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Tamburini B, La Manna MP, La Barbera L, Mohammadnezhad L, Badami GD, Shekarkar Azgomi M, Dieli F, Caccamo N. Immunity and Nutrition: The Right Balance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030455. [PMID: 35159265 PMCID: PMC8834599 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly urgent medical problem that strongly impairs quality of life for patients. A global rise in incidence has been observed over the last few decades, with the highest incidence rates recorded in North America and Europe. Still, an increased incidence has been reported in the last ten years in newly industrialized countries in Asia, including China and India, both with more than one billion inhabitants. These data underline that IBD is an urgent global health problem. In addition, it is estimated that between 20% and 30% of IBD patients will develop colorectal cancer (CRC) within their lifetime and CRC mortality is approximately 50% amongst IBD patients. Although the exact etiology of IBD is still being defined, it is thought to be due to a complex interaction between many factors, including defects in the innate and adaptive immune system; microbial dysbiosis, i.e., abnormal levels of, or abnormal response to, the gastrointestinal microbiome; a genetic predisposition; and several environmental factors. At present, however, it is not fully understood which of these factors are the initiators of inflammation and which are compounders. The purpose of this review is to analyze the complex balance that exists between these elements to maintain intestinal homeostasis and prevent IBD or limit adverse effects on people’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Tamburini
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Lidia La Barbera
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche, 2, 90110 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Leila Mohammadnezhad
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusto Davide Badami
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mojtaba Shekarkar Azgomi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (B.T.); (L.M.); (G.D.B.); (M.S.A.); (F.D.); (N.C.)
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Poniewierska-Baran A, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. The role of innate lymphoid cells in selected disease states - cancer formation, metabolic disorder and inflammation. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:196-206. [PMID: 33488872 PMCID: PMC7811321 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently described group of immune cells that can regulate homeostasis and protect mammalian organisms, including humans, from infections and diseases. Considering this, ILC research is still ongoing to better understand the biology of these cells and their roles in the human body. ILCs are a multifunctional group of immune cells, making it important for the medical community to be familiar with the latest research about the ILC families and their functions in selected disease states, such as cancer formation, metabolic disorders and inflammation. By discovering the roles of ILC populations and their participation in many disorders, we can improve disease diagnostics and patient healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Tokarz-Deptuła
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Veterinary Center of the Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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3
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Segal AW. The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12983. [PMID: 29931668 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is caused by a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms that allows faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. In CD the failure of acute inflammation results in the failure to recruit neutrophils to the inflammatory site, as a consequence of which the clearance of bacteria from the tissues is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. Impaired of digestion of bacteria and fungi by CGD neutrophils can result in a similar pathological and clinical picture. The neutrophils in CD are normal and their inadequate accumulation at sites of inflammation generally results from diminished secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages consequent upon disordered vesicle trafficking.
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4
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Yin S, Yu J, Hu B, Lu C, Liu X, Gao X, Li W, Zhou L, Wang J, Wang D, Lu L, Wang L. Runx3 Mediates Resistance to Intracellular Bacterial Infection by Promoting IL12 Signaling in Group 1 ILC and NCR+ILC3. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2101. [PMID: 30258450 PMCID: PMC6144956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently identified family of the innate immune system and are hypothesized to modulate immune functions prior to the generation of adaptive immune responses. Subsets of ILCs reside in the mucosa and regulate immune responses to external pathogens; however, their role and the mechanism by which they protect against intracellular bacterial infection is not completely understood. In this report, using S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, we found that the levels of group 1 ILCs and NCR+ ILC3s were increased upon infection and that these increases were associated with Runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) expression. Runx3 fl/fl PLZF-cre mice were much more sensitive to infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogens S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes partially due to abnormal Group 1 ILC and NCR+ILC3 function. We also found that Runx3 directly binds to the Il12Rβ2 promoter and intron 8 to accelerate the expression of Il12Rβ2 and modulates IFNγ secretion triggered by the IL12/ STAT4 axis. Therefore, we demonstrate that Runx3 influences group 1 ILC- and NCR+ILC3-mediated immune protection against intracellular bacterial infections of both the gut and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxia Yin
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bian Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Lu
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Gao
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboraty Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Institute of Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China.,Laboraty Animal Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Victor AR, Nalin AP, Dong W, McClory S, Wei M, Mao C, Kladney RD, Youssef Y, Chan WK, Briercheck EL, Hughes T, Scoville SD, Pitarresi JR, Chen C, Manz S, Wu LC, Zhang J, Ostrowski MC, Freud AG, Leone GW, Caligiuri MA, Yu J. IL-18 Drives ILC3 Proliferation and Promotes IL-22 Production via NF-κB. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2333-2342. [PMID: 28842466 PMCID: PMC5624342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are important regulators of the immune system, maintaining homeostasis in the presence of commensal bacteria, but activating immune defenses in response to microbial pathogens. ILC3s are a robust source of IL-22, a cytokine critical for stimulating the antimicrobial response. We sought to identify cytokines that can promote proliferation and induce or maintain IL-22 production by ILC3s and determine a molecular mechanism for this process. We identified IL-18 as a cytokine that cooperates with an ILC3 survival factor, IL-15, to induce proliferation of human ILC3s, as well as induce and maintain IL-22 production. To determine a mechanism of action, we examined the NF-κB pathway, which is activated by IL-18 signaling. We found that the NF-κB complex signaling component, p65, binds to the proximal region of the IL22 promoter and promotes transcriptional activity. Finally, we observed that CD11c+ dendritic cells expressing IL-18 are found in close proximity to ILC3s in human tonsils in situ. Therefore, we identify a new mechanism by which human ILC3s proliferate and produce IL-22, and identify NF-κB as a potential therapeutic target to be considered in pathologic states characterized by overproduction of IL-18 and/or IL-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Victor
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ansel P Nalin
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Susan McClory
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Min Wei
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Charlene Mao
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Raleigh D Kladney
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Youssef Youssef
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Wing Keung Chan
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Edward L Briercheck
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Steven D Scoville
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Charlie Chen
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sarah Manz
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Aharon G Freud
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Gustavo W Leone
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210;
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jianhua Yu
- The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210;
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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6
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Suzuki M, Sze MA, Campbell JD, Brothers JF, Lenburg ME, McDonough JE, Elliott WM, Cooper JD, Spira A, Hogg JC. The cellular and molecular determinants of emphysematous destruction in COPD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9562. [PMID: 28842670 PMCID: PMC5573394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of microCT has made it possible to show that the terminal bronchioles are narrowed and destroyed before the onset of emphysematous destruction in COPD. This report extends those observations to the cellular and molecular level in the centrilobular phenotype of emphysematous destruction in lungs donated by persons with very severe COPD (n = 4) treated by lung transplantation with unused donor lungs (n = 4) serving as controls. These lung specimens provided companion samples to those previously examined by microCT (n = 61) that we examined using quantitative histology (n = 61) and gene expression profiling (n = 48). The histological analysis showed that remodeling and destruction of the bronchiolar and alveolar tissue is associated with macrophage, CD4, CD8, and B cell infiltration with increased formation of tertiary lymphoid organs. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis showed that genes known to be expressed by natural killer (NK), lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi), and innate lymphoid cell 1 (ILC1) cells, but not ILC2 or ILC3 cells, were enriched in the expression profiles associated with CD4, CD8, and B cell infiltration. Based on these findings, we postulate that the centrilobular phenotype of emphysematous destruction COPD is driven by a Th1 response activated by infiltrating ILC1, NK, and LTi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Suzuki
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marc A Sze
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joshua D Campbell
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John F Brothers
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E McDonough
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W Mark Elliott
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joel D Cooper
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C Hogg
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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7
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Cheng H, Jin C, Wu J, Zhu S, Liu YJ, Chen J. Guards at the gate: physiological and pathological roles of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cells in the lung. Protein Cell 2017; 8:878-895. [PMID: 28271447 PMCID: PMC5712288 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is an important open organ and the primary site of respiration. Many life-threatening diseases develop in the lung, e.g., pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. In the lung, innate immunity serves as the frontline in both anti-irritant response and anti-tumor defense and is also critical for mucosal homeostasis; thus, it plays an important role in containing these pulmonary diseases. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), characterized by their strict tissue residence and distinct function in the mucosa, are attracting increased attention in innate immunity. Upon sensing the danger signals from damaged epithelium, ILCs activate, proliferate, and release numerous cytokines with specific local functions; they also participate in mucosal immune-surveillance, immune-regulation, and homeostasis. However, when their functions become uncontrolled, ILCs can enhance pathological states and induce diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathological functions of ILC subsets 1 to 3 in the lung, and how the pathogenic environment affects the function and plasticity of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chengyan Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China. .,Sanofi Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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8
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Kmieć Z, Cyman M, Ślebioda TJ. Cells of the innate and adaptive immunity and their interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:1-16. [PMID: 28126697 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract that includes two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that are characterized by different clinical features and different course of the immune response. The exact aetiology of IBD still remains unknown, although it is thought that the diseases result from an excessive immune response directed against microbial or environmentally derived antigens which can be triggered by the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. In this review we present immune mechanisms and interactions between cells of the immune system and tissue environment that contribute to the development and progression of IBD in humans. Since dysregulation of the intestinal immune response is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory conditions, we characterize cells of the innate and adaptive immunity involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and their cross-talks. We describe various subclasses of recently discovered innate lymphoid cells, as well as dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells, including Th17, Th22 and T regulatory cells, present in the intestinal lamina propria and cytokine-mediated regulation of the immune response in IBD, highlighting the role of IL-22 and IL-17A/IL-23 axis. Insights into novel therapeutic modalities targeting certain elements of the immune pathways important for the pathogenesis of IBD have been also shortly presented.
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9
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Kim BG, Lee PH, Lee SH, Park MK, Jang AS. Effect of TiO₂ Nanoparticles on Inflammasome-Mediated Airway Inflammation and Responsiveness. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:257-264. [PMID: 28293932 PMCID: PMC5352577 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Nanoparticles (NPs) may cause cell and tissue damage, leading to local and systemic inflammatory responses and adverse effects on health due to the inhalation of particulate matter. The inflammasome is a major regulator of inflammation through its activation of pro-caspase-1, which cleaves pro-interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) into its mature form and may induce acute and chronic immune responses to NPs. However, little is known about the response of the inflammasome to NP exposure via the airways in asthma. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs on inflammasome in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods Mice were treated with ovalbumin (OVA) or TiO2 NPs. IL-1β, IL-18, NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, TP-2 (NACHT), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and caspase-1 were assessed by Western blotting. Caspase-1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)—as markers of oxidative damage—and the mediators 8-isoprostane and carbonyl were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation were increased in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice, and these responses were exacerbated by exposure to TiO2 NPs. NP treatment increased IL-1β and IL-18 expression in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. NPs augmented the expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1, leading to production of active caspase-1 in the lung. Caspase-1 expression was increased and exacerbated by TiO2 NP exposure in OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. ROS levels tended to be increased in OVA-sensitized/challenged and OVA-sensitized/challenged-plus-TiO2 NP-exposed mice. Conclusions Our data demonstrated that inflammasome activation occured in asthmatic lungs following NP exposure, suggesting that targeting the inflammasome may assist in controling NP-induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Gon Kim
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Pureun Haneul Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Sun Hye Lee
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otolayngology, Seoul National Uiversity, Seoul, Korea
| | - An Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
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10
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Abstract
The cause of Crohn’s disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients’ inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
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Abstract
The cause of Crohn's disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients' inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
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12
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Vanner S, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Mawe G, Shea-Donohue T, Verdu EF, Wood J, Grundy D. Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Basic Science. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:S0016-5085(16)00184-0. [PMID: 27144618 PMCID: PMC5673591 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the fundamentals of neurogastroenterology that may underlie the pathophysiology of functional GI disorders (FGIDs). It was prepared by an invited committee of international experts and represents an abbreviated version of their consensus document that will be published in its entirety in the forthcoming book and online version entitled ROME IV. It emphasizes recent advances in our understanding of the enteric nervous system, sensory physiology underlying pain, and stress signaling pathways. There is also a focus on neuroimmmune signaling and intestinal barrier function, given the recent evidence implicating the microbiome, diet, and mucosal immune activation in FGIDs. Together, these advances provide a host of exciting new targets to identify and treat FGIDs and new areas for future research into their pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, VA Medical Center, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Gary Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Pharmacology and Medicine Division, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Health Sciences Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jackie Wood
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David Grundy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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13
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Bostick JW, Zhou L. Innate lymphoid cells in intestinal immunity and inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:237-52. [PMID: 26459449 PMCID: PMC11108440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a new and distinct family of innate immune cells that play an important role in immunity and inflammation. In this review, we focus on the role of ILCs in mucosal tissues, especially in the gut, in health and disease. ILCs support intestinal homeostasis by protecting the intestine from pathogens, contributing to the development of gut lymphoid tissue, and helping to repair injuries. By cooperating with epithelial cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells, ILCs participate in the control of pathogens and tolerance of commensal bacteria. The development and maintenance of ILCs are influenced by nutrients and metabolites sourced from diet and/or gut bacteria. ILCs have been shown to be involved in host metabolism and to participate in various diseases of the intestine including infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Thus, the elucidation of ILC biology provides an exciting potential for development of novel therapeutic means to modulate immune responses in various disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Bostick
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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14
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Haag LM, Siegmund B. Intestinal Microbiota and the Innate Immune System - A Crosstalk in Crohn's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:489. [PMID: 26441993 PMCID: PMC4585200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder that can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. The precise etiology of CD is still unclear but it is widely accepted that a complex series of interactions between susceptibility genes, the immune system and environmental factors are implicated in the onset and perpetuation of the disease. Increasing evidence from experimental and clinical studies implies the intestinal microbiota in disease pathogenesis, thereby supporting the hypothesis that chronic intestinal inflammation arises from an abnormal immune response against the microorganisms of the intestinal flora in genetically susceptible individuals. Given that CD patients display changes in their gut microbiota composition, collectively termed "dysbiosis," the question raises whether the altered microbiota composition is a cause of disease or rather a consequence of the inflammatory state of the intestinal environment. This review will focus on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the innate immune system during intestinal inflammation, thereby unraveling the role of the microbiota in CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Maxie Haag
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Medical Department 1, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Medical Department 1, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to summarize recent studies of the lower respiratory microbiome in asthma, the role of innate immunity in asthma and strategies to understand complex microbiome-immune interactions in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence indicates that the composition of lower respiratory microbiota in asthmatic individuals, across a spectrum of disease severity, is altered compared with healthy individuals. Attributes of this altered airway microbiome have been linked to clinical and inflammatory features of asthma. The importance of innate immune cells and mucosal defense systems in asthma is increasingly appreciated and may be dysregulated in the disease. SUMMARY Interactions between the respiratory microbiome and innate mucosal immunity in asthma are complex and a challenge to dissect. Multiple avenues of investigation, leveraging a variety of methodologies, will need to be pursued to understand functional relationships to clinical and inflammatory phenotypes seen in asthma.
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16
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Earl CS, An SQ, Ryan RP. The changing face of asthma and its relation with microbes. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:408-18. [PMID: 25840766 PMCID: PMC4710578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past 50 years, the prevalence of asthma has increased and this has coincided with our changing relation with microorganisms. Asthma is a complex disease associated with local tissue inflammation of the airway that is determined by environmental, immunological, and host genetic factors. In a subgroup of sufferers, respiratory infections are associated with the development of chronic disease and more frequent inflammatory exacerbations. Recent studies suggest that these infections are polymicrobial in nature. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that the recently discovered asthma airway microbiota may play a critical role in pathophysiological processes associated with the disease. Here, we discuss the current data regarding a possible role for infection in chronic asthma with a particular focus on the role bacteria may play. We discuss recent advances that are beginning to elucidate the complex relations between the microbiota and the immune response in asthma patients. We also highlight the clinical implications of these recent findings in regards to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Earl
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Shi-qi An
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Robert P Ryan
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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17
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Chen L, He Z, Slinger E, Bongers G, Lapenda TL, Pacer ME, Jiao J, Beltrao MF, Soto AJ, Harpaz N, Gordon RE, Ochando JC, Oukka M, Iuga AC, Chensue SW, Blander JM, Furtado GC, Lira SA. IL-23 activates innate lymphoid cells to promote neonatal intestinal pathology. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:390-402. [PMID: 25160819 PMCID: PMC4326561 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) responsive group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) have been implicated in immune homeostasis and pathogenesis in the adult, but little is known about their roles in the newborn. Here we show that IL-23 promotes conversion of embryonic intestinal Lin(-)IL-23R(+)Thy1(+) cells into IL-22-producing Thy1(+)Sca-1(hi) ILC3s in vitro. Gut-specific expression of IL-23 also activated and expanded Thy1(+)Sca-1(hi) ILC3s, which produced IL-22, IL-17, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and were distinct from canonical CD4(+) lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. These ILC3s accumulated under the epithelium in intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1-positive cell aggregates together with neutrophils that disrupted the epithelium, leading to the formation of discrete intestinal erosions, bleeding, and neonatal death. Genetic and antibody depletion of ILC3s rescued the mice from neonatal death. Antibiotic treatment of pregnant mothers and offspring prolonged survival of IL-23 transgenic mice, suggesting a role for the commensal flora on ILC3-induced pathogenesis. Our results reveal a novel role for the IL-23-ILC3s axis in the pathogenesis of neonatal intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erik Slinger
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gerold Bongers
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Taciana L.S. Lapenda
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle E. Pacer
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Monique F. Beltrao
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alan J. Soto
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Noam Harpaz
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ronald E. Gordon
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jordi C. Ochando
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Alina Cornelia Iuga
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen W. Chensue
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA,Section of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | | | - Glaucia C. Furtado
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sergio A. Lira
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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18
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Zaph C, Artis D. Parasitic Infection of the Mucosal Surfaces. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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20
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Owen JL, Yang T, Mohamadzadeh M. New insights into gastrointestinal anthrax infection. Trends Mol Med 2014; 21:154-63. [PMID: 25577136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections are the primary cause of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in both developing and developed countries, and are particularly dangerous for infants and children. Bacillus anthracis is the 'archetype zoonotic' pathogen; no other infectious disease affects such a broad range of species, including humans. Importantly, there are more case reports of GI anthrax infection in children than inhalational disease. Early diagnosis is difficult and widespread systemic disease develops rapidly. This review highlights new findings concerning the roles of the gut epithelia, commensal microbiota, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in initiation of disease and systemic dissemination in animal models of GI anthrax, the understanding of which is crucial to designing alternative therapies that target the establishment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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21
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McKenzie ANJ, Spits H, Eberl G. Innate lymphoid cells in inflammation and immunity. Immunity 2014; 41:366-374. [PMID: 25238094 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) were first described as playing important roles in the development of lymphoid tissues and more recently in the initiation of inflammation at barrier surfaces in response to infection or tissue damage. It has now become apparent that ILCs play more complex roles throughout the duration of immune responses, participating in the transition from innate to adaptive immunity and contributing to chronic inflammation. The proximity of ILCs to epithelial surfaces and their constitutive strategic positioning in other tissues throughout the body ensures that, in spite of their rarity, ILCs are able to regulate immune homeostasis effectively. Dysregulation of ILC function might result in chronic pathologies such as allergies, autoimmunity, and inflammation. A new role for ILCs in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis has started to emerge, underlining their importance in fundamental physiological processes beyond infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N J McKenzie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Hergen Spits
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology & Histology, 1105BK Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Lymphoid Tissue Development Unit, Paris 75724, France
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22
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Mechanisms of innate lymphoid cell and natural killer T cell activation during mucosal inflammation. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:546596. [PMID: 24987710 PMCID: PMC4058452 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces in the airways and the gastrointestinal tract are critical for the interactions of the host with its environment. Due to their abundance at mucosal tissue sites and their powerful immunomodulatory capacities, the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and natural killer T (NKT) cells in the maintenance of mucosal tolerance has recently moved into the focus of attention. While NKT cells as well as ILCs utilize distinct transcription factors for their development and lineage diversification, both cell populations can be further divided into three polarized subpopulations reflecting the distinction into Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells in the adaptive immune system. While bystander activation through cytokines mediates the induction of ILC and NKT cell responses, NKT cells become activated also through the engagement of their canonical T cell receptors (TCRs) by (glyco)lipid antigens (cognate recognition) presented by the atypical MHC I like molecule CD1d on antigen presenting cells (APCs). As both innate lymphocyte populations influence inflammatory responses due to the explosive release of copious amounts of different cytokines, they might represent interesting targets for clinical intervention. Thus, we will provide an outlook on pathways that might be interesting to evaluate in this context.
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23
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Kumar V. Innate lymphoid cells: New paradigm in immunology of inflammation. Immunol Lett 2014; 157:23-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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The skin-resident and migratory immune system in steady state and memory: innate lymphocytes, dendritic cells and T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:978-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Intestinal innate immune cells in gut homeostasis and immunosurveillance. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:201-3. [PMID: 23478396 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Intestinal epithelial cells as mediators of the commensal-host immune crosstalk. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:204-14. [PMID: 23318659 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria regulate the homeostasis of host effector immune cell subsets. The mechanisms involved in this commensal-host crosstalk are not well understood. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) not only create a physical barrier between the commensals and immune cells in host tissues, but also facilitate interactions between them. Perturbations of epithelial homeostasis or function lead to the development of intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and intestinal cancer. IECs receive signals from commensals and produce effector immune molecules. IECs also affect the function of immune cells in the lamina propria. Here we discuss some of these properties of IECs that define them as innate immune cells. We focus on how IECs may integrate and transmit signals from individual commensal bacteria to mucosal innate and adaptive immune cells for the establishment of the unique mucosal immunological equilibrium.
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