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Deliyannis G, Wong CY, McQuilten HA, Bachem A, Clarke M, Jia X, Horrocks K, Zeng W, Girkin J, Scott NE, Londrigan SL, Reading PC, Bartlett NW, Kedzierska K, Brown LE, Mercuri F, Demaison C, Jackson DC, Chua BY. TLR2-mediated activation of innate responses in the upper airways confers antiviral protection of the lungs. JCI Insight 2021; 6:140267. [PMID: 33561017 PMCID: PMC8021123 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of respiratory virus infections on global health is felt not just during a pandemic, but endemic seasonal infections pose an equal and ongoing risk of severe disease. Moreover, vaccines and antiviral drugs are not always effective or available for many respiratory viruses. We investigated how induction of effective and appropriate antigen-independent innate immunity in the upper airways can prevent the spread of respiratory virus infection to the vulnerable lower airways. Activation of TLR2, when restricted to the nasal turbinates, resulted in prompt induction of innate immune-driven antiviral responses through action of cytokines, chemokines, and cellular activity in the upper but not the lower airways. We have defined how nasal epithelial cells and recruitment of macrophages work in concert and play pivotal roles to limit progression of influenza virus to the lungs and sustain protection for up to 7 days. These results reveal underlying mechanisms of how control of viral infection in the upper airways can occur and support the implementation of strategies that can activate TLR2 in nasal passages to provide rapid protection, especially for at-risk populations, against severe respiratory infection when vaccines and antiviral drugs are not always effective or available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hayley A. McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabell Bachem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Clarke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Horrocks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Girkin
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease group, School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nichollas E. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nathan W. Bartlett
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease group, School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - David C. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y. Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Melbourne, the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Owen AM, Fults JB, Patil NK, Hernandez A, Bohannon JK. TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622614. [PMID: 33679711 PMCID: PMC7930332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica B Fults
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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3
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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4
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Mangas KM, Tobias NJ, Marion E, Babonneau J, Marsollier L, Porter JL, Pidot SJ, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Chua BY, Stinear TP. High antibody titres induced by protein subunit vaccines using Mycobacterium ulcerans antigens Hsp18 and MUL_3720 with a TLR-2 agonist fail to protect against Buruli ulcer in mice. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9659. [PMID: 32844063 PMCID: PMC7416718 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium ulcerans is the causative agent of a debilitating skin and soft tissue infection known as Buruli ulcer (BU). There is no vaccine against BU. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vaccine potential of two previously described immunogenic M. ulcerans proteins, MUL_3720 and Hsp18, using a mouse tail infection model of BU. Methods Recombinant versions of the two proteins were each electrostatically coupled with a previously described lipopeptide adjuvant. Seven C57BL/6 and seven BALB/c mice were vaccinated and boosted with each of the formulations. Vaccinated mice were then challenged with M. ulcerans via subcutaneous tail inoculation. Vaccine performance was assessed by time-to-ulceration compared to unvaccinated mice. Results The MUL_3720 and Hsp18 vaccines induced high titres of antigen-specific antibodies that were predominately subtype IgG1. However, all mice developed ulcers by day-40 post-M. ulcerans challenge. No significant difference was observed in the time-to-onset of ulceration between the experimental vaccine groups and unvaccinated animals. Conclusions These data align with previous vaccine experiments using Hsp18 and MUL_3720 that indicated these proteins may not be appropriate vaccine antigens. This work highlights the need to explore alternative vaccine targets and different approaches to understand the role antibodies might play in controlling BU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstie M Mangas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Tobias
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity in Genomics (TBG), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Estelle Marion
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jérémie Babonneau
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Laurent Marsollier
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Jessica L Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Nguyen-Robertson C, Haque A, Mintern J, La Flamme AC. COVID-19: searching for clues among other respiratory viruses. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:247-250. [PMID: 32319148 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Nguyen-Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashraful Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Justine Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne C La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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6
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Vaccine-Specific Immune Responses against Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in a Low-Dose Murine Challenge Model. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00753-19. [PMID: 31818964 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00753-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical disease Buruli ulcer (BU) is an infection of subcutaneous tissue with Mycobacterium ulcerans There is no effective vaccine. Here, we assessed an experimental prime-boost vaccine in a low-dose murine tail infection model. We used the enoyl reductase (ER) domain of the M. ulcerans mycolactone polyketide synthases electrostatically coupled with a previously described Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) agonist-based lipopeptide adjuvant, R4Pam2Cys. Mice were vaccinated and then challenged via tail inoculation with 14 to 20 CFU of a bioluminescent strain of M. ulcerans Mice receiving either the experimental ER vaccine or Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were equally protected, with both groups faring significantly better than nonvaccinated animals (P < 0.05). To explore potential correlates of protection, a suite of 29 immune parameters were assessed in the mice at the end of the experimental period. Multivariate statistical approaches were used to interrogate the immune response data to develop disease-prognostic models. High levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and low gamma interferon (IFN-γ) produced in the spleen best predicted control of infection across all vaccine groups. Univariate logistic regression revealed vaccine-specific profiles of protection. High titers of ER-specific IgG serum antibodies together with IL-2 and IL-4 in the draining lymph node (DLN) were associated with protection induced by the ER vaccine. In contrast, high titers of IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IFN-γ, and IL-10 in the DLN and low IFN-γ titers in the spleen were associated with protection following BCG vaccination. This study suggests that an effective BU vaccine must induce localized, tissue-specific immune profiles with controlled inflammatory responses at the site of infection.
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7
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Golenkina EA, Viryasova GM, Dolinnaya NG, Bannikova VA, Gaponova TV, Romanova YM, Sud’ina GF. The Potential of Telomeric G-quadruplexes Containing Modified Oligoguanosine Overhangs in Activation of Bacterial Phagocytosis and Leukotriene Synthesis in Human Neutrophils. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E249. [PMID: 32041263 PMCID: PMC7072695 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human neutrophils are the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections. They eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis, which activate the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway resulting in synthesis of leukotrienes. Using HPLC analysis, flow cytometry, and other biochemical methods, we studied the effect of synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) able to fold into G-quadruplex structures on the main functions of neutrophils. Designed ODNs contained four human telomere TTAGGG repeats (G4) including those with phosphorothioate oligoguanosines attached to the end(s) of G-quadruplex core. Just modified analogues of G4 was shown to more actively than parent ODN penetrate into cells, improve phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, affect 5-LOX activation, the cytosol calcium ion level, and the oxidative status of neutrophils. As evident from CD and UV spectroscopy data, the presence of oligoguanosines flanking G4 sequence leads to dramatic changes in G-quadruplex topology. While G4 folds into a single antiparallel structure, two main folded forms have been identified in solutions of modified ODNs: antiparallel and dominant, more stable parallel. Thus, both the secondary structure of ODNs and their ability to penetrate into the cytoplasm of cells are important for the activation of neutrophil cellular effects. Our results offer new clues for understanding the role of G-quadruplex ligands in regulation of integral cellular processes and for creating the antimicrobial agents of a new generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Golenkina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.)
| | - Galina M. Viryasova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.)
| | - Nina G. Dolinnaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow 119234, Russia; (N.G.D.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Valeria A. Bannikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Moscow 119234, Russia; (N.G.D.); (V.A.B.)
| | - Tatjana V. Gaponova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Russia Federation Ministry of Public Health, Moscow 125167, Russia;
| | - Yulia M. Romanova
- Gamaleya National Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia;
| | - Galina F. Sud’ina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119234, Russia; (E.A.G.); (G.M.V.)
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8
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Wijayadikusumah AR, Zeng W, McQuilten HA, Wong CY, Jackson DC, Chua BY. Geometry of a TLR2-Agonist-Based Adjuvant Can Affect the Resulting Antigen-Specific Immune Response. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2037-2047. [PMID: 30924661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of otherwise nonimmunogenic antigens to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) has proven to be an effective means of improving immunogenicity. For this purpose, we have used a branched cationic lipopeptide, R4Pam2Cys, which is an agonist for TLR2 and enables electrostatic association with antigen for this purpose. Here, we compare the immunological properties of ovalbumin formulated with different geometrical configurations of R4Pam2Cys. Our results demonstrate that notwithstanding the presence of the same adjuvant, branched forms of R4Pam2Cys are more effective at inducing immune responses than are linear geometries. CD8+ T-cell-mediated responses are particularly improved, resulting in significantly higher levels of antigen-specific cytokine secretion and cytolysis of antigen-bearing target cells in vivo. The results correlate with the ability of branched R4Pam2Cys conformations to encourage higher levels of DC maturation and facilitate superior antigen uptake, leading to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. These differences are not attributable to particle size because both branched and linear lipopeptides associate with antigen-forming complexes of similar size, but rather the ability of branched lipopeptides to induce more efficient TLR2-mediated cell signaling. Branched lipopeptides are also more resistant to trypsin-mediated proteolysis, suggesting greater stability than their linear counterparts. The branched lipopeptide facilitates presentation of antigen more efficiently to CD8+ T cells, resulting in rapid cell division and upregulation of early cell surface activation markers. These results as well as cognate recognition of Pam2Cys by TLR2 indicate that the adjuvant's efficiency is also dependent on its geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acep R Wijayadikusumah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Research and Development Division , PT. Bio Farma (Persero) , 28 Pasteur Street , Bandung , West Java 40161 , Indonesia
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Chinn Yi Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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9
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Martínez-Colón GJ, Warheit-Niemi H, Gurczynski SJ, Taylor QM, Wilke CA, Podsiad AB, Crespo J, Bhan U, Moore BB. Influenza-induced immune suppression to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by TLR9. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007560. [PMID: 30682165 PMCID: PMC6364947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lung infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), increase mortality following influenza infection, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that expression of TLR9, a microbial DNA sensor, is increased in murine lung macrophages, dendritic cells, CD8+ T cells and epithelial cells post-influenza infection. TLR9-/- mice did not show differences in handling influenza nor MRSA infection alone. However, TLR9-/- mice have improved survival and bacterial clearance in the lung post-influenza and MRSA dual infection, with no difference in viral load during dual infection. We demonstrate that TLR9 is upregulated on macrophages even when they are not themselves infected, suggesting that TLR9 upregulation is related to soluble mediators. We rule out a role for elevations in interferon-γ (IFNγ) in mediating the beneficial MRSA clearance in TLR9-/- mice. While macrophages from WT and TLR9-/- mice show similar phagocytosis and bacterial killing to MRSA alone, following influenza infection, there is a marked upregulation of scavenger receptor A and MRSA phagocytosis as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos) and improved bacterial killing that is specific to TLR9-deficient cells. Bone marrow transplant chimera experiments and in vitro experiments using TLR9 antagonists suggest TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells, rather than the macrophages themselves, is important for regulating myeloid cell function. Interestingly, improved bacterial clearance post-dual infection was restricted to MRSA, as there was no difference in the clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Taken together these data show a surprising inhibitory role for TLR9 signaling in mediating clearance of MRSA that manifests following influenza infection. Influenza-associated secondary bacterial infections, particularly with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and better therapeutic strategies are needed. Stimulation of TLR2 has shown promise for improving health in influenza-bacteria dual-infected animals. However, nothing is known about the role of other TLRs, including TLR9, in influenza-bacteria dual infection pathology. This is the first study of TLR9 regulation of influenza-bacterial superinfection and it highlights an unexpected pathologic role for TLR9 in regulating clearance of MRSA post-H1N1. It also highlights the important observation that TLR9 signaling has very different outcomes in the setting of influenza infection than in naïve mice and shows important distinctions in the mechanisms for susceptibility to MRSA vs. S. pneumoniae post-influenza. Our results also suggest that TLR9 expression on non-hematopoietic cells regulates macrophage function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Warheit-Niemi
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Gurczynski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Quincy M. Taylor
- Literature, Sciences and the Arts, Microbiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Wilke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Amy B. Podsiad
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Joel Crespo
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Urvashi Bhan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ernest M, Hunja C, Arakura Y, Haraga Y, Abkallo HM, Zeng W, Jackson DC, Chua B, Culleton R. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 agonist PEG-Pam 2Cys as an immunochemoprophylactic and immunochemotherapeutic against the liver and transmission stages of malaria parasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2018; 8:451-458. [PMID: 30396012 PMCID: PMC6216107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Both vaccine and therapeutic approaches to malaria are based on conventional paradigms; whole organism or single antigen epitope-based vaccines administered with or without an adjuvant, and chemotherapeutics (anti-malaria drugs) that are toxic to the parasite. Two major problems that limit the effectiveness of these approaches are i) high levels of antigenic variation within parasite populations rendering vaccination efficacy against all variants difficult, and ii) the capacity of the parasite to quickly evolve resistance to drugs. We describe a new approach to both protection from and treatment of malaria parasites that involves the direct stimulation of the host innate immune response through the administration of a Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2) agonist. The activity of PEG-Pam2Cys against the hepatocytic stages, erythrocytic stages and gametocytes of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii was investigated in laboratory mice. We show that administration of PEG-Pam2Cys, a soluble form of the TLR2 agonist S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl] cysteine (Pam2Cys), significantly and dramatically reduces the numbers of malaria parasites that grow in the livers of mice following subsequent challenge with sporozoites. We also show that treatment can also clear parasites from the liver when administered subsequent to the establishment of infection. Finally, PEG-Pam2Cys can reduce the numbers of mosquitoes that are infected, and the intensity of their infection, following blood feeding on gametocytaemic mice. These results suggest that this compound could represent a novel liver stage anti-malarial that can be used both for the clearance of parasites following exposure and for the prevention of the establishment of infection. TLR-2 agonist Pam2Cys reduces malaria parasite burden in the liver when administered prior to sporozoite challenge. It also reduces malaria parasite burden in the liver when administered 24 h after sporozoite challenge. It reduces the transmissibility of a malaria infection to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medard Ernest
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Carol Hunja
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuka Arakura
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yohei Haraga
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hussein M Abkallo
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Brendon Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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11
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Clemens EB, van de Sandt C, Wong SS, Wakim LM, Valkenburg SA. Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020018. [PMID: 29587436 PMCID: PMC6027237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. Further comprehensive human clinical data is needed during natural infection to validate the protective role T cells play during infection in the absence of antibodies. Furthermore, fundamental questions still exist regarding the site, longevity and duration, quantity, and phenotype of T cells needed for optimal protection. Standardised experimental methods, and eventually simplified commercial assays, to assess peripheral influenza-specific T cell responses are needed for larger-scale clinical studies of T cells as a correlate of protection against influenza infection. The design and implementation of a T cell-inducing vaccine will require a consensus on the level of protection acceptable in the community, which may not provide sterilizing immunity but could protect the individual from severe disease, reduce the length of infection, and potentially reduce transmission in the community. Therefore, increasing the standard of care potentially offered by T cell vaccines should be considered in the context of pandemic preparedness and zoonotic infections, and in combination with improved antibody vaccine targeting methods. Current pandemic vaccine preparedness measures and ongoing clinical trials under-utilise T cell-inducing vaccines, reflecting the myriad questions that remain about how, when, where, and which T cells are needed to fight influenza virus infection. This review aims to bring together basic fundamentals of T cell biology with human clinical data, which need to be considered for the implementation of a universal vaccine against influenza that harnesses the power of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Carolien van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sook San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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12
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Chua BY, Sekiya T, Jackson DC. Opinion: Making Inactivated and Subunit-Based Vaccines Work. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:150-158. [PMID: 29369750 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirically derived vaccines have in the past relied on the isolation and growth of disease-causing microorganisms that are then inactivated or attenuated before being administered. This is often done without prior knowledge of the mechanisms involved in conferring protective immunity. Recent advances in scientific technologies and in our knowledge of how protective immune responses are induced enable us to rationally design novel and safer vaccination strategies. Such advances have accelerated the development of inactivated whole-organism- and subunit-based vaccines. In this review, we discuss ideal attributes and criteria that need to be considered for the development of vaccines and some existing vaccine platforms. We focus on inactivated vaccines against influenza virus and ways by which vaccine efficacy can be improved with the use of adjuvants and Toll-like receptor-2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Y Chua
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan .,3 Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- 2 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan .,3 Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - David C Jackson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan .,3 Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Smith AM. Quantifying the therapeutic requirements and potential for combination therapy to prevent bacterial coinfection during influenza. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2016; 44:81-93. [PMID: 27679506 PMCID: PMC5376398 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-016-9494-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) exacerbate influenza-associated disease and mortality. Antimicrobial agents can reduce the severity of SBIs, but many have limited efficacy or cause adverse effects. Thus, new treatment strategies are needed. Kinetic models describing the infection process can help determine optimal therapeutic targets, the time scale on which a drug will be most effective, and how infection dynamics will change under therapy. To understand how different therapies perturb the dynamics of influenza infection and bacterial coinfection and to quantify the benefit of increasing a drug's efficacy or targeting a different infection process, I analyzed data from mice treated with an antiviral, an antibiotic, or an immune modulatory agent with kinetic models. The results suggest that antivirals targeting the viral life cycle are most efficacious in the first 2 days of infection, potentially because of an improved immune response, and that increasing the clearance of infected cells is important for treatment later in the infection. For a coinfection, immunotherapy could control low bacterial loads with as little as 20 % efficacy, but more effective drugs would be necessary for high bacterial loads. Antibiotics targeting bacterial replication and administered 10 h after infection would require 100 % efficacy, which could be reduced to 40 % with prophylaxis. Combining immunotherapy with antibiotics could substantially increase treatment success. Taken together, the results suggest when and why some therapies fail, determine the efficacy needed for successful treatment, identify potential immune effects, and show how the regulation of underlying mechanisms can be used to design new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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14
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Qin Z, Yang Y, Wang H, Luo J, Huang X, You J, Wang B, Li M. Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Postinfluenza Bacterial Pneumonia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3801026. [PMID: 27376082 PMCID: PMC4916274 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3801026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The risk of influenza A virus (IAV) is more likely caused by secondary bacterial infections. During the past decades, a great amount of studies have been conducted on increased morbidity from secondary bacterial infections following influenza and provide an increasing number of explanations for the mechanisms underlying the infections. In this paper, we first review the recent research progress that IAV infection increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. We then propose an assumption that autophagy and apoptosis manipulation are beneficial to antagonize post-IAV bacterial infection and discuss the clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongren Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiangzhou You
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Baoning Wang
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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15
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Rudd JM, Ashar HK, Chow VT, Teluguakula N. Lethal Synergism between Influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2. [PMID: 27981251 PMCID: PMC5154682 DOI: 10.16966/2470-3176.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The devastating synergism of bacterial pneumonia with influenza viral infections left its mark on the world over the last century. Although the details of pathogenesis remain unclear, the synergism is related to a variety of factors including pulmonary epithelial barrier damage which exposes receptors that influence bacterial adherence and the triggering of an exaggerated innate immune response and cytokine storm, which further acts to worsen the injury. Several therapeutics and combination therapies of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories including corticosteroids and toll-like receptor modifiers, and anti-virals are being discussed. This mini review summarizes recent developments in unearthing the pathogenesis of the lethal synergism of pneumococcal co-infection following influenza, as well as addresses potential therapeutic options and combinations of therapies currently being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rudd
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, OK, USA
| | - Harshini K Ashar
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, OK, USA
| | - Vincent Tk Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Hussell T, Goenka A. TLR vaccine adjuvants: closing the stable door before novel influenza strains bolt? Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:1-2. [PMID: 26573733 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anu Goenka
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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