1
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Tan G, Spillane KM, Maher J. The Role and Regulation of the NKG2D/NKG2D Ligand System in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1079. [PMID: 37626965 PMCID: PMC10452210 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The family of human NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) consists of eight stress-induced molecules. Over 80% of human cancers express these ligands on the surface of tumour cells and/or associated stromal elements. In mice, NKG2D deficiency increases susceptibility to some types of cancer, implicating this system in immune surveillance for malignancy. However, NKG2DL can also be shed, released via exosomes and trapped intracellularly, leading to immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, NKG2D can enhance chronic inflammatory processes which themselves can increase cancer risk and progression. Indeed, tumours commonly deploy a range of countermeasures that can neutralise or even corrupt this surveillance system, tipping the balance away from immune control towards tumour progression. Consequently, the prognostic impact of NKG2DL expression in human cancer is variable. In this review, we consider the underlying biology and regulation of the NKG2D/NKG2DL system and its expression and role in a range of cancer types. We also consider the opportunities for pharmacological modulation of NKG2DL expression while cautioning that such interventions need to be carefully calibrated according to the biology of the specific cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tan
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | | | - John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Guy’s Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne BN21 2UD, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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2
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Portale F, Di Mitri D. NK Cells in Cancer: Mechanisms of Dysfunction and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119521. [PMID: 37298470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) are innate lymphocytes endowed with the ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. Consequently, adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic NK cells represents a novel opportunity in cancer treatment that is currently under clinical investigation. However, cancer renders NK cells dysfunctional, thus restraining the efficacy of cell therapies. Importantly, extensive effort has been employed to investigate the mechanisms that restrain NK cell anti-tumor function, and the results have offered forthcoming solutions to improve the efficiency of NK cell-based therapies. The present review will introduce the origin and features of NK cells, summarize the mechanisms of action and causes of dysfunction of NK cells in cancer, and frame NK cells in the tumoral microenvironment and in the context of immunotherapies. Finally, we will discuss therapeutic potential and current limitations of NK cell adoptive transfer in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Portale
- Tumor Microenviroment Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Diletta Di Mitri
- Tumor Microenviroment Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Milan, Italy
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3
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Rallis KS, Corrigan AE, Dadah H, Stanislovas J, Zamani P, Makker S, Szabados B, Sideris M. IL-10 in cancer: an essential thermostatic regulator between homeostatic immunity and inflammation - a comprehensive review. Future Oncol 2022; 18:3349-3365. [PMID: 36172856 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate intercellular signaling regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Cytokine modulation represents a promising cancer immunotherapy approach for immune-mediated tumor regression. However, redundancy in cytokine signaling and cytokines' pleiotropy, narrow therapeutic window, systemic toxicity, short half-life and limited efficacy represent outstanding challenges for cytokine-based cancer immunotherapies. Recently, there has been interest in the paradoxical role of IL-10 in cancer, its controversial prognostic utility and novel strategies to enhance its therapeutic profile. Here, the authors review the literature surrounding the role of IL-10 within the tumor microenvironment, its prognostic correlates to cancer patient outcomes and its pro- and antitumor effects, and they assess the legitimacy of potential therapeutic strategies harnessing IL-10 by outlining the notable preclinical and clinical evidence to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine S Rallis
- Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK.,Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 5PZ, UK
| | - Amber E Corrigan
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Hashim Dadah
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Justas Stanislovas
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 5PZ, UK
| | - Parisa Zamani
- GKT School of Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shania Makker
- Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - Bernadett Szabados
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 5PZ, UK
| | - Michail Sideris
- Women's Health Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK
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4
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Kosta A, Mekhloufi A, Lucantonio L, Zingoni A, Soriani A, Cippitelli M, Gismondi A, Fazio F, Petrucci MT, Santoni A, Stabile H, Fionda C. GAS6/TAM signaling pathway controls MICA expression in multiple myeloma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942640. [PMID: 35967396 PMCID: PMC9368199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NKG2D ligands play a relevant role in Natural Killer (NK) cell -mediated immune surveillance of multiple myeloma (MM). Different levels of regulation control the expression of these molecules at cell surface. A number of oncogenic proteins and miRNAs act as negative regulators of NKG2D ligand transcription and translation, but the molecular mechanisms sustaining their basal expression in MM cells remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the role of the growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6)/TAM signaling pathway in the regulation of NKG2D ligand expression and MM recognition by NK cells. Our data showed that GAS6 as well as MERTK and AXL depletion in MM cells results in MICA downregulation and inhibition of NKG2D-mediated NK cell degranulation. Noteworthy, GAS6 derived from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) also increases MICA expression at both protein and mRNA level in human MM cell lines and in primary malignant plasma cells. NF-kB activation is required for these regulatory mechanisms since deletion of a site responsive for this transcription factor compromises the induction of mica promoter by BMSCs. Accordingly, knockdown of GAS6 reduces the capability of BMSCs to activate NF-kB pathway as well as to enhance MICA expression in MM cells. Taken together, these results shed light on molecular mechanism underlying NKG2D ligand regulation and identify GAS6 protein as a novel autocrine and paracrine regulator of basal expression of MICA in human MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kosta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdelilah Mekhloufi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lorenzo Lucantonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Gismondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fazio
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine and Precision, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Division of Hematology, Department of Translational Medicine and Precision, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Helena Stabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cinzia Fionda, ; Helena Stabile,
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cinzia Fionda, ; Helena Stabile,
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5
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Hernández C, Toledo-Stuardo K, García-González P, Garrido-Tapia M, Kramm K, Rodríguez-Siza JA, Hermoso M, Ribeiro CH, Molina MC. Heat-killed Helicobacter pylori upregulates NKG2D ligands expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells via Toll-like receptor 4. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12812. [PMID: 33928707 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are paramount for immunity against infectious agents and tumors. Their cytokine and cytolytic responses can be mediated by natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), an activating receptor whose ligands (NKG2DL) expression is induced in conditions of cell stress and malignant transformation. Since sustained expression of NKG2DL MICA is related to lower survival rates in gastric adenocarcinoma patients, and Helicobacter pylori infection contributes to tumorigenesis; we asked whether H. pylori stimulus could promote NKG2DL expression on human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS Heat-killed H. pylori (HKHP) was used to stimulate MKN45 cells before analysis of NKG2DL and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein levels by flow cytometry and transcripts by real-time PCR. LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and inhibitory peptide Pepinh MYD were used to inhibit TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway to assess its participation on NKG2DL expression. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and CD107a mobilization assays. RESULTS Stimulation of MKN45 cells with HKHP increased MICA, ULBP4 (another NKG2DL), and TLR4 at the protein and transcriptional levels. MICA, but not ULBP4 expression, was upregulated in a TLR4/MyD88-dependent manner. Furthermore, the presence of NKG2DL on the surface of HKHP-stimulated MKN45 cells enabled NK cell cytotoxic activation. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that induction of NKG2DL expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells by H. pylori promotes an immune response that may ultimately contribute to either gastric tissue damage, as a consequence of persistent activation of immunity, or tumor immune evasion due to chronic NKG2DL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hernández
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Karen Toledo-Stuardo
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Macarena Garrido-Tapia
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Karina Kramm
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - José Alejandro Rodríguez-Siza
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Marcela Hermoso
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - María Carmen Molina
- Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Centro de InmunoBiotecnología, Immunology Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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6
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Sievers NM, Dörrie J, Schaft N. CARs: Beyond T Cells and T Cell-Derived Signaling Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3525. [PMID: 32429316 PMCID: PMC7279007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When optimizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in terms of efficacy, safety, and broadening its application to new malignancies, there are two main clusters of topics to be addressed: the CAR design and the choice of transfected cells. The former focuses on the CAR construct itself. The utilized transmembrane and intracellular domains determine the signaling pathways induced by antigen binding and thereby the cell-specific effector functions triggered. The main part of this review summarizes our understanding of common signaling domains employed in CARs, their interactions among another, and their effects on different cell types. It will, moreover, highlight several less common extracellular and intracellular domains that might permit unique new opportunities. Different antibody-based extracellular antigen-binding domains have been pursued and optimized to strike a balance between specificity, affinity, and toxicity, but these have been reviewed elsewhere. The second cluster of topics is about the cellular vessels expressing the CAR. It is essential to understand the specific attributes of each cell type influencing anti-tumor efficacy, persistence, and safety, and how CAR cells crosstalk with each other and bystander cells. The first part of this review focuses on the progress achieved in adopting different leukocytes for CAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico M. Sievers
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (N.M.S.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (N.M.S.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universtitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstraße 14, 91052 Erlangen, Germany; (N.M.S.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Östliche Stadtmauerstraße 30, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Godbersen-Palmer C, Coupet TA, Grada Z, Zhang SC, Sentman CL. Toxicity Induced by a Bispecific T Cell-Redirecting Protein Is Mediated by Both T Cells and Myeloid Cells in Immunocompetent Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2973-2983. [PMID: 32295875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engagers have demonstrated clinical efficacy; however, their use can be accompanied by severe toxicity. Mechanistic understanding of these toxicities is limited by a lack of suitable immunocompetent preclinical models. In this study, we describe an immunocompetent mouse tumor model that exhibits bispecific T cell engager-induced toxicity and recapitulates key features similar to those in human cytokine release syndrome. In this study, toxicity occurred between the second and fourth injections of an NK Group 2D bispecific T cell engager protein. Symptoms were transient, peaking 3-4 h after treatment and resolving by 8 h. Mice developed weight loss, elevated plasma cytokines, a significant reduction in spleen white pulp, and lymphocyte infiltration in the liver. Systemic cellular immune changes also occurred; notably, an increase in CD8+ T cell activation, an increase in myeloid cells in the blood, and a population of Ly-6Cint monocytes (CD11b+Ly-6G-F4/80-) emerged in the liver and spleens of bispecific protein-treated mice. IFN-γ was primarily produced by CD8+ T cells in the spleen and was required for the observed changes in both T cell and myeloid populations. Rag deficiency, IFN-γ deficiency, or depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells prevented toxicity, whereas perforin deficiency, GM-CSF deficiency, or modulation of the myeloid population through clodronate-mediated depletion showed a partial abrogation of toxicity. Together, these findings reveal that T cell activation by a bispecific T cell engager leads to changes in the host myeloid cell population, both of which contribute to treatment induced toxicity in immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Godbersen-Palmer
- Center for Synthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Tiffany A Coupet
- Center for Synthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Zakaria Grada
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Samuel C Zhang
- Center for Synthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Center for Synthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756; and
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8
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Mizuno H, Arce L, Tomotsune K, Albarracin L, Funabashi R, Vera D, Islam MA, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Takahashi H, Sasaki Y, Kitazawa H, Villena J. Lipoteichoic Acid Is Involved in the Ability of the Immunobiotic Strain Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506 to Modulate the Intestinal Antiviral Innate Immunity Triggered by TLR3 Activation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571. [PMID: 32328062 PMCID: PMC7161159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is involved in the immunomodulatory properties of some immunobiotic lactobacilli. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether LTA contributes to the capacity of Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506 in modulating the intestinal innate antiviral immune response. A D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis protein (dltD) knockout CRL1506 strain (L. plantarumΔdltD) was obtained, and its ability to modulate Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3-mediated immune response was evaluated in vitro in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and in vivo in Balb/c mice. Wild-type (WT) CRL1506 (L. plantarum WT) was used as positive control. The challenge of PIE cells with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) significantly increased interferon (IFN)-β, interleukin (IL)-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 expressions. PIE cells pretreated with L. plantarumΔdltD or L. plantarum WT showed higher levels of IFN-β while only L. plantarum WT significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 when compared with poly(I:C)-treated control cells. The oral administration of L. plantarum WT to mice prior the intraperitoneal injection of poly(I:C) significantly increased IFN-β and IL-10 and reduced intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD3+NK1.1+CD8αα+) and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-15) in the intestinal mucosa. Similar to the WT strain, L. plantarumΔdltD-treated mice showed enhanced levels of IFN-β after poly(I:C) challenge. However, treatment of mice with L. plantarumΔdltD was not able to increase IL-10 or reduce CD3+NK1.1+CD8αα+ cells, TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-15 in the intestine. These results indicate that LTA would be a key molecule in the anti-inflammatory effect induced by the CRL1506 strain in the context of TLR3-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Mizuno
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Lorena Arce
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Kae Tomotsune
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Leonardo Albarracin
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Ryutaro Funabashi
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Daniela Vera
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Md Aminul Islam
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, Tucumán, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Or. Genética, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
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9
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Geng X, Li M, Cui B, Lu C, Liu X, Zhang P, Liu B, Ma C, Shen Y, Lu Z. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells suppress NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15722. [PMID: 31145286 PMCID: PMC6708973 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that CD4CD25Foxp3Treg cells suppress NKG2D expression on NK cells via a cell contact-dependent mechanism and increased TGF-β and IL-10 production in some cancer models. We herein aimed to explore whether CD4CD25Foxp3Tregs suppress NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood and elucidate the exact mechanism underlying this phenomenon. METHODS To explore the function of NKG2D, NK cell cultures were treated with an NKG2D-blocking antibody to block these receptors. Additionally, TGF-β- and IL-10-blocking antibodies were added to NK and CD4CD25Foxp3Treg cell cocultures to evaluate whether the latter cells suppress NKG2D expression of NK cells via increasing the production of TGF-β and IL-10. The expression of NKG2D on NK cells was detected by 3-color flow cytometry, and NK cell activity was assessed by 3 assays: a nonradioactive cytotoxicity assay, an ELISA measuring IFN-γ production and a flow cytometry assay to evaluate CD107a expression. RESULTS Blocking NKG2D decreased NK cell cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production and CD107a expression. Moreover, blocking TGF-β and IL-10 substantially increased the NKG2D expression in NK and CD4CD25Foxp3Treg cell cocultures. Similarly, blocking TGF-β and IL-10 enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity, IFN-γ production and CD107a expression; Transwell insert assays also revealed increased IFN-γ production and CD107a and NKG2D expression. CONCLUSION CD4CD25Foxp3Tregs suppress NKG2D-mediated NK cell cytotoxicity in peripheral blood via a cell contact-dependent mechanism and increased TGF-β and IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
| | - Bin Cui
- Department of Central Laboratory
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
| | | | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory
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10
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Frazao A, Rethacker L, Messaoudene M, Avril MF, Toubert A, Dulphy N, Caignard A. NKG2D/NKG2-Ligand Pathway Offers New Opportunities in Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:661. [PMID: 30984204 PMCID: PMC6449444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antitumor functions of NK cells are regulated by the integration of positive and negative signals triggered by numerous membrane receptors present on the NK cells themselves. Among the main activating receptors, NKG2D binds several stress-induced molecules on tumor targets. Engagement of NKG2D by its ligands (NKG2D-Ls) induces NK cell activation leading to production of cytokines and target cell lysis. These effects have therapeutic potential as NKG2D-Ls are widely expressed by solid tumors, whereas their expression in healthy cells is limited. Here, we describe the genetic and environmental factors regulating the NKG2D/NKG2D-L pathway in tumors. NKG2D-L expression is linked to cellular stress and cell proliferation, and has been associated with oncogenic mutations. Tumors have been found to alter their to NKG2D-L expression as they progress, which interferes with the antitumor function of the pathway. Nevertheless, this pathway could be advantageously exploited for cancer therapy. Various cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, indirectly interfere with the cellular and soluble forms of NKG2D-Ls. In addition, NKG2D introduced into chimeric antigen receptors in T- and NK cells is a promising tumor immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Frazao
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Louise Rethacker
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Messaoudene
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,U1015 INSERM-CIC, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Cochin, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dulphy
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERMU1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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11
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Garrido-Tapia M, Hernández CJ, Ascui G, Kramm K, Morales M, Ga Rate V, Zúñiga R, Bustamante M, Aguillón JC, Catala N D, Ribeiro CH, Molina MAC. STAT3 inhibition by STA21 increases cell surface expression of MICB and the release of soluble MICB by gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Immunobiology 2017; 222:1043-1051. [PMID: 28578917 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed on NK cells that binds to a variety of ligands, including MICA and MICB. These cell surface glycoproteins are overexpressed under cellular transformation, thus playing an important role in cell-mediated immune response to tumors. STAT3 is a transcription factor that is constitutively active in cancer. It negatively regulates MICA expression on target cells, while its inhibition enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against tumors. In this work, we aimed to describe the effect of STAT3 signaling inhibition by STA21 on the regulation of MICB expression in gastric adenocarcinoma cells and its effect on the cytotoxic function of NK cells. Treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma cells with STA21 induced an increase in MICB expression and soluble MICB secretion, as well as a variable pattern on effector cell degranulation. Soluble MICB secretion by gastric adenocarcinoma cells was not affected by metalloprotease inhibition. We also observed that primary gastric adenocarcinoma tissue released soluble MICB into the extracellular milieu. Recombinant MICB induced a significant decrease in the levels of NKG2D receptor on effector NK and CD8+ T cells, which correlated with an impaired cytotoxic function. Altogether, our data provide evidence that STAT3 signaling pathway regulates MICB expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells and that recombinant soluble MICB compromises the cytolytic activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Garrido-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Carolina J Hernández
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- Laboratorio de Inmunoedición del Cáncer, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Karina Kramm
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Marcela Morales
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Valentina Ga Rate
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Roberto Zúñiga
- Centro de Inmunobiotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Química, Universidad de la República Oriental de Uruguay, Uruguay.
| | - Marco Bustamante
- Departamento de Cirugía Digestiva, Hospital del Salvador, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Autoinmunes e Inflamatorias, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Diego Catala N
- Laboratorio de Inmunoregulación, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Laboratorio de Inmunoedición del Cáncer, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Mari A Carmen Molina
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Centro de Inmunobiotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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12
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Villena J, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Kitazawa H. Intestinal Innate Antiviral Immunity and Immunobiotics: Beneficial Effects against Rotavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:563. [PMID: 27994593 PMCID: PMC5136547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract are the main portal entry of pathogens such as rotavirus (RV), which is a leading cause of death due to diarrhea among young children across the globe and a major cause of severe acute intestinal infection in livestock animals. The interactions between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells with RVs have been studied for several years, and now, it is known that the innate immune responses triggered by this virus can have both beneficial and detrimental effects for the host. It was demonstrated that natural RV infection in infants and experimental challenges in mice result in the intestinal activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and striking secretion of proinflammatory mediators that can lead to increased local tissue damage and immunopathology. Therefore, modulating desregulated intestinal immune responses triggered by PRRs activation are a significant promise for reducing the burden of RV diseases. The ability of immunoregulatory probiotic microorganisms (immunobiotics) to protect against intestinal infections, such as those caused by RVs, is among the oldest effects studied for these important group of beneficial microbes. In this review, we provide an update of the current status on the modulation of intestinal antiviral innate immunity by immunobiotics and their beneficial impact on RV infection. In addition, we describe the research of our group that demonstrated the capacity of immunobiotic strains to beneficially modulated TLR3-triggered immune response in IECs, reduce the disruption of intestinal homeostasis caused by intraepithelial lymphocytes, and improve the resistance to RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, INSIBIO (UNT-CONICET), National University of Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Immunobiotic Lactobacillus strains reduce small intestinal injury induced by intraepithelial lymphocytes after Toll-like receptor 3 activation. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:771-83. [PMID: 27279272 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) play critical roles in disrupting epithelial homeostasis after Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 activation with genomic rotavirus dsRNA or the synthetic dsRNA analog poly(I:C). The capacity of immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr1505) or Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506 (Lp1506) to beneficially modulate IELs response after TLR3 activation was investigated in vivo using a mice model. RESULTS Intraperitoneal administration of poly(I:C) induced inflammatory-mediated intestinal tissue damage through the increase of inflammatory cells (CD3(+)NK1.1(+), CD3(+)CD8αα(+), CD8αα(+)NKG2D(+)) and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-15, RAE1, IL-8). Increased expression of intestinal TLR3, MDA5, and RIG-I was also observed after poly(I:C) challenge. Treatment with Lr1505 or Lp1506 prior to TLR3 activation significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-15, RAE1, and increased serum and intestinal IL-10. Moreover, CD3(+)NK1.1(+), CD3(+)CD8αα(+), and CD8αα(+)NKG2D(+) cells were lower in lactobacilli-treated mice when compared to controls. The immunomodulatory capacities of lactobacilli allowed a significant reduction of intestinal tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the reduction of TLR3-mediated intestinal tissue injury by immunobiotic lactobacilli through the modulation of intraepithelial lymphocytes response. It is a step forward in the understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in the antiviral capabilities of immunobiotic strains.
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14
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) comprise an emerging cancer therapeutic modality whose activity involves both direct tumor cell lysis and the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). Cellular proteins released from the OV-lysed tumor cells, known as damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-associated antigens, activate dendritic cells and elicit adaptive antitumor immunity. Interaction with the innate immune system and the development of long-lasting immune memory also contribute to OV-induced cell death. The degree to which the ICD component contributes to the clinical efficacy of OV therapy is still unclear. Modulation of a range of immune interactions may be beneficial or detrimental in nature and the interactions depend on the specific tumor, the site and extent of the disease, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, the OV platform, the dose, time, and delivery conditions, as well as individual patient responses. To enhance the contribution of ICD, OVs have been engineered to express immunostimulatory genes and strategies have been developed to combine OV therapy with chemo- and immune-based therapeutic regimens. However, these approaches carry the risk that they may also be tolerogenic depending on their levels and the presence of other cytokines, their direct antiviral effects, and the timing and conditions of their expression. The contribution of autophagy to adaptive immunity, the ability of the OVs to kill cancer stem cells, and the patient’s baseline immune status are additional considerations. This review focuses on the complex and as yet poorly understood balancing act that dictates the outcome of OV therapy. We summarize current understanding of the OVs’ function in eliciting antitumor immunity and its relationship to therapeutic efficacy. Also discussed are the criteria involved in restraining antiviral immune responses and minimizing pathology while promoting antitumor immunity to override immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Ayaz Ahmed KB, Mahapatra SK, Charan Raja MR, Subramaniam S, Sengan M, Rajendran N, Das SK, Haldar K, Roy S, Sivasubramanian A, Anbazhagan V. Jacalin-capped silver nanoparticles minimize the dosage use of the anticancer drug, shikonin derivatives, against human chronic myeloid leukemia. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles enhance the anticancer efficacy of shikonin derivatives.
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16
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Bollino D, Colunga A, Li B, Aurelian L. ΔPK oncolytic activity includes modulation of the tumour cell milieu. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:496-508. [PMID: 26602205 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a unique cancer therapeutic that encompasses tumour cell lysis through both virus replication and programmed cell death (PCD) pathways. Nonetheless, clinical efficacy is relatively modest, likely related to the immunosuppressive tumour milieu. Our studies use the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-based oncolytic virus ΔPK that has documented anti-tumour activity associated with virus replication, PCD and cancer stem cell lysis. They are designed to examine whether ΔPK-mediated oncolysis includes the ability to reverse the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment by altering the balance of cytokines directly secreted by the melanoma cells and to define its mechanism. Here, we show that melanoma cells secreted the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, and that secretion was inhibited by ΔPK through virus replication and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun activation. ΔPK-induced IL-10 inhibition upregulated surface expression of MHC class I chain-related protein A, the ligand for the activating NKG2D receptor expressed on NK- and cytotoxic T-cells. Concomitantly, ΔPK also upregulated the secretion of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-1β through autophagy-mediated activation of Toll-like receptor 2 pathways and pyroptosis, and it inhibited the expression of the negative immune checkpoint regulator cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4. Pharmacologic inhibition of these processes significantly reduces the oncolytic activity of ΔPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bollino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aric Colunga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Baiquan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laure Aurelian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Rossowska J, Anger N, Kicielińska J, Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Bielawska-Pohl A, Wojas-Turek J, Duś D. Temporary elimination of IL-10 enhanced the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide and BMDC-based therapy by decrease of the suppressor activity of MDSCs and activation of antitumour immune response. Immunobiology 2014; 220:389-98. [PMID: 25454807 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The antitumour activity of the dendritic cell (DC)-based cellular vaccines is greatly reduced in hostile tumour microenvironment. Therefore, there are many attempts to eliminate or neutralize both suppressor cells and cytokines. The aim of the investigation was to verify if temporary elimination of IL-10 just before injection of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) enhance the antitumour activity of applied vaccines and help to overcome the immunosuppressive tumour barrier. Mice bearing colon carcinoma MC38 were given single dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) followed by alternate injections of anti-IL-10 antibodies and BMDC-based vaccines consisted of BMDCs stimulated with MC38 tumour antigen (BMDC/TAg) or the combination of BMDC/TAg with BMDCs transduced with IL-12 genes (BMDC/IL-12). The high tumour growth inhibition was observed in mice treated with CY+anti-IL-10+BMDC/TAg as well as CY±anti-IL-10+BMDC/TAg+BMDC/IL-12. However, the mechanisms of action of particular treatment schemes were diversified. Generally, it was observed that application of anti-IL-10 Abs reduced suppressor activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). However, anti-IL-10 Abs in combination with diversely composed BMDC-based vaccines induced different components of an antitumour response. The high cytotoxic activity of spleen-derived NK cells and increased influx of these cells into tumours of mice treated with CY+anti-IL-10+BMDC/TAg indicate that mice from the group developed strong NK-dependent response. Whereas, application of anti-IL-10 Abs just before injection of BMDC/TAg+BMDC/IL-12 did not enhanced NK cell activity. Furthermore, it significantly impaired effectiveness of therapy composed of CY+BMDC/TAg+BMDC/IL-12 vaccine in induction of Th1 type immune response. Taken together, our results indicate that temporary elimination of IL-10 is an important and effective way to decrease the immune suppression associated with MDSCs activity and represents a useful strategy for successful enhancement of the antitumour activity of BMDC/TAg-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rossowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Natalia Anger
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jagoda Kicielińska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bielawska-Pohl
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Wojas-Turek
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Duś
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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18
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Hansen CHF, Holm TL, Krych Ł, Andresen L, Nielsen DS, Rune I, Hansen AK, Skov S. Gut microbiota regulates NKG2D ligand expression on intestinal epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:447-57. [PMID: 23136011 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are one of a few cell types in the body with constitutive surface expression of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands, although the magnitude of ligand expression by IECs varies. Here, we investigated whether the gut microbiota regulates the NKG2D ligand expression on small IECs. Germ-free and ampicillin-treated mice were shown to have a significant increase in NKG2D ligand expression. Interestingly, vancomycin treatment, which propagated the bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and reduced the level of IFN-γ and IL-15 in the intestine, decreased the NKG2D ligand expression on IECs. In addition, a similar increase in A. muciniphila and a decreased NKG2D ligand expression was seen after feeding with dietary xylooligosaccharides. A pronounced increase in NKG2D ligand expression was furthermore observed in IL-10-deficient mice. In summary, our results suggest that the constitutive levels of NKG2D ligand expression on IECs are regulated by microbial signaling in the gut and further disfavor the intuitive notion that IEC NKG2D ligand expression is caused by low-grade immune reaction against commensal bacteria. It is more likely that constitutively high IEC NKG2D ligand expression is kept in check by an intestinal regulatory immune milieu induced by members of the gut microbiota, for example A. muciniphila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla H F Hansen
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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19
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Jochum S, Moosmann A, Lang S, Hammerschmidt W, Zeidler R. The EBV immunoevasins vIL-10 and BNLF2a protect newly infected B cells from immune recognition and elimination. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002704. [PMID: 22615564 PMCID: PMC3355093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifelong persistence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in infected hosts is mainly owed to the virus' pronounced abilities to evade immune responses of its human host. Active immune evasion mechanisms reduce the immunogenicity of infected cells and are known to be of major importance during lytic infection. The EBV genes BCRF1 and BNLF2a encode the viral homologue of IL-10 (vIL-10) and an inhibitor of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), respectively. Both are known immunoevasins in EBV's lytic phase. Here we describe that BCRF1 and BNLF2a are functionally expressed instantly upon infection of primary B cells. Using EBV mutants deficient in BCRF1 and BNLF2a, we show that both factors contribute to evading EBV-specific immune responses during the earliest phase of infection. vIL-10 impairs NK cell mediated killing of infected B cells, interferes with CD4+ T-cell activity, and modulates cytokine responses, while BNLF2a reduces antigen presentation and recognition of newly infected cells by EBV-specific CD8+ T cells. Together, both factors significantly diminish the immunogenicity of EBV-infected cells during the initial, pre-latent phase of infection and may improve the establishment of a latent EBV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jochum
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- Clinical Cooperation Group Immunooncology, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) is expressed on the surface of all mouse and human NK cells, and subpopulation of T cells. Stimulation of NK cells through NKG2D triggers cell-mediated cytotoxicity and induces the production of cytokines. NKG2D binds to family of unique ligands with structurally similar to MHC class I, however, NKG2D ligands can be up-regulated in their expression on stressed cells including tumor cells unlike conventional MHC class I molecules. Mounting evidences clearly implicate that NKG2D recognition plays an important role in tumor immune surveillance. AREAS COVERED While NKG2D detect for potentially dangerous cells, various inhibitory and/or escape mechanisms counteract immune surveillance system and thereby limit effective elimination of transformed tumor cells. In addition, tumors often generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment where inhibitory molecules or cytokines negatively effect the function of anti-tumor immune responses. NKG2D ligand expression can be up-regulated by transcriptional or posttranscriptional mechanisms, therefore, certain therapy targeting those regulatory mechanisms could regain the expression of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells to be detected by the host immune responses. EXPERT OPINION Our knowledge in the precise mechanism of anti-tumor immunity is rapidly increasing. While NKG2D is known as primary cytotoxicity receptor in NK cell activation by recognizing 'induced-self' ligands on stressed cells including tumor cells, there are increasing evidences that NKG2D recognition can result in both immune activation and immune silencing. Future combined application of conventional cancer therapy and new therapy utilizing such stress-induced recognition systems will provide a novel opportunity to control malignant tumor progression of cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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21
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Sato T, Terai M, Tamura Y, Alexeev V, Mastrangelo MJ, Selvan SR. Interleukin 10 in the tumor microenvironment: a target for anticancer immunotherapy. Immunol Res 2012; 51:170-82. [PMID: 22139852 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is frequently upregulated in various types of cancer. The biological role of IL-10 in cancer is quite complex; however, the presence of IL-10 in advanced metastases and the positive correlation between serum IL-10 levels and progression of disease indicates a critical role of IL-10 in the tumor microenvironment. IL-10 has been shown to directly affect the function of antigen-presenting cells by inhibiting the expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules, which in turn induces immune suppression or tolerance. Additionally, IL-10 downregulates the expression of Th1 cytokines and induces T-regulatory responses. Taken together, a combination of IL-10 antagonism and immunostimulatory treatments such as cancer vaccines, Toll-like receptor agonists, Th1 cytokines, and chemokines would be a logical approach to enhance an antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024 Curtis Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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22
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Shen Y, Lu C, Tian W, Wang L, Cui B, Jiao Y, Ma C, Ju Y, Zhu L, Shao C, Liu X, Wang J, Zhang B, Lu Z. Possible association of decreased NKG2D expression levels and suppression of the activity of natural killer cells in patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1285-90. [PMID: 22200673 PMCID: PMC3584522 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural-killer group 2 (NKG2), a natural killer (NK) cell receptor, plays a critical role in regulating NK cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the expression levels of natural killer group 2 member A (NKG2A) and natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) in NK cells as well as the regulatory function of NKG2D in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Sixty-two CRC patients and 32 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The expression levels of NKG2A and NKG2D mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were investigated using real-time PCR. Flow cytometry was performed to assay the levels of NKG2A and NKG2D proteins in NK cells. The levels of NKG2D mRNA in PBMCs in the patients were significantly lower than those in the controls [mean ± SD, 1.11±0.60 (CRC patients) vs. 1.65±0.71 (healthy controls); p<0.01], whereas the 2 groups showed no apparent difference in the levels of NKG2A mRNA (p>0.05). In addition, the patients showed significantly lower NKG2D levels in NK cells than the controls did (71.23%±8.31% [CRC patients] vs. 79.39%±5.58% [healthy controls]; p<0.01). However, we observed no distinct difference in the NKG2A expression levels in NK cells between the 2 groups (p>0.05). Notably, blockage of NKG2D signaling with anti-NKG2D antibodies ex vivo resulted in decreased cytotoxicity and CD107a degranulation. Our data revealed that the decrease in NKG2D expression levels may have been associated with suppression of NK cell activity in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
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23
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PI3K functions in cancer progression, anticancer immunity and immune evasion by tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:947858. [PMID: 22046194 PMCID: PMC3199188 DOI: 10.1155/2011/947858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunological surveillance of tumors relies on a specific recognition of cancer cells and their associate antigens by leucocytes of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, a dysregulated cytokine release can lead to, or be associated with, a failure in cell-cell recognition, thus, allowing cancer cells to evade the killing system. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates multiple cellular processes which underlie immune responses against pathogens or malignant cells. Conversely, there is accumulating evidence that the PI3K pathway is involved in the development of several malignant traits of cancer cells as well as their escape from immunity. Herein, we review the counteracting roles of PI3K not only in antitumor immune response but also in the mechanisms that cancer cells use to avoid leukocyte attack. In addition, we discuss, from antitumor immunological point of view, the potential benefits and disadvantages arising from use of anticancer pharmacological agents targeting the PI3K pathway.
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Soleymaninejadian E, Pramanik K, Samadian E. Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cytokines and Factors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 67:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Serrano A, Castro-Vega I, Redondo M. Role of gene methylation in antitumor immune response: implication for tumor progression. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1672-90. [PMID: 24212778 PMCID: PMC3757384 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3021672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunosurveillance theory has emphasized the role of escape mechanisms in tumor growth. In this respect, a very important factor is the molecular characterization of the mechanisms by which tumor cells evade immune recognition and destruction. Among the many escape mechanisms identified, alterations in classical and non-classical HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigens) class I and class II expression by tumor cells are of particular interest. In addition to the importance of HLA molecules, tumor-associated antigens and accessory/co-stimulatory molecules are also involved in immune recognition. The loss of HLA class I antigen expression and of co-stimulatory molecules can occur at genetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Epigenetic defects are involved in at least some mechanisms that preclude mounting a successful host-antitumor response involving the HLA system, tumor-associated antigens, and accessory/co-stimulatory molecules. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of methylation in the regulation of molecules involved in the tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Serrano
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Campus Universitario Teatinos S/N, 29010 Malaga, Spain.
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Morgado S, Sanchez-Correa B, Casado JG, Duran E, Gayoso I, Labella F, Solana R, Tarazona R. NK Cell Recognition and Killing of Melanoma Cells Is Controlled by Multiple Activating Receptor-Ligand Interactions. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:365-73. [DOI: 10.1159/000328505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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