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Nisar H, Saleem O, Sapna F, Sham S, Perkash RS, Kiran N, Anjali F, Mehreen A, Ram B. A Narrative Review on the Monkeypox Virus: An Ongoing Global Outbreak Hitting the Non-Endemic Countries. Cureus 2023; 15:e43322. [PMID: 37700987 PMCID: PMC10493466 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic DNA with lineage from the Poxviridae family, Chordopoxvirinae subfamily, and Orthopoxvirus genus. With a previous history of controlled and contained occasional outbreaks of the virus, currently, a widely erupted outbreak of monkeypox with progressively rising numbers has been reported since May 2022 in multiple countries of the western hemisphere that are not historically endemic for this infection, particularly the United Kingdom and European Union countries. We have written a comprehensive review article to help clinicians better understand the disease. The global cessation of smallpox vaccination has been hypothesized to cause the rise in monkeypox infections in recent years. Monkeypox, like any other viral infection, commences with prodromal symptoms; a maculopapular rash with centrifugal distribution usually follows. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirms the diagnosis. Transmission in humans is possible through infected animals or humans. In the ongoing 2022 outbreak, the monkeypox virus has been undergoing novel mutations at an alarming rate. Treatment options for monkeypox are an area that still requires extensive research, and the utility of certain antiviral medications in treating monkeypox infection is currently being explored but is still controversial and debatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Nisar
- Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, PAK
- Medicine, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, PAK
| | - Omer Saleem
- Otolaryngology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, PAK
| | - Fnu Sapna
- Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Wakefield Campus, New York, USA
| | - Sunder Sham
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York City, USA
| | | | - Nfn Kiran
- Pathology, Staten Island University Hospital, New York, USA
| | - Fnu Anjali
- Internal Medicine, Sakhi Baba General Hospital, Pano Akil, PAK
| | - Ansa Mehreen
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, USA
| | - Bebu Ram
- Pathology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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2
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Qudus MS, Cui X, Tian M, Afaq U, Sajid M, Qureshi S, Liu S, Ma J, Wang G, Faraz M, Sadia H, Wu K, Zhu C. The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1196699. [PMID: 37533932 PMCID: PMC10391643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1196699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new threat to global health re-emerged with monkeypox's advent in early 2022. As of November 10, 2022, nearly 80,000 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide, with most of them coming from places where the disease is not common. There were 53 fatalities, with 40 occurring in areas that had never before recorded monkeypox and the remaining 13 appearing in the regions that had previously reported the disease. Preliminary genetic data suggest that the 2022 monkeypox virus is part of the West African clade; the virus can be transmitted from person to person through direct interaction with lesions during sexual activity. It is still unknown if monkeypox can be transmitted via sexual contact or, more particularly, through infected body fluids. This most recent epidemic's reservoir host, or principal carrier, is still a mystery. Rodents found in Africa can be the possible intermediate host. Instead, the CDC has confirmed that there are currently no particular treatments for monkeypox virus infection in 2022; however, antivirals already in the market that are successful against smallpox may mitigate the spread of monkeypox. To protect against the disease, the JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) smallpox vaccine can be given. The spread of monkeypox can be slowed through measures such as post-exposure immunization, contact tracing, and improved case diagnosis and isolation. Final Thoughts: The latest monkeypox epidemic is a new hazard during the COVID-19 epidemic. The prevailing condition of the monkeypox epidemic along with coinfection with COVID-19 could pose a serious condition for clinicians that could lead to the global epidemic community in the form of coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Uzair Afaq
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - June Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Faraz
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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3
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Yang X, Zhang B. A review on CRISPR/Cas: a versatile tool for cancer screening, diagnosis, and clinic treatment. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:182. [PMID: 37231285 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and it has the trend of increase incidence. However, in the past decades, as quickly developed new technologies and modified old techniques for cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment, the cancer-caused mortality rates dropped quickly, and the survival times of cancer patients are enhanced. However, the current death rate is still about 50% and the survival patients always suffer from the side effect of current cancer treatments. Recently developed Nobel Prize-winning CRISPR/Cas technology provides new hope on cancer screening, early diagnosis, and clinic treatment as well as new drug development. Currently, four major CRISPR/Cas9-derived genome editors, CRISPR/Cas9 nucleotide sequence editor, CRISPR/Cas base editor (BE), CRISPR prime editor (PE), and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) (including both CRISPRa and CRISPRr), were well developed and used to various research and applications, including cancer biology study and cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas12 and CRISPR/Cas13 genome editors were also widely used in cancer-related basic and applied research as well as treatment. Cancer-associated SNPs and genetic mutations as well as both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are perfect targets for CRISPR/Cas-based gene therapy for cancer treatment. CRISPR/Cas is also employed to modify and generate new Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells for improving its safety, efficiency, and longer-time last for treating various cancers. Currently, there are many clinic trails of CRISPR-based gene therapy for cancer treatments. Although all CRISPR/Cas-derived genome and epigenome tools are promising methods for cancer biology study and treatment, the efficiency and long term-safety are still the major concerns for CRISPR-based gene therapy. Developing new CRISPR/Cas delivery methods and reducing the potential side effects, including off-target impacts, will enhance CRISPR/Cas application in cancer-related research, diagnosis, and therapeutical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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Wang Y, Leng P, Zhou H. Global transmission of monkeypox virus-a potential threat under the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174223. [PMID: 37215147 PMCID: PMC10198437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) cases have increased dramatically worldwide since May 2022. The Atlanta Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta CDC) had reported a total of 85,922 cases as of February 20th, 2023. During the COVID-19 pandemic, MPXV has emerged as a potential public threat. MPXV transmission and prevalence must be closely monitored. In this comprehensive review, we explained the basic characteristics and transmission routes of MPXV, individuals susceptible to it, as well as highlight the impact of the behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM) and airline traveling on recent outbreaks of MPXV. We also describe the clinical implications, the prevention of MPXV, and clinical measures of viral detection.
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Das S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Ramanathan G, Doss C GP, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The pathophysiological and immunological background of the monkeypox virus infection: An update. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28206. [PMID: 36217803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the COVID-19 waves, the globe is facing global monkeypox (MPX) outbreak. MPX is an uncommon zoonotic infection characterized by symptoms similar to smallpox. It is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPXV, which causes human disease, has been confined to Africa for many years, with only a few isolated cases in other areas. Outside of Africa, the continuing MPXV outbreak in multiple countries in 2022 is the greatest in recorded history. The current outbreak, with over 10 000 confirmed cases in over 50 countries between May and July 2022, demonstrates that MPXV may travel rapidly among humans and pose a danger to human health worldwide. The rapid spread of such outbreaks in recent times has elevated MPX to the status of a rising zoonotic disease with significant epidemic potential. While the MPXV is not as deadly or contagious as the variola virus that causes smallpox, it poses a threat because it could evolve into a more potent human pathogen. This review assesses the potential threat to the human population and provides a brief overview of what is currently known about this reemerging virus. By analyzing the biological effects of MPXV on human health, its shifting epidemiological footprint, and currently available therapeutic options, this review has presented the most recent insights into the biology of the virus. This study also clarifies the key potential causes that could be to blame for the present MPX outbreak and draw attention to major research questions and promising new avenues for combating the current MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Kumar N, Acharya A, Gendelman HE, Byrareddy SN. The 2022 outbreak and the pathobiology of the monkeypox virus. J Autoimmun 2022; 131:102855. [PMID: 35760647 PMCID: PMC9534147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Following two reports of monkeypox virus infection in individuals who returned from Nigeria to the USA, one who returned to Texas (July 2021) and the other to the Washington, DC area (November 2021), the number of monkeypox infection have dramatically increased. This sounded an alarm of potential for spreading of the virus throughout the USA. During 2022, there was a report of monkeypox virus infection (May 6, 2022) in a British national following a visit to Nigeria who developed readily recognizable signs and symptoms of monkeypox virus infection. Soon following this report, case numbers climbed. By June 10, 2022, more than 1,500 cases were reported in 43 countries, including Europe and North America. While the prevalence of the monkeypox virus is well known in central and western Africa, its presence in the developed world has raised disturbing signs for worldwide spread. While infection was reported during the past half-century, starting in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970, in the United States, only sporadic monkeypox cases have been reported. All cases have been linked to international travel or through African animal imports. The monkeypox virus is transmitted through contact with infected skin, body fluids, or respiratory droplets. The virus spreads from oral and nasopharyngeal fluid exchanges or by intradermal injection; then rapidly replicates at the inoculation site with spreads to adjacent lymph nodes. Monkeypox disease begins with constitutional symptoms that include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, backache, and fatigue. Phylogenetically the virus has two clades. One clade emerged from West Africa and the other in the Congo Basin of Central Africa. During the most recent outbreak, the identity of the reservoir host or the primary carriage remains unknown. African rodents are the suspected intermediate hosts. At the same time, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) affirmed that there are no specific treatments for the 2022 monkeypox virus infection; existing antivirals shown to be effective against smallpox may slow monkeypox spread. A smallpox vaccine JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) may also be used to prevent infection. The World Health Organization (WHO), has warned that the world could be facing a formidable infectious disease challenge in light of the current status of worldwide affairs. These affairs include the SARS-COVID-19 pandemic and the Ukraine-Russia war. In addition, the recent rise in case of numbers worldwide could continue to pose an international threat. With this in mind, strategies to mitigate the spread of monkeypox virus are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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7
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Bender G, Fahrioglu Yamaci R, Taneri B. CRISPR and KRAS: a match yet to be made. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:77. [PMID: 34781949 PMCID: PMC8591907 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) systems are one of the most fascinating tools of the current era in molecular biotechnology. With the ease that they provide in genome editing, CRISPR systems generate broad opportunities for targeting mutations. Specifically in recent years, disease-causing mutations targeted by the CRISPR systems have been of main research interest; particularly for those diseases where there is no current cure, including cancer. KRAS mutations remain untargetable in cancer. Mutations in this oncogene are main drivers in common cancers, including lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, which are severe causes of public health burden and mortality worldwide, with no cure at hand. CRISPR systems provide an opportunity for targeting cancer causing mutations. In this review, we highlight the work published on CRISPR applications targeting KRAS mutations directly, as well as CRISPR applications targeting mutations in KRAS-related molecules. In specific, we focus on lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. To date, the limited literature on CRISPR applications targeting KRAS, reflect promising results. Namely, direct targeting of mutant KRAS variants using various CRISPR systems resulted in significant decrease in cell viability and proliferation in vitro, as well as tumor growth inhibition in vivo. In addition, the effect of mutant KRAS knockdown, via CRISPR, has been observed to exert regulatory effects on the downstream molecules including PI3K, ERK, Akt, Stat3, and c-myc. Molecules in the KRAS pathway have been subjected to CRISPR applications more often than KRAS itself. The aim of using CRISPR systems in these studies was mainly to analyze the therapeutic potential of possible downstream and upstream effectors of KRAS, as well as to discover further potential molecules. Although there have been molecules identified to have such potential in treatment of KRAS-driven cancers, a substantial amount of effort is still needed to establish treatment strategies based on these discoveries. We conclude that, at this point in time, despite being such a powerful directed genome editing tool, CRISPR remains to be underutilized for targeting KRAS mutations in cancer. Efforts channelled in this direction, might pave the way in solving the long-standing challenge of targeting the KRAS mutations in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzide Bender
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rezan Fahrioglu Yamaci
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences and Cultural Studies, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bahar Taneri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin-10, Famagusta, 99628, North Cyprus, Turkey.
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Chao T, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang R, He L, Gu Y, Chen Z, Zheng Q, Shi L, Zheng W, Qi X, Kong E, Zhang Z, Lawrence T, Liang Y, Lu L. Precise and Rapid Validation of Candidate Gene by Allele Specific Knockout With CRISPR/Cas9 in Wild Mice. Front Genet 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30838037 PMCID: PMC6390232 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a tempting goal to identify causative genes underlying phenotypic differences among inbred strains of mice, which is a huge reservoir of genetic resources to understand mammalian pathophysiology. In particular, the wild-derived mouse strains harbor enormous genetic variations that have been acquired during evolutionary divergence over 100s of 1000s of years. However, validating the genetic variation in non-classical strains was extremely difficult, until the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tools. In this study, we first describe a T cell phenotype in both wild-derived PWD/PhJ parental mice and F1 hybrids, from a cross to C57BL/6 (B6) mice, and we isolate a genetic locus on Chr2, using linkage mapping and chromosome substitution mice. Importantly, we validate the identification of the functional gene controlling this T cell phenotype, Cd44, by allele specific knockout of the PWD copy, leaving the B6 copy completely intact. Our experiments using F1 mice with a dominant phenotype, allowed rapid validation of candidate genes by designing sgRNA PAM sequences that only target the DNA of the PWD genome. We obtained 10 animals derived from B6 eggs fertilized with PWD sperm cells which were subjected to microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 gene targeting machinery. In the newborns of F1 hybrids, 80% (n = 10) had allele specific knockout of the candidate gene Cd44 of PWD origin, and no mice showed mistargeting of the B6 copy. In the resultant allele-specific knockout F1 mice, we observe full recovery of T cell phenotype. Therefore, our study provided a precise and rapid approach to functionally validate genes that could facilitate gene discovery in classic mouse genetics. More importantly, as we succeeded in genetic manipulation of mice, allele specific knockout could provide the possibility to inactivate disease alleles while keeping the normal allele of the gene intact in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Chao
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Le He
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yanrong Gu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lijin Shi
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinhui Qi
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Eryan Kong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhongjian Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Toby Lawrence
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yinming Liang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liaoxun Lu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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9
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Abstract
Advances in Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated system (CRISPR/Cas9) has dramatically reshaped our ability to edit genomes. The scientific community is using CRISPR/Cas9 for various biotechnological and medical purposes. One of its most important uses is developing potential therapeutic strategies against diseases. CRISPR/Cas9 based approaches have been increasingly applied to the treatment of human diseases like cancer, genetic, immunological and neurological disorders and viral diseases. These strategies using CRISPR/Cas9 are not only therapy oriented but can also be used for disease modeling as well, which in turn can lead to the improved understanding of mechanisms of various infectious and genetic diseases. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 system can also be used as programmable antibiotics to kill the bacteria sequence specifically and therefore can bypass multidrug resistance. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 based gene drive may also hold the potential to limit the spread of vector borne diseases. This bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune system might be a therapeutic answer to previous incurable diseases, of course rigorous testing is required to corroborate these claims. In this review, we provide an insight about the recent developments using CRISPR/Cas9 against various diseases with respect to disease modeling and treatment, and what future perspectives should be noted while using this technology.
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10
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Wang H, Li S, Chao T, Wang X, Shi L, Zhang L, Liang Y, Zheng Q, Lu L. A point mutation in the extracellular domain of CD4 completely abolishes CD4 T cell development in C57BL/6 mouse. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Siggs OM, Miosge LA, Daley SR, Asquith K, Foster PS, Liston A, Goodnow CC. Quantitative reduction of the TCR adapter protein SLP-76 unbalances immunity and immune regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2587-95. [PMID: 25662996 PMCID: PMC4355390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene variants that disrupt TCR signaling can cause severe immune deficiency, yet less disruptive variants are sometimes associated with immune pathology. Null mutations of the gene encoding the scaffold protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), for example, cause an arrest of T cell positive selection, whereas a synthetic membrane-targeted allele allows limited positive selection but is associated with proinflammatory cytokine production and autoantibodies. Whether these and other enigmatic outcomes are due to a biochemical uncoupling of tolerogenic signaling, or simply a quantitative reduction of protein activity, remains to be determined. In this study we describe a splice variant of Lcp2 that reduced the amount of wild-type SLP-76 protein by ~90%, disrupting immunogenic and tolerogenic pathways to different degrees. Mutant mice produced excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and IgE, revealing that simple quantitative reductions of SLP-76 were sufficient to trigger immune dysregulation. This allele reveals a dose-sensitive threshold for SLP-76 in the balance of immunity and immune dysregulation, a common disturbance of atypical clinical immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Siggs
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Asquith
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;
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12
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Xiao-Jie L, Hui-Ying X, Zun-Ping K, Jin-Lian C, Li-Juan J. CRISPR-Cas9: a new and promising player in gene therapy. J Med Genet 2015; 52:289-96. [PMID: 25713109 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
First introduced into mammalian organisms in 2013, the RNA-guided genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9) offers several advantages over conventional ones, such as simple-to-design, easy-to-use and multiplexing (capable of editing multiple genes simultaneously). Consequently, it has become a cost-effective and convenient tool for various genome editing purposes including gene therapy studies. In cell lines or animal models, CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied for therapeutic purposes in several ways. It can correct the causal mutations in monogenic disorders and thus rescue the disease phenotypes, which currently represents the most translatable field in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene therapy. CRISPR-Cas9 can also engineer pathogen genome such as HIV for therapeutic purposes, or induce protective or therapeutic mutations in host tissues. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 has shown potentials in cancer gene therapy such as deactivating oncogenic virus and inducing oncosuppressor expressions. Herein, we review the research on CRISPR-mediated gene therapy, discuss its advantages, limitations and possible solutions, and propose directions for future research, with an emphasis on the opportunities and challenges of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao-Jie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Hui-Ying
- The Reproductive Center, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Ke Zun-Ping
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jin-Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital (South), Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Li-Juan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
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13
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Schäfer A, Baric RS, Ferris MT. Systems approaches to Coronavirus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:61-9. [PMID: 24842079 PMCID: PMC4076299 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses comprise a large group of emergent human and animal pathogens, including the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV strains that cause significant morbidity and mortality in infected individuals, especially the elderly. As emergent viruses may cause episodic outbreaks of disease over time, human samples are limited. Systems biology and genetic technologies maximize opportunities for identifying critical host and viral genetic factors that regulate susceptibility and virus-induced disease severity. These approaches provide discovery platforms that highlight and allow targeted confirmation of critical targets for prophylactics and therapeutics, especially critical in an outbreak setting. Although poorly understood, it has long been recognized that host regulation of virus-associated disease severity is multigenic. The advent of systems genetic and biology resources provides new opportunities for deconvoluting the complex genetic interactions and expression networks that regulate pathogenic or protective host response patterns following virus infection. Using SARS-CoV as a model, dynamic transcriptional network changes and disease-associated phenotypes have been identified in different genetic backgrounds, leading to the promise of population-wide discovery of the underpinnings of Coronavirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Martin T Ferris
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States.
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