role
of IFN-γ produced by CD8+ T cells was confirmed in N.
caninum-infected RAG2-deficient mice reconstituted with CD8+
T cells obtained from either IFN-γ-deficient or wild-type donors. Mice
receiving IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T cells presented lower
parasitic burdens than counterparts having IFN-γ-deficient
CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we observed that N.
caninum-infected perforin-deficient mice presented parasitic burdens similar to
those of infected wild-type controls. Altogether these results demonstrate that
production of IFN-γ is a predominant protective mechanism conferred by
CD8+ T cells in the course of neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreirinha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Botelho
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Belinha
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Íris Caramalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto
| | - África González-Fernandéz
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, E-36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Teixeira L, Moreira J, Melo J, Bezerra F, Marques RM, Ferreirinha P, Correia A, Monteiro MP, Ferreira PG, Vilanova M. Immune response in the adipose tissue of lean mice infected with the protozoan parasite Neospora caninum. Immunology 2015; 145:242-57. [PMID: 25581844 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue can make important contributions to immune function. Nevertheless, only a limited number of reports have investigated in lean hosts the immune response elicited in this tissue upon infection. Previous studies suggested that the intracellular protozoan Neospora caninum might affect adipose tissue physiology. Therefore, we investigated in mice challenged with this protozoan if immune cell populations within adipose tissue of different anatomical locations could be differently affected. Early in infection, parasites were detected in the adipose tissue and by 7 days of infection increased numbers of macrophages, regulatory T (Treg) cells and T-bet(+) cells were observed in gonadal, mesenteric, omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Increased expression of interferon-γ was also detected in gonadal adipose tissue of infected mice. Two months after infection, parasite DNA was no longer detected in these tissues, but T helper type 1 (Th1) cell numbers remained above control levels in the infected mice. Moreover, the Th1/Treg cell ratio was higher than that of controls in the mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Interestingly, chronically infected mice presented a marked increase of serum leptin, a molecule that plays a role in energy balance regulation as well as in promoting Th1-type immune responses. Altogether, we show that an apicomplexa parasitic infection influences immune cellular composition of adipose tissue throughout the body as well as adipokine production, still noticed at a chronic phase of infection when parasites were already cleared from that particular tissue. This strengthens the emerging view that infections can have long-term consequences for the physiology of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Teixeira
- UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Departamento de Anatomia, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Correia A, Ferreirinha P, Costa AA, Dias J, Melo J, Costa R, Ribeiro A, Faustino A, Teixeira L, Rocha A, Vilanova M. Mucosal and systemic T cell response in mice intragastrically infected with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Vet Res 2013; 44:69. [PMID: 23937079 PMCID: PMC3751650 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine model has been widely used to study the host immune response to Neospora caninum. However, in most studies, the intraperitoneal route was preferentially used to establish infection. Here, C57BL/6 mice were infected with N. caninum tachyzoites by the intragastric route, as it more closely resembles the natural route of infection through the gastrointestinal tract. The elicited T-cell mediated immune response was evaluated in the intestinal epithelium and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Early upon the parasitic challenge, IL-12 production by conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells was increased in MLN. Accordingly, increased proportions and numbers of TCRαβ+CD8+IFN-γ+ lymphocytes were detected, not only in the intestinal epithelium and MLN, but also in the spleen of the infected mice. In this organ, IFN-γ-producing TCRαβ+CD4+ T cells were also found to increase in the infected mice, however later than CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, splenic and MLN CD4+CD25+ T cells sorted from infected mice presented a suppressive activity on in vitro T cell proliferation and cytokine production above that of control counterparts. These results altogether indicate that, by producing IFN-γ, TCRαβ+CD8+ cells contribute for local and systemic host protection in the earliest days upon infection established through the gastrointestinal tract. Nevertheless, they also provide substantial evidence for a parasite-driven reinforcement of T regulatory cell function which may contribute for parasite persistence in the host and might represent an additional barrier to overcome towards effective vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correia
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Amanda A Costa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Dias
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Joana Melo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Rita Costa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Adília Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Augusto Faustino
- Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- Departamento de Anatomia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Rocha
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Laboratório de Imunologia Mário Arala Chaves, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia, ICBAS-UP, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar – Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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Collantes-Fernandez E, Arrighi RBG, Álvarez-García G, Weidner JM, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Boothroyd JC, Ortega-Mora LM, Barragan A. Infected dendritic cells facilitate systemic dissemination and transplacental passage of the obligate intracellular parasite Neospora caninum in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32123. [PMID: 22403627 PMCID: PMC3293873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite Neospora caninum disseminates across the placenta and the blood-brain barrier, to reach sites where it causes severe pathology or establishes chronic persistent infections. The mechanisms used by N. caninum to breach restrictive biological barriers remain elusive. To examine the cellular basis of these processes, migration of different N. caninum isolates (Nc-1, Nc-Liverpool, Nc-SweB1 and the Spanish isolates: Nc-Spain 3H, Nc-Spain 4H, Nc-Spain 6, Nc-Spain 7 and Nc-Spain 9) was studied in an in vitro model based on a placental trophoblast-derived BeWo cell line. Here, we describe that infection of dendritic cells (DC) by N. caninum tachyzoites potentiated translocation of parasites across polarized cellular monolayers. In addition, powered by the parasite's own gliding motility, extracellular N. caninum tachyzoites were able to transmigrate across cellular monolayers. Altogether, the presented data provides evidence of two putative complementary pathways utilized by N. caninum, in an isolate-specific fashion, for passage of restrictive cellular barriers. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of tachyzoite-infected DC in mice resulted in increased parasitic loads in various organs, e.g. the central nervous system, compared to infections with free parasites. Inoculation of pregnant mice with infected DC resulted in an accentuated vertical transmission to the offspring with increased parasitic loads and neonatal mortality. These findings reveal that N. caninum exploits the natural cell trafficking pathways in the host to cross cellular barriers and disseminate to deep tissues. The findings are indicative of conserved dissemination strategies among coccidian apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Collantes-Fernandez
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (EC); (AB)
| | - Romanico B. G. Arrighi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica M. Weidner
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - John C. Boothroyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (EC); (AB)
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20
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Dion S, Germon S, Guiton R, Ducournau C, Dimier-Poisson I. Functional activation of T cells by dendritic cells and macrophages exposed to the intracellular parasite Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:685-95. [PMID: 21329692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan pathogen that causes abortion in cattle. We studied how the interaction between murine conventional dendritic cells or macrophages and N. caninum influences the generation of cell-mediated immunity against the parasite. We first explored the invasion and survival ability of N. caninum in dendritic cells and macrophages. We observed that protozoa rapidly invaded and proliferated into these two cell populations. We then investigated how Neospora-exposed macrophages or dendritic cells distinguish between viable and non-viable (heat-killed tachyzoites and antigenic extract) parasites. Viable tachyzoites and antigenic extract, but not killed parasites, altered the phenotype of immature dendritic cells. Dendritic cells infected with viable parasites down-regulated the expression of MHC-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86 whereas dendritic cells exposed to N. caninum antigenic extract up-regulated the expression of MHC-II and CD40 and down-regulated CD80 and CD86 expression. Moreover, only viable tachyzoites and antigenic extract induced IL-12 synthesis by dendritic cells. MHC-II expression was up-regulated and CD86 expression was down-regulated at the surface of macrophages, regardless of the parasitic form was encountered. However, IL-12 secretion by macrophages was only observed under conditions using viable and heat-killed parasite. We then analysed how macrophages and dendritic cells were involved in inducing T-cell responses. T lymphocyte IFN-γ-secretion in correlation with IL-12 production occurred after interactions between T cells and dendritic cells exposed to viable tachyzoites or antigenic extract. By contrast, for macrophages IFN-γ production was IL-12-independent and only occurred after interactions between T cells and macrophages exposed to antigenic extract. Thus, N. caninum-induced activation of murine dendritic cells, but not that of macrophages, was associated with T cell IFN-γ production after IL-12 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dion
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, INRA, UMR 0483 Université-INRA d'Immunologie Parasitaire, Vaccinologie et Biothérapie Anti-Infectieuse, IFR des Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie, UFR de Pharmacie, Tours, France
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Recognition by toll‐like receptor 2 induces antigen‐presenting cell activation and Th1 programming during infection by
Neospora caninum. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:825-33. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Neospora caninum excreted/secreted antigens trigger CC-chemokine receptor 5-dependent cell migration. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:797-805. [PMID: 20060395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neospora caninum, the causative agent of neosporosis, is an obligate intracellular parasite considered to be a major cause of abortion in cattle throughout the world. Most studies concerning N. caninum have focused on life cycle, seroepidemiology, pathology and vaccination, while data on host-parasite interaction, such as host cell migration, mechanisms of evasion and dissemination of this parasite during the early phase of infection are still poorly understood. Here we show the ability of excreted/secreted antigens from N. caninum (NcESAs) to attract monocytic cells to the site of primary infection in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Molecules from the family of cyclophilins present on the NcESAs were shown to work as chemokine-like proteins and NcESA-induced chemoattraction involved G(i) protein signaling and participation of CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). Additionally, we demonstrate the ability of NcESAs to enhance the expression of CCR5 on monocytic cells and this increase occurred in parallel with the chemotactic activity of NcESAs by increasing cell migration. These results suggest that during the first days of infection, N. caninum produces molecules capable of inducing monocytic cell migration to the sites of infection, which will consequently enhance initial parasite invasion and proliferation. Altogether, these results help to clarify some key features involved in the process of cell migration and may reveal virulence factors and therapeutic targets to control neosporosis.
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